Class Review

REVIEW: Mid term 2013Scheduled on 10/17/2013 (2.00 pm-3.30 pm CST)

1Lectures LeuturePresenter1Biomedical Agriculture: A new approach to developing crops for health Dr. Henry Thompson2Case studies of fruits and vegetables and their role in Human Health: Challenges and Opportunities -Dr. Bhimu Patil3Potential of Myristicin, A Constituent of Parsley, in Chemoprevention - Dr. Hassan Ahmad4Molecular Interactions of Turmeric with Cancer ChemotherapyDr. Siva Somasundaram5Altering the Calcium and Metal Contents in PlantsDr. Kendall H6Food-Drug Interaction: Roles of Furocoumarins-Dr. Bhimu Patil7Phytochemicals and Eye Health Dr. Paul S. Bernstein 8Antioxidant Health Benefits of Phytochemicals: the in vitro and in vivo evidence Dr. John R. Burgess9Carotenoids, Bioavailibility and Health BenefitsDr. Steven J. Schwartz10Bioactive Components in ONION and Their Relation of Cancer and Chronic Disease PreventionDr. Bhimu PatilDr. Luis Cisneros lecture is not included for the mid term examExam outlineCLOSED BOOKThree sectionsSection 1Total 25 questionsAnswer any 15 QuestionsEach question count towards 2 point and total points for this section are (30).

Section 1: 30Section 2Match the right answers (1 point/question). TOTAL POINTS (10)Number of questions 15ANSWER ANY 10 QUESTIONSExam outlineSection 1: 30Section 2: 104Section 3TRUE or FALSE (Circle the right answer) 1 point/questionTOTAL POINTS (12) Number of questions 20Answer any 12 questions

Exam outlineSection 1: 30Section 2: 10Section 3: 12

Section 4Short answer questions4 point/questionTOTAL POINTS (48) Number of questions 20Answer any 12 questions

Section 1: 30Section 2: 10Section 3: 12Section 4: 48TOTAL 100Exam outlineDiscussionsQuestions from online discussions will also be included. Limited to topics on class lectures only.

Biomedical Agriculture: A new approach to developing crops for health

Dr. Henry ThomsonTopics coveredPlant Food (VF)-Health ConundrumPossible ExplanationsA transdisciplinary Approach to Chronic Disease PreventionBiofortification, Malnutrition, Biomedical Agriculture Importance of staple cropsRole of staple crops such as beans for disease prevention Plant Food (VF)-Health Conundrum

Eat mostly foods of plant origin for cancer preventionNo convincing epidemiological evidence that any specific type of plant food (V,F,G) or nutrient inhibits cancer of any typeWCRF-AICR: Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity and the Prevention of Cancer: a Global Perspective. Nov.1-2, 2007

10Plant Food (VF)- health conundrum> states No convincing epidemiological evidence that any specific type of plant food (V,F,G) or nutrient inhibits cancer of any type. More research, meta analysis , case control, cohort studies randomized clinical trials are needed.

VisionProvide consumers in the global market place with human health optimized crop varieties and a practical framework for their use

11Future visions for designing foods should include frame work with optimized phytochemical content to protect against chronic diseases.

Biomedical Agriculture

Underfed Adequate/OverfedChronic Diseases (>60% death)MalnutritionBiofortification TTCrop Improvement for Human Health

Crops for health should be used in such a way that it addresses malnutrition and disease prevention. Differences between biofortification and biomedical agriculture should be understood.Biofortification : Adding more nutrients ex: Golden rice.Biomedical agriculture : Plants with higher phytochemicals. 12QuestionsWhat is the plant food conundrum?

Recent epidemiological evidence has failed to provide strong support for the hypothesis that vegetables and fruit intake inhibits the development of CANCER in human populations. (True or False)

Describe importance of staple food crop in human diet.

What is the role of phytochemicals in plants?

Case studies of fruits and vegetable and their role in human health: Challenges and Opportunities

Bhimu S. PatilVegetable and Fruit Improvement CenterTexas A&M University, College Station, Tx

14http://www.worldhunger.org/articles/Learn/world%20hunger%20facts%202002.htm14US dietary guidelines: 1980-2000

Balance the food you eat with physical activityChoose a diet with plenty of vegetables, fruits and grain products15It was not until the 1990 emphasis was laid on the importance of fruits and vegetables specifically along with physical activity.15Questions ..?What led to the changes in dietary guidelines?

