Review

Drosphilia (fruit fly) eye color: Red eyes (R) and white eyes (r)

1. Set up a Punnett square using a pure bred red eyed fruit fly and a white eye-colored fruit fly.

2. Describe the possible phenotypes and genotypes of the offspring.

3. What would the parent genotypes need to be in order for only 50% of the offspring to inherit heterzygous genotypes?

Objective 7: EvolutionYou should be able to:

• Identify or state(level 1-3)

• Define or Describe (4-8)

• Explain or discuss (4-8)

• The basics of evolution

• The basics of natural selection

• The evidence for evolution

Objective 7: Vocabulary

• theory• evolution• natural selection • random• artificial selection • mutation• sexual selection

• survival• reproduction• genes• chromosome• diversity• embryo

The Theory of Evolution

• The definition of theory as used by scientists: an explanation that has been confirmed though observations, experimentation, and other supporting evidence.

Evolution is small changes over time in the frequency a gene in a population, which may gradually result in the formation of a new species.

– What is actually changing?

– What would be the primary 3 factors that determines if a gene or genes becomes more abundant?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g4jYUZXAFYs (the line)

Darwin and Wallace 1850’s

On the Origin of Species (1859)

Published work in 1858 prompted Darwin’s writings

Human Genome changes• between any 2 people

there is about one base pair out of every 1,000 that will be different

• 700 regions of the human genome where genes have been altered within the last 5,000 to 15,000 years. (Wade 2006)

• "from archaeological data …everywhere we can measure — Europe, China, South Africa, Australia —brains have shrunk about 150 cubic centimeters. That's roughly a 10 percent decrease" (Choi 2009).

Lactase protein•Approximately 75% of people cannot tolerate the sugar lactose (milk products)

•Lactose is the food that is broken down by the protein lactase

•Gene for producing lactase is not read by adults: 10% of Americans, 10% of Africa's Tutsi tribe, 50% of Spanish and French people, and 99% of Chinese

•Mutations in the gene keep the gene being read and the protein to continue to be produced into adulthood

•DNA extracted from samples as late as 5000BC Europe showed no mutations

•Mutation occurred after this time

• (Got Lactase , 2007)

Lactase study of 470 Tanzanians, Kenyans and Sudanese (Tischkoff, 2006)

SNP’s and lactase gene read

Natural Selection evidence• observed in Asian

elephants: • The tusk-free gene,

normally found in 2% - 5% of male Asian elephants

• Gene frequency increased to 5% - 10% in China elephants (Tuskless' Elephants Evolving).

eastern Zambia, the proportion of tuskless female elephants increased from 10 per cent in 1969 to nearly 40 per cent in 1989 (LaPage, 2011)

Natural Selection: survival of the fittest

• Discuss with your group to determine the 4 main component of Natural Selection.

• Step 1:

• Step 2:

• Step 3:

• Step 4:

Types of SelectionArtificial Selection

• Cows that produce the most milk are chosen for breeding.

• Between 1957 and 2007 the average milk production per cow in the U.S. increased by 5,997 kg (Oltenacu, 2010).

Sexual Selection

• A study of Long-Tailed widowbirds demonstrated that female widowbirds chose males with longer tails more often than males with shorter tails (Ehrlich 1988).

Bibliography• Choi, Charles Q. "Humans Still Evolving as Our Brains Shrink."

LiveScience.com. N.p., 13 Nov. 2009. Web. 27 Mar. 2013. <http://www.livescience.com/7971-humans-evolving-brains-shrink.html>.

• Ehrlich, Paul R., David S. Dobkin, and Darryl Wheye. "Sexual Selection." Standford University, 1988. Web. 27 Feb. 2014. <https://www.stanford.edu/group/stanfordbirds/text/essays/Sexual_Selection.html>.

• "Got Lactase?" Understanding Evolution. California Academy of Sciences, Apr. 2007. Web. 07 Apr. 2014.

• "Human Evolutionary Change 100 Times Higher in Past 5,000 Years." 'The Daily Galaxy --Great Discoveries Channel. University of Wisconsin, 13 Aug. 2013. Web. 08 Apr. 2014.

• Matmiller, Brian. "Genome Study Places Modern Humans in the Evolutionary Fast Lane." Genome Study Places Modern Humans in the Evolutionary Fast Lane. University of Wisconsin-Madison, 10 Dec. 2007. Web. 08 Apr. 2014.

• "Milk and the Modern Man." The Tech Museum of Innovation. Department of Genetics, Stanford School of Medicine, 2013. Web. 08 Apr. 2014.

Bibliography• Oltenacu, P. A., and D. M. Broom. "The Impact of Genetic Selection for

Increased Milk Yield on the Welfare of Dairy Cows." Animal Welfare 19 (2010): 39-49. Web. 8 Apr. 2014. <http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/animalwelfare/dairy.pdf>.

• Page, Michael Le. "Unnatural Selection: Hunting down Elephants' Tusks." New Scientist 210.2810 (2011): 33. Print.

• Tishkoff, Sarah A., Floyd A. Reed, Alessia Ranciaro, Benjamin F. Voight, Courtney C. Babbitt, Jesse S. Silverman, Kweli Powell, Holly M. Mortensen, Jibril B. Hirbo, Maha Osman, Muntaser Ibrahim, Sabah A. Omar, Godfrey Lema, Thomas B. Nyambo, Jilur Ghori, Suzannah Bumpstead, Jonathan K. Pritchard, Gregory A. Wray, and Panos Deloukas. "Convergent Adaptation of Human Lactase Persistence in Africa and Europe." Nature Genetics 39.1 (2006): 31-40. Ebscohost.com. 10 Dec. 2006. Web. 8 Apr. 2014.

• Wade, Nicholas. "Analysis of Neanderthal Genome Points To Interbreeding With Modern Humans." The New York Times, 07 May 2010. Web. 03 Feb. 2013. <http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/07/science/07neanderthal.html?_r=0>.

Videos and other resources on Evolution

•http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ewtw_nZUIDQ&feature=related (evidence)

•http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xkwRTIKXaxg&feature=related

(how evol. works)•http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x5NG8SYQSzE&feature=related

(humans)•http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B7zo2zY1Zqg (song)•http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D1_-mQS_FZ0 (meiosis)•http://www.astro.umd.edu/~miller/teaching/astr380f09/slides08.pdf (excellent ppt)