Review

How many times can a normal cell divide? Max of 50 or 60 times

What are the three ways normal growth is controlled? Anchorage dependence – divide only if anchored to a tissue in the bodyDensity-dependent inhibition – divide only if there is roomGenes – genes tell cell to go through cell cycle

What is apoptosis? Cell suicide is called apoptosis.

Why do you think apoptosis is so important to cells?

How are cancer cells different from normal cells?

Cancer cells do not follow the cell’s control system…

They… don't stop reproducing don't obey signals from other cells don't stick together don't specialize, but stay immature

What is a mutation? Any change in your DNA sequence

How many mutations does it take to develop cancer?

Many

Goal of Hit Simulator Activity: (We skipped this) (… it was a graph… you change the settings and observe how the graph changes with the different settings…)

It takes multiple mutations, not just 1 to develop cancer

Mutation rates (how likely you are to get a mutation) variesCan vary by age (older more likely to mutate)Can vary by lifestyle (risky behaviors lead to

mutations)

Make a table with the heads below and fill it in as you read the next 5 slides!

Gene What it normally does

What it does when it mutates

Proto-onco genes

Tumor suppressor genes

P53 gene

DNA repair genes

Angiogenesis genes

Metastasis genes

GeneGene What it normally What it normally doesdoes

What it does when What it does when it mutatesit mutates

Proto-onco genes

Encourages cell to multiple or double. Once you are fully grown this does not happen very often

Mutated (oncogenes) tell the cell to multiply all the time. Too many cells for the body

Tumor suppressor genes

Stop the cell from multiplying or doubling

If mutated – cell may carry on and on multiplying. Becomes immortal

P53 gene Tumor suppressor gene. Stop cells with other damaged genes from reproducing and encourages them to destroy themselves

Apoptosis does not occur even when necessary. Cells will continue to accumulate mutation

Gene What it normally does

What it does when it mutates

DNA repair genes

Repair any damage to the DNA that make up cell’s genes.

Mutations are not repaired and cell can copy the mutation into its daughter cells

Angiogenesis genes

Proteins that switch blood vessel growth on and off

Abnormal blood vessel formation around cancerous tumors – limitless food and oxygen supply to tumor

Metastasis genes

Usually cells in an area stay attached and together

Allows cells to detach and move throughout the body to other places

The biggest ‘risk factor’ in developing cancer is not smoking or tanning, but getting old,

how do you think we can explain that?

Can take a long time before enough mutations to happen for a cell to become cancerous. (This is why most types of cancer are more common in older people)

The older you are the more time you have had… To be exposed to carcinogens. For accidents to occur when cells reproduce.

What is a carcinogen? A chemical that causes cancer!

Have you ever saw Erin Brochovich?

What are the 3 most common cancers in men? Women?

List the 3 ways we treat cancer? (if you are not familiar with any of them you may want to write a brief description)1.Chemotherapy – drug treatment, cytotoxic drugs2.Radiation – X-ray, electrons, radioactive material3.Surgery – cutting away tissue from the body

What is the difference between traditional chemotherapy and ‘magic bullet’ drugs?Chemo – targets cells to killMagic bullet – targets proteins (replace or block) instead of killing cells

‘Risky Behaviors’ that may lead to people developing

cancer…

Smoking / chewing tobaccoDrinkingRadiation (UV or X-ray)Not eating a healthy dietNot exercising regularlyWorkplace environment / exposureOther illnesses (including sexually transmitted diseases)

Cancer Vocabulary Reviewhttp://www.quia.com/jg/2071700.html

The Cell Cycle "Battleship"http://www.quia.com/ba/438775.html