What do you think is still missing in the guidelines?

How to improve it still further?

16Consumer awarenessResearchMediaEducation/Doctors adviseNeed for a healthy lifestyleRising medical costsMortality at early age

Direct impactIndirect impact17What led to the changes in dietary guidelines?Ancient Knowledge/ Epidemiological studies In vitro / In vivo -Animal studiesMolecular mechanisms-(Cell culture studies)Human Clinical trials (Randomized Controlled, Case Control and Cohort) Meta analysisSuccessful compound/moleculeMillions Very FewHundreds F&V, Phytochemicals: Road to success1818Case studies of F&VAlpha tocopherol Beta Carotene(ATBC) : 1985-1993Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial (CARET): 1996Physicians health study (PHS)European Prospective Investigation of Cancer (EPIC STUDY)

19http://atbcstudy.cancer.gov/19COHORTPeople consuming chocolatesPeople do not consume chocolates (control/ comparison group)After a time periodQuesttionareOUTCOME: DiseaseNo diseaseBASELINE DATACASE CONTROLNo diseaseDisease caseREVIEW RECORDSREVIEW RECORDSEXPOSEDEXPOSEDUNEXPOSEDUNEXPOSEDTAMCOHORTCASE CONTROLLarge population (subjects)Small sample size (Rare diseases)Disease : assumedDisease : knownVery expensiveLess expensiveChallenges & OpportunitiesBased on the evidences what do you think is conclusive about F&VWhole F&V vs Supplements ?

ORhttp://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/09/080903080858.htm

23There is convincing evidence of fruits & vegetables health benefits ..however cohort studies evaluating beta carotene and retinol supplements have determined as detrimental to human health.

People should follow caution while consuming these supplements.23QuestionsWhat is the major mortality causing factor in USA?Road accidents/Malnutrition/Malaria/CVD/Cancer

Name some major clinical studies related to study of F&V on disease prevention?

What are the factors contributing to change in dietary guidelines?

Name the senator who recommended dietary goals for the American people.

What was the outcome of CARET study?

24Phase II Enzyme induction by Myristicin and other phytochemicals: Perspective in Cancer Prevention Dr. Hassan Ahmad002013 Estimated US Cancer casesSource: American Cancer Society, 2013

2602013 Estimated US Cancer DeathSource: American Cancer Society, 2013

27010 Leading Causes of Death in US 2010Source: CDC-National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 61, # 4, May 8, 2013RankCause of DeathNumberPercent All causes2,468,4351001Diseases of heart597,68924.22.Malignant Neoplasms (cancer)574,74323.33.Chronic lower respiratory diseases138,0805.64.Cerebrovascular diseases 129,4765.25.Accidents (unintentional injuries)120,8594.96.Alzheimer disease83,4943.47.Diabetes mellitus69,0712.88.Nephritis and nephrosis50,4762.09.Influenza & pneumonia50,0972.010.Intentional self-harm (suicide)38,3641.628PHASE IP-450OXIDATIONREDUCTIONHYDROLYSISPROCARCINOGENSEXCRETION0DNA DamageULTIMATE CARCINOGEN PHASE IIGSHGSTGSH-CONJUGATIONPRODUCTThis is a generalized schematic of cancer initiation . There are two enzymes: Phase I and phase II enzymes. For prevention of cancer the induction of PhaseII enzyme is critical for detoxfication. 29Strategies of Cancer PreventionInduction of DNA Repair Enzymes Induction of Phase II Enzymes Inhibition of Phase I enzymes FUNCTIONS OF GST CATALYTIC FUNCTIONS: Glutathione S-transferase activityGlutathione Peroxidase II activity NON CATALYTIC FUNCTIONS:Reversible biding and transport of several organic compoundsIrreversible binding and transport of several electrophilic compounds including some carcinogen 031What is Chemoprevention?0Chemoprevention involves administering specific amounts of a particular natural or synthetic chemical in an attempt to identify agents that will prevent, halt, or reverse the process of carcinogenesis. ENZYME INDUCTION AND CHEMOPREVENTION Important Phase II Defense Enzymes

