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Review ArticleJatropha gossypiifolia L (Euphorbiaceae)A Review of Traditional Uses Phytochemistry Pharmacologyand Toxicology of This Medicinal Plant
Juliana Feacutelix-Silva1 Raquel Brandt Giordani2 Arnoacutebio Antonio da Silva-Jr1
Silvana Maria Zucolotto2 and Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa1
1 Laboratorio de Tecnologia amp Biotecnologia Farmaceutica (TecBioFar) Programa de Pos-graduacao em CienciasFarmaceuticas (PPgCF) Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN) Rua General Cordeiro de Farias snPetropolis 59012-570 Natal RN Brazil
2 Laboratorio de Farmacognosia Departamento de Farmacia Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN)Rua General Cordeiro de Farias sn Petropolis 59012-570 Natal RN Brazil
Correspondence should be addressed to Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa mpedrosa31uolcombr
Received 24 February 2014 Revised 1 May 2014 Accepted 1 May 2014 Published 5 June 2014
Academic Editor Shi-Biao Wu
Copyright copy 2014 Juliana Felix-Silva et al This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons AttributionLicense which permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properlycited
Jatropha gossypiifolia L (Euphorbiaceae) widely known as ldquobellyache bushrdquo is a medicinal plant largely used throughout Africa andAmerica Several human and veterinary uses in traditional medicine are described for different parts and preparations based on thisplant However critical reviews discussing emphatically its medicinal value are missing This review aims to provide an up-to-dateoverview of the traditional uses as well as the phytochemistry pharmacology and toxicity data of J gossypiifolia species in view ofdiscussing its medicinal value and potential application in complementary and alternative medicine Pharmacological studies havedemonstrated significant action of different extracts andor isolated compounds as antimicrobial anti-inflammatory antidiarrhealantihypertensive and anticancer agents among others supporting some of its popular uses No clinical trial has been detected todate Further studies are necessary to assay important folk uses as well as to find new bioactive molecules with pharmacologicalrelevance based on the popular claims Toxicological studies associated with phytochemical analysis are important to understandthe eventual toxic effects that could reduce its medicinal value The present review provides insights for future research aimingfor both ethnopharmacological validation of its popular use and its exploration as a new source of herbal drugs andor bioactivenatural products
1 Introduction
The Euphorbiaceae family which is considered one of thelargest families of Angiosperms covers about 7800 speciesdistributed in approximately 300 genera and 5 subfamiliesworldwide These species occur preferentially in tropical andsubtropical environments [1 2]
Among the main genera belonging to this family thereis Jatropha L which belongs to the subfamily CrotonoideaeJatropheae tribe and is represented by about 200 speciesThis genus is widely distributed in tropical and subtropicalregions of Africa and the Americas [1] The name ldquoJatrophardquo
is derived from the Greek words ldquojatrosrdquo which meansldquodoctorrdquo and ldquotropherdquo meaning ldquofoodrdquo which is associatedwith its medicinal uses [3] The Jatropha genus is dividedinto two subgenera Jatropha and curcas from which thesubgenus Jatropha has the widest distribution with speciesfound in Africa India South America West Indies CentralAmerica and the Caribbean [4] Jatropha species are used intraditional medicine to cure various ailments in Africa Asiaand Latin America or as ornamental plants and energy crops[3] Several known species from genus Jatropha have beenreported for their medicinal uses chemical constituents andbiological activities such as Jatropha curcas Jatropha elliptica
Hindawi Publishing CorporationEvidence-Based Complementary and Alternative MedicineVolume 2014 Article ID 369204 32 pageshttpdxdoiorg1011552014369204
2 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Jatropha gossypiifolia and Jatropha mollissima among others[3]
From these species Jatropha gossypiifolia L (Figure 1)is discussed here It is a vegetal species widely knownas ldquobellyache bushrdquo and is a multipurpose medicinal plantlargely used in folk medicine for the treatment of variousdiseases [3 5 6] It is widely distributed in countries oftropical subtropical and dry tropical weather and tropicalsemiarid regions of Africa and the Americas [7] In Brazil itpredominates in the Amazon Caatinga and Atlantic Forestand is distributed throughout the country in the NorthNortheast Midwest South and Southeast regions [8]
Several human and veterinary uses in traditionalmedicine are described for different parts (leaves stemsroots seeds and latex) and preparations (infusion decoctionand maceration among others) based on this plantby different routes (oral or topical) The most frequentreports concern its antihypertensive anti-inflammatoryantiophidian analgesic antipyretic antimicrobial healingantianemic antidiabetic and antihemorrhagic activitiesamong many other examples [3 5 7 9] Other uses are alsorelated to this plant such as biodiesel production pesticideinsecticide vermifuge ornamentation and even its use inreligious rituals [3 6 10ndash13]
An important feature of J gossypiifolia species is that dueto its important potential medicinal applications in Brazil itis included in the National List of Medicinal Plants of Interestto the Brazilian Public Health System (Relacao Nacional dePlantas Medicinais de Interesse ao Sistema Unico de SaudeBrasileiromdashRENISUS) which is a report published by theBrazilian Health Ministry in February 2009 that includes 71species of medicinal plants that have the potential to generatepharmaceutical products of interest to public health of Brazil[14]
Regarding its phytochemical constitution alkaloidscoumarins flavonoids lignoids phenols saponins steroidstannins and terpenoids were already detected in differentextracts from different parts of this plant [15]
Among the main activities already studied for thisspecies (including various types of extracts from differ-ent parts of the plant) the antihypertensive antimicrobialanti-inflammatory antioxidant and antineoplasic activitiesmainly stand out supporting some of its popular uses [3 16]
Some toxicity studies have shown that despite the knowntoxicity of Jatropha species J gossypiifolia presented lowtoxicity in some in vitro and in vivo experiments Howeversome studies have indicated that ethanolic extract from theleaves in acute oral use is safe for rats but with chronic useit could be toxic [17ndash19]
So in view of the potential applications of this plantthis review aims to provide an up-to-date overview of thetraditional uses phytochemistry pharmacology and toxicitydata of different parts from J gossypiifolia which could be sig-nificant in providing insights for present and future researchaimed at both ethnopharmacological validation of its popularuse as well as its exploration as a new source of herbal drugsandor bioactive natural products The medicinal value andpharmacological andor biotechnological potential of thisspecies are also discussed in this paper
2 Methodology
An extensive review of the literature was undertaken indifferent national and international scientific sources suchas Centre for Reviews and Dissemination (httpwwwcrdyorkacukCRDWeb) The Cochrane Library (httpwwwthecochranelibrarycom) PubMed (httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpubmed) Science Direct (httpwwwscience-directcom) Scopus (httpwwwscopuscom) Lilacs(httplilacsbvsaludorg) Scielo (httpwwwscieloorgphpindexphp) Web of Knowledge (httpappswebof-knowledgecom) and the Brazilian database of thesis anddissertations ldquoDomınio Publicordquo (httpwwwdominiopubli-cogovbrpesquisaPesquisaPeriodicoFormjsp) The studydatabase included original articles theses books andother reports that preferentially had been judged foracademic quality (peer-reviewed) covering severalaspects of the vegetal species (botany phytochemistrytraditional uses pharmacology or toxicology) datingfrom 1967 (first scientific report) to November 2013without language restriction The search strategy wasconstructed based on the scientific name synonyms andmain popular names of the species identified by the botanicaldatabases ldquoFlora do Brasilrdquo (httpfloradobrasiljbrjgovbr)Tropicos (httpwwwtropicosorg) The Plant List (httpwwwtheplantlistorg) and NCBI Taxonomy Browser (httpwwwncbinlmnihgovtaxonomy) The search strategycontained the combination of the following terms ldquoJatrophagossypiifoliardquo OR ldquoJatropha gossypifoliardquo OR ldquoJatrophagossipyifoliardquo OR ldquoManihot gossypiifoliardquo OR ldquoAdenoropiumgossypiifoliumrdquo OR ldquoAdenoropium elegansrdquo OR ldquoJatrophaelegansrdquo OR ldquoJatropha staphysagriifoliardquo OR ldquopinhao roxordquoOR ldquopinhao-roxordquo OR ldquopiao roxordquo OR ldquopiao-roxordquo OR ldquopeao-roxordquo OR ldquopeao roxordquo OR ldquobatata-de-teurdquo OR ldquobata de teurdquoOR ldquoerva-purganterdquo OR ldquoerva purganterdquo OR ldquojalapaordquo ORldquomamoninhardquo OR ldquoraiz-de-teiurdquo OR ldquoraiz de teiurdquo OR ldquopeao-curadorrdquo OR ldquopeao curadorrdquo OR ldquopeao-pajerdquo OR ldquopeao pajerdquoOR ldquopiao-caboclordquo OR ldquopiao caboclordquo OR ldquoblack physicnutrdquoOR ldquobellyache bushrdquo The Endnote X301 reference managerwas used The software ACDChemSketch Freeware Version1201 was used to draw the chemical structures
3 Botanic Information
Jatropha gossypiifolia Linneus is a Euphorbiaceae plantpopularly known worldwide as ldquobellyache bushrdquo or ldquoblackphysicnutrdquo It is a pantropical species originating from SouthAmerica that is cultivated in tropical countries throughoutthe world [20ndash22]
In Brazil it is known by various popular names and themost common are ldquopinhao-roxordquo ldquopiao-roxordquo ldquopeao-roxordquoldquobatata-de-teurdquo ldquoerva-purganterdquo ldquojalapaordquo ldquomamoninhardquoldquoraiz-de-teiurdquo ldquopeao-curadorrdquo ldquopeao-pajerdquo ldquopiao-caboclordquoand ldquopiao-pretordquo among others [5 8 23] There are also thefollowing vernacular names for J gossypiifolia ldquofrailecillordquoldquofrailejonrdquo ldquopurga de frailerdquo (Colombia) ldquofrailecillordquo (CostaRica) ldquofrailecillordquo ldquoSan Juan Del Cabrerdquo ldquotuatuardquo ldquotubatubardquo (Cuba) ldquobagardquo (Malinke et Dioula) ldquohigueretacimarronardquo ldquotuatuardquo (Puerto Rico) ldquotuatuardquo (Santo
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 3
(a) (b)
Figure 1 Jatropha gossypiifolia L (a) aerial parts of plant (b) flowers detail Photography by Juliana Felix-Silva
Domingo) ldquofrailecillordquo ldquosibidiguardquo ldquotuatuardquo (Venezuela)ldquopignutrdquo ldquofignutrdquo ldquolapalapardquo ldquobinidasugurdquo ldquooluluidirdquo ldquobot-uje redrdquo ldquobotuge pupardquo (Nigeria) ldquoathalairdquo ldquolal bherendardquo(India) ldquoparroty grassrdquo (Nicaragua) ldquobabatidjinrdquo (Africa)ldquopinonrdquo ldquopinon-coloradordquo ldquopinon negrordquo ldquopinon-rojordquoldquopurga de huanerdquo (Spanish) ldquoherbe a mal de ventrerdquo ldquomed-icinier cathartiquerdquo ldquomedicinier sauvagerdquo (French) ldquobellya-chebuhsrdquo ldquobellyache bushrdquo ldquobellyache nettlespurgerdquoldquoblack physicnutrdquo ldquopurge nutrdquo ldquored fig-nut flowerrdquo ldquowildcassadardquo (English) ldquobabatidjinrdquo ldquobalautandoiongrdquo ldquocassavamarblerdquo ldquocotton-leaf physicnutrdquo ldquofigus nutrdquo ldquokishkardquoldquolansi-lansinaanrdquo ldquomedicinier batardrdquo ldquomedicinier noirrdquoldquomedicinier rougerdquo ldquoquelite de frailerdquo ldquososorirdquo ldquotagumbau-a-nalabagardquo ldquotatuardquo ldquotauatauardquo ldquotautubardquo ldquotuatua blancardquoldquotuatua moradardquo ldquotubang moradordquo ldquotuba sa buaiardquoldquotuba-tubardquo (Achanti) ldquosatamanrdquo (Bambara) [22 24ndash31]
The complete taxonomy of the species is EukaryotaViridiplantae Streptophyta Streptophytina EmbryophytaTracheophyta Euphyllophyta Spermatophyta Magno-liophyta eudicotyledons core eudicotyledons rosids fabidsMalpighiales Euphorbiaceae Crotonoideae JatropheaeJatropha and Jatropha gossypiifolia [32] Adenoropiumgossypiifolium (L) Pohl Manihot gossypiifolia (L) CrantzAdenoropium elegans Pohl Jatropha elegans Kl Jatrophastaphysagriifolia Mill Jatropha gossypifolia and Jatrophagossipyifolia are botanical synonymous of J gossypiifoliaspecies [8 32ndash34]
J gossypiifolia is a small shrub with dark green ormore frequently purplish-red dark leaves with 16ndash19 cm oflength per 10ndash129 cm of width they are alternate palmateand pubescent with an acuminate apex cordate base andserrated margin The flowers are unisexual purple and incymose summits with the calyx having five petals which inmale flowers may form a petaloid tube The fruit is capsularwith three furrows containing a dark seedwith black spots [535 36] Regarding the microscopic aspect of the plant leavessome studies have shown key and important features forbotanical identification of this species among other Jatrophaspecies [21 35ndash37]
4 Chemical ConstituentsVarious chemical constituents have been detected in extractsfrom different parts of J gossypiifolia the literature having
reported in general the presence of fatty acids sugars alka-loids amino acids coumarins steroids flavonoids lignansproteins saponins tannins and terpenoids as can be seen inTable 1
Accordingly reviewed by Zhang et al [15] the maincompounds isolated from Jatropha genus are the terpenoidsIn fact many of them were isolated from different partsof J gossypiifolia Another very important class from Jgossypiifolia is the lignoids since a good number of them wasalready isolated and identified
However it is important to note that most of thephytochemical studies found in literature are not aboutisolation of compounds but only about the phytochemicalscreening of the major classes through chemical qualitativereactions or more sensitive and specific methods such asthin layer chromatography (TLC) Relative to other Jatrophaspecies few studies have isolated chemical compounds fromJ gossypiifolia (Table 2) In addition up till now it is notclear which are the major bioactive compounds in the plantsince only a few studies were conducted by bioassay-guidedisolation
Additionally to the best of our knowledge there are nophytochemical studies regarding the use of water as solventfor the extraction of J gossypiifolia constituents This isimportant to note since popular use occurs more frequentlywith infusions or decoctions and little is known about theconstitution of this type of extract In this context it isimportant to conduct studies to evaluate the phytochemicalconstitution of these extracts More commonly the studiesuse solvents or mixtures of solvents with nonpolar character-istics which could contribute to further characterization ofnonpolar compounds such as terpenoids and lignoids Polarcompounds such as flavonoids tannins and sugars are poorlydescribed in the species so far probably due to this fact
5 Traditional Uses
Various medicinal properties for the species J gossypiifoliaare reported by traditional medicine as shown in Table 3Some properties related to J gossypiifolia are also common toother species of the Jatropha genus [3 9 25] where humanand veterinary uses are described Different parts of thisplant such as leaves stems roots seeds and latex are used
4 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table1Ch
emicalconstituentso
fJatrophagossy
piifolia
Ldescrib
edin
theliterature
Plantp
art
Classifi
catio
nCom
poun
dEx
tracttypea
ndorp
reparatio
nRe
ference
Who
leplant
Cou
marin-lign
oids
Prop
acin
Isolated
from
dichloromethane
methano
l(11vv)
extractafte
rsuccessivec
olum
nchromatograph
yon
silicag
el[38]
Venk
atasin
Not
specifiedlowast
[39]
Diterpenes
Citla
litrio
neIsolated
from
dichloromethane
methano
l(11vv)
extractafte
rsuccessivec
olum
nchromatograph
yon
silicag
el[40]
Jatro
phenon
eIsolated
from
dichloromethane
methano
l(11vv)
extractafte
rsuccessivec
olum
nchromatograph
yon
silicag
el[41]
Stem
roo
tsandseeds
Cou
marin-lign
oids
Arylnaphthalene
lignan
Isolated
from
petro
lether
extractafte
rsuccessivec
olum
nchromatograph
yon
silicag
el[42]
Gadain
Isolated
from
petro
lether
extractafte
rsuccessivec
olum
nchromatograph
yon
silicag
el[43]
Jatro
phan
Isolated
from
petro
lether
extract
[44]
Aeria
lparts
Flavon
oids
mdashDetectedby
phytochemicalscreeningreactio
nsof
ethano
lextract
[1945]
Lign
ans
Gossypifan
Isolated
from
petro
lether
extractafte
rsuccessivec
olum
nchromatograph
yon
silicag
el[46]
Gossypilin
eIsolated
from
dichloromethane
methano
l(11vv)
extractafte
rsuccessivec
olum
nchromatograph
yon
silicag
el[47]
Phenols
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
edthatthep
etroletherchloroformethylacetateand
n-bu
tano
lextractsp
resentedrespectively
450plusmn101060plusmn232960plusmn35and
1285plusmn11mgof
gallica
cidequivalentsgof
crud
eextract
[48]
Steroids
mdashDetectedby
phytochemicalscreeningreactio
nsof
ethano
lextract
[1945]
Tann
ins
mdashDetectedby
phytochemicalscreeningreactio
nsof
ethano
lextract
[2345]
Triterpenoids
mdashDetectedby
phytochemicalscreeningreactio
nsof
ethano
lextract
[45]
Leaves
Alkaloids
Ricinine
Com
poun
diso
lated
from
ethylacetateextractfrom
senescentleaves
[49]
mdashDetectedby
phytochemicalscreeningreactio
nsof
chloroform
andmethano
lextracts
[50]
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed281on
leaves
[51]
mdashNot
specified
[30]
Cardiacg
lycosid
esmdash
Identifi
edon
leaves
byqu
alitativ
ephytochem
icalscreeningreactio
ns[52]
Flavon
oids
Apigenin
Identifi
edin
etherfractionfro
methano
lextract
[53]
Isovitexin
Identifi
