Review of the Subjunctive Mood (Regular Verbs) (Pages 345 – 346)

Pluperfect Tense Rule Translation

All Verbs - Perfect Stem + isse + PE (might have)

vocav monu rex cep audivisse + PE isse + PE isse + PE isse + PE isse + PE

(call) (warn) (rule) (take) (hear)

vocavissem monuissem rexissem cepissem audivissem I might have ________vocavisses monuisses rexisses cepisses audivisses you might have ________vocavisset monuisset rexisset cepisset audivisset he might have ________vocavissemus monuissemus rexissemus cepissemus audivissemus we might have ________vocavissetis monuissetis rexissetis cepissetis audivissetis you might have ________vocavissent monuissent rexissent cepissent audivissent they might have ________

Review of the Subjunctive Mood (Deponent Verbs) (Pages 345 – 346)

Perfect Tense Rule Translation

Perfect Passive Participle + essem (might have)

conor vereor sequor

conatus veritus secutus+ essem + essem + essem

(try) (fear) (follow)

conatus essem veritus essem secutus essem I might have ________conatus esses veritus esses secutus esses you might have ________conatus esset veritus esset secutus esset he might have ________conati essemus veriti essemus secuti essemus we might have ________conati essetis veriti essetis secuti essetis you might have ________conati essent veriti essent secuti essent they might have ________

Nota Bene: Deponent verbs are passive in form but active in meaning.

Review of the Subjunctive Mood (Irregular Verbs) (Pages 345 – 346)

Perfect Tense (Perfect Stem + isse + PE) Translation

sum volo eo fero fio (might have)(be) (wish) (go) (bring) (become)

fu volu iv (i) tul factus + isse + isse + isse + isse + essem+ PE + PE + PE + PE

fuissem voluissem ivissem tulissem factus essem I might have ________fuisses voluisses ivisses tulisses factus esses you might have ________fuisset voluisset ivisset tulisset factus esset he might have ________fuissemus voluissemus ivissemus tulissemus facti essemus we might have ________fuissetis voluissetis ivissetis tulissetis facti essetis you might have ________fuissent voluissent ivissent tulissent facti essent they might have ________

Review of the Sequence of Tense Rules for the Subjunctive Mood (Page 341)

SEQUENCE IF THE MAIN VERB IS: THE SUBORDINATE CLAUSE USES:

Primary present 1.the present subjunctive future (to express same time as the main verb)future perfect

2.the perfect subjunctive (to express time before that of the main verb)

Secondary imperfect 1.the imperfect subjunctiveperfect (to express same time as the main verb)pluperfect

2. the pluperfect subjunctive (to express time before that of the main verb)

Review of Indirect Questions (Page 341)

1. In English and in Latin there are two kinds of questions:

Direct What are you doing? Quid facis?Indirect I am asking what you are doing. Rogo quid facias.

A direct question becomes indirect when it is used as the direct object of verbs meaning ask, know, perceive, show, etc. It is always introduced by an interrogative word. In English the verb of an indirect question is in the indicative mood; in Latin it is in the subjunctive mood, although the English translation is like the indicative.

2. Indirect questions must not be confused with indirect statements.

INDIRECT STATEMENT INDIRECT QUESTION

Scio eum venisse. Scio cur venerit.

I know that he came. I know why he came.

Review of Result Clauses (page 334)

1. In English the verb in a clause of result is expressed by the indicative mood because a result is something that actually happened. A fact is stated. In Latin the verb is in the subjunctive mood, and the clause, whether affirmative or negative, is introduced by ut. In a negative clause the negative adverb non is placed before the verb. In the English translation the auxiliary verbs may, might, should, would are never used.

2. In Latin as in English, some word in the main clause serves as a warning indicator that a result clause is coming. Ita and sic, both of which mean so, are usually used with verbs. Tam, also meaning so, is used with adjectives and adverbs. Tantus, so great, talis, such, and tot, so many, are adjectives.

Romani tam fortiter pugnaverunt ut hostes superarent.

The Romans fought so bravely that they overcame the enemy.

Numerus hostium erat tantus ut Romani eos non superarent.

The number of the enemy was so great that the Romans did not overcome them.

Review of Clauses Expressing Purpose (Page 321)

1. In English when we say: He comes to school to study, the infinitive expresses the purpose of his coming. Instead of an infinitive in a simple sentence, we may use a clause in a complex sentence: He comes to school in order that he may study.

2. In Latin prose we do not use an infinitive to express purpose. We must use a subordinate clause introduced by ut if the clause is positive; by ne, if negative. After verbs meaning choose, send, or leave, purpose may be expressed by a relative clause. The antecedent of the relative pronoun (qui quae quod)is usually the object of the main verb.

Pugnant ut vincant. They fight to conquer (in order that they may conquer).

Pugnant ne vincantur. They fight in order not to be conquered (in order that they may not be conquered; lest they may be conquered).

Nuntios qui haec dicant mittimus. We are sending messengers to say these things (who may (shall) say these things).