Review Article Portulaca oleracea L.: A Review of ...downloads.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2015/925631.pdf · Portulaca oleracea L.: A Review of Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Effects

Review ArticlePortulaca oleracea L A Review of Phytochemistry andPharmacological Effects

Yan-Xi Zhou12 Hai-Liang Xin34 Khalid Rahman5

Su-Juan Wang6 Cheng Peng1 and Hong Zhang26

1Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Herbal Medicines of Ministry of Education Pharmacy CollegeChengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chengdu 610075 China2Central Laboratory Shanghai Seventh Peoplersquos Hospital Shanghai 200137 China3Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine Changhai Hospital Second Military Medical University Shanghai 200433 China4Department of Pharmacognosy School of Pharmacy Second Military Medical University Shanghai 200433 China5School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences Faculty of Science Liverpool John Moores University Liverpool L3 3AF UK6Department of Pharmaceutical Botany School of Pharmacy Second Military Medical University Shanghai 200433 China

Correspondence should be addressed to Cheng Peng pccxycd126com and Hong Zhang huihong01126com

Received 15 September 2014 Accepted 31 December 2014

Academic Editor Gail B Mahady

Copyright copy 2015 Yan-Xi Zhou et al This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution Licensewhich permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited

Portulaca oleracea L belonging to the Portulacaceae family is commonly known as purslane in English and Ma-Chi-Xian inChinese It is a warm-climate herbaceous succulent annual plant with a cosmopolitan distribution It is eaten extensively as apotherb and added in soups and salads around theMediterranean and tropical Asian countries and has been used as a folkmedicinein many countries Diverse compounds have been isolated from Portulaca oleracea such as flavonoids alkaloids polysaccharidesfatty acids terpenoids sterols proteins vitamins and minerals Portulaca oleracea possesses a wide spectrum of pharmacologicalproperties such as neuroprotective antimicrobial antidiabetic antioxidant anti-inflammatory antiulcerogenic and anticanceractivities However few molecular mechanisms of action are known This review provides a summary of phytochemistry andpharmacological effects of this plant

1 Introduction

Portulaca oleracea L is a warm-climate herbaceous succulentannual plant with a cosmopolitan distribution belonging tothe Portulacaceae family It is commonly known as purslane(USA and Australia) rigla (Egypt) pigweed (England)pourpier (France) and Ma-Chi-Xian (China) [1] It is dis-tributed widely in the tropical and subtropical areas of theworld including many parts of the United States and is eatenextensively as a potherb and is added to soups and saladsaround the Mediterranean and tropical Asian countries [2]Americans and aborigines of Australia grind the seeds of thisplant into flour for use in mush and bread [3] Portulacaoleracea also provides a source of nutritional benefits owingto its rich omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidant properties [4]

Portulaca oleracea has been used as a folk medicine inmany countries acting as a febrifuge antiseptic vermifugeand so forth [5] It exhibits a wide range of pharmacologicaleffects including antibacterial [6] antiulcerogenic [7] anti-inflammatory [8] antioxidant [9] and wound-healing [10]properties It is listed by the World Health Organizationas one of the most used medicinal plants and it has beengiven the term ldquoGlobal Panaceardquo [11] The Chinese folkloredescribed it as ldquovegetable for long liferdquo and it has been used forthousands of years in traditional Chinese Medicine [12 13] Itis cold in nature and sour in taste and is used to cool the bloodstanch bleeding clear heat and resolve toxins The driedaerial part of this plant is indicated for the treatment of feverdysentery diarrhoea carbuncle eczema and hematocheziawith a recommended dose of 9ndash15 g [14ndash16]

Hindawi Publishing CorporationBioMed Research InternationalVolume 2015 Article ID 925631 11 pageshttpdxdoiorg1011552015925631

2 BioMed Research International

Portulaca oleracea has a high potential to be used ashuman and animal food and to be utilized as a pharmaco-logical agent in medicine In this paper phytochemistry andpharmacological activities of this plant are reviewed and itspotential for further investigation exploitation and utiliza-tion are discussed

2 Phytochemistry

Many constituents of Portulaca oleracea have been iso-lated including flavonoids alkaloids fatty acids terpenoidspolysaccharides vitamins sterols proteins and mineralsthese are listed in Table 1 and the chemical structures of themain compounds are presented in Figure 1

One of the most effective constituents present in ChineseHerbal Medicines are flavonoids which are biologically activeand possess a wide range of pharmacological properties suchas antibacterial antivirus anti-inflammation and antioxida-tion properties In the Portulaca oleracea plant the flavonoidslevels vary according to the part of the plant the highest levelsare present in the root followed by stem and the leaf andseven different flavonoids are present in this plant includingkaempferol myricetin luteolin apigenin quercetin genis-tein and genistin [17] However only kaempferol and api-genin have been found in ethanolic extracts of leaves andstems with the levels in the former being higher [11] Portula-canones BndashD three homoisoflavonoids compounds displayselectively cytotoxic activities against three human cancer celllines (SF-268 NCI-H460 and SGC-7901) [18] Flavonoids arealso widely present in foods such as fruits and vegetables [19]

In addition to flavonoids another important chemicalfound in this plant is alkaloids including dopa dopamineandnoradrenalinThe content of dopamine andnoradrenalinis higher in leaves compared to stem and seeds The amountof dopamine and noradrenalin obtained from leaves variesaccording to the solvents used in the extraction processsuggesting that the levels of these compounds are dependenton the solvents used during the extraction process [20]Oleraceins A B C D and E are cyclodopa alkaloids isolatedfrom this plant [21] and several analytes such as (3R)-35-bis(3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl)-23-dihydro-2(1H)-pyridi-none and 15-dimethyl-6-phenyl-12-dihydro-124-triazin-3(2H)-one display cytotoxic activities against human cancercells [22]

Portulaca oleracea is also an excellent source of omega-3 fatty acids which is usually present in oil and fat of fishesbut not normally found in plants Omega-3 fatty acids playan important role in the enhancement of immune function[23] and prevention and treatment of hypertension coronaryartery disease cancer and other inflammatory and autoim-mune disorders [24] It includes 120572-linolenic acid and linoleicacid which are essential for normal growth health pro-motion and disease prevention in humans Polysaccharidesfound in Portulaca oleracea are potential therapeutic agentsfor the treatment of diabetes mellitus owing to their mod-ulation of blood lipids metabolism and decrease of bloodglucose Portulaca oleracea contains monoterpenes such as

portulosides A and B diterpenes such as portulene and 120573-amyrin type triterpenoids [1 25] in addition vitamins havealso been isolated from the leaves of this plant It contains thehighest content of vitamin A which is a natural antioxidantplaying an important role in vision maintaining healthymucus membranes and protecting against lung and oral cav-ity cancers among green leafy vegetablesThis plant also con-tains ascorbic acid 120572-tocopherol and B-complex vitaminsfor example niacin pyridoxine and riboflavin [26] Further-more it is rich in minerals like phosphorus manganese iconcalcium selenium [3] and the amino acids isoleucine prolineleucine lysine phenylalanine methionine cystine valinethreonine and tyrosine [2] Many other constituents havealso been isolated from this plant such as 120573-caroteneglutathione melatonin portulacerebroside A catechol andbergapten

3 Pharmacology

Over the past decades numerous researchers have investi-gated the pharmacological activities of Portulaca oleraceaThis review provides a comprehensive summary of the mainpharmacological properties which are presented below