edin
ethylacetateandmethylethylketone
fractio
nsfro
methano
lextract
[53]
Orie
ntinisoo
rientin
Isom
ersidentified
indifferent
typeso
fextractsfrom
leaves
[54]
Schafto
sideiso
schafto
side
Isom
ersidentified
indifferent
typeso
fextractsfrom
leaves
[54]
Vitexin
Identifi
edin
ethylacetatefractio
nfro
methano
lextract
[53]
Vitexiniso
vitexin
Isom
ersidentified
indifferent
typeso
fextractsfrom
leaves
[54]
mdashIdentifi
edon
leaves
byqu
alitativ
ephytochem
icalscreeningreactio
ns[52]
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed74
on
leaves
[55]
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed241on
leaves
[51]
Phenols
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed86
onleaves
[55]
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed026on
leaves
[51]
Phlobo
tann
ins
mdashDetectedby
phytochemicalscreeningreactio
nsof
chloroform
andmethano
lextracts
[50]
Proteins
mdashIdentifi
edon
leaves
byqu
alitativ
ephytochem
icalscreeningreactio
ns[52]
mdash
Leaves
obtained
bymicroprop
agationwerem
acerated
inliq
uidnitro
genandextracted
at4∘Cfor6
hwith
01M
NaC
lTh
ematerialw
ascentrifuged
andthelim
pid
supernatantw
asdialyzed
againstw
ater
atlowtemperature
inac
ellulose
mem
braneto
removen
onproteincompo
undwith
molecular
massb
elow35
kDa
[56]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 5
Table1Con
tinued
Plantp
art
Classifi
catio
nCom
poun
dEx
tracttypea
ndorp
reparatio
nRe
ference
Redu
cing
sugars
mdashIdentifi
edon
leaves
byqu
alitativ
ephytochem
icalscreeningreactio
ns[52]
Sapo
nins
mdashIdentifi
edon
leaves
byqu
alitativ
ephytochem
icalscreeningreactio
ns[52]
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed415on
leaves
[51]
Steroids
mdashIdentifi
edon
leaves
byqu
alitativ
ephytochem
icalscreeningreactio
ns[52]
Tann
ins
mdashDetectedby
phytochemicalscreeningreactio
nsof
methano
lextract
[50]
mdashDetectedon
leaves
byqu
alitativ
ephytochem
icalscreeningreactio
ns[52]
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed514on
leaves
[51]
Terpenoids
mdashDetectedon
leaves
byqu
alitativ
ephytochem
icalscreeningreactio
ns[52]
Triterpenes
(212057213120572
14120573
20S)-22425-
Trihydroxylano
st-7-en-3-one
Isolated
from
thee
thanolextractafte
rsuccessivep
artitions
procedures
andcolumn
chromatograph
yon
silicag
elandpreparativeT
LC[57]
(13120572
14120573
20S)-22425-
Trihydroxylano
sta-17-dien-3-on
eIsolated
from
thee
thanolextractafte
rsuccessivep
artitionprocedures
andcolumn
chromatograph
yon
silicag
elandpreparativeT
LC[57]
Stem
s
Alkaloids
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed216of
alkaloid
onste
ms
[51]
Cou
marin-lign
oids
41015840-O
-Dem
ethylretrochinensin
Not
specified
[58]
Cleomisc
osin
ACom
poun
diso
latedfro
methylacetatefractio
nste
msa
ftersuccessivec
olum
nchromatograph
yon
silicag
el[59]
Gossypidien
Com
poun
diso
latedfro
mhexane
extractfrom
driedste
msa
ftersuccessivec
olum
nchromatograph
yon
silicag
el[60]
Isogadain
Not
specifiedlowast
[61]
Jatro
dien
Com
poun
diso
latedfro
mpetro
lether
extractafte
rsuccessivec
olum
nchromatograph
yon
silicag
el[62]
Prasanthaline
Not
specifiedlowast
[63]
Flavon
oids
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed12
on
stems
[51]
Phenols
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed013on
stems
[51]
Sapo
nins
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed218on
stems
[51]
Tann
ins
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed13
6on
stems
[51]
Roots
Alkaloids
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed16
on
roots
[51]
Diterpenes
2120572-H
ydroxyjatro
phon
eIsolated
from
petro
lether
extractafte
rsuccessivec
olum
nchromatograph
yon
silicag
el[64]
2120573-H
ydroxy-56-isojatroph
one
Isolated
from
petro
lether
extractafte
rsuccessivec
olum
nchromatograph
yon
silicag
el[64]
2120573-H
ydroxyjatro
phon
eIsolated
from
petro
lether
extractafte
rsuccessivec
olum
nchromatograph
yon
silicag
el[64]
Citla
litrio
neIsolated
from
petro
lether
fractio
nfro
mthem
ethano
lextractaft
ersuccessiv
ecolum
nchromatograph
yon
silicag
el[13]
Falodo
neIsolated
from
petro
lether
fractio
nfro
mthem
ethano
lextractaft
ersuccessiv
ecolum
nchromatograph
yon
silicag
el[13]
Jatro
pholon
eANot
specifiedlowast
[65]
Jatro
pholon
eBNot
specifiedlowast
[65]
Jatro
phon
eIsolated
from
ethano
lextract
[66]
Flavon
oids
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed17
5on
roots
[51]
Phenols
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed024on
roots
[51]
Sapo
nins
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed283on
roots
[51]
Tann
ins
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed273on
roots
[51]
6 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table1Con
tinued
Plantp
art
Classifi
catio
nCom
poun
dEx
tracttypea
ndorp
reparatio
nRe
ference
Seeds
Alkaloids
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed236on
seeds
[51]
Aminoacids
mdashNot
specifiedlowast
[67]
Carboh
ydrates
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed3032
on
seeds
[68]
mdashNot
specifiedlowast
[67]
Esters
12-D
eoxy-16-hydroxylph
orbo
lIsolated
from
hydrop
hilic
fractio
nfro
mthee
ther
extractby
coun
tercurrent
chromatograph
y[69]
Fatty
acids
Arachidicacid
Identifi
edin
petro
lether
extract
[6870]
Caprilica
cid
Identifi
edin
petro
lether
extract
[6870]
Lauricacid
Identifi
edin
petro
lether
extract
[6870]
Lign
ocericacid
Identifi
edin
petro
lether
extract
[6870]
Lino
leicacid
Identifi
edin
petro
lether
extract
[6870]
Myristicacid
Identifi
edin
petro
lether
extract
[6870]
Oleicacid
Identifi
edin
petro
lether
extract
[6870]
Palm
itica
cid
Identifi
edin
petro
lether
extract
[6870]
Palm
itoleicacid
Identifi
edin
petro
lether
extract
[6870]
Ricino
leicacid
Identifi
edin
petro
lether
extract
[6870]
Stearic
acid
Identifi
edin
petro
lether
extract
[6870]
Vernolicacid
Identifi
edin
petro
lether
extract
[6870]
Fibers
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed92
5on
seeds
[68]
Flavon
oids
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed226on
seeds
[51]
Phenols
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed018on
seeds
[51]
Proteins
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed1340
onseeds
[68]
Sapo
nins
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed237
onseeds
[51]
Quantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed6g
kgon
seeds
[68]
Tann
ins
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed352on
seeds
[51]
Latex
Proteins
Cyclo
gossineA
Not
specified
[71]
Cyclo
gossineB
Isolated
from
ethylacetateextractb
ygelfi
ltrationcolumnchromatograph
y[20]
Not
specified
Alkaloids
Imidazolea
lkaloid
Isolated
from
thep
lant
exud
ateslowast
[72]
Piperid
ine
Isolated
from
thep
lant
exud
ateslowast
[72]
Diterpenoids
Abiodo
neNot
specifiedlowast
[73]
lowast
Thec
ompletev
ersio
nof
thep
aper
was
notaccessib
leso
theinformationwas
obtained
from
itsabstr
act
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 7
Table2Mainiso
latedcompo
unds
from
Jatro
phagossy
piifolia
Ldescrib
edin
theliterature
Classifi
catio
nCom
poun
dPlantp
art
Biologicalactiv
ityRe
ference
Alkaloids
NOC
NO
Rici
nine
Leaves
Insecticideinvitro
[49]
Imidazolea
lkaloid
Not
specified
mdash[72]
Pipe
ridin
e
N H
Not
specified
mdash[72]
41015840-O
-dem
ethylretrochinensin
Stem
smdash
[58]
Ary
lnap
htha
lene
lign
an
OM
e
OM
eOH
OH
OO
Stem
srootsand
seeds
mdash[42]
Cleo
misc
osin
A
OO
O
OM
e
MeO
O
HO
CH2O
H
Stem
smdash
[59]
8 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table2Con
tinued
Classifi
catio
nCom
poun
dPlantp
art
Biologicalactiv
ityRe
ference
Cou
marin-lign
oids
Gad
ain
O OH
OO
O
O
Stem
srootsand
seeds
mdash[43]
Gos
sypi
dien
O OM
eOO
C
COO
Me
O OStem
smdash
[60]
Isog
adai
n
O OH
OO
O
O
Stem
smdash
[61]
Jatro
dien
O OM
eOO
C
MeO
OC
OM
e
OM
e
Stem
smdash
[62]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 9
Table2Con
tinued
Classifi
catio
nCom
poun
dPlantp
art
Biologicalactiv
ityRe
ference
Jatro
phan
OO
H
OM
e
O
O OM
e
Stem
srootsand
seeds
mdash[44]
Pras
anth
alin
e
OAc OAc
O OH
OM
eO
Me
Stem
smdash
[63]
Prop
acin
OM
e
OO
MeO
O
O
Me
HO
Who
leplant
mdash[38]
Venk
atasin
Who
leplant
mdash[39]
O
HO
O
O
2120572-H
ydro
xyja
troph
one
H3C
H3C
CH3
CH3
CH3
Roots
Antileuk
emicin
vitro
andin
vivo
[64]
10 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table2Con
tinued
Classifi
catio
nCom
poun
dPlantp
art
Biologicalactiv
ityRe
ference
O
HO
O
OH
3C
CH3
CH3
CH3
2120573-H
ydro
xy-5
6-is
ojat
roph
one
Roots
Antileuk
emicin
vitro
andin
vivo
[64]
Diterpenes
O
HO
O
OH
3C H3C
CH3
CH3
CH3
2120573-H
ydro
xyja
troph
one
Roots
Antileuk
emicin
vitro
andin
vivo
[64]
Abiodo
neNot
specified
Anticancerinvitro
[73]
Citla
litrio
ne O
OH
OH
O
Roots
mdash[13]
Who
leplant
mdash[40]
Falo
done O
OH
Roots
Anticancerinvitro
[13]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 11
Table2Con
tinued
Classifi
catio
nCom
poun
dPlantp
art
Biologicalactiv
ityRe
ference
Jatro
phen
one
HO
H
O
H AcO
H
HWho
leplant
Antibacteria
linvitro
[41]
OH
O
Jatro
phol
one A
Roots
mdash[65]
Jatro
phol
one B O
H
O
Roots
mdash[65]
Jatro
phon
e
O
OO
Roots
Anticancerinvitro
andin
vivo
[66]
12 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table2Con
tinued
Classifi
catio
nCom
poun
dPlantp
art
Biologicalactiv
ityRe
ference
Esters
OH
HO
O
HO
HOH
OH
12-D
eoxy
-16-
hydr
oxyl
phor
bol
Seeds
Irritanttomou
seear
[69]
Lign
ans
Gos
sypi
fan
MeO
MeO
H
OO
O
O
Aeria
lparts
mdash[46]
Gos
sypi
line
O O
OCO
Me
OCO
Me
H
OO
Aeria
lparts
mdash[47]
Proteins
Cyclo
goss
ine A
Leu 1
Ala
2Th
r 3
Val 7
Gly
6Le
u 5
Trp 4
Latex
mdash[1571]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 13
Table2Con
tinued
Classifi
catio
nCom
poun
dPlantp
art
Biologicalactiv
ityRe
ference
Cyclo
goss
ine B Leu 2
Ala
5A
la6
Gly
1Le
u 4
Leu 8
Trp 3
Ile7
Latex
mdash[1520]
Triterpenes
HO O
H
HO
OH
H
(13120572
14120573
20S
)-2
2425
-Trih
ydro
xyla
nost
a-1
7-d
ien-3
-one
Leaves
mdash[57]
HO O
H
HO
OH
H
(2120572
13120572
14120573
20S
)-2
2425
-Trih
ydro
xyla
nost-
7-en
-3-o
ne
Leaves
mdash[57]
14 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
in different forms of preparation (infusion decoction andmaceration among others) by different routes and forms(oral topical baths etc) The most frequent reports refer toits anti-inflammatory antidiarrheal antiophidian analgesicantipyretic antimicrobial healing antianemic antidiabeticand antihemorrhagic activities among many other examples[3 5 7 9]
Some properties are attributed to specific parts of theplant while others are assigned to different parts Interest-ingly in some cases certain uses may appear contradictorysuch as antidiarrheal and laxative or its use as anticoagulantand antihemorrhagic One hypothesis is that this differencemay be related with the dose used since for example thelaxative effect is an effect commonly related with toxic eventswith this plant
6 Pharmacological Activities
Despite the grand variety of popular uses and the data fromJatropha species J gossypiifolia has been scarcely studiedregarding biological activities (Table 4) Studies showing thebiological potential of aqueous extract are rare so far whichis important to be mentioned since the most popular useof this plant is as a tea (decoction or infusion) Among themain activities that have been studied the antihypertensiveanticancer antimicrobial healing anti-inflammatory andanalgesic activities stand out
61 Antihypertensive Action Based on popular use of teasfrom J gossypiifolia roots and aerial parts the hypotensiveand vasorelaxant effects of the ethanolic extract of aerialparts of the plant were tested by Abreu et al [45] Thestudy revealed that the extract (125 and 250mgkgdayover 4 weeks by oral route in rats) in a dose-dependentmanner produced a reduction of systolic blood pressurein conscious normotensive animals This hypotensive effectcould be attributed to its vasorelaxant action since it pro-duced concentration-dependent relaxant effect in rat isolatedendothelium-deprived mesenteric artery precontracted withnorepinephrine or calcium Moreover it inhibited in aconcentration-dependent and noncompetitive manner thecontractile response induced by norepinephrine or CaCl
2in
the same preparation [45]
62 Antimicrobial Action The antibiotic activity of differ-ent extracts from J gossypiifolia is frequently reported asobserved in Table 4 In general some extent of antibacterialantifungal antiparasitic and antiviral activity was observedThe only report of J gossypiifolia isolated compound withantimicrobial activity is of the macrocyclic diterpene jatro-phenone which presented significant in vitro antibacterialactivity against Staphylococcus aureus [41]
63 Anti-Inflammatory andor Analgesic Action Many imp-ortant popular uses of J gossypiifolia are related to inflamma-tory process Bhagat et al [28] showed that the methanolicextract of leaves of this species has significant systemicacute and chronic anti-inflammatory activity The extract
at 500 and 1000mgkg oral doses was able to inhibit theacute carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats and at 50 and100mgkg oral doses inhibited the chronic cotton pellet-induced granuloma formation in rats Additionally the Jgossypiifolia leaf paste (05 and 1mgear) showed significantreduction in TPA-induced local inflammatory changes inmouse ear edema model [28]
In another study the anti-inflammatory and analgesicproperties of the methanol and petrol ether extracts of aerialparts of J gossypiifolia were demonstrated in mice [92]At 100 and 200mgkgday during 7 days by oral routeonly the methanol extract presented significant analgesicactivity in Eddyrsquos hot plate and tail-flick models and anti-inflammatory activity in carrageenan-induced paw edema[92] The anti-inflammatory activity of the bark from Jgossypiifolia (methanol and petrol ether extracts) was alsodemonstrated in carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats[115]
In a recent study using the in vitro human red bloodcell membrane stabilization method Nagaharika et al [118]suggested that ethanol and water extracts from J gossypiifolialeaves have anti-inflammatory activity According to theauthors since human red blood cell membranes are similarto the lysosomal membrane components the prevention ofhypotonicity-induced membrane lysis of these cells couldbe taken as a measure in estimating the anti-inflammatoryproperty of compounds [118]
The analgesic activity of the methanol extract from theleaves of J gossypiifolia was evaluated in acetic acid-inducedwrithing test in mice where highly significant inhibitionwas seen of 6756 and 6514 at 200 and 400mgkg oraldoses respectively [111] Similar results were observed in themethanolic extract from fruits [110]
64 Healing Action The healing action of the ethanol crudeextract of J gossypiifolia (plant part not specified) wasevaluated in suture healing of ventral abdominal wall ofrats through tensiometric measurement and macro- andmicroscopic aspect of postoperative period The extractwhich was administered by an intraperitoneal instillation of100mgkg single dose in the peritoneal cavity presentedmoreintense adhesion on macroscopic examination and greaterstrain evaluation and vascular neoformation However agreater inflammatory process was also observed and otherhistological parameters were similar to the control groupindicating that in general the extract presented poor woundhealing properties in the used model [124]
Another study evaluated the healing action of thehydroethanolic crude extract from leaves of J gossypiifoliain the healing process of sutures performed on the bladderof rats and similar results were presented although someimprovement might have been observed in some parametersIn general the authors concluded that no favorable heal-ing effect was observed with the administration of singleintraperitoneal dose of J gossypiifolia L [108] In anotherstudy analyzing the morphological aspects of the healingprocess occurring in open skin lesions in rats under topicaladministration of raw extract from J gossypiifolia (details
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 15
Table3Po
pularm
edicinaluses
ofJatro
phagossy
piifolia
Ldescrib
edin
theliterature
Plantp
art
Popu
laru
sePreparationandor
mod
eofu
seRe
ference
Who
leplant
Analgesic(headache)
Leaves
anointed
with
ldquoSebode
Holan
dardquo(muttontallo
w)a
ndheated
inthefi
reareu
sedas
compressfor
headaches
[5]
Analgesic(to
othache)
Not
specified
[3]
Antim
icrobial
Not
specified
[3]
Antipyretic
Decoctio
n[20]
Dyscrasia
Not
specified
[3]
Dysph
onia
Not
specified
[3]
Wou
ndhealing
Not
specified
[7475]
Aeria
lparts
Antianemic(m
alariatre
atment)
Decoctio
nused
byoralroute
[76]
Abscess
Bath
[77]
Alopecia
Ashleaves
[25]
Analgesic(eye
pain)
Not
specified
[78]
Analgesic(headache)
Not
specified
[78]
Analgesic(headachea
ndotitis)
Not
specified
[79]
Analgesic(painin
general)
Decoctio
nor
infusio
n[80]
Analgesic(to
othache)
Decoctio
nor
infusio
n[80]
Antianemic
Decoctio
n[81]
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[82]
Anticancer
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Decoctio
nof
thea
ssociatio
nof
leaves
ofJgossy
piifolia
with
leaves
ofPetiveriaalliaceaandaeria
lpartsof
Stachytarpheta
jamaicensis
byoralroute
[29]
Not
specified
[3]
Anticon
vulsivant
Not
specified
[83]
Antidiabetic
Decoctio
n[8485]
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Antidiarrheal
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Not
specified
[3]
Antihem
orrhagic
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Freshcrushedleaves
areu
sedin
caseso
fcutaneous
andnasalbleeding
[86]
Anti-infectiv
eDecoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Not
specified
[8788]
Anti-infl
ammatory
Not
specified
[78]
Antipyretic
Decoctio
n[81]
ldquoTeardquo
[5]
Not
specified
[88]
Antise
ptic
Bath
prepared
from
theleaves
[5]
Antith
rombo
ticDecoctio
nor
infusio
n[80]
Antiulcerogenic
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Leafjuice
[89]
Boils
Applicationof
thep
ound
edleaves
[90]
16 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative MedicineTa
ble3Con
tinued
