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Review Chapter 12. Fundamental Flight Maneuvers. Straight and Level Turns Climbs Descents. Turns. The horizontal component of lift. Load Factor and Turns The relationship between angle of bank , load factor, and stall speed is the same for all airplanes. Turns. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Review Chapter 12
Fundamental Flight Maneuvers• Straight and Level• Turns• Climbs • Descents
Turns• The horizontal component of lift.• Load Factor and Turns• The relationship between angle of
bank , load factor, and stall speed is the same for all airplanes
Turns• Banking - increases stall speed• To increase the rate of turn and at
the same time decrease the radius - increase bank and decrease speed
• To maintain altitude - increase angle of attack
Four Aerodynamic Forces• Lift• Thrust• Drag• Weight• When are they in equilibrium?
Lift• Perpendicular to the relative wind• Induced drag is a by-product of lift• In theory if the angle of attack and
other factors remain constant double the speed - four times the lift
Controlling Lift• Increase airspeed• Change the angle of attack• Change the shape of the airfoil• Change the total area of the
wings
Bernoulli’s Principle• As the velocity of a fluid
increase, its internal pressure decreases
• High pressure under the wing and lower pressure above the wing’s surface
Angle of Attack• Directly controls the distribution
of pressure acting on a wing. By changing the angle of attack, you can control the airplane’s lift, airspeed and drag.
Angle of Attack• Angle of attack at which a wing
stalls remains constant regardless of weight, dynamic pressure, bank angle or pitch attitude.
Stalls• Stall speed is not a fixed value• Stall speed is affected by weight,
load factor and power• Frost can cause a wing to stall at a
lower than normal angle of attack
Flaps• Plain• Split• Slotted• Fowler
Ground Effect• Within one wingspan of the
ground• An airplane leaving ground effect
will experience an increase in what kind of drag?
• Induced
Drag• What kind of drags rate of
increase is proportional to the square of the airspeed?
• Parasite Drag• What kinds of drag make up
parasite Drag
Drag• Form• Interference• Skin Friction
Load Factor• Ratio between the lift generated
by the wings at any given time divided by the total weight of the airplane.
Load Factor• A heavily loaded plane stalls at a
higher speed than a lightly loaded airplane.
• It needs a higher angle of attack to generate required lift at any given speed than when lightly loaded.
Aircraft Stability• Achieved by locating the center
of gravity slightly ahead of the center of lift
• Need a tail down force on the elevator
Aircraft Stability• In light planes, recovery from a
spin may be difficult with a rearward CG
• Longitudinal stability involves motion about the lateral axis and is controlled by the elevator
Density Altitude• High• Hot • Humid
Surface Winds• Headwind or tailwind component
–a 10 knot headwind might improve performance by 10%
–a 10 knot tailwind might degrade performance by 40%
Performance Charts• Experience Test Pilots• Factory new Airplanes• Repeated Tests using Best
Results• Format -Table -Graphic
Cruise Charts• Range is the distance an airplane
can travel with a given amount of fuel
• Endurance is the length of time the airplane can remain in the air
Cruise Charts• Maximum range is at L/Dmax or
best glide speed• Maximum endurance is about
76% or best glide speed• Generally close to stall speed
Excessive Weight• Higher takeoff speed• Longer takeoff run• Reduced rate and angle of climb• Lower maximum altitude
Excessive Weight• Shorter range and endurance• Reduced cruise speed and
maneuverability• Higher stall speed• Higher landing speed and longer
landing roll
Forward CG Effects• Higher takeoff speed and ground
roll• Reduced rate and angle of climb• Lower maximum altitude• Reduced maneuverability
Forward CG Effects• Higher stalling speed• Reduction in performance
caused by increased tail-down loading
• Reduced pitch authority
Beyond Aft CG Effects• Decreased stability and increased
susceptibility to over control• Increased risk of stalls and spins
of which recovery may be difficult or impossible
Weight Shift Computations
Weight of Cargo Moved Distance CG moves
Airplane weight = Distance Between Arm locations