1. Glutathione S-Transferase: Inactivation of electrophiles by conjugation to GSH 2. UDP-Glucorosyltransferase: Inactivation of electrophiles by conjugation to glucoronic acid.3. NAD(P)H:Quinone oxidoreductase: Catalyzes the obligatory two electron reduction of quinones and thus shields the cells against the electrophilicity of quinones and oxidative stress. 0Biological source of Myristicin

carrotsdillcoffeenutmeg

broccoli

034QuestionsWhat are enzymes involved in detoxification of caricinogens?What is function of phase 1 and phase 2 enzymes? What is the role of Myrsticin and name some good F&V which are a good source of Myrsticin?What is chemoprevention?What are the components of Glutathione?Describe the functions of GST, catalytic and non catalyticWhich is a more viable strategy: enzyme induction or chemoprevention for effective protection from cancer causing chemicals

Molecular Interactions of Turmeric with Cancer Chemotherapy Dr. Siva Somasundaram

What is Turmeric? Turmeric is a member of the Curcuma botanical group, which is part of the ginger family of herbs, the Zingiberaceae. The root and rhizome (underground stem) of the Curcuma longa L. plant is crushed and powdered into ground Turmeric. Ground Turmeric is used worldwide as a seasoning,to make curry, and for its therapeutic effects. 37Rhizome or underground stem

38Curcumin and Cancer"Therapeutic potential of Curcumin in human prostate cancer. Curcumin inhibits proliferation, induces apoptosis, and inhibits angiogenesis of prostate cancer cells."

39AngiogenesisCancer cells (probably like all tissues) secrete substances that promote the formation of new blood vessels - a process called angiogenesis.Turmeric as an anti-oxidantTurmeric and its active Curcumins or Curcuminoids and the water soluble peptide turmerin, have antioxidant properties and effectively inhibit the free radical damage to biomolecules both in vitro and in vivo conditions. The fact that Curcuminoids act as antioxidants by prevention and intervention processes, makes them very unique natural antioxidants" 41ApoptosisOften apoptosis is called 'programmed cell death'. The apoptosis program can be activated by a wide diversity of triggers ranging from normal, physiological micro-environmental 'cues' to toxic stimuli, such as radiation-induced genomic damage. The classical hallmarks of apoptosis - the morphological changes and the degradation of DNA into the typical oligo-nucleosomal fragments - are dependent upon a family of protein-snipping enzymes known as caspases The Mechanisms of Apoptosis

There are 3 different mechanisms by which a cell commits suicide by apoptosis. one generated by signals arising within the cell another triggered by death activators binding to receptors at the cell surface, eg, TNF-a, Lymphotoxin, Fas ligand (FasL)a third that may be triggered by dangerous reactive oxygen species.

The intrinsic or mitochondrial pathway

Release of Bcl-2, Apaf-1 and caspase-9Formation of apoptosomeMitochondrion44 Activation of CaspasesIn a given apoptosis pathway, activation of caspases may be initiated by death-receptor/death-factor interaction, or by the movement of cytochrome C molecules out of mitochondria, or both. c-Jun-N terminal kinases activate caspases for nucleosomal degradation.

45QuestionsWhat is curcumin and what are its beneficial properties?Is there convincing evidence of curcumin against Alzheimers disease?Which was more effective on prostrate cancer cell lines:Capsaicin/curcumin/capsaicin+curcumin+bioflavone.What is apoptosis? Describe the mechanism of ApoptosisWhat is intrinsic and extrinsic pathway? What are the enzymes involved?What are the commonly used drugs for chemotherapies?

Engineering Plant Calcium Levels:Foods for ThoughtKendal Hirschi47Calcium is an important nutrient for animals and plantsFruits and vegetables can be a source of bioavailable Ca2+

Ca2+ can also be used to ameliorate the effects of salt stressCa2+ deficiency in plants can cause many serious symptoms48Calcium is an important nutrient for animals and plantsBioavailability of calcium is concern F&V can be a excellent source of bioavailable calcium. Calcium is also important for plants used to ameliorate the effects of salt stress. Deficiency can cause serious symptoms. Model Systems In Plant Biology

VacuolePlant Ca2+ content could be increased by overexpression of a Ca2+ transporterCa2+Ca2+Ca2+CAX1Ca2+H+Ca2+Ca2+Ca2+Ca2+Ca2+Ca2+Ca2+Ca2+H+H+H+H+H+Ca2+Ca2+Ca2+Ca2+Ca2+Ca2+50Subcellular Volumes

CompartmentFresh material/(L.{mg Chl}-1)MesophyllCell379Vacuole278 73%Cytosol25Mitochondria4Nuclei1EpidermisCell244Vacuole242 99%Nuclei