Plantp
art
Popu
laru
sePreparationandor
mod
eofu
seRe
ference
Burns
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Usedin
associationwith
seedso
fGossypium
arboreum
sugarhon
eybeeandfato
fram
preparedby
grinding
app
liedtopically
[29]
Con
traceptiv
eand
oxito
toxic
Not
specified
[79]
Depurative
Squeezedthe
juiceo
btainedisdrun
k[91]
Detoxificant
Not
specified
[92]
Eczema
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Emetic
Squeezedthe
juiceo
btainedisdrun
k[91]
Gastro
intestinaldisorders
Not
specified
[79]
Gingivitis
Leafjuice
[89]
Gon
orrhoea
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Healin
gBa
thprepared
from
theleaves
[5]
Decoctio
n[30]
Decoctio
nor
infusio
n[80]
Hem
orrhoids
Usedin
associationwith
leaves
ofNicotia
natabacum
andcopp
ersulphateboiledin
waterand
used
asste
amdirected
atthea
nalregion
[93]
Hem
ostatic
Decoctio
nor
infusio
n[80]
Hepatitis
Not
specified
[12]
Itching
skin
Applicationof
thep
ound
edleaves
[90]
Leaves
Leprosy
Leafjuice
[89]
Malaria
Decoctio
n[81]
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[82]
Usedin
associationwith
leaves
ofAz
adira
chta
indica
andCo
mbretum
spbo
iledforsteam
bathsa
ndby
oralroute
[94]
Usedin
associationwith
leaves
ofCo
mbretum
ghasalenseandwho
leplanto
fOcim
umcanu
mbyoralrouteo
rfor
steam
baths
[94]
Mastitis
Poun
dedleaves
appliedon
swollenbreasts
[90]
Mycosis
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Psycho
activ
eNot
specified
[79]
Purgative
Not
specified
[388]
Rheumatism
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Scabies
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Skin
diseases
Not
specified
[3]
Stom
achic
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Not
specified
[8892]
Syph
ilis
Ash
ofleaves
[25]
Thrush
(oralcandidiasis)
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Treatm
ento
fldquocultu
ralsyn
drom
esrdquoldquoderramerdquo
ldquoquebranterdquoldquoespanterdquo
ldquovento-caıdordquoldquo
panemardquo
ldquodoenca-do-arrdquoldquom
ae-do-corpordquo
Not
specified
[79]
Vaginalinfectio
nSlightlybo
iledused
asvaginalw
ash
[91]
Venerald
iseases
Not
specified
[92]
Verm
ifuge
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Vertigo
Not
specified
[3]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 17
Table3Con
tinued
Plantp
art
Popu
laru
sePreparationandor
mod
eofu
seRe
ference
Wou
ndsa
ndrashes
Bath
oftheleaves
[24]
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Decoctio
nused
asbathsfor
cleaningwou
ndsindo
gs[95]
Wou
nddisin
fectant
Slightlybo
iledused
aswou
ndwash
[91]
Stem
Analgesic(to
othache)
Not
specified
[96]
Antianemic
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[82]
Anticancer
Decoctio
nby
oralor
topicalrou
te[26]
Emmenagogue
Decoctio
nof
barks
[7092]
Malaria
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[82]
Rheumatism
Not
specified
[77]
Thickbloo
dNot
specified
[77]
Roots
Anticancer
Decoctio
nby
oralor
topicalrou
te[26]
Root
bark
used
forc
ancero
fthe
lung
s[73]
Anticon
vulsivant
Not
specified
[83]
Antidiarrheal
Not
specified
[89]
Antim
icrobial
Root
bark
used
inbacterialinfectio
ns[73]
Impo
tence
Decoctio
nof
thea
ssociatio
nof
rootso
fJgossy
piifoliaC
hiococca
albaC
itrus
aurantifoliaD
esmodium
canu
m
RoystonearegiaSenn
aoccid
entalisStachytarphetajamaicensis
and
Waltheriaindica
with
thew
holeplanto
fCom
melina
erectaC
yperus
rotund
usand
sugarby
oralroute
[29]
Leprosy
Not
specified
[392]
Snakebites
Not
specified
[22929798]
Urin
arypain
Not
specified
[92]
Uterusd
iseases
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[99100]
Seeds
Analgesic(bod
ypain)
Not
specified
[101]
Analgesic(headache)
Not
specified
[79]
Antigrip
alUsedin
strong
colds
[5]
Antihem
orrhagic
Not
specified
[9]
Antiulcerogenic
Seed
oil
[3]
Con
traceptiv
eand
oxito
toxic
Not
specified
[79]
Depurative
Not
specified
[91]
Emetic
Not
specified
[7091101]
Gastro
intestinaldisorders
Not
specified
[79]
Leprosy
Seed
oil
[3]
Mycosis
Seed
oil
[3]
Psycho
activ
eNot
specified
[79]
Purgative
Not
specified
[39101102]
Treatm
ento
fldquocultu
ralsyn
drom
esrdquoldquoderramerdquo
ldquoquebranterdquoldquoespanterdquo
ldquovento-caıdordquoldquo
panemardquo
ldquodoenca-do-arrdquoldquom
ae-do-corpordquo
Not
specified
[79]
Vaginalinfectio
nSlightlybo
iledused
asvaginalw
ash
[91]
Wou
ndinfection
Slightlybo
iledused
aswou
ndwash
[91]
18 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table3Con
tinued
Plantp
art
Popu
laru
sePreparationandor
mod
eofu
seRe
ference
Fruits
Analgesic
Massaging
pregnant
wom
enrsquosbellies
with
teao
rgarrafadalowast
whenthey
areinpain
[77]
Analgesic(headache)
Teao
rgarrafadalowast
[77]
Analgesic(to
othache)
Teao
rgarrafadalowast
[77]
Laxativ
eIngestion
innatura
ofthep
owderfruit
[102]
Num
bnessa
fterb
ugsting
sTeao
rgarrafadalowast
[77]
Latex
Alopecia
Not
specified
[25]
Analgesic(eye
pain)
Not
specified
[78]
Analgesic(painin
general)
Drin
kor
massage
thea
ffected
area
with
latex
[80]
Analgesic(to
othache)
Cottonsoaked
with
latexkept
incontactw
iththes
oretoo
th[103]
Drin
kor
massage
thea
ffected
area
with
latex
[80]
Anticancer
Not
specified
[25]
Antihem
orrhagic
Not
specified
[9248695]
Antith
rombo
ticOralrou
te[80]
Antiulcerogenic
Not
specified
[2089]
Biteof
veno
mou
sanimals
Applicationof
fresh
latexatthea
ffected
site
[5]
Diuretic
Afewdrop
soffresh
latex
inwater
[6]
Eczema
Not
specified
[25]
Gingivitis
Not
specified
[89]
Gon
orrhea
Not
specified
[25]
Hem
ostatic
Not
specified
[2580]
Infected
wou
nds
Applicationof
fresh
latex
atthea
ffected
site
[520]
Leprosy
Not
specified
[89]
Mycosis
Not
specified
[25]
Purgative
Afewdrop
soffresh
latexin
water
[6]
Not
specified
[9]
Rheumatism
Not
specified
[25]
Scabies
Not
specified
[25]
Skin
burns
Applicationof
fresh
latex
atthea
ffected
site
[104]
Not
specified
[25]
Stop
ofitching
ofcutsandscratches
Not
specified
[95]
Syph
ilis
Not
specified
[25]
Thrush
(oralcandidiasis)
Not
specified
[25]
Verm
ifuge
Not
specified
[25]
Wou
ndhealing
Applicationof
latexatthea
ffected
site
[5]
Drin
kor
massage
thea
ffected
sitew
ithlatex
[80]
Not
specified
[7475]
Resin
Toothache
Toothp
owder
[27]
Wou
ndsinlip
sand
tong
ueTo
picalapp
lication
[27]
Oil
Arthritis
Appliedlocally
[89]
Purgative
Not
specified
[89]
Skin
disease
Appliedlocally
[89]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 19
Table3Con
tinued
Plantp
art
Popu
laru
sePreparationandor
mod
eofu
seRe
ference
Not
specified
Alopecia
Teaa
ppliedlocally
indo
gs[105]
Analgesic
Not
specified
[13]
Poultic
es[95]
Anticancer
Not
specified
[1366]
Antidiarrheal
Not
specified
[2845106]
Antihypertensive
Not
specified
[45]
Anti-infl
ammatory
Not
specified
[1328]
Antipyretic
Not
specified
[28]
Antise
ptic
Not
specified
[45]
Antiulcerogenic
Not
specified
[28]
Cou
ghsa
ndcolds
Bark
juice(4spoo
nfuls3tim
esad
ay)b
yoralroute
[107]
Detoxication
Not
specified
[28]
Diuretic
Not
specified
[45]
Eczema
Not
specified
[28]
Gum
infection
Not
specified
[28]
Healin
gNot
specified
[45108]
Hydropsy
Not
specified
[5]
Leprosy
Not
specified
[28]
Obstructio
nsof
thea
bdom
inaltract
Not
specified
[5]
Purgative
Not
specified
[5]
Regu
latem
enses
Not
specified
[109]
Rheumatism
Not
specified
[5]
Snakea
ndscorpion
bites
Not
specified
[322]
Stom
achpain
Not
specified
[28]
Venerealdiseases
Not
specified
[28]
Wou
nds
Poultic
es[95]
Usedas
bath
[28]
lowast
Garrafadapreparatio
ndo
neby
maceratingplantp
artsin
alcoho
lorh
ydroalcoho
licmediumsin
generalbrandies
20 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative MedicineTa
ble4Ph
armacologicalstu
dies
ofJatro
phagossy
piifolia
Ldescrib
edin
theliterature
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Analgesic
Aeria
lparts
Methano
land
petro
lether
extracts
At100and200m
gkgdayover7
daysbyoralrouteinmiceon
lythe
methano
lextractpresentedsig
nificantanalgesicactiv
ityin
Eddyrsquosho
tplatea
ndtail-flack
mod
els[92]
Fruits
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmicehigh
lysig
nificantly
inhibitedthew
rithing
respon
sesind
uced
byaceticacid
[110]
Leaves
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmicesig
nificantly
inhibited
thew
rithing
respon
sesind
uced
byaceticacid
[111]
Antibacteria
l
Latex
Crud
elatex
At100120583
Lvolumeinh
ibitedin
vitro
Liste
riamonocytogenes
Salm
onellatyhimuriumSalmonellatyphiandStaphylococcus
aureus
[112]
Latex
Not
specified
Presentedbactericidaleffectinvitro
againstShigella
dysenteriaea
ndStaphylococcus
aureuslowast
[113]
Leaves
Fractio
nsobtained
bysequ
entia
lextractionof
the
vegetalm
aterialw
ithpetro
letherbenzenechloroform
aceton
eethano
lmethano
landwater
Petro
lether
fractio
nwas
inactiv
eagainstEscherich
iacoliandBa
cillus
subtilisBe
nzenefractionwas
them
ostactiveagainstb
oth
microorganism
sCh
loroform
andmethano
lfractions
werea
ctive
onlyagainstB
acillus
subtilisAc
eton
eand
ethano
lfractions
were
activ
eonlyagainstE
scheric
hiacoliAq
ueou
sfractionwas
activ
eagainstb
othmicroorganism
salthou
ghto
amuchlesser
degree
than
theo
ther
fractions
[52]
Methano
lchloroform
and
water
extracts
Allextractswerea
ctiveinvitro
againstShigella
dysenteriaelowast
[113]
Petro
lether
andethyl
acetatefractions
from
ethano
ldichloromethane
(11vv)extract
Thep
etrolether
fractio
n(1mgmL)
inhibitedin
vitro
Pseudomonas
aeruginosaStaphylo
coccus
epidermidis
andSalm
onellatyphim
urium
Thee
thylacetatefraction(1mgmL)
was
activ
eagainstStaphylococcus
aureus
[87]
Who
leplant
Jatro
phenon
ePresentedin
vitro
antib
acteria
lactivity
againstStaphylo
coccus
aureus
comparabletopenicillin
[41]
Aeria
lparts
Water
andethylacetate
fractio
nsfro
mmethano
lextract
Both
fractio
nsat1
mgdidno
tprodu
cezoneso
finh
ibition
for
Escherich
iacoliStaphylococcus
aureusSaccharom
yces
cerevisia
enor
Cand
idaalbicans
[114]
Leaves
Chloroform
extract
Presentedantib
acteria
lactivity
againstSalmonellatyphiPseudomonas
aeruginosaand
Staphylococcus
aureus
andantifun
galactivity
against
Cand
idaalbicansD
idno
tprodu
ceinhibitio
nzonesa
gainst
Escherich
iacoliBa
cillussubtilis
Proteusm
irabilisC
orynebacteriu
mdiptheria
eShigelladysenteriaea
ndStreptococcusp
enum
oniae
[50]
Leaves
Dichlorom
ethane
methano
l(11vv)extract
At05and1m
gmLshow
edsig
nificantantibacteria
lactivity
invitro
againstB
acillus
cereus
varm
ycoidesBa
cillusp
umilu
sBa
cillussubtilis
Bordetellabronchise
ptica
MicrococcusluteusStaphylococcus
aureus
Staphylococcus
epidermidis
Klebsiella
pneumoniaeandStreptococcus
faecalisandantifun
galactivity
invitro
againstC
andida
albicans
[88]
Methano
lextract
Presentedantib
acteria
lactivity
againstSalmonellatyphiPseudomonas
aeruginosaand
Staphylococcus
aureus
andantifun
galactivity
against
Cand
idaalbicansD
idno
tprodu
ceinhibitio
nzonesa
gainst
Escherich
iacoliBa
cillussubtilis
Proteusm
irabilisC
orynebacteriu
mdiptheria
eShigelladysenteriaea
ndStreptococcusp
enum
oniae
[50]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 21
Table4Con
tinued
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Antibacteria
land
antifun
gal
Not
specified
Extractsob
tained
bysequ
entia
lextractionof
the
vegetalm
aterialw
ithn-hexanechloroform
aceton
emethano
land
water
n-Hexanee
xtracthadinhibitory
activ
ityin
vitro
againstE
scheric
hia
coliSalm
onellatyphiPseudomonas
aeruginosaB
acillus
cereus
Klebsiella
aerogenesandCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainst
Shiguella
boydiAspergillus
fumiga
tusAspergillus
flavusand
Aspergillus
nigerCh
loroform
extractinh
ibitedin
vitro
Salm
onella
typhiPseudomonas
aeruginosaB
acillus
cereusan
dCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainstEscherich
iacoliStaphylococcus
aureus
Shiguella
boydiAspergillus
fumiga
tusAspergillus
flavusand
Aspergillus
nigerAc
eton
eextractinhibitedin
vitro
Escherich
iacoli
Pseudomonas
aeruginosaStaphylococcusa
ureusKlebsiella
aerogenes
Proteusv
ulgarisan
dCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainst
Salm
onellatyphiAspergillus
fumiga
tusAspergillus
flavusa
ndAspergillus
nigerMethano
lextractinhibitedin
vitro
Escherich
iacoli
Salm
onellatyphiPseudomonas
aeruginosaStaphylococcusa
ureus
Bacilluscereusa
ndCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainst
Aspergillus
fumigatusA
spergillu
sflavusan
dAspergillus
nigerWater
extractw
asactiv
einvitro
againstE
scheric
hiacoliSalm
onellatyphi
Pseudomonas
aeruginosaStaphylococcusa
ureusBa
cilluscereus
Klebsiella
aerogenesProteusv
ulgarisan
dCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainstAspergillus
fumigatusA
spergillu
sflavusand
Aspergillus
niger
[89]
Methano
land
petro
lether
extractsfro
mbark
At200120583
g100120583
Lon
lythem
ethano
lextractshow
edin
vitro
antib
acteria
lactivity
upon
Staphylococcus
aureusStre
ptococcus
pyogenesand
Escherich
iacoliandantifun
galactivity
upon
Aspergillus
nigerCa
ndidaalbicansPenicillium
notatumand
Saccharomyces
cerevisia
e
[115]
Anticho
linesterase
Latex
Lyop
hilized
latex
Inhibitedtim
e-anddo
se-dependentlythea
cetylch
olinesterase
enzymeinnervou
stissue
offre
shwater
airb
reathing
fishCh
anna
marulius
[116]
Leaves
Fractio
nsobtained
bysequ
entia
lextractionof
the
vegetalm
aterialw
ithethyl
acetatea
ndmethano
l
At2m
gmLconcentration
thee
thylacetatea
ndmethano
lfractions
presentedinhibitory
activ
ities
invitro
of71
and100
Them
ethano
lfractio
npresentedIC
50of
005
mgmL
[117]
Antidiarrheal
Fruits
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmiceinhibitedthec
astoro
ilindu
ceddiarrhea
[110]
Leaves
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmiceinhibitedthec
astoro
ilindu
ceddiarrhea
[111]
Antifu
ngal
(antidermatop
hytic
fung
i)Ae
rialp
arts
Water
andethylacetate
fractio
nsfro
mmethano
lextract
Them
inim
alconcentrationprod
ucing75of
inhibitio
nor
high
eragainstM
icrosporuscanis
forb
othfractio
nsw
as1120583
gmLFo
rthe
fung
usMicrosporusg
ypseum
Microsporusfulvuman
dMicrosporus
gallina
eno
neof
thefractionpresentedinhibitory
activ
ity
[114]
22 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative MedicineTa
ble4Con
tinued
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Anti-infl
ammatory
Aeria
lparts
Methano
land
petro
lether
extracts
At100and200m
gkgdayover7
daysbyoralrouteinmiceon
lythe
methano
lextractpresentedsig
nificantanti-infl
ammatoryactiv
ityon
carrageenan-indu
cedpawedem
a[92]
Leaves
Aqueou
sextract
At100and200120583
gmLsig
nificantly
preventedthelysisof
human
red
bloo
dcells
inmem
branes
tabilizationmetho
din
vitro
[118]
Ethano
lextract
At100120583
gmLsig
nificantly
preventedthelysisof
human
redbloo
dcells
inmem
branes
tabilizationmetho
din
vitro
[118]
Methano
lextractandleaf
paste
At500and1000
mgkgbyoralrouteinrats
inhibitedthe
carrageenan-indu
cedpawedem
aAt
50and100m
gkgbyoralroute
inrats
inhibitedthec
ottonpelletind
uced
granulom
aformationin
rats
At05and1m
geartheleafp
asteredu
cedtheinfl
ammation
respon
sein
mou
seeare
demam
odel
[28]
Not
specified
Methano
land
petro
lether
extractsfro
mbark
At200m
gkgbyoralrouteinratsbothextractsredu
cedthe
carrageenan-indu
cedpawedem
a[115]
Antim
alarial
Leaves
Aqueou
sextract
30120583ginhibitedin
vitro
theg
rowth
ofPlasmodium
falciparum
[31]
Dichlorom
ethane
extract
Activ
einvitro
againstP
lasm
odium
falciparumw
ithIC
50of
abou
t35120583gmL
[81]
Antineoplasic
Roots
Ethano
licextractand
jatro
phon
e
Thee
thanolextractas
wellasjatroph
oneexhibitedsig
nificant
inhibitory
activ
ityin
vitro
againstcellsderiv
edfro
mhu
man
carcinom
aofthe
nasoph
aryn
xandlymph
ocyticleuk
emiaP-388and
invivo
againstfou
rstand
ardanim
altumor
syste
ms
[66]
Falodo
neShow
edpo
tent
proliferatio
ninhibitory
activ
ityagainstA
-549
human
cancer
celllin
ewith
IC50of
120120583
gmL
[13]
2120572-H
ydroxyjatro
phon
e2120573
-hydroxy-56-iso
jatro
phon
eand2120573
-hydroxyjatro
phon
editerpenes
isolatedfro
mpetro
lether
extract
Presentedantin
eoplasicactiv
ityup
onP-388lymph
ocyticleuk
emia
testsyste
mbo
thin
vivo
andin
vitro
asw
ellasfor
theE
aglersquos
carcinom
aofthe
nasoph
aryn
xtestsyste
min
vitro
[64]
Not
specified
Abiodo
neNot
specifiedlowast
[73]
Antioxidant
Leaves
Methano
lethylacetateand
aqueou
sextract
Allextractsshow
edsig
nificantantioxidant
activ
ityin
vitro
inDPP
Hfre
eradicalferric
thiocyanateandnitricoxides
caveng
ingmetho
dslowast
[55]
Who
leplant
Petro
letherchloroform
ethylacetateand
n-bu
tano
lextracts
Allextractsshow
edon
lypo
orDPP
Hscavenging
activ
ityTh
etotal
antio
xidant
capacitywas
high
erin
ethylacetateandn-bu
tano
lextracts
having
thep
etrolether
andchloroform
show
ingon
lypo
oractiv
ityTh
elipid
peroxidatio
nwas
inhibitedon
lypartially
bythe
extracts
with
thee
thylacetateb
eing
them
ostactivea
ndthep
etrol
etherb
eing
theleast
[48]
Antisp
asmod
icAe
rialp
arts
Ethano
lextractfractions
andsubfractions
At5001000and
2000
mgkgbyoralrouteinmiceshow
edsig
nificantantisp
asmod
icactiv
ityin
mou
seintestinaltransit
mod
elandat0510
and
20m
gmLinhibitedin
vitro
thea
cetylch
olinea
ndcalcium-in
ducedcontractions
ofiso
lated
ratjeju
numO
nlythe
organicfractionof
thee
xtracthadac
alcium
-antagon
isteffect
whereas
both
chloroform
icandaqueou
sfractions
hadanticho
linergic
effect
[119]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 23Ta
ble4Con
tinued
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Antivira
lAe
rialp
arts
Water
andethylacetate
fractio
nsfro
mmethano
lextract
At110and
100120583
gmLbo
thfractio
nspresented100
ofinhibitio
nof
plaque-fo
rmingabilityof
Sind
bisv
irusintre
atmentp
reinfection
protocol(IC 5
0lt1120583
gmL)w
hilein
treatmentp
ostin
fection
theIC 5
0of
water
fractio
nincreasedto
512andacetatefractionincreasedto
37120583gmLFo
rmurinec
ytom
egaloviru
sIC
50of
17and15
towater
andethylacetatefractio
nswereo
bservedrespectiv
elyintre
atment
preinfectio
nprotocolInthetreatmentp
ostin
fection
howe
verno
inhibitio
nwas
observed
inthismicroorganism
[114]
Not
specified
Methano
lextractfro
mbarks
Partially
activ
eagainstSind
bisv
irusand
herpes
simplex
virus-l
Inactiv
eagainsthu
man
polio
virus
[107]
Bron
chod
ilator
Stem
sAq
ueou
sextract
Thee
xtractwas
inactiv
einbron
chod
ilatora
ctivity
inguinea
pigs
[120]
Con
traceptiv
eLeaves
Ethano
lextract
At450m
gkgdayover2
1daysby
oralroutecaused
anantifertility
activ
ityin
