Review of State Level Economic and Social Trends

India

Review of State Level Economic and Social Trends

InterimReport

20 June 1990

CMIE Economic Monitoring Pvt. Ltd., Bombay

Introduction

This volume presents, in a graphical form, some indicators of economic development for 15 major States of India. A State is considered to be a major State if it had a population of one cre or more in the 1981 census. There are ten other States and seven Union Territories. These have not been covered in the present volume. Similarly, no information has been provided on All India.

The primary objective of the volume is to highlight, in a visually informative form, the pattern of development across the major States of India. The medium selected for such a presentation is graphs. While such a medium is hopefully informative so far as the broad trer,. and pattern is concerned, there is an obvious trade off in terms of details. There is also a limitation ;i) the physical sense of what a graph can accommodate. This has compelled us, at times, to divide a logically single graph into physically more than one graph. De'spite these handicaps we feel the dividends in terms of understanding the broad trend., and patterns across the major States is achieved.

G-aphs for forty-three indicators for all 15 major States have been presented. The selection of the indicators was done in consultation with USAID/I. Not all the indicators discussed could be incorporated in this interim report. We hope to increase the number of indicators in the draft report as more information is collected.

All the graphs have been presented with the 15 States ranked in terms of population from left to right. Thus, all graphs begin with Uttar Pradesh and end with Haryana. In some cases data for Assam were not available. In such cases we have left a blank slot for Assam.

Caveats and some highlights on some cf the graphs are presented at the end of the volume. As pointed in more detail at the end of the volume and as also pointed to the USAID/I before the commencement of the work on this volume we feel that an inter-state comparison entails a much larger exercise than has been visualised in the current volume. There are some conceptual and methodological problems in the available data which need to be studied in depth before any ipferences are drawn based on the same. The present study does not attempt to resolve any of the conceptual or methodological problems itherent in the database.

We horz- that the USAID/I follows up this study with a more in depth study to resolve the problems in drawing inferences from the available data.

Any inferences drawn from the information provided in this volume before resolving the problems inherent in the database should be done so only with utmost caution.

