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Review for Spring Semester Final Exam!!!!
• Great Depression to Vietnam & Watergate
The New York Stock Exchange
Black Friday, October 24, 1929
CAUSES OF THE GREAT DEPRESSION
• OVERPRODUCTION (Industrial & Agricultural)
• UNEVEN DISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH
• OVERSPECULATION +MARGIN BUYING– EASY MONEY (CREDIT)
• STOCK MARKET CRASH
Herbert Hoover
• According to Hoover, Government’s job was to stay out of the way of big business
OVERSPECULATION• “GET RICH QUICK SYNDROME”• MARGIN BUYING• LACK OF GOVT. REGULATION• PANIC SELLING
• ‘29 MARKET CRASH
Q: What is Foreclosure?
A: When you can’t afford mortgage payments or loan payments and the bank comes and takes your stuff away.
Unemployment Statistics for 1932 The Depressions Cruelest Year
• 16,000,000 to 25,000,000 in 1932
• 25% of the workforce
• In 2006 that would mean: 32,500,000 unemployed!
• For our workforce today in the 2000’s– 5.8% in 2006
– 7,200,000
BUSINESS CYCLE TROUGHS
• RECESSION = TWO SUCCESSIVE 1/4’s (3 MONTH PERIODS) OF DECLINING GDP ($ OF GOVT, CONSUMER AND BUSINESS SPENDING)
• DEPRESSION = UNEMPLOYMENT GREATER THAN 12%
– Depression = rise in unemployment + fall in GDP
AGRICULTURAL OVERPRODUCTION
• INCREASED TECHNOLOGY
• GOOD GROWING CONDITIONS
• SUPPLY GREATER THAN DEMAND
The Great Dust Bowl
• Over use & Over grazing– No crop rotation
• No soil conservation
• No wind breaks
• Loss of natural grasses and animals
• Climatic change – the drought of the 30’s
Great Depression effected the rest of the World also!
• US stops importing goods
• US can’t make loans to Germany any longer
• US raises Tarriffs– Smoot-Hawley Act
Depression Era Survival
• Rent a hot bed for $0.05
• Hot because it was rented out for 8 hours and it never cooled off
• Eat in a soup kitchen or stand in a breadline.
• Wash in train/bus stations
Depression Era Survival
• Hobos and bums• 250,000 children
under age 18• Need a blanket use
newspapers• Need a house use
cardboard• Riding the Rails
FDR’s New Deal: A new philosophy
• FDR believes government should help to solve major social and economic problems
I. The New Deal
Three R’S of Government
• Relief
• Recovery
• Reform
The New Deal: One Big Experiment
New Deal Math
• Bad Economy + Huge Increase in Government Spending = ??????
• Huge Deficit = ???
• Lack of a Balanced Budget
• Debt??
Causes of World War II• Hitler, Mussolini, and
Tojo did not cause World War II.
• The Treaty of Versailles which ended World War I is the chief cause of World War II.– This is the single most
important cause of WWII!
Treaty of Versailles & Germany
• Germany’s Rhineland Demilitarized
• German land is given to Poland
• The Saar region of Germany is occupied by France
• Germany has to pay mass amounts of reparations
Appeasement
• Giving Hitler what he wants to avoid war!
• The Rhineland• Austria• The Suedetenland• Czechoslovakia
– Lost mostly at Munich Conference
• Neville Chamberlain– Prime Minister of
Great Britain 1930’s
Nonaggression Pact August 1939
Russian Ambassador Molotov
German Ambassador von Ribbentrop
Coordinated use of Airpower, Mobile Armour, and Ground Troops! Lighting War!!
The Phony War and the Maginot Line:
From the Fall of Poland to the Invasion of France!
A touristattraction today!
Mussolini
Italy
Hitler
Germany
Tojo
Japan
Winston Churchill
FDR – Franklin D. Roosevelt
Joseph Stalin
Chaing Kai-shek Charles de GaulleThe Allies
USA, USSR, China,
Great Britain, and
France
FDR suffers a stroke in Warm Springs Arkansas Harry S. Truman becomes President of the United States
From September 1940 to July 1941, London suffered severe damage from German air attacks. Known as the London Blitz, this period of World War II resulted in many British casualties.
“Never have so few done so much for so many!”