femalem
ice
[121]
Healin
g
Aeria
lparts
Ethano
l70
extract
At1m
Lkg
dosebyintraperito
nealrouteinrats
presentedbeneficial
activ
ityin
healingprocesso
fcolon
icanastomosis
[122]
Aeria
lparts
Ethano
l70
extract
At200m
gkgbyintraperito
nealrouteinrats
favoredtheh
ealin
gprocesso
fgastro
rrhaph
iesa
ndredu
cedthea
cuteinflammatory
reactio
nin
vivo
[123]
Leaves
Hydroethano
lextract
At200m
gkgbyintraperito
nealroutedecreasedtheinfl
ammation
andincreasedvascular
neoformationandcollagendepo
sitionwhen
comparedto
thec
ontro
lgroup
inhealingprocesso
fsutures
perfo
rmed
ontheb
ladd
erof
rats
How
everingeneralno
favorable
healingeffectw
asob
served
[108]
Not
specified
Ethano
licextract
Alth
ough
someimprovem
entcou
ldbe
observed
insuture
healingof
ventralabd
ominalwallofratstreated
with
100m
gkg
ofextract
(intraperito
nealinstillationintraperito
nealcavity)in
generalon
lya
poor
healingactiv
itywas
observed
[124]
Not
specified
At01m
Lvolumeby
topicalapp
lication
thec
rude
extractp
resented
significantd
ifferencesc
oncerningthem
acroscop
icandmicroscop
icaspectso
fhealin
gprocesso
ccurrin
gin
open
skin
lesio
nsin
rats
[125]
Hem
ostatic
Latex
Crud
efresh
latex
Decreased
clotting
andbleeding
timeinhealthysubjects
[101]
Hepatop
rotective
Aeria
lparts
Petro
letherm
ethano
land
water
extracts
At200m
gkgdayover7
daysbyoralrouteinrats
both
extracts
presentedhepatoprotectiv
eactivity
incarbon
tetrachlorideind
uced
liver
damagewith
thep
etrolether
beingthem
ostactivea
ndthe
methano
lbeing
theleast
[126]
Hypotensiv
eand
vasorelaxant
Aeria
lparts
Ethano
licextract
At125and250m
gkgdayover4
weeksby
oralrouteinrats
ina
dose-dependent
mannerredu
cedthes
ystolic
bloo
dpressure
and
prod
uced
acon
centratio
n-depend
entrelaxanteffectin
ratisolated
(ex
vivo)end
otheliu
m-depriv
edmesenteric
artery
precon
tractedwith
norepineph
rineo
rCaC
l 2
[45]
Immun
omod
ulatory
Who
leplant
Petro
lether
extract
At100200and40
0120583gmLincreasedthep
roliferationof
mou
sespleen
cellin
vitro
[127]
Localanesthetic
Not
specified
Methano
land
aqueou
sextracts
Both
extractspresentedsig
nificantlocalanestheticactiv
ityby
plexus
anesthesiain
frogslowast
[128]
24 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table4Con
tinued
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Relaxant
effecto
nuterine
smoo
thmuscle
(tocolytic
activ
ity)
Aeria
lparts
Ethano
licextractand
chloroform
icandaqueou
sfractio
ns
At05and10
mgmLthee
thanolicextractreduced
the
calcium
-evokedcontractile
respon
seof
theu
terin
esmoo
thmuscle
as
wellas
thec
hloroformicfractio
nTh
eaqu
eous
fractio
npresented
onlyslighteffect
[129]
Sedativ
eand
anxiolytic
Fruits
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmicepresentedsedativ
eeffect
intheh
olec
rosstest
At200m
gkgpresented
anxiolyticactiv
ityin
holebo
ardtest
At40
0mgkgpresented
anxiolyticactiv
ityin
elevated
plus-m
azetest
[110]
Leaves
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmicepresentedsedativ
eeffect
intheh
olec
rosstest
At200m
gkgpresented
anxiolyticactiv
ityin
holebo
ardtest
At40
0mgkgpresented
anxiolyticin
elevated
plus-m
azetest
[111]
lowast
Thec
ompletev
ersio
nof
thep
aper
was
notaccessib
leso
theinformationwas
obtained
from
itsabstr
act
IC50con
centratio
nthatinhibits50of
ther
eferredactiv
ity
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 25
about extract preparation and plant part not specified) theauthors also observed an absence of healing action althoughsome histological improvement was shown [125]
However studying the influence of J gossypiifolia on thehealing process of colonic anastomosis in rats Servin et alshowed that the administration of 1mLkg single dose ofthe hydro alcoholic extract from aerial parts has beneficialeffect on the healing process [122] However according tothese authors on the seventh day of the experiment therewas a decrease in the action of the extract suggestingthat the extract in this experiment was less active in laterstages of healing process [122] A plausible hypothesis notraised by the authors could be the fact that the extract wasadministered in a single dose which may not have beensufficient to maintain the effect throughout the time of theexperiment Additionally Vale et al showed that the ethanolicextract from aerial parts of J gossypiifolia at single intraperi-toneal dose of 200mgkg favored the healing process ofgastrorrhaphies and reduced the acute inflammatory reactionin vivo [123]
65 Hemostatic Action The use of J gossypiifolia especiallythe latex is widespread as a hemostatic agent for preventingbleeding disorders The results of whole blood clotting timeusing Lee and White method and bleeding time using Ivyrsquosmethod were significantly reduced when stem latex wasintroduced suggesting procoagulant activity [101] Regardingthe possible mechanism of action based on experimentsthat show the precipitating action of the latex upon bovinealbumin the authors suggest that the latex precipitatesclotting factors thereby bringing the coagulation factors intoclose contact and then the activation of coagulation cascadeleads to the generation of thrombin and formation of aclot takes place in a matter of seconds when compared tothe control experiment which took minutes to completecoagulation [101] It is important to emphasize that to the bestof our knowledge this is the only study performed on humansubjects
66 Anticholinesterase Action Based on the cholinergichypothesis acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are widely usedto treat Alzheimerrsquos disease J gossypiifolia presented animportant anticholinesterase activity since the methanolicextract from leaves showed an IC
50of 005mgmL [117]
Another study showed that the lyophilized latex of theplant was able to inhibit time- and dose-dependently theacetylcholinesterase enzyme in nervous tissue of freshwaterair breathing fish Channa marulius [116]
67 Antioxidant Action The antioxidant activity of extractsfrom J gossypiifoliawas evaluated by Kharat et al [55] In thiswork the high content of phenols tannins and flavonoids inthe leaves prompted the authors to evaluate the antioxidantactivity of the leaves DPPH free radical ferric thiocyanateand nitric oxide scavengingmethods were used to analyze theantioxidant activity in vitro of methanol ethyl acetate andaqueous extracts demonstrating positive resultsThe authorsattributed the free radical scavenging activity to the presence
of flavonoids [55] On the other hand a study showed thatdifferent extracts (petrol ether chloroform ethyl acetate andn-butanol) fromwhole plant of J gossypiifolia had only partialantioxidant activity in DPPH scavenging total antioxidantcapacity and lipid peroxidation tests [48] Among them theethyl acetate extract was the most active which correlatespositively with its higher content of phenolic compounds incomparison with the other extracts [48]
68 Contraceptive Action Based on its popular use J gossypi-ifoliawas assessed for its antifertility activity as an alternativeto oral contraceptive agents J gossypiifolia leaf extract byoral route altered the major hormones involved in estrouscycle regulation indicating its antifertility effect on mice[121] Evaluating other parameters (estrogenic and earlyabortifacient activities) the anti-infertility effect of the extractwas once more demonstrated later [130]
69 Tocolytic Action Based on the ethnopharmacologicalapplication of the plant as tocolytic remedy the effects oncalcium-evoked uterine smooth muscle contraction of theethanolic extract and fractions were evaluated [129] Thecrude extract and to a higher extent the chloroformic frac-tion reduced the calcium-evoked contractile response of theuterine smooth muscle promoting a rightward displacementof calciumcumulative curves aswell as reducing themaximalcontractions [129]
610 Antineoplasic Action One of the most well-knownpharmacological activities of J gossypiifolia is its antineopla-sic action which is frequently associated with the contentof lignoids and terpenoids One of the first reports wasmade by Kupchan et al [66] when the authors found thatthe ethanolic extract from roots as well as the isolatedditerpene jatrophone exhibited significant inhibitory activityin vitro against cells derived from human carcinoma of thenasopharynx and lymphocytic leukemia P-388 and in vivoagainst four standard animal tumor systems such as sarcoma180 Lewis lung carcinoma P-388 lymphocytic leukemiaand Walker 256 intramuscular carcinosarcoma [66] Laterthree new antitumor derivatives of jatrophone were isolatedfrom petrol ether extracts from roots of J gossypiifolia 2120572-hydroxyjatrophone 2120573-hydroxy-56-isojatrophone and 2120573-hydroxyjatrophone [64] Recently two other diterpenes withpotent antineoplasic activity were isolated from J gossypi-ifolia falodone and abiodone Falodone was isolated frommethanol extract from roots and showed potent proliferationinhibitory activity against A-549 human cancer cell line [13]Abiodone a lathyrane diterpenoid compound was isolatedfrom J gossypiifolia and presented potent anticancer activity[73]
611 Local Anesthetic Action The local anesthetic action ofJ gossypiifolia was evaluated by plexus anaesthesia in frogs[128] The authors observed that the aqueous and methanolextract (plant part not specified) presented significant anes-thetic action when compared to control group
26 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
612 Neuropharmacological Action The neuropharmacolog-ical action of the methanol extract of the leaves of J gossypi-ifolia was evaluated by Apu et al [111] The authors observedthat in hole cross test the extract at 200 and 400mgkg byoral route showed significant sedative effect in mice In holeboard test the extract showed highly significant anxiolyticactivity at a dose of 200mgkg whereas the same activity wasobserved at 400mgkg dose in elevated plus-maze test [111]Similar results were observed in the methanolic extract fromfruits [110]
613 Antidiarrheal Action Although it may seem contradic-tory as shown in Table 3 J gossypiifolia species is popularlyused both as purgative and as antidiarrheal remedy Howeverin literature there are interesting results about the antidiar-rheal properties of different extracts of this species
At 200 and 400mgkg oral doses in mice the methanolextract of J gossypiifolia leaves produced highly signifi-cant antidiarrheal activity upon castor oil-induced diarrheadecreasing themean number of stool and total weight of fecaloutput when compared to control group [111] Similar resultswere observed in the methanolic extract from fruits [110]
Aiming to determine the possible action mechanism of Jgossypiifolia aerial parts ethanol extract as antidiarrheal agentSilva et al [119] have investigated the effect of this extracton intestinal transit velocity and on isolated rat jejunumAt 500 1000 and 2000mgkg by oral route in mice theextract showed significant antispasmodic activity in mouseintestinal transit model when compared to control At 0510 and 20mgmL the crude extract inhibited in vitro theacetylcholine and calcium-induced contractions of isolatedrat jejunum The chloroform and aqueous fractions wereobtained and it was observed that only the chloroform frac-tion of the extract had a calcium-antagonist effect whereasboth chloroformic and aqueous fractions had anticholinergiceffect suggesting that the antispasmodic effect of J gossypi-ifolia may be due to a combination of anticholinergic andcalcium-antagonist mechanisms [119]
614 Immunomodulatory Action The immunomodulatoryaction of synthetic lignan compounds was evaluated by theassay of proliferation of mouse spleen cell in vitro andcompared with petrol ether extract of whole plant of Jgossypiifolia since it is a natural source of this kind ofcompound [127] The authors showed that both syntheticand naturally occurring 1-phenylnaphthalene lignans couldpositively modulate the immunity of the host since theysignificantly increased the proliferation of mouse spleen cellin vitro [127]
615 Hepatoprotective Action Despite some studies havingshown the hepatotoxic potential of J gossypiifolia a study wasperformed to analyze the possible hepatoprotective action ofextracts of this plant in carbon tetrachloride-induced liverdamage in rats [126] In fact the petrol ether methanoland water extracts from the aerial parts of J gossypiifoliapresented significant hepatoprotective action in this model
substantially restoring towards normalization the serum lev-els of serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase serum glu-tamate pyruvate transaminase serum alkaline phosphatasetotal bilirubin superoxide dismutase and catalase [126] Theauthors also discuss the close relationship between the hep-atoprotective action observed and the possible antioxidantmechanism present in the extracts
7 Other Actions andBiotechnological Applications
In addition to studies demonstrating scientific evidences ofthe pharmacological properties of J gossypiifolia severalstudies have demonstrated the potential of this species toobtain molecules with various applications thus showing itsmultipurpose character
Among the main applications described the use ofJ gossypiifolia seed oil for biodiesel production could bementioned Jatropha species has drawn the attention ofresearchers in recent years due to its emergence as a highlysuitable feedstock plant for biodiesel production [11] Amongthe species J gossypiifolia J curcas and J pohliana produceseeds with high oil content [11] In a study investigatingthe potential of two plants of the Jatropha genus (includ-ing J gossypiifolia) the authors observed that the studiedphysicochemical properties of the produced biodiesel are inthe acceptable range for use as biodiesel in diesel enginesshowing a promising economic exploitation of these rawmaterials [131]
Studies have shown the potential of the species for thedevelopment of new tools for biochemical analysis A recentstudy showed that the diluted fresh latex J gossypiifolia can beused as precipitating agent for biochemical determination ofproteins in plasma urine and cerebrospinal fluid with valuescomparable to those obtained from the conventional proteinprecipitants sodium tungstate and trichloroacetic acid [24]According to the authors the precipitating potential couldbe related to the capacity of the latex to form clots whenapplied to a bleeding sore or wound when it is used in folkmedicine [24] Another study showed the potentiality of thejuice extracted from the fresh leaves of J gossypiifolia asan anticoagulant for haematological analyses [86] 01mL ofextract per mL of blood proved to be suitable for obtainingplasmas for biochemical analysis comparable with conven-tional anticoagulants [86] However the authors emphasizethat the extract must be purified to remove interferingsubstances for it to be perfectly suitable for biochemicalanalysis [86]
Some studies have demonstrated the potentiality of Jgossypiifolia as a source of pesticide biomolecules Bullang-poti et al [49] isolated ricinine from the ethyl acetate extractfrom senescent leaves the main compound responsible forthe toxicity of the crude extract in Spodoptera exigua larvaethus demonstrating that it could be an alternative choiceto chemical insecticides In another study Bullangpoti etal [132] showed that the ethanol extract of J gossypiifoliain association with the ethanol extract of Melia azedarachwas toxic and inhibited some enzymes from Spodoptera
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 27
frugiperda larvae demonstrating once more the potentialityof the species as insecticide agent Calatayud et al [56]showed the presence of proteins of about 100 kDa with toxicactivity upon Phenacoccus herreni another type of insectIn this work the authors performed a strategy of extrac-tion that eliminated nonprotein compounds being able todemonstrate the potential of the species to obtain insecticidalproteins [56] Leaf extract of J gossypiifolia reduced thefecundity and egg viability against stored product insect pestsTribolium castaneum [133]
The potential molluscicidal activity of J gossypiifolia hasalso been evaluated as an alternative mode of preventionof schistosomiasis Sukumaran et al [134] showed that themethanol and n-butanol extracts from unripened seeds of Jgossypiifoliawas toxic against eggs and adults of two species offreshwater snails Lymnaea luteola and Indoplanorbis exustusThe results indicated that n-butanol extract was the mosteffective and that the eggs were more susceptible than adults[134]
8 Toxicology
Species of Jatropha are notably known for their toxic potential[135 136] This toxicity is related primarily to latex andseeds The latex is released from the aerial parts of theplant by mechanical injury and it is extremely caustic andirritating to skin and mucous membranes The seeds arerich in toxalbumins that cause agglutination and hemolysisto erythrocytes as well as damage to other cell types andcontain a lipoid resin complex that can cause dermatitis[3 12 135] The symptomatology consists in general ofgastrointestinal disorders (abdominal pain nausea vomitingand diarrhea) Additionally the clinical course can bringcardiovascular neurological and renal complications [136]Cases of poisoning in humans usually occur by eating fruitand seeds because of its similarity to edible chestnuts [136]
Some toxicological studies have demonstrated the toxicproperties of J gossypiifolia while others show the absence oftoxicity However it is important to observe the models useddoses administrated and types of extract employed (solventand plant part) among other aspects to make the properconclusions about the toxicity