31 Neuroprotective Activity Administration of Portulacaoleracea can scavenge free radicals and antagonize rotenone-induced neurons apoptosis dopamine depletion and com-plex-I inhibition in striatum of rats suggesting that Portulacaoleraceamay be a potential neuroprotective candidate againstParkinsonrsquos disease [23] The extract of Portulaca oleracea(EP) protects nerve tissuecells from hypoxic damage prob-ably by elevation of glycolysis EPO and hypoxia induciblefactor-1 expression levels [27] The ethanol extract decreasesthe activity of caspase-3 in neuron whilst reducing serumlevels of neuron specific enolase in hypoxia mice and thepathological damages caused by hypoxia In these studiesan increase in the neuron viability and an induction in themRNA and protein expression of endogenous erythropoietinhave also been reported Thus the stabilization of hypoxiainducible factor-1 120572 expression is associated with the neu-roprotective effects of EP against hypoxia injury by elicitingendogenous erythropoietin expression [28] 120573-Cyanin evi-dently inhibits D-galactose-induced neurotoxicity in micewhich at the doses of 50 and 100mgkg upregulates the activi-ties of superoxide dismutases catalase glutathione reductaseand glutathione peroxidase whilst reducing the level of thelipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde in the brain ofD-galactose-treated mice When compared to vitamin C 120573-cyanin play a more pronounced effect on alleviating cogni-tion deficits in mice [29] The total alkaloidal extracts from31 traditional Chinese Herbal Medicines were tested for theiracetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activities by Ellmanrsquosmethod and modified TLC bioautographic assay As a resultthe alkaloidal extract ofPortulaca oleracea significantly inhib-ited AChE activity at a final concentration of 100 120583gmL withthe IC50 value of 294 120583gmLThe use of AChE inhibitors hasbeen a promising treatment strategy for Alzheimerrsquos disease(AD) therefore Portulaca oleraceamay be an effective agentfor the prophylaxis and treatment of AD [30]

BioMed Research International 3

Table 1 Compounds isolated from purslane

Classification Chemical component Part of plant Reference

Flavonoids

Kaempferol (1) Leaf and stem [11]Apigenin (2) Leaf and stem [11]Luteolin (3) Whole plant [11]Myricetin (4) Whole plant [11]Quercetin (5) Whole plant [11]

Portulacanones A (6) Aerial part [18]Portulacanones B (7) Aerial part [18]Portulacanones C (8) Aerial part [18]Portulacanones D (9) Aerial part [18]

221015840-Dihydroxy-4101584061015840-dimethoxychalcone (10) Aerial parts [18]Genistein Whole plant [17]Genistin Whole plant [17]

Alkaloids

Dopamine (11) Stem leaf and seed [20]Noradrenalin (12) Stem leaf and seed [48]

Dopa [21]Oleraceins A (13) Whole plant [21]Oleraceins B (14) Whole plant [21]Oleraceins C (15) Whole plant [21]Oleraceins D (16) Whole plant [21]Oleraceins E (17) Whole plant [21]

Oleracins I Stem [21]Oleracins II Stem [21]Adenosine Whole plant [21]

N-trans-Feruloyltyramine (18) Aerial part [22](71015840R)-N-Feruloylnormetanephrine (19) Aerial part [22]

15-Dimethyl-6-phenyl-12-dihydro-124-triazin-3(2H)-one (20) Aerial part [22](3R)-35-Bis(3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl)-23-dihydro-2(1H)-pyridinone (21) Aerial part [22]

Thymine (22) Aerial parts [18]Uracil (23) Aerial parts [18]

N-cis-Feruloyltyramine (24) Aerial parts [18]N-trans-Feruloyloctopamine (25) Aerial parts [18]N-cis-Feruloyloctopamine (26) Aerial parts [18]

Trollisine (27) Aerial part [49]Aurantiamide (28) Aerial part [49]

Aurantiamide acetate (29) Aerial part [49]Cyclo(L-tyrosinyl-L-tyrosinyl) (30) Aerial part [49]

15-Dimethyl-6-phenyl-1634-tetrahydro-124-2(1H)-triazin (31) Aerial part [49]Scopoletin [50]

Terpenoids

Portuloside A (32) Aerial part [51]Portuloside B (33) Aerial part [52]

(3S)-3-O-(120573-D-Glucopyranosyl)-37-dimethylocta-16-dien-3-ol (34) Aerial part [52](3S)-3-O-(120573-D-Glucopyranosyl)-37-dimethylocta-15-dien-37-diol (35) Aerial part [52]

Portulene (36) Aerial part [1]Lupeol (37) Aerial part [1]

(2a3a)-3-[4-O-(120573-D-Glucopyranosyl)-120573-D-xylopyranosyl]oxy-223-dihydroxy-30-methoxy-30-oxoolean-12-en-28-oic acid

(38)Aerial part [25]

(2a3a)-22330-Trihydroxy-3-[(120573-D-xylopyranosyl)oxy]olean-12-en-28-oic acid (39) Aerial part [25]Friedelane Aerial part [25]


Table 1 Continued


Organicacids

3-Quinolinecarboxylic acid (40) Aerial parts [18]Indole-3-carboxylic acid (41) Aerial parts [18]

a-Linolenic acid Leaf [24]Linoleic acid Leaf [26]Palmitic acid Leaf [4]Stearic acid Leaf [4]Oleic acid Leaf [4]

p-Coumaric acid Whole plant [21]Ferulic acid Whole plant [21]

Docosapentaenoic acid Stem [26]Eicosapentaenoic acid [53]Docosahexaenoic acid [53]

Catechol [53]Caffeic acid Aerial part [54]Oxalic acid Leaf [2]

Lonchocarpic acid [50]

Vitamins

Vitamin A Leaf [26]Riboflavin Leaf [26]Niacin Leaf [26]

Pyridoxine Leaf [26]Vitamin C Leaf [26]Folates Leaf [26]

Pantothenic acid Leaf [26]Thiamin Leaf [26]120572-Tocopherol Leaf [4]Hesperidin Leaf [55]

Minerals

Phosphorus Root stem and leaf [3]Iron Root stem and leaf [3]

Manganese Root stem and leaf [3]Calcium Root stem and leaf [3]Copper Root stem and leaf [3]Zinc Leaf [26]

Selenium Leaf [26]Magnesium Leaf [26]

Othercompounds

Portulacerebroside A (42) Aerial part [56]120573-Sitosterol (43) Aerial part [1]Daucosterol (44) Aerial part [1]120573-Carotene Leaf [4]Glutathione Leaf [4]Proline Leaf [57]

Melatonin Leaf [24]14-Di-O-acetyl-235-tri-O-methyl-L-arabinitol Leaf [58]145-Tri-O-acetyl-23-di-O-methyl-L-arabinitol Leaf [58]

15-Di-O-acetyl-2346-tetra-O-methyl-D-galactitol Leaf [58]145-Tri-O-acetyl-236-tri-O-methyl-D-galactitol Leaf [58]1345-Tetra-O-acetyl-26-di-O-methyl-D-galactitol Leaf [58]

Chlorophyll [53]Tannin [53]


Table 1 Continued

Classification Chemical component Part of plant ReferenceIsopimpinellin [50]

Robustin [50]Bergapten [50]

32 Antidiabetic Activity Portulaca oleracea attenuates bodyweight serum free fatty acids and hyperinsulinemia Italso increases insulin sensitivity and ameliorates impairedglucose tolerance and lipid metabolism in rats with type2 diabetes mellitus induced by injection of streptozotocin(25mgkg) and feeding of high calorie forage suggesting thatPortulaca oleracea alleviates insulin resistance [31] Admin-istration of the seeds powder (5 g times 2day) increases highdensity lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) and albumin whilelowering the levels of serum total cholesterol triglycerideslow density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC) liver gammaglutamyl transaminase (GGT) alanine transaminase (ALT)aspartate transaminase (AST) total and direct bilirubinfasting and postprandial blood glucose insulin body weightand body mass index in type 2 diabetic subjects There wereno differences in these results compared to the data obtainedwith metformin treatment (1500mgday) except for LDLCHDLC and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels suggestingthat Portulaca oleracea seeds are valuable and effective as anadjunctive and alternative therapy for the treatment of type 2diabetes mellitus [32]

The aqueous extract of Portulaca oleracea also preventsdiabetic vascular inflammation hyperglycemia and diabeticendothelial dysfunction in type 2 diabetic dbdb micesuggesting its protective role against diabetes and relatedvascular complications [33]The crude polysaccharide extractof this plant also lowers blood glucose and modulates themetabolism of blood lipids and glucose in alloxan-induceddiabeticmice [34] whilst decreasing the levels of total choles-terol triglycerides and fasting blood glucose in type 2diabetic mice [32]