List of Indicators

Demography

1. Population: 1981

2. Trends in Population: 1951 to 1990

3. Population Growth Rates: 1971 to 1981

4. Population Density: 1981

5. Urbanisation: 1981

6. Net Migrans: 1981

7. Population Pyramid: 1981

8. Dependency: 1981

Health & Education

1. Infant Mortality: 1976-78 &1984-86

2. Birth Rates: 1974-76 & 1984-86

3. Death Rates: 1974-76 & 1984-86

4. Female Literacy: 1961, 1971 & 1931

State Domestic Product 1. Real Net State Domestic Product: 1987-88

2. Per Capita Real Net SDP: 1987-88

3. Growth of Real Net State Domestic Product:1970-71 to 1987-88

4. Growth of Real Per Capita Net SDP: 1970-71 to 1987-', 8

5. Per Capita Net State Domestic Product at constant (1970-71) prices: 1970-71 to 1987-88

6. Sectoral Shares (%)of SDi': 1970-71

7. Sectoral Shares (%)of SDP: 1986-87

PGverty

1. Population Below Poverty Line: 1977-78 & 1983-84

Savings & Investments

1. Per Capita Bank Deposits: 1970 & 1988

2. Per Capita Bank Advances: 1970 & 1988

3. Advances: Deposits Ratio: 1970 & 1938

4. Disbursements by Financial Institutions: 1988-89

Infrastructure

1. Relative Infrastructural Development : 1987-88

2. Per Capita Consumption of Electricity: 1985-86

3. Deficit in Electricity Availability : 1989-90

4. Average Cost of Electricity Generation : 1987-88

5. Villages Electrified: 1971-72 & 1988-89

6. Villages Connected by All-Weather Roads: 1987-88

7. Irrigation Potential Created & Utilised : 1987-88

8. Net Irrigated Area as Percent of Net Sown Area: 1971-72 & 1985-86

Forest Cover & Land Degradation

1. Area under Forests: 1970-71 & 1985-86

2. Land Degraded & Treated : 1984-85

Agriculture

I. Area under Crops: 1971-72 & 1985-86

2. Average Size of Operational Holdiags: 1970-71 & 1985-86

3. Area under HYV Seeds as Percent of Total Area under Crops: 1974-76 & 1985-87

4. Area under Foodgrains: 1988-89

5. Production of Foodgrains: 1988-89

6. Yield of Foodgrains: 1988-89

7. Trends in Yield of Foodgrains: 1967-68 to1988-89

Industry

1. Number of Factories: 1970-71 and 1985-86

2. Employment in Factoles: 1970-71 & 1985-86

List of Abbreviations Used

State Names

UP Uttar Pradesh

BIH Bihar

MAH Maharashtra

WB West Bengal

AP Andhra Pradesh

Mp Madhya Pradesh

TN Tamil Nadu

KAR Kamataka

RAJ Rajasthan

GUJ Gujarat

ORI Orissa

KER Kerala

ASS Assam

PUN Punjab

HAR Haryana

Others SDP State Domestic Product

Population 1981

Million Numbers

120

100

80

60

40

20-

UP MA-I BIH WE3

14 MP

TN RAJ ORI ASS HI4R KAR GUJ KEIR PUN

States

00

2

1©

CO

0)(I)

a0)

a)D

(I) _

_ _

_ _

0) _

0 0 N

0 0

0 0 0 0N

0

0

Trends in Populationt : 1951 to 1990

Million Numbers

7 0E

TN

40

30

20

-

_

KAR _ _

RAJ 9

GUJ

_

10

1951 1961

I

1971

Year

I

1981

I

1990

Trends in Population: 1951 to 1990

Million Numbers

35

30 ORI

KER 25

__ _ _ _

ASS 20

PUN 15 S

HAR 10

5 1951 1961 1971 1981 1990

Year

Population Growth Rates

1971 to 1981 : CARG (Z) 3.5

-F 2.5- _ :

2-3-,

1.5

0-0.

UP MAH AP TN RAJ ORI ASS HARBIH '77 MP KAR GUJ KER PUN

States

Population Density : 1981

Persons per square km.

400

300

200

100

0- UP MAHBIH WB

A, MP

Th RAJ ORI ASS HARKAR GUJ KER PUN

States

Urbanisation : 1981

Percent

40

35

30•

25 H 15--l

25

10

UP MAH A4 TN RAJ ORI ASS HARBIH WN3 MP KAR GUJ KER PUN

States

Net Migrants : 1981

Million Numbers

6

4

2

-2

-4 UP MAH

BIH WB AP

MP TN RAJ ORI ASS HAR

KAR GUJ KER PUN States

POPULATION RAMID UTTAR PRAD H

60 & above 7.54

55-59 2 .7 4

50-54 4.46

45-49 4.78"

40-44 - 5.80

35-39 6.25

30-34 6.82

25-29 7.67

20-24 8.60

15-19 9.84

10-14 14.42

516.94

0- 4 I14.98

AGE POPULATION GROUPS (million numbers)

POPUPAQON PYRAMID

BIHAR

60 &above 4.73

55-59 N1.68

50-54 2.53

45-49 -2.90

40-44 - 3.66

35-39 4.13.

30-34 - 4.70

25-29 5.13

20-24 5.45

15-19 5.94

10-14 8.95

- 9 10.75

0- 4 9.35


POPULA-,N PYRAMID

MAHARA TRA

60 & above 4.02 -71

55-59 K1.69

50-54 K 2.41

45-49 2.90

40-44

35-39 38

30-34 4.14

25-29 4.96

20-24 .... 5.51

15-19 5.84

10-14 8.13

5- 9 8.42 "

0-4--[7.52K


POP ULATION -YRAMID

WEST BENGAL,

60 &above

55-59

50-54

45-49

40-44

35-39

30-34

25-29

20-24

15-19

10-14

5- 9

0-

AGE GROUPS

3.02

-. 1.28

1.91 -2.36

2.70

3.21

- 3.49

4.59

5.23

5.75

7.33

7.39

6.28

POPULATION (mi!lion numbers)

POPULATION PYRAMID ANDHRA PRADESH

60 & above

55-59

50-54

45-49

40-44

35-39

30-34

25-29

20-24

-14

5- 9

0- 4

AGE GROUPS

3.57

1.27

2.34

2.46

3.01

3.28

3.54

4.18

4.37

E.55

7.63

6.51

POPULATION (million numbers)

POPULATION -PYRAMID

MADHYA PRADESH

60 & above

55-59

50-54

45-49

40-44

35-39

30-34

25-29

20-24

15-19

10-14

0- 4

AGE GROUPS

3.36

1.22

1.96

2.25

2.64

2.97

3.27

3.79

-1

4.85

6.80

7.66

7.09


POPULATInpYRAMID TAMILNADU".