The study of experimental poisoning in sheep showedthat the intake of fresh plant leaves in a single dose of40 gkg was lethal to these animals [137] The clinical andpathological picture in the experimental sheep was charac-terized by digestive lung and heart disturbances and alsoby slight regressive changes evidenced in hepatic and renalhistological examinations [137] However as observed byMariz et al [7] it is important to note that the medicinaluse of the plant is rarely in natura but instead by differentpreparations such as infusions or decoctions sometimes ofthe dried material which could inactivate the possible toxiccomponents However this is only a hypothesis and so thetoxicity of extracts from leaves cannot be discarded
One of the first studies relating the identification of theconstituents responsible for the toxic effects of the Jatrophaspecies was published by Adolf et al [69] In this work
by a bioguided isolation the irritant polyunsaturated ester12-deoxy-16-hydroxylphorbol was isolated from the etherextract from the seeds of J gossypiifolia by countercurrentchromatography [69] The irritant activity was visualized inmouse ear after 24 h of the application of the fractions andisolated compounds [69]
The in vitro cytotoxicity assay using brine shrimp larvaetest revealed that ethanol and methanol extracts (plant organunspecified) showed low toxicity [138] An earlier studyshowed that thewater and ethyl acetate fraction of amethanolextract from aerial parts of J gossypiifolia did not presenttoxicity against the same organisms [114]
A study performed in Wistar rats evaluated the toxicityof the ethanolic root extract of J gossypiifolia at 10 20 and30mgkg by oral route [139] The authors observed that theextract was toxic to the kidney and caused increased urearetention in the blood as observed by histological studies andbiochemical analysis of blood [139]
A preclinical toxicological assessment of the crudeethanol extract from J gossypiifolia leaves showed that theextract presents relatively low oral acute toxicity in Wistarrats [18 19] Rats treated with single doses of 12ndash50 gkgby oral route were observed for 14 days and the mostimportant signs of toxicity were ptosis reduction of bodyweight and hind limb paralysis Other significant alterationsoccurred only in males treated with 50 gkg dose increasein creatinine aspartate aminotransferase sodium and potas-sium seric levels reduction of urea and albumin leucopeniaand small alteration in color and consistency of visceraThe median lethal dose (LD
50) was higher than 40 gkg
for males and higher than 50 gkg for females [19] In thehistopathological evaluation some alteration was observedin liver and lung only at 50 gkg suggesting the relativelylow toxicity of the extract [18] However in the chronictoxicological study (thirteen weeks of treatment) this extractshowed significant oral chronic toxicity in rats [17] The mostsignificant toxic signs indicated a reduction of the activityin the central nervous system and digestive disturbancesThe histopathological analysis revealed hepatotoxicity andpulmonary damages The lethality was 466 and 133among males and females under the higher tested dose(405mgkg) respectively [17] Based on this Mariz et al [7]discussed that the development of herbal medicine based onthis species needs to prioritize the chemical refinement of thecrude extracts to obtain less toxic fractions which should betested for their safety and therapeutic efficacy
Another study on the other hand evaluating the oralacute toxicity of the aqueous and ethanol extracts from leavesof J gossypiifolia did not show any sign of toxicity in upto 2 gkg in rats enabling the authors to conclude that thisextract could be considered safe [118] This is an interestingresult since in most cases the plant is used popularly as tea(aqueous extract)
The toxicity of the stem latex of J gossypiifoliawas studiedin Wistar rats by applying different doses of crude latex onincised skin daily for 18 days based on the popular useof the latex as hemostatic agent in skin lesions [140] Theauthors observed that the application of the latex did notproduce any significant difference in results of biochemical
28 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
and hematological parameters obtained from the control andexperimental animals leading to the conclusion that the stemlatex has no harmful effects [140]
9 Conclusions
As demonstrated by this review J gossypiifolia presents animportant potential for the generation of pharmacologicalandor biotechnological products based on popular usesand biological studies scientifically showing its propertiesHowever regarding specifically its medicinal propertiesfurther studies are still necessary to assay important folkuses of the species and characterize the major compoundsresponsible for the bioactivityThus studies of bioprospectingcould prioritize this species since many popular uses forvariousmedical purposes are reported demonstrating a greatpotential to originate bioactive molecules with pharmaco-logical relevance Furthermore future phytochemical studiesof this plant are important to obtain the best knowledgeof the chemical composition of different extracts of theplant in order to recognize the really important compoundsin the pharmacological actions aspiring to the chemicalrefinement of the products to eliminate the eventual toxiceffects that could reduce the medicinal value of the speciesIn conclusion the data presented in this review could provideinsights for future research aimed at both ethnopharmaco-logical validation of the popular use of J gossypiifolia andits exploration as a new source of bioactive molecules forherbal drugs andor bioactive natural products for potentialapplication in complementary and alternative medicine
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper
Acknowledgments
The authors thank BNB CNPq and CAPES (Brazil) forthe financial support Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosagives thanks to CNPq for Scholarship in Research Produc-tivity The authors also thank Andrew Alastair Cumming forediting this paper for the English revision
References
[1] G L Webster ldquoClassification of the euphorbiaceaerdquo Annals ofthe Missouri Botanical Garden vol 81 pp 3ndash143 1994
[2] M V Alves ldquoChecklist das especies de Euphorbiaceae Jussocorrentes no semi-arido pernambucano BrasilrdquoActa BotanciaBrasileira vol 12 no 3 pp 485ndash495 1998
[3] C W Sabandar N Ahmat F M Jaafar and I Sahidin ldquoMedic-inal property phytochemistry and pharmacology of severalJatropha species (Euphorbiaceae) a reviewrdquo Phytochemistryvol 85 pp 7ndash29 2013
[4] C K A Leal and M D F Agra ldquoEstudo farmacobotanicocomparativo das folhas de Jatrophamolissima (Pohl) BaillrdquoActaFarmaceutica Bonaerense vol 24 no 1 pp 5ndash13 2005
[5] L C Di Stasi and C A Hiruma-Lima Plantas medicinais naAmazonia e na Mata Atlantica UNESP Sao Paulo Brazil 2ndedition 2002
[6] M D F Agra K N Silva I J L D Basılio P F De Freitasand JM Barbosa-Filho ldquoSurvey ofmedicinal plants used in theregionNortheast of BrazilrdquoBrazilian Journal of Pharmacognosyvol 18 no 3 pp 472ndash508 2008
[7] S R Mariz A C R Borges M F F Melo-Diniz and I AMedeiros ldquoPossibilidades terapeuticas e riscos toxicologicosde Jatropha gossypiifolia L uma revisao narrativardquo RevistaBrasileiraDe PlantasMedicinais vol 12 no 3 pp 346ndash357 2010
[8] I Cordeiro and R Secco ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia L Lista deespecies da flora do Brasilrdquo Jardim Botanico do Rio de JaneirohttpfloradobrasiljbrjgovbrjabotfloradobrasilFB17581
[9] U P de Albuquerque P M de Medeiros A L S de Almeida etal ldquoMedicinal plants of the caatinga (semi-arid) vegetation ofNE Brazil a quantitative approachrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacol-ogy vol 114 no 3 pp 325ndash354 2007
[10] U P Albuquerque L H C Andrade and J Caballero ldquoStruc-ture and floristics of homegardens in Northeastern BrazilrdquoJournal of Arid Environments vol 62 no 3 pp 491ndash506 2005
[11] S A Ceasar and S Ignacimuthu ldquoApplications of biotechnologyand biochemical engineering for the improvement of Jatrophaand Biodiesel a reviewrdquo Renewable and Sustainable EnergyReviews vol 15 no 9 pp 5176ndash5185 2011
[12] U P de Albuquerque J MMonteiro M A Ramos and E L Cde Amorim ldquoMedicinal and magic plants from a public marketin northeastern Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 110no 1 pp 76ndash91 2007
[13] A Falodun Q Sheng-Xiang G Parkinson and S GibbonsldquoIsolation and characterization of a new anticancer diterpenoidfrom Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journalvol 45 no 10 pp 636ndash639 2012
[14] BRASIL ldquoFitoterapia plantas de interesse ao SUSrdquo Braz-ilian Health Ministry httpportalsaudegovbrportalarqu-ivospdfRENISUSpdf
[15] X-P Zhang M-L Zhang X-H Su C-H Huo Y-C Gu andQ-W Shi ldquoChemical constituents of the plants from genusJatrophardquo Chemistry and Biodiversity vol 6 no 12 pp 2166ndash2183 2009
[16] S K Sharma and H Singh ldquoA review on pharmacological sig-nificance of genus Jatropha (Euphorbiaceae)rdquoChinese Journal ofIntegrative Medicine vol 18 no 11 pp 868ndash880 2012
[17] S RMariz G S CerqueiraWCAraujo et al ldquoChronic toxico-logic study of the ethanolic extract of the aerial parts of Jatrophagossypiifolia in ratsrdquoRevista Brasileira de Farmacognosia vol 22no 3 pp 663ndash668 2012
[18] S R Mariz M S T Araujo G S Cerqueira et al ldquoHistopatho-logical evaluation in rats after acute treatment with the ethanolextract from aerial parts of Jatropha gossypiifolia Lrdquo RevistaBrasileira De Farmacognosia vol 18 no 2 pp 213ndash216 2008
[19] S R Mariz G S Cerqueira W C Araujo et al ldquoEstudo toxi-cologico agudo do extrato etanolico de partes aereas de Jatrophagossypiifolia L em ratosrdquo Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosiavol 16 no 3 pp 372ndash378 2006
[20] C Auvin-Guette C Baraguey A Blond J L Pousset andB Bodo ldquoCyclogossine B a cyclic octapeptide from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Journal of Natural Products vol 60 pp 1155ndash11571997
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 29
[21] V S Parvathi B S Jyothi T Lakshmi P S Babu and RKarthikeyan ldquoMorpho-anatomical and physicochemical stud-ies of Jatropha gossypifolia (L)rdquo Der Pharmacia Lettre vol 4no 1 pp 256ndash262 2012
[22] M N S Rios and F Pastore Junior Plantas da Amazonia450 Especies de Uso Geral Universidade de BrasıliamdashBibliotecaCentral Brasılia 2011
[23] S R Mariz Estudo toxicologico pre-clınico de Jatropha gossypi-ifolia L [PhD thesis] Universidade Federal da Paraıba JoaoPessoa Brazil 2007
[24] O G Adeosun T Oduola F A Fagbomedo et al ldquoSuitabilityof stem latex of Jatropha gossypifolia as a protein precipitant forbiochemical analysisrdquo Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistryvol 29 no 2 pp 210ndash212 2014
[25] F O A Ajose ldquoSome Nigerian plants of dermatologic impor-tancerdquo International Journal of Dermatology vol 46 no 1 pp48ndash55 2007
[26] J S Ashidi P J Houghton P J Hylands and T EfferthldquoEthnobotanical survey and cytotoxicity testing of plants ofSouth-western Nigeria used to treat cancer with isolationof cytotoxic constituents from Cajanus cajan Millsp leavesrdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 128 no 2 pp 501ndash512 2010
[27] M Ayyanar and S Ignacimuthu ldquoEthnobotanical survey ofmedicinal plants commonly used by Kani tribals in Tirunelvelihills of Western Ghats Indiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 134 no 3 pp 851ndash864 2011
[28] R Bhagat S D Ambavade A V Misar and D K KulkarnildquoAnti-inflammatory activity of Jatropha gossypifolia L leaves inalbino mice and Wistar ratrdquo Journal of Scientific and IndustrialResearch vol 70 no 4 pp 289ndash292 2011
[29] J H Cano and G Volpato ldquoHerbal mixtures in the traditionalmedicine of Eastern Cubardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol90 no 2-3 pp 293ndash316 2004
[30] F G Coe and G J Anderson ldquoScreening of medicinal plantsused by the Garıfuna of Eastern Nicaragua for bioactive com-poundsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 53 no 1 pp 29ndash501996
[31] MGbeassor Y Kossou K Amegbo C De Souza K Koumagloand A Denke ldquoAntimalarial effects of eight African medicinalplantsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 25 no 1 pp 115ndash1181989
[32] National Center for Biotechnology Information ldquoJatropha gos-sypiifoliardquo Taxonomy Browser httpwwwncbinlmnihgovTaxonomyBrowserwwwtaxcgiid=454931
[33] Tropicos ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia Lrdquo httpwwwtropicosorgNamePrintaspxnameid=12802174amptab=details
[34] The Plant List ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia Lrdquo httpwwwtheplant-listorgtplrecordkew-104621
[35] M S Khyade and N P Vaikos ldquoPharmacognostical andphytochemical evaluation of leaf of Jatropha gossypifolia LrdquoInternational Journal of Research in Ayurveda amp Pharmacy vol2 no 1 pp 177ndash180 2011
[36] D O Aworinde D U Nwoye A A Jayeola A O Olagoke andA A Ogundele ldquoTaxonomic significance of foliar epidermis insome members of euphorbiaceae family in Nigeriardquo ResearchJournal of Botany vol 4 no 1 pp 17ndash28 2009
[37] J D Olowokudejo ldquoComparative epidermal morphology ofWest African species of Jatropha L (Euphorbiaceae)rdquo BotanicalJournal of the Linnean Society vol 111 no 2 pp 139ndash154 1993
[38] B Das and B Venkataiah ldquoA minor coumarino-lignoid fromJatropha gossypifoliardquo Biochemical Systematics and Ecology vol29 no 2 pp 213ndash214 2001
[39] B Das B Venkataiah and A Kashinatham ldquoVenkatasin a newcoumarino-lignoid from Jatropha gossypifoliardquoNatural ProductLetters vol 13 no 4 pp 293ndash297 1999
[40] B Das and B Venkataiah ldquoA rare diterpene from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Biochemical Systematics and Ecology vol 27 no 7pp 759ndash760 1999
[41] N Ravindranath B Venkataiah C Ramesh P Jayaprakash andB Das ldquoJatrophenone a novel macrocyclic bioactive diterpenefrom Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bul-letin vol 51 no 7 pp 870ndash871 2003
[42] B Das and J Banerji ldquoArylnaphthalene lignan from JatrophagossypifoliardquoPhytochemistry vol 27 no 11 pp 3684ndash3686 1988
[43] J Banerji B Das A Chatterjee and J N Shoolery ldquoGadain alignan from Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Phytochemistry vol 23 no10 pp 2323ndash2327 1984
[44] A Chatterjee B Das C Pascard and T Prange ldquoCrystalstructure of a lignan from Jatropha gossypifoliardquoPhytochemistryvol 20 no 8 pp 2047ndash2048 1981
[45] I C Abreu A S S Marinho A M A Paes et al ldquoHypotensiveand vasorelaxant effects of ethanolic extract from Jatrophagossypiifolia L in ratsrdquo Fitoterapia vol 74 no 7-8 pp 650ndash6572003
[46] B Das and R Das ldquoGossypifan a lignan from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Phytochemistry vol 40 no 3 pp 931ndash932 1995
[47] R Das B Das and A Kashinatham ldquoGossypiline a new lignanfrom Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Natural Product Sciences vol 4 no4 pp 238ndash240 1998
[48] D Shahwar S-U Shafiq N Ahmad S Ullah and M A RazaldquoAntioxidant activities of the selected plants from the fam-ily Euphorbiaceae Lauraceae Malvaceae and BalsaminaceaerdquoAfrican Journal of Biotechnology vol 9 no 7 pp 1086ndash10962010
[49] V Bullangpoti N Khumrungsee W Pluempanupat Y Kainohand U Saguanpong ldquoToxicity of ethyl acetate extract andricinine from Jatropha gossypifolia senescent leaves againstSpodoptera exigua Hubner (Lepidoptera Noctuidae)rdquo Journalof Pesticide Science vol 36 no 2 pp 260ndash263 2011
[50] A O Ogundare ldquoAntimicrobial effect of Tithonia diversifoliaand Jatropha gossypifolia leaf extractsrdquo Trends in Applied Sci-ences Research vol 2 no 2 pp 145ndash150 2007
[51] N Nwokocha A Blessing I O Agbagwa and B E OkolildquoComparative phytochemical screening of Jatropha L Speciesin the Niger Deltardquo Research Journal of Phytochemistry vol 5no 2 pp 107ndash114 2011
[52] R Seth and R Sarin ldquoAnalysis of the phytochemical contentand anti-microbial activity of Jatropha gossypifolia Lrdquo Archivesof Applied Science Research vol 2 no 5 pp 285ndash291 2010
[53] S Sankara Subramanian S Nagarajan and N SulochanaldquoFlavonoids of the leaves of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Phytochem-istry vol 10 no 7 p 1690 1971
[54] A C Pilon R L Carneiro F Carnevale Neto V S Bolzaniand I Castro-Gamboa ldquoInterval multivariate curve resolutionin the dereplication of HPLC-DAD data from Jatropha gossypi-foliardquo Phytochemical Analysis vol 24 no 4 pp 401ndash406 2013
[55] A R Kharat A K Dolui and S Das ldquoFree radical scavengingpotential of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Asian Journal of Chemistryvol 23 no 2 pp 799ndash801 2011
[56] P-A Calatayud D F Munera S Calatayud A Valencia-Jimenez and A C Bellotti ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia (Euphor-biaceae) a source of proteins toxic to Phenacoccus herreni(Sternorryncha Pseudococcidae)rdquo Florida Entomologist vol94 no 3 pp 649ndash654 2011
30 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
[57] W F Tinto L M D John W F Reynolds and S McLeanldquoTriterpenoids of Jatropha gossypiifoliardquo Journal of NaturalProducts vol 55 no 6 pp 807ndash809 1992
[58] R Das K Venkateswarlu V Saidi Reddy and B Das ldquo41015840-O-demethyl retrochinensin a minor new lignan from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Indian Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry vol 14no 2 pp 169ndash170 2004
[59] B Das A Kashinatham B Venkataiah K V N S Srinivas GMahender and M R Reddy ldquoCleomiscosin A a coumarino-lignoid from Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Biochemical Systematics andEcology vol 31 no 10 pp 1189ndash1191 2003
[60] B Das and G Anjani ldquoGossypidien a lignan from stems ofJatropha gossypifolliardquo Phytochemistry vol 51 no 1 pp 115ndash1171999
[61] B Das S P Rao and K V Srinivas ldquoIsolation of isogadain fromJatropha gossypifoliardquo Planta Medica vol 62 no 1 article 901996