33 Antioxidant Activity The antioxidant property of Por-tulaca oleracea is attributed to its constituents such as gal-lotannins omega-3 fatty acids ascorbic acid 120572-tocopherolskaempferol quercetin and apigenin [8 16 17]The single cellgel electrophoresis assay (comet assay) which is an simplerapid and inexpensive method for measuring DNA strandbreaks confirmed that the aqueous extract significantlyalleviated hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative DNA lesionsin human lymphocytes whereas the ethanolic extract had noeffects which may be associated with the antioxidant con-stituents contained in the aqueous extract [35] The aqueousextract decreases high fat diet-elicited oxidative damage bymodulating blood and liver antioxidant enzyme activitieselevating leptin120573-actin and liver PPARa120573-actin and inhibit-ing the protein expression of p-PERK and the FAS mRNAexpression of liver and spleen in mice [9] In another studythe aqueous extract at a concentration range of 100 150 200and 400 120583gmL and the ethanolic extract at a range of 1200and 1800 120583gmL respectively exerted cytoprotective effects

on 221015840-azobis hydrochloride-induced hemolytic damages ofRBCs in a concentration-dependent manner [36]

34 Anticancer Activity Polysaccharides from Portulacaoleracea display several biological activities such as anti-cancer antioxidation anti-inflammation and immunityenhancing properties [37ndash40] Polysaccharides evidentlyscavenge the accumulation of free radicals and modulateimmunity functions of rats with ovarian cancer [41] Sulfatedderivatives of POP a water-soluble polysaccharide isolatedfrom Portulaca oleracea have a suppressive effect on thegrowth of HeLa and HepG2 cells in vitro suggesting that thesulfation of POP increases the cytotoxicity in tumor cells [42]In addition to polysaccharides other bioactive compoundssuch as cerebrosides homoisoflavonoids and alkaloids alsoshow in vitro cytotoxic activities against human cancer celllines Portulacerebroside A stimulates human liver cancerHCCLM3 cell apoptosis via the activation of the p38 MAPK-and JNK-triggered mitochondrial death pathway [43] and221015840-dihydroxy-4101584061015840-dimethoxychalcone is more activeagainst cell line SGC-7901 with an IC

50value of 16 ugmL

than mitomycin C which has an IC50

value of 130 ugmLPortulacanones B is active against SGC-7901 cell lines withan IC

50value of 162 ugmL which is very close to the

value obtained with mitomycin C 221015840-Dihydroxy-4101584061015840-dimethoxychalcone is moderately active against K-562 cellswith an IC

50value of 246 ugmL and portulacanones BndashD

show selective cytotoxic activity against SF-268 andorNCI-H460 cells with IC

50values of 143ndash201 ugmL [18] N-

trans-Feruloyltyramine (71015840R)-N-feruloylnormetanephrine15-dimethyl-6-phenyl-12-dihydro-124-triazin-3(2H)-oneand (3R)-35-bis(3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl)-23-dihydro-2(1H)-pyridinone have weak bioactivities against K562with IC

50values of 22277 6694 9009 and 4152 umolL

respectively and moderate bioactivities against A549 withIC50

values of 2880 2176 2454 and 3720 umolL respec-tively [22] These studies demonstrate that Portulaca oleraceahas a potential application in the treatment of cancer

35 Antimicrobial Portulaca oleracea possesses antibacterialantifungal and antiviral activities as revealed by its antifungaleffect against dermatophytes of the genera Trichophyton [44]A pectic polysaccharide isolated from the aerial part of thisplant displays antiherpes property against simplex virus type2 which is due to the inhibition of virus penetration and notvirus adsorption [45] A 70 methyl alcohol extract of Por-tulaca oleracea shows antibacterial activity against the Gram-negative stains Escherichia coli Pseudomonas aeruginosaand Neisseria gonorrhea with inhibition zones of 14 15 and15mm respectively and the Gram-positive strains Staphylo-coccus aureus Bacillus subtilis and Streptococcus faecaliswith


O

O

HO

HO

HO HO

HO

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OHOH

OH

OH

OH

OH OH OH

OH

OH

OH OH OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

(1)

O

O

(2)

O

O

(3)

O

O(4)

O

O(5)

O O

O

(6)

O O

O

(7)

O O

O

(8)

O O

O

(9)

O

O O

(10)

HO

HO HO

HO

(11)

OH

(12)

O O N

HCOOH

C

OH

O

HO

(13)

O O N

HCOOH

C

OH

OH

OH

OHOH

OH

OH

OH

OOH

OHHO

OH

OHOH

OCH3

(14)

O O N

HCOOH

C

O

O

HO

O

(15)

H3COH3CO

OCH3

OCH3

CH2CH2NH2 CHCH2NH2

Figure 1 Continued


OH

OH

OH

OHOH

OH

OH

OH

OH

O O N

HCOOH

C

O

O

HO

HO

O

OH

(16)

NO

HO

HO

(17)

NH

OOH

HO

(18)

NH

O

(19)

NNH

NH

O

(20)

NH

HO

OH

OH

OH

O

(21)

HN HNNH NH

O

O

(22)

O

O

(23)

HO

O

NH

OH

O

(24)

NH

O

HO

(25)

HOHO

HO

O

NH

OH

OH

O

(26)

NO

(27)

NH

OH

O

HN

O

(28)

H3C

OCH3

OCH3

CH3

OCH3

OCH3

OCH3

OCH3

OCH3

Figure 1 Continued


NH

OO

O

HN

O

(29)

HN

NH

HO

HO

HOHO

HO

HO

HO

HOHO

HO

HO

HOHO

OH

OH

OHOH

OH

OHOH

OH

OH

OH

O

O(30)

NN

NH

OH

OH

OH OH

(31)

OO

O

(32)

OO

OOH

(33)

OO

(34)

OO

(35)

H

COOH

(36)

HOHO

HO

HOHO

(37)

O O O O

O

HO

HH

(38)

O O

HO

H

OH

OH

OHOH

HO

HOOH

O

OH

H

HO

HOHO

(39)

NH

COOH

O

(40)

NH

COOH

(41)

O O

NH OH

O

OH

(42)

H

HO

H

H

H H

H

(43)

H3CO

(CH2)11

(CH2)19

Figure 1 Continued


H

RO

H

H

H H

H

(44)

R = glucose

Figure 1 Chemical structures of main compounds present in Portulaca oleracea

inhibition zones of 13 14 and 15mm respectively as well asantifungal activity against Candida albicans with inhibitionzone of 12mm [1]

36 Anti-Inflammatory Activity Pretreatment with the aque-ous extract of Portulaca oleracea inhibits tumor necrosisfactor- (TNF-) 120572-induced production of intracellular reac-tive oxygen species (ROS) and overexpression of intercel-lular adhesion molecule- (ICAM-) 1 vascular cell adhesionmolecule (VCAM)-1 and E-selectin in human umbilical veinendothelial cells (HUVECs) in a dose-dependent mannerThis extract also suppresses the translocation of nuclearfactor 120581B (NF-120581B) p65 to the nucleus TNF-120572-inducedNF-120581Bbinding and the degradation of inhibitor molecule (I120581B)120572Furthermore an inhibition in the adhesion of HL-60 cellsto TNF-120572-induced HUVECs and TNF-120572-induced mRNAexpression of interleukin- (IL-) 8 andmonocyte chemoattrac-tant protein- (MCP-) 1 is also observed The aqueous extractof Portulaca oleracea may also play an important role in thesuppression of the vascular inflammatory process related tothe development of atherosclerosis [46]

37 Antiulcerogenic Activity Aqueous and ethanolic extractsof Portulaca oleracea at 08 gkg and 14 gkg respectively canreduce the severity of HCl-induced gastric ulcers in a dose-dependent manner this is comparable to the effect observedwith sucralfate 01 gkg In addition the aqueous extract (056and 08 gkg) and the ethanolic extract (08 and 14 gkg)display suppression of lesions induced by absolute ethanolThe oral and intraperitoneal doses of both extracts dose-dependently increase the pH of gastric juice in mice withpylorus ligationThus Portulaca oleracea holds great promiseas an effective therapeutic agent for gastrointestinal diseasesdue to its gastroprotective activity [7]