The Battle of Britain
The RAF The RAF
The RAF
The RAF
50 old destroyers for Island Bases in the Caribbean!
Lend Lease: “You’d lend a neighbor a garden hose if his house were on fire?” FDR in a Fireside Speech 1940
Lend-Lease assistance was more than just military equipment. It was food and other necessities to keep the British people as well as their soldiers in the fight against Hitler.
Turning Point in thePacific: Coral Sea& Midway May andJune of 1942.
The emergence of the AIRCRAFT CARRIER as a major tactical weapon of war!!!
Stalingrad
• The turning point on the Eastern Front
• Perhaps the Turning Point for all of WWII
• 500,000 Nazi soldiers go into Stalingrad
• Van Paulus surrenders 325,000 troops
• Only 9,000 ever get home!
• 1,500,000 Russian Troops Die at Stalingrad
• One of the bloodiest battles in HISTORY!
Bloodiest Battle
• Bloodiest of all time• 1,500,000 deaths• Caused Germans to
suffer unrecoverable loss of men
Rommel sweepsAcross N. Africa!
Monty & the British 8th ArmyWait for Rommel at El Alamein!
Monty stops Rommel at El Alamein!November 1942!
The Americans, Canadians, andFree French land in West AfricaUnder the command of DwightEisenhower.
December 7th 1941
December 7th 1941
US Losses at Pearl Harbor:• 5 Battleships
• 3 Cruisers
• 150 Planes
• 2,300 Killed
• 1,200 WoundedAmerican divers work around the aft turrets of the battleship USS Arizona at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii on Feb. 2, 1942 during World War II. The Arizona was sunk and destroyed during the Japanese aerial attack on Pearl Harbor on Dec. 7,
1941.
The Japanese Lose the War
• Dec. 7th, 1941– Japanese attack on
Pearl Harbor angers and unifies the American people like nothing else has ever done.
Island hopping: The US strategy of taking just strategic islands on the way to Japan isolating people like Hiro Onada!
Operation Overlord
• The Allied invasion of Normandy France
• June 6, 1944
• Also known as D-Day!
D-Day
June 6, 1944 – American
Landings at Utah & Omaha Beaches
Ike and the 101st Airborne right before takeoff!
D-Day the largest amphibious landing in HISTORY:2,800,000+ troops, 2,500,000 tons of supplies, 11,000 air craft, and 3000+ ships!!!
Omar Bradley - US George Patton - US
Monty - British De Gualle – Free French
Ike – the SupremeCommander of AlliedForces in W. Europe
The Allied Generals
Length: 8.2 m (27 ft)
Span: 5.5 m (18 ft)
Weight: 2,200 kg (4,900 lb)
Thrust: 3,400 newtons (770 lb)
Range: 240-320 km (150-200 mi)Manufacturer:
Fieseler Werke (airframe), Argus Motoren (motor)
Length: 14 m (46 ft)
Weight: 12,800 kg (28,000 lb)
Range: 240-305 km (150-190 mi)
Maximum altitude:
80 km (50 mi) for 240-km (150-mi) rangePropellants: alcohol and liquid oxygen
Manufacturer: German Army Ordnance
V-1 over London
U.S. Marines of the 28th Regiment of the Fifth Division raise the American flag atop Mt. Suribachi, Iwo Jima, on Feb. 23, 1945. Strategically located only 660 miles from Tokyo, the Pacific island became the site of one of the bloodiest, most famous battles of World War II against Japan.
Truman’s Potsdam Ultimatum!
Hiroshima August 6th
Nagasaki August 9th
Reasons for Dropping the A-Bomb
• Impress Stalin and the Soviets with US technology and power
• Punish the Japanese for Pearl Harbor and everything else during WWII
• End the War in the Pacific because the Japanese would not give up easily
All matter of itemswere rationed.Especially, gas, Meat, sugar,Cigarettes and Nylons.No rationing of freshFruits and vegetablesAs most AmericansGrew victory gardens
Not only war bondsbut increasesIn taxes helped to fund the war
The Cold War
World War II Ends
&
The Cold War Begins
Judgment at Nuremberg
• War crimes
• Crimes against peace
• Crimes against humanity
The Cold War-A Struggle forWorld Domination
Capitalism v Communism
USA v USSR
An attempt to control the entire world in every aspect
Fought 1947 - 1989
Creating the United Nations
• FDR’s dream of a United Nations located in the USA is realized.