[62] B Das S P Rao K V N S Srinivas and R Das ldquoJatrodien alignan from stems of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Phytochemistry vol41 no 3 pp 985ndash987 1996
[63] A Chatterjee B Das R Chakrabarti et al ldquoPrasanthaline anew lignan from Jatropha gossypifolia Linnrdquo Indian Journal ofChemistry vol 27 pp 740ndash741 1988
[64] M D Taylor A B Smith III G T Furst et al ldquoNewantileukemic jatrophone derivatives from Jatropha gossypiifoliastructural and stereochemical assignment through nuclearmagnetic resonance Spectroscopyrdquo Journal of the AmericanChemical Society vol 105 no 10 pp 3177ndash3183 1983
[65] K K Purushothaman S Chandrasekharan A F Cameron etal ldquoJatropholones A and B new diterpenoids from the roots ofJatropha gossypiifolia (Euphorbiaceae)mdashcrystal structure anal-ysis of Jatropholone Brdquo Tetrahedron Letters vol 20 no 11 pp979ndash980 1979
[66] S M Kupchan C W Sigel M J Matz J A S Renauld R CHaltiwanger and R F Bryan ldquoJatrophone a novel macrocyclicditerpenoid tumor inhibitor from Jatropha gossypiifoliardquo Jour-nal of the American Chemical Society vol 92 no 14 pp 4476ndash4477 1970
[67] Y R Prasad G S J G Alankararao and P Baby ldquoConstituentsof the seeds of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Fitoterapia vol 64 no 4p 376 1993
[68] O Ogbobe and V Akano ldquoThe physico-chemical properties ofthe seed and seed oil of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Plant Foods forHuman Nutrition vol 43 no 3 pp 197ndash200 1993
[69] W Adolf H J Opferkuch and E Hecker ldquoIrritant phorbolderivatives from four Jatropha speciesrdquo Phytochemistry vol 23no 1 pp 129ndash132 1984
[70] K M Hosamani and K S Katagi ldquoCharacterization andstructure elucidation of 12-hydroxyoctadec-cis-9-enoic acid inJatropha gossypifolia and Hevea brasiliensis seed oils a richsource of hydroxy fatty acidrdquo Chemistry and Physics of Lipidsvol 152 no 1 pp 9ndash12 2008
[71] S F A J Horsten A J J Van Den Berg J J Kettenes-VanDen Bosch B R Leeflang and R P Labadie ldquoCyclogossine Aa novel cyclic heptapeptide isolated from the latex of Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Planta Medica vol 62 no 1 pp 46ndash50 1996
[72] M U Ahmad M R Islam A H Mirza B H Chowdhuryand N Nahar ldquoAlkaloids of Jatropha gossypifolia Linnrdquo IndianJournal of Chemistry B Organic Chemistry Including MedicinalChemistry vol 31 no 1 pp 67ndash69 1992
[73] A Falodun U Kragl S-M T Touem A Villinger T Fahren-waldt and P Langer ldquoA novel anticancer diterpenoid fromJatropha gossypifoliardquo Natural Product Communications vol 7no 2 pp 151ndash152 2012
[74] G D Wadankar S N Malode and S L Sarambekar ldquoTra-ditionally used medicinal plants for ound healing in theWashim district Maharashtra (India)rdquo International Journal ofPharmTech Research vol 3 no 4 pp 2080ndash2084 2011
[75] B Kumar M Vijayakumar R Govindarajan and P Pushpan-gadan ldquoEthnopharmacological approaches to wound healing-Exploring medicinal plants of Indiardquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 114 no 2 pp 103ndash113 2007
[76] K Koudouvo D S Karou K Kokou et al ldquoAn ethnobotanicalstudy of antimalarial plants in Togo Maritime Regionrdquo Journalof Ethnopharmacology vol 134 no 1 pp 183ndash190 2011
[77] M Coelho-Ferreira ldquoMedicinal knowledge and plant utiliza-tion in an Amazonian coastal community ofMaruda Para State(Brazil)rdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 126 no 1 pp 159ndash175 2009
[78] F C S Oliveira R F M Barros and J M Moita Neto ldquoPlan-tas medicinais utilizadas em comunidades rurais de Oeirassemiarido piauienserdquo Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinaisvol 12 no 3 pp 282ndash301 2010
[79] J D F L Santos E Pagani J Ramos and E Rodrigues ldquoObser-vations on the therapeutic practices of riverine communities oftheUnini River AM Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol142 no 2 pp 503ndash515 2012
[80] S L Cartaxo M M de Almeida Souza and U P de Albu-querque ldquoMedicinal plants with bioprospecting potential usedin semi-arid northeastern Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacol-ogy vol 131 no 2 pp 326ndash342 2010
[81] O Jansen L Angenot M Tits et al ldquoEvaluation of 13 selectedmedicinal plants from Burkina Faso for their antiplasmodialpropertiesrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 130 no 1 pp143ndash150 2010
[82] M H Yetein L G Houessou T O Lougbegnon O Teka andB Tente ldquoEthnobotanical study of medicinal plants used for thetreatment of malaria in plateau of Allada Benin (West Africa)rdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 146 no 1 pp 154ndash163 2013
[83] L J Quintans Junior J R G S Almeida J T Lima et al ldquoPlantswith anticonvulsivant propertiesmdasha reviewrdquo Revista Brasileirade Farmacognosia vol 18 pp 798ndash819 2008
[84] A Diallo M S Traore S M Keita et al ldquoManagement ofdiabetes in Guinean traditional medicine an ethnobotanicalinvestigation in the coastal lowlandsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 144 no 2 pp 353ndash361 2012
[85] S O Olabanji A C Adebajo O R Omobuwajo et al ldquoPIXEanalysis of some Nigerian anti-diabetic medicinal plants (II)rdquoNuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B BeamInteractions With Materials and Atoms vol 318 pp 187ndash1902014
[86] T Oduola O G Avwioro and T B Ayanniyi ldquoSuitability ofthe leaf extract of Jatropha gossypifolia as an anticoagulant forbiochemical and haematological analysesrdquo African Journal ofBiotechnology vol 4 no 7 pp 679ndash681 2005
[87] CM Chariandy C E Seaforth R H Phelps G V Pollard andB P S Khambay ldquoScreening of medicinal plants from Trinidadand Tobago for antimicrobial and insecticidal propertiesrdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 64 no 3 pp 265ndash270 1999
[88] V P Kumar N S Chauhan H Padh and M Rajani ldquoSearchfor antibacterial and antifungal agents from selected Indian
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 31
medicinal plantsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 107 no2 pp 182ndash188 2006
[89] R Dabur A Gupta T K Mandal et al ldquoAntimicrobial activityof some medicinal plantsrdquo African Journal of TraditionalComplementary and AlternativeMedicines vol 4 no 3 pp 313ndash318 2007
[90] H C Ong and M Nordiana ldquoMalay ethno-medico botany inMachang Kelantan Malaysiardquo Fitoterapia vol 70 no 5 pp502ndash513 1999
[91] J Sanz-Biset J Campos-de-la-Cruz M A Epiquien-Riveraand S Canigueral ldquoA first survey on the medicinal plants of theChazuta valley (Peruvian Amazon)rdquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 122 no 2 pp 333ndash362 2009
[92] B B Panda K Gaur M L Kori et al ldquoAnti-inflammatoryand analgesic activity of Jatropha gossypifolia in experimentalanimal modelsrdquo Global Journal of Pharmacology vol 3 no 12009
[93] S S Ningthoujam A D Talukdar K S Potsangbam and MD Choudhury ldquoTraditional uses of herbal vapour therapy inManipur North East India an ethnobotanical surveyrdquo Journalof Ethnopharmacology vol 147 no 1 pp 136ndash147 2013
[94] A Asase A A Oteng-Yeboah G T Odamtten and M SJ Simmonds ldquoEthnobotanical study of some Ghanaian anti-malarial plantsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 99 no 2pp 273ndash279 2005
[95] C Lans T Harper K Georges and E Bridgewater ldquoMedicinaland ethnoveterinary remedies of hunters in Trinidadrdquo BMCComplementary and AlternativeMedicine vol 1 article 10 2001
[96] L Rasingam S Jeeva andD Kannan ldquoDental care of Andamanand Nicobar folks medicinal plants use as tooth stickrdquo AsianPacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine vol 2 no 2 pp S1013ndashS1016 2012
[97] P J Houghton and I M Osibogun ldquoFlowering plants usedagainst snakebiterdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 39 no 1pp 1ndash29 1993
[98] M Molander C H Saslis-Lagoudakis A K Jager and NRoslashnsted ldquoCross-cultural comparison of medicinal floras usedagainst snakebitesrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 139 no3 pp 863ndash872 2012
[99] A Jain S S Katewa B L Chaudhary and P Galav ldquoFolk herbalmedicines used in birth control and sexual diseases by tribals ofsouthern Rajasthan Indiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol90 no 1 pp 171ndash177 2004
[100] A Jain S S Katewa P K Galav and P Sharma ldquoMedicinalplant diversity of Sitamata wildlife sanctuary Rajasthan IndiardquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 102 no 2 pp 143ndash157 2005
[101] T Oduola G O Adeosun T A Oduola G O Avwioro andM A Oyeniyi ldquoMechanism of action of Jatropha gossypifoliastem latex as a haemostatic agentrdquo European Journal of GeneralMedicine vol 2 no 4 pp 140ndash143 2005
[102] D Garcia M V Domingues and E Rodrigues ldquoEthnophar-macological survey among migrants living in the SoutheastAtlantic Forest of Diadema Sao Paulo Brazilrdquo Journal ofEthnobiology and Ethnomedicine vol 6 article 29 2010
[103] S S Hebbar V H Harsha V Shripathi and G R HegdeldquoEthnomedicine of Dharwad district in Karnataka Indiamdashplants used in oral health carerdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 94 no 2-3 pp 261ndash266 2004
[104] S B Kosalge and R A Fursule ldquoInvestigation of ethnomedic-inal claims of some plants used by tribals of Satpuda Hills inIndiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 121 no 3 pp 456ndash461 2009
[105] R A Ritter M V B Monteiro F O B Monteiro et al ldquoEth-noveterinary knowledge and practices at Colares island Parastate eastern Amazon Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 144 no 2 pp 346ndash352 2012
[106] S K Dash and S Padhy ldquoReview on ethnomedicines fordiarrhoea diseases from Orissa prevalence versus culturerdquoJournal of Human Ecology vol 20 no 1 pp 59ndash64 2006
[107] R S L Taylor J B Hudson N P Manandhar and G H NTowers ldquoAntiviral activities of medicinal plants of southernNepalrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 53 pp 97ndash104 1996
[108] J M A Maia N G Czeczko J M R Filho et al ldquoEstudoda cicatrizacao de suturas na bexiga urinaria de ratos come sem utilizacao de extrato bruto de Jatropha gossypiifolia Lintraperitonealrdquo Acta Cirurgica Brasileira vol 21 no 2 pp 23ndash30 2006
[109] A L Ososki P Lohr M Reiff et al ldquoEthnobotanical literaturesurvey of medicinal plants in the Dominican Republic used forwomens health conditionsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol79 no 3 pp 285ndash298 2002
[110] A S Apu FHossain F Rizwan et al ldquoStudy of pharmacologicalactivities of methanol extract of Jatropha gossypifolia fruitsrdquoJournal of Basic and Clinical Pharmacy vol 4 no 1 pp 20ndash242013
[111] A S Apu K Ireen S Hossan Bhuyan et al ldquoEvaluation ofanalgesic neuropharmacological and anti-diarrheal potential ofJatropha gossypifolia (Linn) leaves in micerdquo Journal of MedicalSciences vol 12 no 8 pp 274ndash279 2012
[112] F A G Rocha and L I S Dantas ldquoAtividade antimicrobianain vitro do latex do aveloz (Euphorbia tirucalli L) pinhao bravo(Jatrophamollissima L) e pinhao roxo (Jatropha gossypiifolia L)sobre microrganismos patogenicosrdquo Holos vol 25 no 4 2009
[113] O M David and J O Oluyege ldquoIn vitro susceptibility ofselected pathogenic bacteria to leaf extracts and latex of Jatrophagossypiifolia(L) and Jatropha curcas (L)rdquo Biosciences Biotechnol-ogy Research Asia vol 3 no 1 pp 91ndash94 2006
[114] W D MacBae J B Hudson and G H N Towers ldquoStudieson the pharmacological activity of amazonian euphorbiaceaerdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 22 no 2 pp 143ndash172 1988
[115] M C Purohit and R Purohit ldquoEvaluation of antimicrobial andanti-inflammatory activities of bark of Jatropha gossypifoliardquoWorld Journal of Science and Technology vol 1 no 10 pp 1ndash52011
[116] D Singh and A Singh ldquoThe toxicity of four native Indianplants effect on AChE and acidalkaline phosphatase level infish Channa maruliusrdquo Chemosphere vol 60 no 1 pp 135ndash1402005
[117] C M Feitosa R M Freitas N N N Luz M Z B BezerraandM T S Trevisan ldquoAcetylcholinesterase inhibition by somespromising Brazilian medicinal plantsrdquo Brazilian Journal ofBiology vol 71 no 3 pp 783ndash789 2011
[118] Y Nagaharika V Kalyani S Rasheed and R KarthikeyanldquoAnti-inflammatory activity of leaves of Jatropha gossypifolia Lby HRBC membrane stabilization methodrdquo Journal of AcuteDisease vol 2 no 2 pp 156ndash158 2013
[119] S D N Silva I C Abreu S M D F Freire et al ldquoAntispas-modic effect of Jatropha gossypiifolia is mediated through dualblockade of muscarinic receptors and Ca2+ channelsrdquo BrazilianJournal of Pharmacognosy vol 21 no 4 pp 715ndash720 2011
[120] D Carabajal A Casaco L Arruzazabala R Gonzalez andV Fuentes ldquoPharmacological screening of plant decoctionscommonly used in Cuban folk medicinerdquo Journal of Ethnophar-macology vol 33 no 1-2 pp 21ndash24 1991
32 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
[121] S Jain G P Choudhary and D K Jain ldquoPharmacological eval-uation of anti-fertility activity of ethanolic extract of Jatrophagossypifolia leaf in female albino micerdquo Asian Pacific Journal ofTropical Biomedicine vol 2 no 3 pp S1671ndashS1674 2012
[122] S C N Servin O J M Torres J E F Matias et al ldquoAcao doextrato de Jatropha gossypiifolia L (piao roxo) na cicatrizacaode anastomose colonica estudo experimental em ratosrdquo ActaCirurgica Brasileira vol 21 no 3 pp 89ndash96 2006
[123] J R Vale N G Czeczko J U Aquino et al ldquoEstudo compara-tivo da cicatrizacao de gastrorrafias com e sem o uso do extratode Jatropha gossypiifolia L (piao roxo) em ratosrdquoActa CirurgicaBrasileira vol 21 no 3 pp 40ndash48 2006
[124] J U Aquino N G Czeczko O Malafaia et al ldquoAvaliacaofitoterapica da Jatropha gossypiifolia L na cicatrizacao desuturas na parede abdominal ventral de ratosrdquo Acta CirurgicaBrasileira vol 21 no 2 pp 61ndash66 2006
[125] M F D S Santos N G Czeczko P A N Nassif et alldquoAvaliacao do uso do extrato bruto de Jatropha gossypiifolia Lna cicatrizacao de feridas cutaneas em ratosrdquo Acta CirurgicaBrasileira vol 21 no 3 pp 2ndash7 2006
[126] B B Panda K Gaur R K Nema C S Sharma A K Jain andC P Jain ldquoHepatoprotective activity of Jatropha gossypifoliaagainst carbon tetrachloride- induced hepatic injury in ratsrdquoAsian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research vol 2no 1 pp 50ndash54 2009
[127] S S Deo T M Chaudhari and F Inam ldquoEvaluation ofthe immunomodulatory effects of 1-phenylnaphthalene andpericarbonyl lactone lignan compoundsrdquoDer PharmaChemicavol 4 no 2 pp 771ndash776 2012
[128] S K Rasheed S Kunapareddy and R Karthikeyan ldquoLocalanesthetic activity of Jatropha gossypifolia L on frogsrdquo Biomed-ical and Pharmacology Journal vol 5 no 2 pp 395ndash397 2012
[129] AM A Paes A L Camara SM F Freire andMO R BorgesldquoRelaxant effect of Jatropha gossypiifolia L on uterine smoothmusclerdquo International Journal of Phytomedicine vol 4 no 3 pp310ndash313 2012
[130] S J Jain G P Choudhary and D K Jain ldquoPharmacologicalevaluation and antifertility activity of Jatropha gossypifoliain ratsrdquo BioMed Research International vol 2013 Article ID125980 5 pages 2013
[131] J S de Oliveira PM Leite L B de Souza et al ldquoCharacteristicsand composition of Jatropha gossypiifolia and Jatropha curcasL oils and application for biodiesel productionrdquo Biomass andBioenergy vol 33 no 3 pp 449ndash453 2009
[132] V Bullangpoti E Wajnberg P Audant and R FeyereisenldquoAntifeedant activity of Jatropha gossypifolia and Meliaazedarach senescent leaf extracts on Spodoptera frugiperda(Lepidoptera Noctuidae) and their potential use as synergistsrdquoPest Management Science vol 68 no 9 pp 1255ndash1264 2012
[133] S N K JilaniW Islam andM Kamsh ldquoPotential of pyrethroidinsecticides and plant extracts on fecundity and egg viability oftribolium castaneum (Herbst)rdquo Journal of Bio-Science vol 19no 1 pp 95ndash97 2011
[134] D Sukumaran B D Parashar and K M Rao ldquoToxicity of Jat-ropha gossypiifolia and Vaccaria pyramidata against freshwatersnails vectors of animal schistosomiasisrdquo Fitoterapia vol 66 no5 pp 393ndash398 1995
[135] R K Devappa H P S Makkar and K Becker ldquoJatrophatoxicitymdasha reviewrdquo Journal of Toxicology and EnvironmentalHealth B Critical Reviews vol 13 no 6 pp 476ndash507 2010
[136] E P Schenkel M Zannin L A Mentz S A L Bordignonand B Irgang ldquoPlantas toxicasrdquo in Farmacognosia Da Planta
ao Medicamento C M O Simoes E P Schenkel G GosmannJ C P Mello L A Mentz and P R Petrovick Eds pp 959ndash993 Editora da UFRGSUFSC Porto Alegre Brazil 3d edition2007
[137] L I Oliveira F F Jabour V A Nogueira and E M YamasakildquoIntoxicacao experimental com as folhas de Jatropha gossypifo-lia(Euphorbiaceae) em ovinosrdquo Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileiravol 28 no 6 pp 275ndash278 2008
[138] P I A Awachie and F O Ugwu ldquoPreliminary investigationof the antimicrobial and brine shrimp lethality propertiesof some nigerian medicinal plantsrdquo International Journal ofPharmacognosy vol 35 no 5 pp 338ndash343 1997
[139] L J Medubi V O Ukwenya O T Aderinto et al ldquoEffects ofadministration of ethanolic root extract of Jatropha gossypiifoliaand prednisolone on the kidneys of Wistar ratsrdquo ElectronicJournal of Biomedicine vol 2 pp 41ndash48 2010
[140] T Oduola G B Popoola G O Avwioro et al ldquoUse of Jatrophagossypifolia stem latex as a haemostatic agent how safe is itrdquoJournal of Medicinal Plants Reasearch vol 1 no 1 pp 14ndash172007
Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom
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Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
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Disease Markers
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
BioMed Research International
OncologyJournal of
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Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
PPAR Research