38 Hepatoprotective Activity Intraperitoneal administra-tion of CCl

4elicits liver injury in rats which notably upreg-

ulates the levels of total bilirubin and serum hepatic markerenzymes including glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT)and glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) A 70alcohol extract of Portulaca oleracea significantly reverses theincrease in hepatic marker enzymes and total bilirubin levelsconfirming the hepatoprotective activity of this plant [1]

39 Other Activities The ethanol extract from Portulacaoleracea at a concentration range of 100 200 and 400mgkgrespectively displays a dose-dependent effect in prolongingthe survival time of mice in hypoxic models including closednormobaric hypoxia and potassiumcyanide or sodiumnitritetoxicosisThis extract also enhances the activities of phospho-fructokinase pyruvate kinase and lactate dehydrogenase inglycolysis and the level of adenosine triphosphate of mousecortices in hypoxia models [12] The preliminary woundhealing activity of Portulaca oleracea has been appraised inMus musculus JVI-1 and it has been shown that a fresh crudeextract significantly accelerates the wound healing course bythe stimulation of wound contraction and downregulation ofthe surface area of the excisionwound [10] Portulaca oleraceaalso has the ability to accumulate Se even at the shortest timespan of 42 days and hence it can perform the dual functionsof preventing the occurrence of Se deficiency linked diseasessuch as Keshan and Kashin-Beck diseases [47]

4 Conclusion

Portulaca oleracea is of considerable importance to thefood industry and also possesses a wide spectrum of phar-macological properties such as neuroprotective antimi-crobial antidiabetic antioxidant anti-inflammatory antiul-cerogenic and anticancer activities which are associatedwith its diverse chemical constituents including flavonoidsalkaloids polysaccharides fatty acids terpenoids sterolsproteins vitamins and minerals

Although bioactivities of extracts or compounds isolatedfrom Portulaca oleracea are substantiated by using in vitroand in vivo studies including animal models and cell culturestudies the mechanisms of action have not been addressedHence more mechanistic studies are required before Portu-laca oleracea can be considered for further clinical use Thisreview concludes that Portulaca oleracea is an edible and amedicinal plant which is important to the food industry andmay also have a significant role to play in health care providedthat adequate studies are conducted

Conflict of Interests

Theauthors have declared that there is no conflict of interests


Authorsrsquo Contribution

Yan-Xi Zhou and Hai-Liang Xin contributed equally to thiswork

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the National Natural ScienceFoundation of China (nos 81173462 and 81102774) NationalScience and TechnologyMajor Projects forMajor NewDrugsInnovation and Development (2014ZX09J14106-06c) andthe Open Research Fund of State Key Laboratory BreedingBase of Systematic Research Development and Utilization ofChinese Medicine Resources

References

[1] E S Elkhayat S R M Ibrahim and M A Aziz ldquoPortulenea new diterpene from Portulaca oleracea Lrdquo Journal of AsianNatural Products Research vol 10 no 11-12 pp 1039ndash1043 2008

[2] U R Palaniswamy B B Bible and R J McAvoy ldquoEffect ofnitrate ammoniumnitrogen ratio on oxalate levels of purslanerdquoTrends in New Crops and New Uses vol 11 no 5 pp 453ndash4552002

[3] A I Mohamed and A S Hussein ldquoChemical composition ofpurslane (Portulaca oleracea)rdquo Plant Foods for Human Nutri-tion vol 45 no 1 pp 1ndash9 1994

[4] U R Palaniswamy R J McAvoy and B B Bible ldquoStage ofharvest and polyunsaturated essential fatty acid concentrationsin purslane (Portulaca oleraceae) leavesrdquo Journal of Agriculturaland Food Chemistry vol 49 no 7 pp 3490ndash3493 2001

[5] A S Lee J S Kim Y J Lee D G Kang and H S Lee ldquoAnti-TNF-120572 activity of Portulaca oleracea in vascular endothelialcellsrdquo International Journal of Molecular Sciences vol 13 no 5pp 5628ndash5644 2012

[6] X J Zhang Y B Ji Z Y Qu J C Xia and L Wang ldquoExper-imental studies on antibiotic functions of Portulaca oleraceaL in vitrordquo Chinese Journal of Microecololgy vol 14 no 6 pp277ndash280 2002

[7] G Karimi H Hosseinzadeh and N Ettehad ldquoEvaluation of thegastric antiulcerogenic effects ofPortulaca oleraceaL extracts inmicerdquo Phytotherapy Research vol 18 no 6 pp 484ndash487 2004

[8] K Chan M W Islam M Kamil et al ldquoThe analgesic andanti-inflammatory effects of Portulaca oleracea L subsp Sativa(Haw) Celakrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 73 no 3 pp445ndash451 2000

[9] B Chen H Zhou W Zhao W Zhou Q Yuan and G YangldquoEffects of aqueous extract of Portulaca oleracea L on oxidativestress and liver spleen leptin PAR120572 and FASmRNA expressionin high-fat diet induced micerdquo Molecular Biology Reports vol39 no 8 pp 7981ndash7988 2012

[10] A N Rashed F U Afifi and A M Disi ldquoSimple evaluationof the wound healing activity of a crude extract of Portulacaoleracea L (growing in Jordan) inMusmusculus JVI-1rdquo Journalof Ethnopharmacology vol 88 no 2-3 pp 131ndash136 2003

[11] X Xu L Yu and G Chen ldquoDetermination of flavonoids inPortulaca oleracea L by capillary electrophoresis with electro-chemical detectionrdquo Journal of Pharmaceutical and BiomedicalAnalysis vol 41 no 2 pp 493ndash499 2006

[12] C-J ChenW-YWang X-LWang et al ldquoAnti-hypoxic activityof the ethanol extract from Portulaca oleracea in micerdquo Journalof Ethnopharmacology vol 124 no 2 pp 246ndash250 2009

[13] R Jin Z J Lin C M Xue and B Zhang ldquoAn improved asso-ciation-mining research for exploring Chinese herbal propertytheory based on data of the Shennongrsquos Classic of MateriaMedicardquo Journal of integrative medicine vol 11 no 5 pp 352ndash365 2013

[14] J Li X-L Wu Y Chen et al ldquoAntidiarrheal properties ofdifferent extracts of Chinese herbal medicine formula Bao-Xie-Ningrdquo Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine vol 11 no 2 pp125ndash134 2013

[15] C Q Zhao Y Zhou J Ping and L M Xu ldquoTraditional Chinesemedicine for treatment of liver diseases progress challengesand opportunitiesrdquo Journal of Integrative Medicine vol 12 no5 pp 401ndash408 2014

[16] Committee for the Pharmacopoeia of PR China Pharma-copoeia of PR China Part I China Medical Science andTechnology Press Beijing China 2010

[17] H B Zhu Y Z Wang Y X Liu Y l Xia and T Tang ldquoAnal-ysis of flavonoids in Portulaca oleracea L by UV-vis spec-trophotometry with comparative study on different extractiontechnologiesrdquo Food Analytical Methods vol 3 no 2 pp 90ndash972010

[18] J Yan L-R Sun Z-Y Zhou et al ldquoHomoisoflavonoids fromthe medicinal plant Portulaca oleraceardquo Phytochemistry vol 80pp 37ndash41 2012

[19] M Nassiri-Asl T Naserpour Farivar E Abbasi et al ldquoEffectsof rutin on oxidative stress in mice with kainic acid-inducedseizurerdquo Journal of Integrative Medicine vol 11 no 5 pp 337ndash342 2013

[20] M E Yue T F Jiang andY P Shi ldquoSimultaneous determinationof noradrenaline and dopamine in Portulaca oleracea L bycapillary zone electrophoresisrdquo Journal of Separation Sciencevol 28 no 4 pp 360ndash364 2005

[21] L Xiang D XingWWang RWang Y Ding and LDu ldquoAlka-loids from Portulaca oleracea Lrdquo Phytochemistry vol 66 no21 pp 2595ndash2601 2005

[22] J L Tian X Liang P Y Gao et al ldquoTwo new alkaloids fromPortulaca oleracea and their cytotoxic activitiesrdquo Journal ofAsian Natural Products Research vol 16 pp 259ndash264 2014