• Located in New York city, the UN today plays a major role in worldwide Peace keeping.
Which one doesn’t belong?
• Soviet Control over Eastern Europe
• Berlin becomes a divided city
• Communists take control of China
• Soviets get control over Greece and Turkey
• Which one didn’t happen?
Which one didn’t happen?
• Soviet Control over Greece and Turkey never happened, in part thanks to the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan
Troubles in Berlin
Air Lift
&
The Wall
Germany & Berlin Symbols of the Cold War
After the Berlin Airlift
Western Europe, Canada, and the US created the NATO Alliance
Stalin counters this with the
Warsaw Pact
Cold War Alliances
• NATO• The North Atlantic
Treaty Organization• Created by Harry S.
Truman• Led by Dwight
Eisenhower
• The Warsaw Pact• Created by Stalin• A counter to the
American led North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Warsaw Pact: USSR, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania,Bulgaria, East Germany, Albania
US Goal for the Cold War Stop the Spread of Communism
The American Policy Designed to do this is called:
Containment
Containment
• Aid to Greece and Turkey– The Truman Doctrine
• The Marshall Plan• NATO• The Berlin Airlift• The Korea War• The Vietnam War
A US & UN Police Action: June 1950 – July 1953
Macarthur demands permission to bomb China and personally negotiate peace with the Chinese in direct violation of Truman’s orders!
Truman fires Macarthur!
In July 1953 North Korea and China, allies in the Korean War, signed a truce agreement at Panmunjom with the United Nations command that had supported South Korea. The agreement ended fighting on the Korea Peninsula, but a permanent peace settlement between South Korea and North Korea has not been reached.
US. Troops are still stationed along the 38th parallel today!!!
Weather Plane, Spy Plane, or
Musical Group? U-2
U-2 Photo taken from 100,000+ Feet Above Target.
U-2 pilot Francis Gary Powers sits in dock in Moscow's Hall of Columns, August 17, 1960, during the opening of his espionage trial. He was convicted and sentenced to 10 years.
Castro takes over Cuba
• Castro overthrows Batista the US supported dictator of Cuba
• When Castro announces his support of Communism, the US CIA sponsors the Bay of Pigs Invasion.
Cuban exiles captured during the Bay of Pigs invasion walk past Cuban soldiers April 19, 1961 in this file photo from the archives of Granma, the Cuban government newspaper. The unidentified prisoner in the foreground is followed by Jorge King, known as "El Chino," who was later executed by the Cuban government. About 1,500 Cuban exiles, supported by the CIA, landed in Cuba in the Bahia de Cochinos (Bay of Pigs) on April 17, 1961 with the purpose of sparking a popular uprising and ousting the government of Cuban leader Fidel Castro. Most rebels were quickly captured or killed by the Cuban armed forces. In December 1962 Cuba traded 1,113 captured rebels in exchange for food and medicine raised by private donations in the U.S.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Results of Cuban Missile Crisis
• Castro is still in power
• Soviets pull missiles out of Cuba
• USA & USSR install a “hotline” to try and prevent further problems
• JFK is considered a hero
The Space Race!
• The Soviets launch the first satellite, are the first to have a man in space, are the first to have a women in space, are the first to walk in space!!!!
• It’s not much of a race at first.
The start of the Space Race--the launching of a Soviet man-made earth satellite, Sputnik 1!
This first official picture of the Soviet satellite Sputnik I was issued in Moscow October 9, 1957, showing the four-antennaed baby moon resting on a three-legged pedestal. Pravda described the satellite as one foot, eleven inches and gave its weight as 184 pounds. The outer hull is polished aluminum covered with a special protective material. Nitrogen gas is sealed inside.
Sputnik #1 October 4,
1957
Soviet satellite Sputnik 2, which carried the dog Laika was successfully launched. Laika was never to return to earth and asphyxiated after a week in orbit. Her cabin burned up on re-entry to the earth's atmosphere.
Sputnik 2
Baby BoomerBill Clinton 1948!
Urban sprawl and suburban growth!
Picture speaks for Itself. The great Jackie Robinson.