60&above

55-59

50-54

45-49

40-44

35-39

ZO - 34

25-29

20-244.32

-3.94

3.13

1.50

2.01

2.57

-2.72

3.27

3.1 G

U

10-145.71

5- 9

0-

5.78

5.41

AGE GROUPS


POPULA PYRAMIDKARNATA

60 &above 2.46

55-59 08

50-54 1.42

45 - 49 .

40-44 ,

35-39 2.15

30-34 2.31

25-29 2.89

20-24 3.26

15-19 3.69

10-14 4.85

5- 9 5.19

0- 4 4.64


POPULATI PYRAMID

RAJASTHA

60 & above

55-59

50-54

45-49

40-44

35-39

30-34

25-29

20-24

15-19

10-14

5-

0- 4

AGE GROUPS

2.07

0.77

1.66

1.80

2.11

2.51

28

3.25

4.60

5.15

4.84


POPULA PYRAMID

60 & above2.02

55-59

50-54

45-49

40-44

35-39

30-34 2.21

25-29 2.65

20-24 3.37

15-19 3.57

10-14 5- 9

4.42 4.56

0- 4 I4.23

AGE GROUPS


POPULATI PYRAMID

60 & above 1.68

55-59 0.66

50-54 0

45-49 1.;

40-44 .40

35-39 1.62

30-34 1.62

25-29 1.97

20-24 2.13

15-19 I2.59

10-'14 3.53

5- 3.80

. 4 3.13

AGE POPULA'ON GROUPS (million numbers)

POPULAKERALA'PYRAMID

60 & above 1.92

55-59 07 50-54

45-49

40-44 1.13 35 -39 1.40 Co

30-34 1.58

25-29 2.08

20-24 2.62

15-19 F3.01

10-14 L3.25

5- 2.92 0- 4 2.74


POPULATION PYRAMID PUNJA

60 & above 1.32

55-59 0.41

50-54 0.63

45-49

40-44 0.80

35-39

30-34 1.07

25-29 1.28

20-24 1.64

15-19 188

10-142.10

5- 94

2.08

0 APOPULATION

(million numbers)

POPU ON PYRAMID

HARYAN

60 &above

55-59

50-54

45-49

40-44

35-39

30-34

25-29

20-24

15-19

10-14

5- 9 0- 4

0.83

02

46

0

0.74

0.94

1.20

1.41

1.82

1.85 1.71.72

POPULATION ROUPS (million numbers)

Dependency : 1981

Percent

50

40

30

0 UP MAH AP TN RAJ ORI ASS HAR

BIH WE3 MP KAR GUJ KEIR PUN

States

Infant Mortality : 1976-78 & 1984-86

Per Thousand Live Births

180

160 1976-78

1401984-86

120

100F

80

60 fl

2K~

UP MAH Ap TN RAJ ORi .ASS HAR

BIH WB MP KAR GUJ KER PUN

States

Birth Rates : 1974-76 & 1984-86

Per Thousand Persons

50

1976-78

40/

1984-86

20- I " /

10

UP MAH AP TN RAJ ORI ASS HAR BIH WB MP KAR GUJ KER PUN

States

Death Rates : 1974-76 & 1984-86

Per Thousand Persons

25

20

15

1976-78

1984-86

10

5-

UP MAH BIH WB

AP MP

TN RAJ ORI ASS HAR KAR GUJ KER PUN

States

Female Literacy : 1961 to 1981

Percent

70

60

50

401981

1961

1971

30

20

10

0 UP BIH MAH ,I- AP


Percent

70

60

50

1961

Z-77]1971

40

30

20

10

1981

Mp TNJ KR RA GUJ


Percent

70

60 196i

50 1971

40 1981

30

10A

ORI KER ASS PUN HAiR

Real Net State Domestic Product

1986-87 (Rs. bin.)

80

60

40- I0 20-

UP MAH AP TN RAJ ORI ASS HAR


States

Real Per Capita Net State Domestic Prod

1986-87 (Rupees)

1800

1600

1400

1200I

1000

800

600 -

400

200 HUP MAH P TN RAJ ORI ASS HAR


States

Growth of Real Net State Domestic Prod.