[23] A E Abdel Moneim ldquoThe neuroprotective effects of purslane(Portulaca oleracea) on rotenone-induced biochemicalchangesand apoptosis in brain of ratrdquo CNS amp Neurological DisordersmdashDrug Targets vol 12 no 6 pp 830ndash841 2013

[24] A P Simopoulos D X Tan L C Manchester and R J ReiterldquoPurslane a plant source of omega-3 fatty acids andmelatoninrdquoJournal of Pineal Research vol 39 no 3 pp 331ndash332 2005

[25] H-L Xin Y-F Xu Y-H Hou et al ldquoTwo novel triterpenoidsfrom Portulaca oleracea Lrdquo Helvetica Chimica Acta vol 91 no11 pp 2075ndash2080 2008

[26] M K Uddin A S Juraimi M S Hossain M A U Nahar ME Ali andMM Rahman ldquoPurslane weed (Portulaca oleracea)a prospective plant source of nutrition omega-3 fatty acid andantioxidant attributesrdquo The Scientific World Journal vol 2014Article ID 951019 6 pages 2014

[27] W Wang L Gu L Dong X Wang C Ling and M Li ldquoPro-tective effect of Portulaca oleracea extracts on hypoxic nervetissue and its mechanismrdquo Asia Pacific Journal of ClinicalNutrition vol 16 supplement 1 pp 227ndash233 2007

[28] W Wang L Dong L Jia H Xin C Ling and M Li ldquoEthanolextract of Portulaca oleracea L protects against hypoxia-induced neuro damage through modulating endogenous ery-thropoietin expressionrdquoThe Journal of Nutritional Biochemistryvol 23 no 4 pp 385ndash391 2012


[29] C-Q Wang and G-Q Yang ldquoBetacyanins from Portulacaoleracea L ameliorate cognition deficits and attenuate oxidativedamage induced byD-galactose in the brains of senescentmicerdquoPhytomedicine vol 17 no 7 pp 527ndash532 2010

[30] Z Yang D Zhang J Ren M Yang and S Li ldquoAcetyl-cholinesterase inhibitory activity of the total alkaloid fromtraditional Chinese herbal medicine for treating Alzheimerrsquosdiseaserdquo Medicinal Chemistry Research vol 21 no 6 pp 734ndash738 2012

[31] L Shen and F E Lu ldquoEffects of Portulaca oleracea on insulinresistance in rats with type 2 diabetes mellitusrdquo Chinese Journalof Integrative Medicine vol 9 no 4 pp 289ndash292 2003

[32] M-I K El-Sayed ldquoEffects of Portulaca oleracea L seeds intreatment of type-2 diabetes mellitus patients as adjunctive andalternative therapyrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 137 no1 pp 643ndash651 2011

[33] A S Lee Y J Lee S M Lee et al ldquoPortulaca oleracea amelio-rates diabetic vascular inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in dbdb micerdquo Evidence-Based Complementary and Alter-native Medicine vol 2012 Article ID 741824 9 pages 2012

[34] F Gong F Li L Zhang J Li Z Zhang and G Wang ldquoHypo-glycemic effects of crude polysaccharide from Purslanerdquo Inter-national Journal of Molecular Sciences vol 10 no 3 pp 880ndash888 2009

[35] J Behravan F Mosafa N Soudmand E Taghiabadi B MRazavi and G Karimi ldquoProtective effects of aqueous andethanolic extracts of Portulaca oleracea L aerial parts on H

2O2-

induced DNA damage in lymphocytes by comet assayrdquo Journalof Acupuncture and Meridian Studies vol 4 no 3 pp 193ndash1972011

[36] G Karimi M Aghasizadeh M Razavi and E TaghiabadildquoProtective effects of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Nigellasativa L and Portulaca oleracea L on free radical inducedhemolysis of RBCsrdquo DARU Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciencesvol 19 no 4 pp 295ndash300 2011

[37] Y Liu C Liu H Tan T Zhao J Cao and F Wang ldquoSulfationof a polysaccharide obtained from Phellinus ribis and potentialbiological activities of the sulfated derivativesrdquo CarbohydratePolymers vol 77 no 2 pp 370ndash375 2009

[38] J Zhu andMWu ldquoCharacterization and free radical scavengingactivity of rapeseed meal polysaccharides WPS-1 and APS-2rdquoJournal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry vol 57 no 3 pp812ndash819 2009

[39] G Tommonaro C S Segura Rodrıguez M Santillana et alldquoChemical composition and biotechnological properties of apolysaccharide from the peels and antioxidative content fromthe pulp of Passiflora liguralis fruitsrdquo Journal of Agricultural andFood Chemistry vol 55 no 18 pp 7427ndash7433 2007

[40] X B Yang Y Zhao Y Yang and Y Ruan ldquoIsolation and charac-terization of immunostimulatory polysaccharide from an herbteaGynostemma pentaphyllummakinordquo Journal of Agriculturaland Food Chemistry vol 56 no 16 pp 6905ndash6909 2008

[41] Y G Chen Z J Shen and X P Chen ldquoEvaluation of freeradicals scavenging and immunity-modulatory activities ofPurslane polysaccharidesrdquo International Journal of BiologicalMacromolecules vol 45 no 5 pp 448ndash452 2009

[42] T Chen JWang Y Li J Shen T Zhao andH Zhang ldquoSulfatedmodification and cytotoxicity of Portulaca oleracea L polysac-charidesrdquo Glycoconjugate Journal vol 27 no 6 pp 635ndash6422010

[43] G-Y Zheng L-P Qu X-Q Yue W Gu H Zhang and H-L Xin ldquoPortulacerebroside A induces apoptosis via activation

of the mitochondrial death pathway in human liver cancerHCCLM3 cellsrdquo Phytochemistry Letters vol 7 no 1 pp 77ndash842014

[44] K-B Oh I-M Chang K-J Hwang andW Mar ldquoDetection ofantifungal activity in Portulaca oleracea by a single-cell bioassaysystemrdquo Phytotherapy Research vol 14 no 5 pp 329ndash332 2000

[45] C-X Dong K Hayashi J-B Lee and T Hayashi ldquoCharac-terization of structures and antiviral effects of polysaccharidesfromPortulaca oleracea LrdquoChemicalampPharmaceutical Bulletin(Tokyo) vol 58 no 4 pp 507ndash510 2010


[47] D Prabha S Sivakumar C V Subbhuraam and H K SonldquoResponses of Portulaca oleracea Linn to selenium exposurerdquoToxicology and Industrial Health 2013

[48] J Chen Y-P Shi and J-Y Liu ldquoDetermination of noradrenalineand dopamine in Chinese herbal extracts from Portulaca oler-acea L by high-performance liquid chromatographyrdquo Journal ofChromatography A vol 1003 no 1-2 pp 127ndash132 2003

[49] X Liang J Tian L Li et al ldquoRapid determination of eightbioactive alkaloids in Portulaca oleracea L by the optimalmicrowave extraction combined with positive-negative con-version multiple reaction monitor (+minusMRM) technologyrdquoTalanta vol 120 pp 167ndash172 2014

[50] K H Aljeboori O H Rubai O H Nahi and N Y YassenldquoStudy of pathological effects of crude extract of Portulacaolercea L in the albino mice organsrdquo International Journal ofTechnical Research andApplications vol 2 no 1 pp 29ndash32 2014

[51] N Sakai K Inada M Okamoto Y Shizuri and Y FukuyamaldquoPortuloside A a monoterpene glucoside from Portulaca oler-aceardquo Phytochemistry vol 42 no 6 pp 1625ndash1628 1996

[52] Y Seo J Shin H J Cha et al ldquoA new monoterpene glucosidefrom Portulaca oleraceardquo Bulletin of the Korean ChemicalSociety vol 24 no 10 pp 1475ndash1477 2003

[53] D Esiyok S Otles and E Akcicek ldquoHerbs as a food source inTurkeyrdquo Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention vol 5 no 3pp 334ndash339 2004

[54] Z Yang C Liu L Xiang and Y Zheng ldquoPhenolic alkaloids asa new class of antioxidants in Portulaca oleraceardquo PhytotherapyResearch vol 23 no 7 pp 1032ndash1035 2009