The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Immunology ResearchHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of
ObesityJournal of
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Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine
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Research and TreatmentAIDS
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Gastroenterology Research and Practice
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Parkinsonrsquos Disease
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Volume 2014Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom
2 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Jatropha gossypiifolia and Jatropha mollissima among others[3]
From these species Jatropha gossypiifolia L (Figure 1)is discussed here It is a vegetal species widely knownas ldquobellyache bushrdquo and is a multipurpose medicinal plantlargely used in folk medicine for the treatment of variousdiseases [3 5 6] It is widely distributed in countries oftropical subtropical and dry tropical weather and tropicalsemiarid regions of Africa and the Americas [7] In Brazil itpredominates in the Amazon Caatinga and Atlantic Forestand is distributed throughout the country in the NorthNortheast Midwest South and Southeast regions [8]
Several human and veterinary uses in traditionalmedicine are described for different parts (leaves stemsroots seeds and latex) and preparations (infusion decoctionand maceration among others) based on this plantby different routes (oral or topical) The most frequentreports concern its antihypertensive anti-inflammatoryantiophidian analgesic antipyretic antimicrobial healingantianemic antidiabetic and antihemorrhagic activitiesamong many other examples [3 5 7 9] Other uses are alsorelated to this plant such as biodiesel production pesticideinsecticide vermifuge ornamentation and even its use inreligious rituals [3 6 10ndash13]
An important feature of J gossypiifolia species is that dueto its important potential medicinal applications in Brazil itis included in the National List of Medicinal Plants of Interestto the Brazilian Public Health System (Relacao Nacional dePlantas Medicinais de Interesse ao Sistema Unico de SaudeBrasileiromdashRENISUS) which is a report published by theBrazilian Health Ministry in February 2009 that includes 71species of medicinal plants that have the potential to generatepharmaceutical products of interest to public health of Brazil[14]
Regarding its phytochemical constitution alkaloidscoumarins flavonoids lignoids phenols saponins steroidstannins and terpenoids were already detected in differentextracts from different parts of this plant [15]
Among the main activities already studied for thisspecies (including various types of extracts from differ-ent parts of the plant) the antihypertensive antimicrobialanti-inflammatory antioxidant and antineoplasic activitiesmainly stand out supporting some of its popular uses [3 16]
Some toxicity studies have shown that despite the knowntoxicity of Jatropha species J gossypiifolia presented lowtoxicity in some in vitro and in vivo experiments Howeversome studies have indicated that ethanolic extract from theleaves in acute oral use is safe for rats but with chronic useit could be toxic [17ndash19]
So in view of the potential applications of this plantthis review aims to provide an up-to-date overview of thetraditional uses phytochemistry pharmacology and toxicitydata of different parts from J gossypiifolia which could be sig-nificant in providing insights for present and future researchaimed at both ethnopharmacological validation of its popularuse as well as its exploration as a new source of herbal drugsandor bioactive natural products The medicinal value andpharmacological andor biotechnological potential of thisspecies are also discussed in this paper
2 Methodology
An extensive review of the literature was undertaken indifferent national and international scientific sources suchas Centre for Reviews and Dissemination (httpwwwcrdyorkacukCRDWeb) The Cochrane Library (httpwwwthecochranelibrarycom) PubMed (httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpubmed) Science Direct (httpwwwscience-directcom) Scopus (httpwwwscopuscom) Lilacs(httplilacsbvsaludorg) Scielo (httpwwwscieloorgphpindexphp) Web of Knowledge (httpappswebof-knowledgecom) and the Brazilian database of thesis anddissertations ldquoDomınio Publicordquo (httpwwwdominiopubli-cogovbrpesquisaPesquisaPeriodicoFormjsp) The studydatabase included original articles theses books andother reports that preferentially had been judged foracademic quality (peer-reviewed) covering severalaspects of the vegetal species (botany phytochemistrytraditional uses pharmacology or toxicology) datingfrom 1967 (first scientific report) to November 2013without language restriction The search strategy wasconstructed based on the scientific name synonyms andmain popular names of the species identified by the botanicaldatabases ldquoFlora do Brasilrdquo (httpfloradobrasiljbrjgovbr)Tropicos (httpwwwtropicosorg) The Plant List (httpwwwtheplantlistorg) and NCBI Taxonomy Browser (httpwwwncbinlmnihgovtaxonomy) The search strategycontained the combination of the following terms ldquoJatrophagossypiifoliardquo OR ldquoJatropha gossypifoliardquo OR ldquoJatrophagossipyifoliardquo OR ldquoManihot gossypiifoliardquo OR ldquoAdenoropiumgossypiifoliumrdquo OR ldquoAdenoropium elegansrdquo OR ldquoJatrophaelegansrdquo OR ldquoJatropha staphysagriifoliardquo OR ldquopinhao roxordquoOR ldquopinhao-roxordquo OR ldquopiao roxordquo OR ldquopiao-roxordquo OR ldquopeao-roxordquo OR ldquopeao roxordquo OR ldquobatata-de-teurdquo OR ldquobata de teurdquoOR ldquoerva-purganterdquo OR ldquoerva purganterdquo OR ldquojalapaordquo ORldquomamoninhardquo OR ldquoraiz-de-teiurdquo OR ldquoraiz de teiurdquo OR ldquopeao-curadorrdquo OR ldquopeao curadorrdquo OR ldquopeao-pajerdquo OR ldquopeao pajerdquoOR ldquopiao-caboclordquo OR ldquopiao caboclordquo OR ldquoblack physicnutrdquoOR ldquobellyache bushrdquo The Endnote X301 reference managerwas used The software ACDChemSketch Freeware Version1201 was used to draw the chemical structures
3 Botanic Information
Jatropha gossypiifolia Linneus is a Euphorbiaceae plantpopularly known worldwide as ldquobellyache bushrdquo or ldquoblackphysicnutrdquo It is a pantropical species originating from SouthAmerica that is cultivated in tropical countries throughoutthe world [20ndash22]
In Brazil it is known by various popular names and themost common are ldquopinhao-roxordquo ldquopiao-roxordquo ldquopeao-roxordquoldquobatata-de-teurdquo ldquoerva-purganterdquo ldquojalapaordquo ldquomamoninhardquoldquoraiz-de-teiurdquo ldquopeao-curadorrdquo ldquopeao-pajerdquo ldquopiao-caboclordquoand ldquopiao-pretordquo among others [5 8 23] There are also thefollowing vernacular names for J gossypiifolia ldquofrailecillordquoldquofrailejonrdquo ldquopurga de frailerdquo (Colombia) ldquofrailecillordquo (CostaRica) ldquofrailecillordquo ldquoSan Juan Del Cabrerdquo ldquotuatuardquo ldquotubatubardquo (Cuba) ldquobagardquo (Malinke et Dioula) ldquohigueretacimarronardquo ldquotuatuardquo (Puerto Rico) ldquotuatuardquo (Santo
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 3
(a) (b)
Figure 1 Jatropha gossypiifolia L (a) aerial parts of plant (b) flowers detail Photography by Juliana Felix-Silva
Domingo) ldquofrailecillordquo ldquosibidiguardquo ldquotuatuardquo (Venezuela)ldquopignutrdquo ldquofignutrdquo ldquolapalapardquo ldquobinidasugurdquo ldquooluluidirdquo ldquobot-uje redrdquo ldquobotuge pupardquo (Nigeria) ldquoathalairdquo ldquolal bherendardquo(India) ldquoparroty grassrdquo (Nicaragua) ldquobabatidjinrdquo (Africa)ldquopinonrdquo ldquopinon-coloradordquo ldquopinon negrordquo ldquopinon-rojordquoldquopurga de huanerdquo (Spanish) ldquoherbe a mal de ventrerdquo ldquomed-icinier cathartiquerdquo ldquomedicinier sauvagerdquo (French) ldquobellya-chebuhsrdquo ldquobellyache bushrdquo ldquobellyache nettlespurgerdquoldquoblack physicnutrdquo ldquopurge nutrdquo ldquored fig-nut flowerrdquo ldquowildcassadardquo (English) ldquobabatidjinrdquo ldquobalautandoiongrdquo ldquocassavamarblerdquo ldquocotton-leaf physicnutrdquo ldquofigus nutrdquo ldquokishkardquoldquolansi-lansinaanrdquo ldquomedicinier batardrdquo ldquomedicinier noirrdquoldquomedicinier rougerdquo ldquoquelite de frailerdquo ldquososorirdquo ldquotagumbau-a-nalabagardquo ldquotatuardquo ldquotauatauardquo ldquotautubardquo ldquotuatua blancardquoldquotuatua moradardquo ldquotubang moradordquo ldquotuba sa buaiardquoldquotuba-tubardquo (Achanti) ldquosatamanrdquo (Bambara) [22 24ndash31]
The complete taxonomy of the species is EukaryotaViridiplantae Streptophyta Streptophytina EmbryophytaTracheophyta Euphyllophyta Spermatophyta Magno-liophyta eudicotyledons core eudicotyledons rosids fabidsMalpighiales Euphorbiaceae Crotonoideae JatropheaeJatropha and Jatropha gossypiifolia [32] Adenoropiumgossypiifolium (L) Pohl Manihot gossypiifolia (L) CrantzAdenoropium elegans Pohl Jatropha elegans Kl Jatrophastaphysagriifolia Mill Jatropha gossypifolia and Jatrophagossipyifolia are botanical synonymous of J gossypiifoliaspecies [8 32ndash34]
J gossypiifolia is a small shrub with dark green ormore frequently purplish-red dark leaves with 16ndash19 cm oflength per 10ndash129 cm of width they are alternate palmateand pubescent with an acuminate apex cordate base andserrated margin The flowers are unisexual purple and incymose summits with the calyx having five petals which inmale flowers may form a petaloid tube The fruit is capsularwith three furrows containing a dark seedwith black spots [535 36] Regarding the microscopic aspect of the plant leavessome studies have shown key and important features forbotanical identification of this species among other Jatrophaspecies [21 35ndash37]
4 Chemical ConstituentsVarious chemical constituents have been detected in extractsfrom different parts of J gossypiifolia the literature having
reported in general the presence of fatty acids sugars alka-loids amino acids coumarins steroids flavonoids lignansproteins saponins tannins and terpenoids as can be seen inTable 1
Accordingly reviewed by Zhang et al [15] the maincompounds isolated from Jatropha genus are the terpenoidsIn fact many of them were isolated from different partsof J gossypiifolia Another very important class from Jgossypiifolia is the lignoids since a good number of them wasalready isolated and identified
However it is important to note that most of thephytochemical studies found in literature are not aboutisolation of compounds but only about the phytochemicalscreening of the major classes through chemical qualitativereactions or more sensitive and specific methods such asthin layer chromatography (TLC) Relative to other Jatrophaspecies few studies have isolated chemical compounds fromJ gossypiifolia (Table 2) In addition up till now it is notclear which are the major bioactive compounds in the plantsince only a few studies were conducted by bioassay-guidedisolation
Additionally to the best of our knowledge there are nophytochemical studies regarding the use of water as solventfor the extraction of J gossypiifolia constituents This isimportant to note since popular use occurs more frequentlywith infusions or decoctions and little is known about theconstitution of this type of extract In this context it isimportant to conduct studies to evaluate the phytochemicalconstitution of these extracts More commonly the studiesuse solvents or mixtures of solvents with nonpolar character-istics which could contribute to further characterization ofnonpolar compounds such as terpenoids and lignoids Polarcompounds such as flavonoids tannins and sugars are poorlydescribed in the species so far probably due to this fact
5 Traditional Uses
Various medicinal properties for the species J gossypiifoliaare reported by traditional medicine as shown in Table 3Some properties related to J gossypiifolia are also common toother species of the Jatropha genus [3 9 25] where humanand veterinary uses are described Different parts of thisplant such as leaves stems roots seeds and latex are used
4 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table1Ch
emicalconstituentso
fJatrophagossy
piifolia
Ldescrib
edin
theliterature
Plantp
art
Classifi
catio
nCom
poun
dEx
tracttypea
ndorp
reparatio
nRe
ference
Who
leplant
Cou
marin-lign
oids
Prop
acin
Isolated
from
dichloromethane
methano
l(11vv)
extractafte
rsuccessivec
olum
nchromatograph
yon
silicag
el[38]
Venk
atasin
Not
specifiedlowast
[39]
Diterpenes
Citla
litrio
neIsolated
from
dichloromethane
methano
l(11vv)
extractafte
rsuccessivec
olum
nchromatograph
yon
silicag
el[40]
Jatro
phenon
eIsolated
from
dichloromethane
methano
l(11vv)
extractafte
rsuccessivec
olum
nchromatograph
yon
silicag
el[41]
Stem
roo
tsandseeds
Cou
marin-lign
oids
Arylnaphthalene
lignan
Isolated
from
petro
lether
extractafte
rsuccessivec
olum
nchromatograph
yon
silicag
el[42]
Gadain
Isolated
from
petro
lether
extractafte
rsuccessivec
olum
nchromatograph
yon
silicag
el[43]
Jatro
phan
Isolated
from
petro
lether
extract
[44]
Aeria
lparts
Flavon
oids
mdashDetectedby
phytochemicalscreeningreactio
nsof
ethano
lextract
[1945]
Lign
ans
Gossypifan
Isolated
from
petro
lether
extractafte
rsuccessivec
olum
nchromatograph
yon
silicag
el[46]
Gossypilin
eIsolated
from
dichloromethane
methano
l(11vv)
extractafte
rsuccessivec
olum
nchromatograph
yon
silicag
el[47]
Phenols
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
edthatthep
etroletherchloroformethylacetateand
n-bu
tano
lextractsp
resentedrespectively
450plusmn101060plusmn232960plusmn35and
1285plusmn11mgof
gallica
cidequivalentsgof
crud
eextract
[48]
Steroids
mdashDetectedby
phytochemicalscreeningreactio
nsof
ethano
lextract
[1945]
Tann
ins
mdashDetectedby
phytochemicalscreeningreactio
nsof
ethano
lextract
[2345]
Triterpenoids
mdashDetectedby
phytochemicalscreeningreactio
nsof
ethano
lextract
[45]
Leaves
Alkaloids
Ricinine
Com
poun
diso
lated
from
ethylacetateextractfrom
senescentleaves
[49]
mdashDetectedby
phytochemicalscreeningreactio
nsof
chloroform
andmethano
lextracts
[50]
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed281on
leaves
[51]
mdashNot
specified
[30]
Cardiacg
lycosid
esmdash
Identifi
edon
leaves
byqu
alitativ
ephytochem
icalscreeningreactio
ns[52]
Flavon
oids
Apigenin
Identifi
edin
etherfractionfro
methano
lextract
[53]
Isovitexin
Identifi
edin
ethylacetateandmethylethylketone
fractio
nsfro
methano
lextract
[53]
Orie
ntinisoo
rientin
Isom
ersidentified
indifferent
typeso
fextractsfrom
leaves
[54]
Schafto
sideiso
schafto
side
Isom
ersidentified
indifferent
typeso
fextractsfrom
leaves
[54]
Vitexin
Identifi
edin
ethylacetatefractio
nfro
methano
lextract
[53]
Vitexiniso
vitexin
Isom
ersidentified
indifferent
typeso
fextractsfrom
leaves
[54]
mdashIdentifi
edon
leaves
byqu
alitativ
ephytochem
icalscreeningreactio
ns[52]
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed74
on
leaves
[55]
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed241on
leaves
[51]
Phenols
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed86
onleaves
[55]
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed026on
leaves
[51]
Phlobo
tann
ins
mdashDetectedby
phytochemicalscreeningreactio
nsof
chloroform
andmethano
lextracts
[50]
Proteins
mdashIdentifi
edon
leaves
byqu
alitativ
ephytochem
icalscreeningreactio
ns[52]
mdash
Leaves
obtained
bymicroprop
agationwerem
acerated
inliq
uidnitro
genandextracted
at4∘Cfor6
hwith
01M
NaC
lTh
ematerialw
ascentrifuged
andthelim
pid
supernatantw
asdialyzed
againstw
ater
atlowtemperature
inac
ellulose
mem
braneto
removen
onproteincompo
undwith
molecular
massb
elow35
kDa
[56]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 5
Table1Con
tinued
Plantp
art
Classifi
catio
nCom
poun
dEx
tracttypea
ndorp
reparatio
nRe
ference
Redu
cing
sugars
mdashIdentifi
edon
leaves
byqu
alitativ
ephytochem
icalscreeningreactio
ns[52]
Sapo
nins
mdashIdentifi
edon
leaves
byqu
alitativ
ephytochem
icalscreeningreactio
ns[52]
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed415on
leaves
[51]
Steroids
mdashIdentifi
edon
leaves
byqu
alitativ
ephytochem
icalscreeningreactio
ns[52]
Tann
ins
mdashDetectedby
phytochemicalscreeningreactio
nsof
methano
lextract
[50]
mdashDetectedon
leaves
byqu
alitativ
ephytochem
icalscreeningreactio
ns[52]
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed514on
leaves
[51]
Terpenoids
mdashDetectedon
leaves
byqu
alitativ
ephytochem
icalscreeningreactio
ns[52]
Triterpenes
(212057213120572
14120573
20S)-22425-
Trihydroxylano
st-7-en-3-one
Isolated
from
thee
thanolextractafte
rsuccessivep
artitions
procedures
andcolumn
chromatograph
yon
silicag
elandpreparativeT
LC[57]
(13120572
14120573
20S)-22425-
Trihydroxylano
sta-17-dien-3-on
eIsolated
from
thee
thanolextractafte
rsuccessivep
artitionprocedures
andcolumn
chromatograph
yon
silicag
elandpreparativeT
LC[57]
Stem
s
Alkaloids
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed216of
alkaloid
onste
ms
[51]
Cou
marin-lign
oids
41015840-O
-Dem
ethylretrochinensin
Not
specified
[58]
Cleomisc
osin
ACom
poun
diso
latedfro
methylacetatefractio
nste
msa
ftersuccessivec
olum
nchromatograph
yon
silicag
el[59]
Gossypidien
Com
poun
diso
latedfro
mhexane
extractfrom
driedste
msa
ftersuccessivec
olum
nchromatograph
yon
silicag
el[60]
Isogadain
Not
specifiedlowast
[61]
Jatro
dien
Com
poun
diso
latedfro
mpetro
lether
extractafte
rsuccessivec
olum
nchromatograph
yon
silicag
el[62]
Prasanthaline
Not
specifiedlowast
[63]
Flavon
oids
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed12
on
stems
[51]
Phenols
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed013on
stems
[51]
Sapo
nins
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed218on
stems
[51]
Tann
ins
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed13
6on
stems
[51]
Roots
Alkaloids
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed16