1970-71 to 1987-88 : CARG (%)

10

8

6

'71

'81

to

to

'81

'88

4

2-

UP MAH

BIH WB

AED

MP

TN RAJ ORI ASS HAR

KAR GUJ KER PUN

States

Growth of Real Per Capita Net SDP

1970-71 to 1987-88 : CARG (%)

14

12 '71 to '81

10-- '81 to '88

8

6

4

2

0-UP MAH

BIH WB AP

MP

h--TN RAJ ORI ASS HAR

KAR GUJ KER PUN

Stotes

Per Capita Net State Domestic Product

at constant (1970-71) prices (Rupees)

1200

1000 -____< UP

800_

600400 -

BIH

MA4H

M)H

200

0 71 73 75 77 79 81 83 85 87

72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88

Year ending March



1000

WB

800 AP

MP

Ln

400

200

0 71 73 75 77 79 81 83 85 87

72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88

Year ending March



12(.O

1000 - =3GUJ

ORI 800 _ ,

KER 600 400

200

0 71 73 75 77 79 81 83 85 87

72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88

Year ending March



1000 E

TN

800

KAR

RAJ

400

200

071 73 75 77 79 81 83 85 87

72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88

Year ending March

_ _



1800 _3

1600- ASS

X1400 PUN

1200 _

1000 HR

800

600

400

200

0 71 73 75 77 79 81 83 85 87 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88

Year ending March

Sectoral Shares (%) of SDP

1970-71

120

Agric.

80

60-,

MMn. & Mfg

Services

20-

UP MAH BIH WB

AD MP


States

Sectoral Shares (%) of SDP

1986-87

120

100 Agric.

80Min. & Mfg

Services 60

40

20 - n


States

Population below Poverty Line (%)

1977-78 & 1983-84

70

60 1977-78

50- 1983-84 40

20-

I0-- " ; ,10-

UP MAH AP TN RAJ ORI ASS HAR BIH , WB MP KAR GUJ KER PUN

States

Per Capita Bank Deposits

Rupees

5000

1970 4000

1988

3000

2000

1000

0 UP MAH AP TN RAJ OR ASS HAR


Per Capita Bank Advances

Rupees

3000

25001970

20001988

1500

1000

500

A0 UP MAH AP TN RAJ ORI ASS HAR


Advances : Deposit Ratio

Percent

140

120 1970

100- 1988

80

60- 7A

40

20


Disbursements by Financial Institutions

Rs. Crores (1988-89)

1600

1400

1200

1000

800- Ln

600

400

200

01 flL u F-HF UP MAH AP TN RAJ ORI ASS HAR


States

Relative Infrastructural Development

Index: All India 100 :1987-88

250

200

150

00 F -- -50-

UP MAH AP TN RAJ ORI ASS HAJR 8!H WB MP KAR GUJ KEIR PUN

States

Per Capita Consumption of Electricity

KWH (1985-86)

500

400

300

200

100-


States

Deficit in Electricity Availability

Million Units (1989-90)

2000

1000

0 iuI ,

-1000

-2000

-3000

,O

-4000

-5000

-6000

UP

I

MAH BIH WB

I

AP MP

I I

TN RAJ ORI ASS HAR KAR GUJ KER PUN States

Average Cost of Electricity Generation

250

Paise per KWH (1987-88)

200

150

100

50:10 L - I III1

UP MAH AP TN RAJ ORI ASS HAR FH WB MP KAR GUJ KER PUN

States

Villages Electrified

as percent of total villages

120

100

80

zm 1971-72

1988-89

60- Ln

40 F

20H

01 UP

Fl. MAH

BIH WB

I AP

MP

I TN RAJ OR[ ASS HAR

KAR GUJ KER PUN

States

Villages Connected by All-'Weather Roads

as percent of. total villages: 1987-88

120

100

80i

60 -•

40

20-


States

I-rigation Potential Created & Utilised

Thousand Hectares (1987-88)

25

2oF--

15~

Created

Lit ilised

10

5

UP MAH BIH WB

AP MP


States

as

Net Irrigated Area

Percent of Net So wn Area

100

80

60

1971-72

1985-86

40

20-

LD MAH BIH WB

,Ap MP

TN RAJ OR[ ASS HAR KAR GUJ KER PUN

Stotes

Area under Forest : Million Hectares

(Sa-'-.ellite Data)