[55] Z Cheng D Wang W Zhang et al ldquoLC determination andpharmacokinetic study of the main phenolic components ofPortulaca oleracea L extract in rat plasma after oral admin-istrationrdquo Natural Product Research Formerly Natural ProductLetters vol 26 no 23 pp 2247ndash2250 2012

[56] H-L Xin Y-H Hou Y-F Xu et al ldquoPortulacerebroside Anew cerebroside from Portulaca oleracea Lrdquo Chinese Journal ofNatural Medicines vol 6 no 6 pp 401ndash403 2008

[57] I Yazici I Turkan A H Sekmen and T Demiral ldquoSalinitytolerance of purslane (Portulaca oleracea L) is achieved byenhanced antioxidative system lower level of lipid peroxidationand proline accumulationrdquo Environmental and ExperimentalBotany vol 61 no 1 pp 49ndash57 2007

[58] G E Wenzel J D Fontana and J B C Correa ldquoThe viscousmucilage from the weed Portulaca oleracea Lrdquo Applied Bio-chemistry and Biotechnology vol 24-25 pp 341ndash353 1990

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

PainResearch and TreatmentHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Volume 2014

ToxinsJournal of

VaccinesJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

AntibioticsInternational Journal of

ToxicologyJournal of


StrokeResearch and TreatmentHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Drug DeliveryJournal of



Advances in Pharmacological Sciences

Tropical MedicineJournal of


Medicinal ChemistryInternational Journal of


AddictionJournal of



BioMed Research International

Emergency Medicine InternationalHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014


Autoimmune Diseases


Anesthesiology Research and Practice

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of


Pharmaceutics


MEDIATORSINFLAMMATION

of


Portulaca oleracea has a high potential to be used ashuman and animal food and to be utilized as a pharmaco-logical agent in medicine In this paper phytochemistry andpharmacological activities of this plant are reviewed and itspotential for further investigation exploitation and utiliza-tion are discussed

2 Phytochemistry

Many constituents of Portulaca oleracea have been iso-lated including flavonoids alkaloids fatty acids terpenoidspolysaccharides vitamins sterols proteins and mineralsthese are listed in Table 1 and the chemical structures of themain compounds are presented in Figure 1

One of the most effective constituents present in ChineseHerbal Medicines are flavonoids which are biologically activeand possess a wide range of pharmacological properties suchas antibacterial antivirus anti-inflammation and antioxida-tion properties In the Portulaca oleracea plant the flavonoidslevels vary according to the part of the plant the highest levelsare present in the root followed by stem and the leaf andseven different flavonoids are present in this plant includingkaempferol myricetin luteolin apigenin quercetin genis-tein and genistin [17] However only kaempferol and api-genin have been found in ethanolic extracts of leaves andstems with the levels in the former being higher [11] Portula-canones BndashD three homoisoflavonoids compounds displayselectively cytotoxic activities against three human cancer celllines (SF-268 NCI-H460 and SGC-7901) [18] Flavonoids arealso widely present in foods such as fruits and vegetables [19]

In addition to flavonoids another important chemicalfound in this plant is alkaloids including dopa dopamineandnoradrenalinThe content of dopamine andnoradrenalinis higher in leaves compared to stem and seeds The amountof dopamine and noradrenalin obtained from leaves variesaccording to the solvents used in the extraction processsuggesting that the levels of these compounds are dependenton the solvents used during the extraction process [20]Oleraceins A B C D and E are cyclodopa alkaloids isolatedfrom this plant [21] and several analytes such as (3R)-35-bis(3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl)-23-dihydro-2(1H)-pyridi-none and 15-dimethyl-6-phenyl-12-dihydro-124-triazin-3(2H)-one display cytotoxic activities against human cancercells [22]

Portulaca oleracea is also an excellent source of omega-3 fatty acids which is usually present in oil and fat of fishesbut not normally found in plants Omega-3 fatty acids playan important role in the enhancement of immune function[23] and prevention and treatment of hypertension coronaryartery disease cancer and other inflammatory and autoim-mune disorders [24] It includes 120572-linolenic acid and linoleicacid which are essential for normal growth health pro-motion and disease prevention in humans Polysaccharidesfound in Portulaca oleracea are potential therapeutic agentsfor the treatment of diabetes mellitus owing to their mod-ulation of blood lipids metabolism and decrease of bloodglucose Portulaca oleracea contains monoterpenes such as

portulosides A and B diterpenes such as portulene and 120573-amyrin type triterpenoids [1 25] in addition vitamins havealso been isolated from the leaves of this plant It contains thehighest content of vitamin A which is a natural antioxidantplaying an important role in vision maintaining healthymucus membranes and protecting against lung and oral cav-ity cancers among green leafy vegetablesThis plant also con-tains ascorbic acid 120572-tocopherol and B-complex vitaminsfor example niacin pyridoxine and riboflavin [26] Further-more it is rich in minerals like phosphorus manganese iconcalcium selenium [3] and the amino acids isoleucine prolineleucine lysine phenylalanine methionine cystine valinethreonine and tyrosine [2] Many other constituents havealso been isolated from this plant such as 120573-caroteneglutathione melatonin portulacerebroside A catechol andbergapten

3 Pharmacology

Over the past decades numerous researchers have investi-gated the pharmacological activities of Portulaca oleraceaThis review provides a comprehensive summary of the mainpharmacological properties which are presented below

31 Neuroprotective Activity Administration of Portulacaoleracea can scavenge free radicals and antagonize rotenone-induced neurons apoptosis dopamine depletion and com-plex-I inhibition in striatum of rats suggesting that Portulacaoleraceamay be a potential neuroprotective candidate againstParkinsonrsquos disease [23] The extract of Portulaca oleracea(EP) protects nerve tissuecells from hypoxic damage prob-ably by elevation of glycolysis EPO and hypoxia induciblefactor-1 expression levels [27] The ethanol extract decreasesthe activity of caspase-3 in neuron whilst reducing serumlevels of neuron specific enolase in hypoxia mice and thepathological damages caused by hypoxia In these studiesan increase in the neuron viability and an induction in themRNA and protein expression of endogenous erythropoietinhave also been reported Thus the stabilization of hypoxiainducible factor-1 120572 expression is associated with the neu-roprotective effects of EP against hypoxia injury by elicitingendogenous erythropoietin expression [28] 120573-Cyanin evi-dently inhibits D-galactose-induced neurotoxicity in micewhich at the doses of 50 and 100mgkg upregulates the activi-ties of superoxide dismutases catalase glutathione reductaseand glutathione peroxidase whilst reducing the level of thelipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde in the brain ofD-galactose-treated mice When compared to vitamin C 120573-cyanin play a more pronounced effect on alleviating cogni-tion deficits in mice [29] The total alkaloidal extracts from31 traditional Chinese Herbal Medicines were tested for theiracetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activities by Ellmanrsquosmethod and modified TLC bioautographic assay As a resultthe alkaloidal extract ofPortulaca oleracea significantly inhib-ited AChE activity at a final concentration of 100 120583gmL withthe IC50 value of 294 120583gmLThe use of AChE inhibitors hasbeen a promising treatment strategy for Alzheimerrsquos disease(AD) therefore Portulaca oleraceamay be an effective agentfor the prophylaxis and treatment of AD [30]




Flavonoids




Alkaloids











Terpenoids








Table 1 Continued


Organicacids







Vitamins




Minerals




Othercompounds






Table 1 Continued








50value of 16 ugmL














O

O

HO

HO

HO HO

HO

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OHOH

OH

OH

OH

OH OH OH

OH

OH

OH OH OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

(1)

O

O

(2)

O

O

(3)

O

O(4)

O

O(5)

O O

O

(6)

O O

O

(7)

O O

O

(8)

O O

O

(9)

O

O O

(10)

HO

HO HO

HO

(11)

OH

(12)

O O N

HCOOH

C

OH

O

HO

(13)

O O N

HCOOH

C

OH

OH

OH

OHOH

OH

OH

OH

OOH

OHHO

OH

OHOH

OCH3

(14)

O O N

HCOOH

C

O

O

HO

O

(15)