The refusal of the public school to admit Brown, then nine years old in 1951, because she was black led to the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas. In 1954, the U.S. Supreme Court overruled the "separate but equal" clause and mandated that schools nationwide must be desegregated.
The Brown victory ends segregation in Public Schools.
Economic Boom!
• The Housing Boom• The Highway and
Auto Building Boom• New Technologies
Boom• The Baby Boom• Plenty of Jobs with
increasing Pay and Benefits!
The Post War Boom!
• 1950’s Economic Changes:– GI Bill– Highway building– Automobile Sales
• Growth of Suburbia
– TV & other New Technology• The Transistor
Dr. Jonas Salk: Creator of Salk & Sabine Vaccine to stop the spread
of Polio
A Young girl receiving the Salk & Sabine vaccine
Montgomery Bus Boycott
• Rosa Parks refusal to give up her seat essentially kick starts the Civil Rights Movement!
John F. Kennedy-Dallas Texas
November 22, 1963
Did Lee Harvey Oswald fire
the fatal bullet?
The Warren Commission
• According to the Warren Commission, Lee Harvey Oswald, who was killed shortly after being arrested by Jack Ruby, was the lone gunmen.
Jack Ruby: Killed Lee Harvey
Oswald before Oswald every
stood trial for the murder of
President Kennedy
MLK jr. Assassinated 1968
Robert Kennedy-Campaigning for the Democratic Party Nomination in California in June of 1968!
Assassinated!
Dien Bien Phu
• Vo Nguyen Giap• North Vietnamese
military leader• Defeats:
– The French at Dien Bien Phu
• Signals an end to French control of Vietnam
– The United States in Vietnam
Eisenhower Cites "Domino Theory" Regarding Southeast AsiaResponding to the defeat of the French by the Vietminh at Dienbienphu, President Eisenhower outlines the Domino Theory: "You have a row of dominoes set up. You knock over the first one, and what will happen to the last one is the certainty that it will go over very quickly.” Needing a strong leader Ngo Dinh Diem, a Roman Catholic, is chosen by Ike to lead South Vietnam!
A series of Buddhist Monk unhappy with Diem’s leadership protests by immolating themselves! Kennedy asks, “Who are these people?”
A guerrilla fighter (Viet Cong) during the Vietnam Conflict, The conflict grew out of the Vietnam policy of former U.S. presidents Kennedy, Johnson, and Nixon.
LBJ escalates the war!
• Eisenhower and Kennedy helped the US get involved, but LBJ escalated the effort in Vietnam into a war like action.
The Incident that Led to War!
The Gulf of Tonkin Incident
The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution!
The Tet Offensive
Turning point for the USA
A Military Victory
A Psychological Defeat!!!
Tet – The Lunar New Year
• January 31, 1968• Guerrilla Attacks
– Attacked 36 of 44 provincial capitals
• 67,000 NVA & VC• Repelled within 24 to
48 hours• No popular
Vietnamese support
TET - The Turning Point
• US citizens turn against the war!
• US military finds it difficult to fight a war its people and in some cases it soldiers don’t want to fight
Former residents of My Lai hamlet who were killed by U.S. soldiers. During the most notorious publicly-acknowledged military atrocity of the Vietnam War, between 200 and 500 Vietnamese civilians were massacred by U.S. soldiers at My Lai hamlet on March 16, 1968. A cover-up kept the massacre a secret for a year, after which 14 soldiers were charged with the crime and only one was found guilty and sentenced to prison.
The Election of 1968
• Richard Nixon Elected• Promised to end the war!• Proposes De-escalation
and Vietnamization • Invades Cambodia
Cambodian Invasion!
• A military failure!
• A political blunder!!
This is Kent State Ohio, not Cambodia!
April 30, 1975
• The US prepares to leave Vietnam.
• “Our long national nightmare is over!” President Gerald Ford
Hippies!
• Long hair
• Experimented with drugs & sex
• Lived in communes
• Protested the war and anything that wasn’t peace or love man!
Hell No We Won’t Go!
• Ways that US protestors opposed the War in Vietnam– Fled to Canada– Burned draft cards or refused to register for the
draft– Went to jail rather than fought a war they did
not believe in
Watergate: I am not a crook!
• President Richard Nixon is forced to resign after the Watergate scandal.