12

1970-71 10

1985-86 8

6

4

0 UP MAH AP TN RAJ ORI ASS HAR

BIH WB MP KAR GUJ KE]R PUN States

Land Degraded

Lakh Hectares

and Treated

(1984-85)

400

300 -

Degraded

Treated

200 :n U

100-

UP MAH

BIH WB

At

MP

N RAJ ORI ASS HAR

KAR GUJ KER PUN

States

Area under Food Crops

as Percent of Area under All Crops

100

80- 1971 -72

1985-86

60 Lna%

40

20-



States

Average Size of Operational Holdings

Hectares

6Lm

1970-71 5

1985-86 4

3 L

2

UP MAH AP TN RAJ OR ASS HAR BIH WB MP KAR GUJ KER PUN

Stotes

Area under HYV Seeds

as Percent of Total Area under Crops

100

80-

1974-76

E 1985-87

60

40- U,

20'

UP MAH

BIH WB

AP

MP

TN RAJ ORI ASS HAR

KAR GUJ KER PUN

States

25

Area under Foodgrains

Million Hectares (1988-89)

20

15

10"


States

Production of Foodgrains

Million Tonnes (1988-89)

40

35

30

25

20

15

10-


BiH WB, MP KAR GUJ KER PUN

States

Yield of Foodgrains

Kilograms per Hectare (1988-89)

3500

3000

2500

2000

1500

1000

50-

50 UP MAH AD TN RJ ORI ASS HAR

BIH WB MP KAR GLJ KER PUN

States

Trends in Yield of Foodgrains

Kilograms per Hectare

1800IZ E3]

1600- UPUP

1400 BIH

1200 X___

1000 MAH

800

600O

400O

200

0 68 72 76 80 84 88

70 74 78 82 86

Year ending June



2000--------------------------

1500

ES___

WB

AP

1000 M,

500

0 68

70

72

74

76 80

78 82

Yeor ending June

84

86

88



2000

1500 1

E3_ __

TN

KAR

1000

RAJ

a"

500

0---------68

70 72

74 76 80

78 82

Year ending June

84 86

88



1800 E3~77V7[7~1600 . -I GUJ

1400 ORI

1200 I__1__

1000- KER U'

800

600

400

200

0- 68 72 76 80 84 88

70 74 78 82 86

Yeor ending June



3500 E3

3000- ASS

2500 - PUN

2000 HAR

1500

1000 -1,

500

0 68 72 76 80 84 88

70 74 78 82 86

Year ending June

Factories

Thousand Numbers

16

14 1970-71

12 1985-86

10

8

6- K

0 "0. M I . UP MAH AP TN RAJ ORI ASS HAR


States

Employment in Factories

Lakh Persons

14

12 1970-71

10 1985-86

8

6-

CO

4-"

2-

UP MAH BIH WB

AP MP


Stotes

Caveats

General

Note that all the graph- are presented in descti-ling orler of population from left to right. Thus, all the graphs begin with Uttar Pradesh a,;d end with Haryana. In some cases information for the State of Assam was not available. We have left the slot for Assam blank in such cases.

In -omu cases where a logically single graph is spread over more than one physically graph the scales used in the different graphs may not be same. This was done to provide more resolution and thus to distinguish one line from another.

Demography

Most of the information presented under this section are based on the decadal census reports. Figures for 1990 used in the graph "Trends in Population : 1951 to 1990" are taken from Report of the Expert Committee on Population, 1986. Some points on individual graphs in this section are given below.

Urbanisation & Migration

Going by international standards urbanisation in India may appear to be low. This need not be considered to be an indicator of "backwardness" in itself. Urbanisation generally occurs with its own attendant problems, chief among them being congestion and the proliferation of slums. Urbanisation also leads to significant strains on the resources and infrastructural facilities of cities.

At the same time population between from rural and urban areas as well as between States is an integral and perhaps an inevitable part of the process of development. Various factors lead to migration. Some of the major causes of migration can be employment opportunities, educational faciiu.. , marriage or mere accompaniment. At times migration is purely a strategy for survival. This can again be for economic or sometimes even political reasons.

So far as an indicator of development is concerned it is important to note that atleast migration due to marriage or accompaniment or sometimes mass population flights due to political reasons are not really linked to development.

Thus, it is important to identify and study the contribution of the factors affecting migration before drawing inferences on the raw data.