H3COH3CO

OCH3

OCH3

CH2CH2NH2 CHCH2NH2

Figure 1 Continued


OH

OH

OH

OHOH

OH

OH

OH

OH

O O N

HCOOH

C

O

O

HO

HO

O

OH

(16)

NO

HO

HO

(17)

NH

OOH

HO

(18)

NH

O

(19)

NNH

NH

O

(20)

NH

HO

OH

OH

OH

O

(21)

HN HNNH NH

O

O

(22)

O

O

(23)

HO

O

NH

OH

O

(24)

NH

O

HO

(25)

HOHO

HO

O

NH

OH

OH

O

(26)

NO

(27)

NH

OH

O

HN

O

(28)

H3C

OCH3

OCH3

CH3

OCH3

OCH3

OCH3

OCH3

OCH3

Figure 1 Continued


NH

OO

O

HN

O

(29)

HN

NH

HO

HO

HOHO

HO

HO

HO

HOHO

HO

HO

HOHO

OH

OH

OHOH

OH

OHOH

OH

OH

OH

O

O(30)

NN

NH

OH

OH

OH OH

(31)

OO

O

(32)

OO

OOH

(33)

OO

(34)

OO

(35)

H

COOH

(36)

HOHO

HO

HOHO

(37)

O O O O

O

HO

HH

(38)

O O

HO

H

OH

OH

OHOH

HO

HOOH

O

OH

H

HO

HOHO

(39)

NH

COOH

O

(40)

NH

COOH

(41)

O O

NH OH

O

OH

(42)

H

HO

H

H

H H

H

(43)

H3CO

(CH2)11

(CH2)19

Figure 1 Continued


H

RO

H

H

H H

H

(44)

R = glucose









4 Conclusion








Acknowledgments


References





































2O2-






























Volume 2014

ToxinsJournal of

VaccinesJournal of















AddictionJournal of






Autoimmune Diseases




Journal of


Pharmaceutics



of




Flavonoids




Alkaloids











Terpenoids








Table 1 Continued


Organicacids







Vitamins




Minerals




Othercompounds






Table 1 Continued








50value of 16 ugmL














O

O

HO

HO

HO HO

HO

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OHOH

OH

OH

OH

OH OH OH

OH

OH

OH OH OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

(1)

O

O

(2)

O

O

(3)

O

O(4)

O

O(5)

O O

O

(6)

O O

O

(7)

O O

O

(8)

O O

O

(9)

O

O O

(10)

HO

HO HO

HO

(11)

OH

(12)

O O N

HCOOH

C

OH

O

HO

(13)

O O N

HCOOH

C

OH

OH

OH

OHOH

OH

OH

OH

OOH

OHHO

OH

OHOH

OCH3

(14)

O O N

HCOOH

C

O

O

HO

O

(15)

H3COH3CO

OCH3

OCH3

CH2CH2NH2 CHCH2NH2

Figure 1 Continued


OH

OH

OH

OHOH

OH

OH

OH

OH

O O N

HCOOH

C

O

O

HO

HO

O

OH

(16)

NO

HO

HO

(17)

NH

OOH

HO

(18)

NH

O

(19)

NNH

NH

O

(20)

NH

HO

OH

OH

OH

O

(21)

HN HNNH NH

O

O

(22)

O

O

(23)

HO

O

NH

OH

O

(24)

NH

O

HO

(25)

HOHO

HO

O

NH

OH

OH

O

(26)

NO

(27)

NH

OH

O

HN

O

(28)

H3C

OCH3

OCH3

CH3

OCH3

OCH3

OCH3

OCH3

OCH3

Figure 1 Continued


NH

OO

O

HN

O

(29)

HN

NH

HO

HO

HOHO

HO

HO

HO

HOHO

HO

HO

HOHO

OH

OH

OHOH

OH

OHOH

OH

OH

OH

O

O(30)

NN

NH

OH

OH

OH OH

(31)

OO

O

(32)

OO

OOH

(33)

OO

(34)

OO

(35)

H

COOH

(36)

HOHO

HO

HOHO

(37)

O O O O

O

HO

HH

(38)

O O

HO

H

OH

OH

OHOH

HO

HOOH

O

OH

H

HO

HOHO

(39)

NH

COOH

O

(40)

NH

COOH

(41)

O O

NH OH

O

OH

(42)

H

HO

H

H

H H

H

(43)

H3CO

(CH2)11

(CH2)19

Figure 1 Continued


H

RO

H

H

H H

H

(44)

R = glucose









4 Conclusion








Acknowledgments


References





































2O2-






























Volume 2014

ToxinsJournal of

VaccinesJournal of















AddictionJournal of






Autoimmune Diseases




Journal of


Pharmaceutics



of


Table 1 Continued


Organicacids







Vitamins




Minerals




Othercompounds






Table 1 Continued








50value of 16 ugmL














O

O

HO

HO

HO HO

HO

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OHOH

OH

OH

OH

OH OH OH

OH

OH

OH OH OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

(1)

O

O

(2)

O

O

(3)

O

O(4)

O

O(5)

O O

O

(6)

O O

O

(7)

O O

O

(8)

O O

O

(9)

O

O O

(10)

HO

HO HO

HO

(11)

OH

(12)

O O N

HCOOH

C

OH

O

HO

(13)

O O N

HCOOH

C

OH

OH

OH

OHOH

OH

OH

OH

OOH

OHHO

OH

OHOH

OCH3

(14)

O O N

HCOOH

C

O

O

HO

O

(15)

H3COH3CO

OCH3

OCH3

CH2CH2NH2 CHCH2NH2

Figure 1 Continued


OH

OH

OH

OHOH

OH

OH

OH

OH

O O N

HCOOH

C

O

O

HO

HO

O

OH

(16)

NO

HO

HO

(17)

NH

OOH

HO

(18)

NH

O

(19)

NNH

NH

O

(20)

NH

HO

OH

OH

OH

O

(21)

HN HNNH NH

O

O

(22)

O

O

(23)

HO

O

NH

OH

O

(24)

NH

O

HO

(25)

HOHO

HO

O

NH

OH

OH

O

(26)

NO

(27)

NH

OH

O

HN

O

(28)

H3C

OCH3

OCH3

CH3

OCH3

OCH3

OCH3

OCH3

OCH3

Figure 1 Continued


NH

OO

O

HN

O

(29)

HN

NH

HO

HO

HOHO

HO

HO

HO

HOHO

HO

HO

HOHO

OH

OH

OHOH

OH

OHOH

OH

OH

OH

O

O(30)

NN

NH

OH

OH

OH OH

(31)

OO

O

(32)

OO

OOH

(33)

OO

(34)

OO

(35)

H

COOH

(36)

HOHO

HO

HOHO

(37)

O O O O

O

HO

HH

(38)

O O

HO

H

OH

OH

OHOH

HO

HOOH

O

OH

H

HO

HOHO

(39)

NH

COOH

O

(40)

NH

COOH

(41)

O O

NH OH

O

OH

(42)

H

HO

H

H

H H

H

(43)

H3CO

(CH2)11

(CH2)19

Figure 1 Continued


H

RO

H

H

H H

H

(44)

R = glucose









4 Conclusion








Acknowledgments


References





































2O2-






























Volume 2014

ToxinsJournal of

VaccinesJournal of















AddictionJournal of






Autoimmune Diseases




Journal of


Pharmaceutics



of


Table 1 Continued








50value of 16 ugmL














O

O

HO

HO

HO HO

HO

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OHOH

OH

OH

OH

OH OH OH

OH

OH

OH OH OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

(1)

O

O

(2)

O

O

(3)

O

O(4)

O

O(5)

O O

O

(6)

O O

O

(7)

O O

O

(8)

O O

O

(9)

O

O O

(10)

HO

HO HO

HO

(11)

OH

(12)

O O N

HCOOH

C

OH

O

HO

(13)

O O N

HCOOH

C

OH

OH

OH

OHOH

OH

OH

OH

OOH

OHHO

OH

OHOH

OCH3

(14)

O O N

HCOOH

C

O

O

HO

O

(15)

H3COH3CO

OCH3

OCH3

CH2CH2NH2 CHCH2NH2

Figure 1 Continued


OH

OH

OH

OHOH

OH

OH

OH

OH

O O N

HCOOH

C

O

O

HO

HO

O

OH

(16)