""Vq ,

Dependency

Dependency ratio is generally defined as the ratio of persons in the age groups 0 to 14 and above 60 years to the persons considered economically productive i.e. the age group 15 to 59 years. In the case of India two features need attention and further study in this respect. These are (i) the traditional sector is significantly large and persons above 60 cannot strictly speaking be considered to be dependent and (ii) child labour is quite prevalent. Both these factors tend to overstate the number of dependents and thus increase the ratio of dependency.

Further whether the above mentioned two factors are a healthy sign or more of a reflection of poverty needs to be closely examined.

Note that persons whose age was not stated have been classified under dependent population. These constitute a very small proportion of the total population.

Population Pyramids

All the pyramids are for the year 1981. The pyramids do not include information on persons whose age was not stated. These accounted for a very small proportion of the total population.

Infant mortality rates

The data are considered to be.somewhat unreliable if seen in isolation. However, the are useful to indicate the general trends over the period. Thus, the limited statement that can be made based on these data is that there are significant and consistent declines in infant mortality. However, the divergence in the level of infant mortality is large.

State Domestic Product

The State Domestic Product data presented in aggregate as well as per capita form are, strictly speaking, not comparable. While the broad method of calculation and concepts remain the same over time and across States, there are still elements of non-comparability that need closer observation.

The Central Statistical Organisation has pointed out this aspect as under "The estimates of NSDP (Net State Domestic Product) at current and constant prices of 1970-71 / 1980-81 prepared by the respective State Governments are in conformity with the conceptual and methodological frame-work recommended by the Working Group on State Income and further refined and supplemented by the Regional Accounts Committee. However, source material utilised for preparing these estimates

varies from State to State depending upon the level of statistical development and as such these estimates are not strictly comparable among themselves."

One of the draw-backs of using State Domestic Product as an index of the level of development of various States is the variation of the purchasing power of the rupee across States at any given point in time. Considering a time-series of the indicator is further complicated by the differences in the movement of prices between different States over time. For similar reasons conversion of the rupee estimates of State Domestic Product into US dollars by the official conversion rates would be hazardous. Indeed it would further complicate and perhaps vitiate the results.

Poverty

Poverty estimates have been derived by using the poverty line of Rs. 49.09 per capita per month at 1973-74 prices corresponding to a daily calorie requirement of 2,400 pir person in rural areas and the poverty line of Rs. 56.64 per capita per month corresponding to a daily calorie requirement of 2,100 in urban areas.

Savings and Investments

Data on per capita bank deposits, advances and advances to deposit ratio are for Scheduled Commercial Banks. Disbursement by Financial Institutions include All Financial Institutions.

Index of Relative Development of Infrastructure

This series of index numbers is based on sixteen indicators listed below

I Per capita consumption of electricity (10)

2 Per capita industrial consumption of industrial electricity (5)

3 Percentage of villages electrified (5)

4 Percentage of irrigated area to cropped area (20)

5 Road length per sq. km. of area (5)

6 Nmnber of motor vehicles per lakh population (5)

7 Length of national highway per 1,000 sq. km. of area (5)

8 Railway route length per 1,000 sq. km. of area (20)

9 Number of post offices per lakh population (2.5)

10 Number of letter boxes per lakh population (2.5)

11 Literacy percentage (4)

12 Schooling facilities (6)

13 Number L. beds per lakh population (4)-ospital

14 Per capita deposits (2)

15 Per capita bank deposits (2)

16 Number of bank offices per lakh population (2)

Figures in brackets indicate the weights assigned to the item. Weights were assigned to reflect the relative roles of different elements in the growth process. Beyond this objective in mind the actual assignment of the precise weights were purely subjective.

Villages electrified

The impressive progress in village electrification should be seen with the following observation of the Working Group on Energy in mind. "Inspite of electrifying all towns and about 44% of the villages, the percentage of households electrified remains at about 14% only. Even with the acceleration in ti.5 pace of electrification in the seventies, the number of new electricity connections to houses has increased at the rate of about one million households a year, while the number of new households has been increasing at the rate of about 2.2 million per year. In other words, the number of non-electrified houses is steadily increasing inspite of the accelerated rural electrification programmes."

It may be noted here that a village is officially considered as electrified even if a single connection is provided to the village.

4?J'

Documents

Review of State Level Economic and Social Trends