NO

HO

HO

(17)

NH

OOH

HO

(18)

NH

O

(19)

NNH

NH

O

(20)

NH

HO

OH

OH

OH

O

(21)

HN HNNH NH

O

O

(22)

O

O

(23)

HO

O

NH

OH

O

(24)

NH

O

HO

(25)

HOHO

HO

O

NH

OH

OH

O

(26)

NO

(27)

NH

OH

O

HN

O

(28)

H3C

OCH3

OCH3

CH3

OCH3

OCH3

OCH3

OCH3

OCH3

Figure 1 Continued


NH

OO

O

HN

O

(29)

HN

NH

HO

HO

HOHO

HO

HO

HO

HOHO

HO

HO

HOHO

OH

OH

OHOH

OH

OHOH

OH

OH

OH

O

O(30)

NN

NH

OH

OH

OH OH

(31)

OO

O

(32)

OO

OOH

(33)

OO

(34)

OO

(35)

H

COOH

(36)

HOHO

HO

HOHO

(37)

O O O O

O

HO

HH

(38)

O O

HO

H

OH

OH

OHOH

HO

HOOH

O

OH

H

HO

HOHO

(39)

NH

COOH

O

(40)

NH

COOH

(41)

O O

NH OH

O

OH

(42)

H

HO

H

H

H H

H

(43)

H3CO

(CH2)11

(CH2)19

Figure 1 Continued


H

RO

H

H

H H

H

(44)

R = glucose









4 Conclusion








Acknowledgments


References





































2O2-






























Volume 2014

ToxinsJournal of

VaccinesJournal of















AddictionJournal of






Autoimmune Diseases




Journal of


Pharmaceutics



of


O

O

HO

HO

HO HO

HO

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OHOH

OH

OH

OH

OH OH OH

OH

OH

OH OH OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

(1)

O

O

(2)

O

O

(3)

O

O(4)

O

O(5)

O O

O

(6)

O O

O

(7)

O O

O

(8)

O O

O

(9)

O

O O

(10)

HO

HO HO

HO

(11)

OH

(12)

O O N

HCOOH

C

OH

O

HO

(13)

O O N

HCOOH

C

OH

OH

OH

OHOH

OH

OH

OH

OOH

OHHO

OH

OHOH

OCH3

(14)

O O N

HCOOH

C

O

O

HO

O

(15)

H3COH3CO

OCH3

OCH3

CH2CH2NH2 CHCH2NH2

Figure 1 Continued


OH

OH

OH

OHOH

OH

OH

OH

OH

O O N

HCOOH

C

O

O

HO

HO

O

OH

(16)

NO

HO

HO

(17)

NH

OOH

HO

(18)

NH

O

(19)

NNH

NH

O

(20)

NH

HO

OH

OH

OH

O

(21)

HN HNNH NH

O

O

(22)

O

O

(23)

HO

O

NH

OH

O

(24)

NH

O

HO

(25)

HOHO

HO

O

NH

OH

OH

O

(26)

NO

(27)

NH

OH

O

HN

O

(28)

H3C

OCH3

OCH3

CH3

OCH3

OCH3

OCH3

OCH3

OCH3

Figure 1 Continued


NH

OO

O

HN

O

(29)

HN

NH

HO

HO

HOHO

HO

HO

HO

HOHO

HO

HO

HOHO

OH

OH

OHOH

OH

OHOH

OH

OH

OH

O

O(30)

NN

NH

OH

OH

OH OH

(31)

OO

O

(32)

OO

OOH

(33)

OO

(34)

OO

(35)

H

COOH

(36)

HOHO

HO

HOHO

(37)

O O O O

O

HO

HH

(38)

O O

HO

H

OH

OH

OHOH

HO

HOOH

O

OH

H

HO

HOHO

(39)

NH

COOH

O

(40)

NH

COOH

(41)

O O

NH OH

O

OH

(42)

H

HO

H

H

H H

H

(43)

H3CO

(CH2)11

(CH2)19

Figure 1 Continued


H

RO

H

H

H H

H

(44)

R = glucose









4 Conclusion








Acknowledgments


References





































2O2-






























Volume 2014

ToxinsJournal of

VaccinesJournal of















AddictionJournal of






Autoimmune Diseases




Journal of


Pharmaceutics



of


OH

OH

OH

OHOH

OH

OH

OH

OH

O O N

HCOOH

C

O

O

HO

HO

O

OH

(16)

NO

HO

HO

(17)

NH

OOH

HO

(18)

NH

O

(19)

NNH

NH

O

(20)

NH

HO

OH

OH

OH

O

(21)

HN HNNH NH

O

O

(22)

O

O

(23)

HO

O

NH

OH

O

(24)

NH

O

HO

(25)

HOHO

HO

O

NH

OH

OH

O

(26)

NO

(27)

NH

OH

O

HN

O

(28)

H3C

OCH3

OCH3

CH3

OCH3

OCH3

OCH3

OCH3

OCH3

Figure 1 Continued


NH

OO

O

HN

O

(29)

HN

NH

HO

HO

HOHO

HO

HO

HO

HOHO

HO

HO

HOHO

OH

OH

OHOH

OH

OHOH

OH

OH

OH

O

O(30)

NN

NH

OH

OH

OH OH

(31)

OO

O

(32)

OO

OOH

(33)

OO

(34)

OO

(35)

H

COOH

(36)

HOHO

HO

HOHO

(37)

O O O O

O

HO

HH

(38)

O O

HO

H

OH

OH

OHOH

HO

HOOH

O

OH

H

HO

HOHO

(39)

NH

COOH

O

(40)

NH

COOH

(41)

O O

NH OH

O

OH

(42)

H

HO

H

H

H H

H

(43)

H3CO

(CH2)11

(CH2)19

Figure 1 Continued


H

RO

H

H

H H

H

(44)

R = glucose









4 Conclusion








Acknowledgments


References





































2O2-






























Volume 2014

ToxinsJournal of

VaccinesJournal of















AddictionJournal of






Autoimmune Diseases




Journal of


Pharmaceutics



of


NH

OO

O

HN

O

(29)

HN

NH

HO

HO

HOHO

HO

HO

HO

HOHO

HO

HO

HOHO

OH

OH

OHOH

OH

OHOH

OH

OH

OH

O

O(30)

NN

NH

OH

OH

OH OH

(31)

OO

O

(32)

OO

OOH

(33)

OO

(34)

OO

(35)

H

COOH

(36)

HOHO

HO

HOHO

(37)

O O O O

O

HO

HH

(38)

O O

HO

H

OH

OH

OHOH

HO

HOOH

O

OH

H

HO

HOHO

(39)

NH

COOH

O

(40)

NH

COOH

(41)

O O

NH OH

O

OH

(42)

H

HO

H

H

H H

H

(43)

H3CO

(CH2)11

(CH2)19

Figure 1 Continued


H

RO

H

H

H H

H

(44)

R = glucose









4 Conclusion








Acknowledgments


References





































2O2-






























Volume 2014

ToxinsJournal of

VaccinesJournal of















AddictionJournal of






Autoimmune Diseases




Journal of


Pharmaceutics



of


H

RO

H

H

H H

H

(44)

R = glucose









4 Conclusion








Acknowledgments


References





































2O2-






























Volume 2014

ToxinsJournal of

VaccinesJournal of















AddictionJournal of






Autoimmune Diseases




Journal of


Pharmaceutics



of




Acknowledgments


References





































2O2-






























Volume 2014

ToxinsJournal of

VaccinesJournal of















AddictionJournal of






Autoimmune Diseases




Journal of


Pharmaceutics



of









2O2-






























Volume 2014

ToxinsJournal of

VaccinesJournal of















AddictionJournal of






Autoimmune Diseases




Journal of


Pharmaceutics



of





Volume 2014

ToxinsJournal of

VaccinesJournal of















AddictionJournal of






Autoimmune Diseases




Journal of


Pharmaceutics



of

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Review Article Portulaca oleracea L.: A Review of ...downloads.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2015/925631.pdf · Portulaca oleracea L.: A Review of Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Effects