on
roots
[51]
Diterpenes
2120572-H
ydroxyjatro
phon
eIsolated
from
petro
lether
extractafte
rsuccessivec
olum
nchromatograph
yon
silicag
el[64]
2120573-H
ydroxy-56-isojatroph
one
Isolated
from
petro
lether
extractafte
rsuccessivec
olum
nchromatograph
yon
silicag
el[64]
2120573-H
ydroxyjatro
phon
eIsolated
from
petro
lether
extractafte
rsuccessivec
olum
nchromatograph
yon
silicag
el[64]
Citla
litrio
neIsolated
from
petro
lether
fractio
nfro
mthem
ethano
lextractaft
ersuccessiv
ecolum
nchromatograph
yon
silicag
el[13]
Falodo
neIsolated
from
petro
lether
fractio
nfro
mthem
ethano
lextractaft
ersuccessiv
ecolum
nchromatograph
yon
silicag
el[13]
Jatro
pholon
eANot
specifiedlowast
[65]
Jatro
pholon
eBNot
specifiedlowast
[65]
Jatro
phon
eIsolated
from
ethano
lextract
[66]
Flavon
oids
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed17
5on
roots
[51]
Phenols
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed024on
roots
[51]
Sapo
nins
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed283on
roots
[51]
Tann
ins
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed273on
roots
[51]
6 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table1Con
tinued
Plantp
art
Classifi
catio
nCom
poun
dEx
tracttypea
ndorp
reparatio
nRe
ference
Seeds
Alkaloids
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed236on
seeds
[51]
Aminoacids
mdashNot
specifiedlowast
[67]
Carboh
ydrates
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed3032
on
seeds
[68]
mdashNot
specifiedlowast
[67]
Esters
12-D
eoxy-16-hydroxylph
orbo
lIsolated
from
hydrop
hilic
fractio
nfro
mthee
ther
extractby
coun
tercurrent
chromatograph
y[69]
Fatty
acids
Arachidicacid
Identifi
edin
petro
lether
extract
[6870]
Caprilica
cid
Identifi
edin
petro
lether
extract
[6870]
Lauricacid
Identifi
edin
petro
lether
extract
[6870]
Lign
ocericacid
Identifi
edin
petro
lether
extract
[6870]
Lino
leicacid
Identifi
edin
petro
lether
extract
[6870]
Myristicacid
Identifi
edin
petro
lether
extract
[6870]
Oleicacid
Identifi
edin
petro
lether
extract
[6870]
Palm
itica
cid
Identifi
edin
petro
lether
extract
[6870]
Palm
itoleicacid
Identifi
edin
petro
lether
extract
[6870]
Ricino
leicacid
Identifi
edin
petro
lether
extract
[6870]
Stearic
acid
Identifi
edin
petro
lether
extract
[6870]
Vernolicacid
Identifi
edin
petro
lether
extract
[6870]
Fibers
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed92
5on
seeds
[68]
Flavon
oids
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed226on
seeds
[51]
Phenols
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed018on
seeds
[51]
Proteins
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed1340
onseeds
[68]
Sapo
nins
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed237
onseeds
[51]
Quantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed6g
kgon
seeds
[68]
Tann
ins
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed352on
seeds
[51]
Latex
Proteins
Cyclo
gossineA
Not
specified
[71]
Cyclo
gossineB
Isolated
from
ethylacetateextractb
ygelfi
ltrationcolumnchromatograph
y[20]
Not
specified
Alkaloids
Imidazolea
lkaloid
Isolated
from
thep
lant
exud
ateslowast
[72]
Piperid
ine
Isolated
from
thep
lant
exud
ateslowast
[72]
Diterpenoids
Abiodo
neNot
specifiedlowast
[73]
lowast
Thec
ompletev
ersio
nof
thep
aper
was
notaccessib
leso
theinformationwas
obtained
from
itsabstr
act
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 7
Table2Mainiso
latedcompo
unds
from
Jatro
phagossy
piifolia
Ldescrib
edin
theliterature
Classifi
catio
nCom
poun
dPlantp
art
Biologicalactiv
ityRe
ference
Alkaloids
NOC
NO
Rici
nine
Leaves
Insecticideinvitro
[49]
Imidazolea
lkaloid
Not
specified
mdash[72]
Pipe
ridin
e
N H
Not
specified
mdash[72]
41015840-O
-dem
ethylretrochinensin
Stem
smdash
[58]
Ary
lnap
htha
lene
lign
an
OM
e
OM
eOH
OH
OO
Stem
srootsand
seeds
mdash[42]
Cleo
misc
osin
A
OO
O
OM
e
MeO
O
HO
CH2O
H
Stem
smdash
[59]
8 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table2Con
tinued
Classifi
catio
nCom
poun
dPlantp
art
Biologicalactiv
ityRe
ference
Cou
marin-lign
oids
Gad
ain
O OH
OO
O
O
Stem
srootsand
seeds
mdash[43]
Gos
sypi
dien
O OM
eOO
C
COO
Me
O OStem
smdash
[60]
Isog
adai
n
O OH
OO
O
O
Stem
smdash
[61]
Jatro
dien
O OM
eOO
C
MeO
OC
OM
e
OM
e
Stem
smdash
[62]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 9
Table2Con
tinued
Classifi
catio
nCom
poun
dPlantp
art
Biologicalactiv
ityRe
ference
Jatro
phan
OO
H
OM
e
O
O OM
e
Stem
srootsand
seeds
mdash[44]
Pras
anth
alin
e
OAc OAc
O OH
OM
eO
Me
Stem
smdash
[63]
Prop
acin
OM
e
OO
MeO
O
O
Me
HO
Who
leplant
mdash[38]
Venk
atasin
Who
leplant
mdash[39]
O
HO
O
O
2120572-H
ydro
xyja
troph
one
H3C
H3C
CH3
CH3
CH3
Roots
Antileuk
emicin
vitro
andin
vivo
[64]
10 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table2Con
tinued
Classifi
catio
nCom
poun
dPlantp
art
Biologicalactiv
ityRe
ference
O
HO
O
OH
3C
CH3
CH3
CH3
2120573-H
ydro
xy-5
6-is
ojat
roph
one
Roots
Antileuk
emicin
vitro
andin
vivo
[64]
Diterpenes
O
HO
O
OH
3C H3C
CH3
CH3
CH3
2120573-H
ydro
xyja
troph
one
Roots
Antileuk
emicin
vitro
andin
vivo
[64]
Abiodo
neNot
specified
Anticancerinvitro
[73]
Citla
litrio
ne O
OH
OH
O
Roots
mdash[13]
Who
leplant
mdash[40]
Falo
done O
OH
Roots
Anticancerinvitro
[13]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 11
Table2Con
tinued
Classifi
catio
nCom
poun
dPlantp
art
Biologicalactiv
ityRe
ference
Jatro
phen
one
HO
H
O
H AcO
H
HWho
leplant
Antibacteria
linvitro
[41]
OH
O
Jatro
phol
one A
Roots
mdash[65]
Jatro
phol
one B O
H
O
Roots
mdash[65]
Jatro
phon
e
O
OO
Roots
Anticancerinvitro
andin
vivo
[66]
12 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table2Con
tinued
Classifi
catio
nCom
poun
dPlantp
art
Biologicalactiv
ityRe
ference
Esters
OH
HO
O
HO
HOH
OH
12-D
eoxy
-16-
hydr
oxyl
phor
bol
Seeds
Irritanttomou
seear
[69]
Lign
ans
Gos
sypi
fan
MeO
MeO
H
OO
O
O
Aeria
lparts
mdash[46]
Gos
sypi
line
O O
OCO
Me
OCO
Me
H
OO
Aeria
lparts
mdash[47]
Proteins
Cyclo
goss
ine A
Leu 1
Ala
2Th
r 3
Val 7
Gly
6Le
u 5
Trp 4
Latex
mdash[1571]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 13
Table2Con
tinued
Classifi
catio
nCom
poun
dPlantp
art
Biologicalactiv
ityRe
ference
Cyclo
goss
ine B Leu 2
Ala
5A
la6
Gly
1Le
u 4
Leu 8
Trp 3
Ile7
Latex
mdash[1520]
Triterpenes
HO O
H
HO
OH
H
(13120572
14120573
20S
)-2
2425
-Trih
ydro
xyla
nost
a-1
7-d
ien-3
-one
Leaves
mdash[57]
HO O
H
HO
OH
H
(2120572
13120572
14120573
20S
)-2
2425
-Trih
ydro
xyla
nost-
7-en
-3-o
ne
Leaves
mdash[57]
14 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
in different forms of preparation (infusion decoction andmaceration among others) by different routes and forms(oral topical baths etc) The most frequent reports refer toits anti-inflammatory antidiarrheal antiophidian analgesicantipyretic antimicrobial healing antianemic antidiabeticand antihemorrhagic activities among many other examples[3 5 7 9]
Some properties are attributed to specific parts of theplant while others are assigned to different parts Interest-ingly in some cases certain uses may appear contradictorysuch as antidiarrheal and laxative or its use as anticoagulantand antihemorrhagic One hypothesis is that this differencemay be related with the dose used since for example thelaxative effect is an effect commonly related with toxic eventswith this plant
6 Pharmacological Activities
Despite the grand variety of popular uses and the data fromJatropha species J gossypiifolia has been scarcely studiedregarding biological activities (Table 4) Studies showing thebiological potential of aqueous extract are rare so far whichis important to be mentioned since the most popular useof this plant is as a tea (decoction or infusion) Among themain activities that have been studied the antihypertensiveanticancer antimicrobial healing anti-inflammatory andanalgesic activities stand out
61 Antihypertensive Action Based on popular use of teasfrom J gossypiifolia roots and aerial parts the hypotensiveand vasorelaxant effects of the ethanolic extract of aerialparts of the plant were tested by Abreu et al [45] Thestudy revealed that the extract (125 and 250mgkgdayover 4 weeks by oral route in rats) in a dose-dependentmanner produced a reduction of systolic blood pressurein conscious normotensive animals This hypotensive effectcould be attributed to its vasorelaxant action since it pro-duced concentration-dependent relaxant effect in rat isolatedendothelium-deprived mesenteric artery precontracted withnorepinephrine or calcium Moreover it inhibited in aconcentration-dependent and noncompetitive manner thecontractile response induced by norepinephrine or CaCl
2in
the same preparation [45]
62 Antimicrobial Action The antibiotic activity of differ-ent extracts from J gossypiifolia is frequently reported asobserved in Table 4 In general some extent of antibacterialantifungal antiparasitic and antiviral activity was observedThe only report of J gossypiifolia isolated compound withantimicrobial activity is of the macrocyclic diterpene jatro-phenone which presented significant in vitro antibacterialactivity against Staphylococcus aureus [41]
63 Anti-Inflammatory andor Analgesic Action Many imp-ortant popular uses of J gossypiifolia are related to inflamma-tory process Bhagat et al [28] showed that the methanolicextract of leaves of this species has significant systemicacute and chronic anti-inflammatory activity The extract
at 500 and 1000mgkg oral doses was able to inhibit theacute carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats and at 50 and100mgkg oral doses inhibited the chronic cotton pellet-induced granuloma formation in rats Additionally the Jgossypiifolia leaf paste (05 and 1mgear) showed significantreduction in TPA-induced local inflammatory changes inmouse ear edema model [28]
In another study the anti-inflammatory and analgesicproperties of the methanol and petrol ether extracts of aerialparts of J gossypiifolia were demonstrated in mice [92]At 100 and 200mgkgday during 7 days by oral routeonly the methanol extract presented significant analgesicactivity in Eddyrsquos hot plate and tail-flick models and anti-inflammatory activity in carrageenan-induced paw edema[92] The anti-inflammatory activity of the bark from Jgossypiifolia (methanol and petrol ether extracts) was alsodemonstrated in carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats[115]
In a recent study using the in vitro human red bloodcell membrane stabilization method Nagaharika et al [118]suggested that ethanol and water extracts from J gossypiifolialeaves have anti-inflammatory activity According to theauthors since human red blood cell membranes are similarto the lysosomal membrane components the prevention ofhypotonicity-induced membrane lysis of these cells couldbe taken as a measure in estimating the anti-inflammatoryproperty of compounds [118]
The analgesic activity of the methanol extract from theleaves of J gossypiifolia was evaluated in acetic acid-inducedwrithing test in mice where highly significant inhibitionwas seen of 6756 and 6514 at 200 and 400mgkg oraldoses respectively [111] Similar results were observed in themethanolic extract from fruits [110]
64 Healing Action The healing action of the ethanol crudeextract of J gossypiifolia (plant part not specified) wasevaluated in suture healing of ventral abdominal wall ofrats through tensiometric measurement and macro- andmicroscopic aspect of postoperative period The extractwhich was administered by an intraperitoneal instillation of100mgkg single dose in the peritoneal cavity presentedmoreintense adhesion on macroscopic examination and greaterstrain evaluation and vascular neoformation However agreater inflammatory process was also observed and otherhistological parameters were similar to the control groupindicating that in general the extract presented poor woundhealing properties in the used model [124]
Another study evaluated the healing action of thehydroethanolic crude extract from leaves of J gossypiifoliain the healing process of sutures performed on the bladderof rats and similar results were presented although someimprovement might have been observed in some parametersIn general the authors concluded that no favorable heal-ing effect was observed with the administration of singleintraperitoneal dose of J gossypiifolia L [108] In anotherstudy analyzing the morphological aspects of the healingprocess occurring in open skin lesions in rats under topicaladministration of raw extract from J gossypiifolia (details
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 15
Table3Po
pularm
edicinaluses
ofJatro
phagossy
piifolia
Ldescrib
edin
theliterature
Plantp
art
Popu
laru
sePreparationandor
mod
eofu
seRe
ference
Who
leplant
Analgesic(headache)
Leaves
anointed
with
ldquoSebode
Holan
dardquo(muttontallo
w)a
ndheated
inthefi
reareu
sedas
compressfor
headaches
[5]
Analgesic(to
othache)
Not
specified
[3]
Antim
icrobial
Not
specified
[3]
Antipyretic
Decoctio
n[20]
Dyscrasia
Not
specified
[3]
Dysph
onia
Not
specified
[3]
Wou
ndhealing
Not
specified
[7475]
Aeria
lparts
Antianemic(m
alariatre
atment)
Decoctio
nused
byoralroute
[76]
Abscess
Bath
[77]
Alopecia
Ashleaves
[25]
Analgesic(eye
pain)
Not
specified
[78]
Analgesic(headache)
Not
specified
[78]
Analgesic(headachea
ndotitis)
Not
specified
[79]
Analgesic(painin
general)
Decoctio
nor
infusio
n[80]
Analgesic(to
othache)
Decoctio
nor
infusio
n[80]
Antianemic
Decoctio
n[81]
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[82]
Anticancer
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Decoctio
nof
thea
ssociatio
nof
leaves
ofJgossy
piifolia
with
leaves
ofPetiveriaalliaceaandaeria
lpartsof
Stachytarpheta
jamaicensis
byoralroute
[29]
Not
specified
[3]
Anticon
vulsivant
Not
specified
[83]
Antidiabetic
Decoctio
n[8485]
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Antidiarrheal
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Not
specified
[3]
Antihem
orrhagic
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Freshcrushedleaves
areu
sedin
caseso
fcutaneous
andnasalbleeding
[86]
Anti-infectiv
eDecoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Not
specified
[8788]
Anti-infl
ammatory
Not
specified
[78]
Antipyretic
Decoctio
n[81]
ldquoTeardquo
[5]
Not
specified
[88]
Antise
ptic
Bath
prepared
from
theleaves
[5]
Antith
rombo
ticDecoctio
nor
infusio
n[80]
Antiulcerogenic
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Leafjuice
[89]
Boils
Applicationof
thep
ound
edleaves
[90]
16 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative MedicineTa
ble3Con
tinued
Plantp
art
Popu
laru
sePreparationandor
mod
eofu
seRe
ference
Burns
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Usedin
associationwith
seedso
fGossypium
arboreum
sugarhon
eybeeandfato
fram
preparedby
grinding
app
liedtopically
[29]
Con
traceptiv
eand
oxito
toxic
Not
specified
[79]
Depurative
Squeezedthe
juiceo
btainedisdrun
k[91]
Detoxificant
Not
specified
[92]
Eczema
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Emetic
Squeezedthe
juiceo
btainedisdrun
k[91]
Gastro
intestinaldisorders
Not
specified
[79]
Gingivitis
Leafjuice
[89]
Gon
orrhoea
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Healin
gBa
thprepared
from
theleaves
[5]
Decoctio
n[30]
Decoctio
nor
infusio
n[80]
Hem
orrhoids
Usedin
associationwith
leaves
ofNicotia
natabacum
andcopp
ersulphateboiledin
waterand
used
asste
amdirected
atthea
nalregion
[93]
Hem
ostatic
Decoctio
nor
infusio
n[80]
Hepatitis
Not
specified
[12]
Itching
skin
Applicationof
thep
ound
edleaves
[90]
Leaves
Leprosy
Leafjuice
[89]
Malaria
Decoctio
n[81]
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[82]
Usedin
associationwith
leaves
ofAz
adira
chta
indica
andCo
mbretum
spbo
iledforsteam
bathsa
ndby
oralroute
[94]
Usedin
associationwith
leaves
ofCo
mbretum
ghasalenseandwho
leplanto
fOcim
umcanu
mbyoralrouteo
rfor
steam
baths
[94]
Mastitis
Poun
dedleaves
appliedon
swollenbreasts
[90]
Mycosis
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Psycho
activ
eNot
specified
[79]
Purgative
Not
specified
[388]
Rheumatism
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Scabies
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Skin
diseases
Not
specified
[3]
Stom
achic
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Not
specified
[8892]
Syph
ilis
Ash
ofleaves
[25]
Thrush
(oralcandidiasis)
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Treatm
ento
fldquocultu
ralsyn
drom
esrdquoldquoderramerdquo
ldquoquebranterdquoldquoespanterdquo
ldquovento-caıdordquoldquo
panemardquo
ldquodoenca-do-arrdquoldquom
ae-do-corpordquo
Not
specified
[79]
Vaginalinfectio
nSlightlybo
iledused
asvaginalw
ash
[91]
Venerald
iseases
Not
specified
[92]
Verm
ifuge
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Vertigo
Not
specified
[3]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 17
Table3Con
tinued
Plantp
art
Popu
laru
sePreparationandor
mod
eofu
seRe
ference
Wou
ndsa
ndrashes
Bath
oftheleaves
[24]
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Decoctio
nused
asbathsfor
cleaningwou
ndsindo
gs[95]
Wou
nddisin
fectant
Slightlybo
iledused
aswou
ndwash
[91]
Stem
Analgesic(to
othache)
Not
specified
[96]
Antianemic
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[82]
Anticancer
Decoctio
nby
oralor
topicalrou
te[26]
Emmenagogue
Decoctio
nof
barks
[7092]
Malaria
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[82]
Rheumatism
Not
specified
[77]
Thickbloo
dNot
specified
[77]
Roots
Anticancer
Decoctio
nby
oralor
topicalrou
te[26]
Root
bark
used
forc
ancero
fthe
lung
s[73]
Anticon
vulsivant
Not
specified
[83]
Antidiarrheal
Not
specified
[89]
Antim
icrobial
Root
bark
used
inbacterialinfectio
ns[73]
Impo
tence
Decoctio
nof
thea
ssociatio
nof
rootso
fJgossy
piifoliaC
hiococca
albaC
itrus
aurantifoliaD
esmodium
canu
m
RoystonearegiaSenn
aoccid
entalisStachytarphetajamaicensis
and
Waltheriaindica
with
thew
holeplanto
fCom
melina
erectaC
yperus
rotund
usand
sugarby
oralroute
[29]
Leprosy
Not
specified
[392]
Snakebites
Not
specified
[22929798]
Urin
arypain
Not
specified
[92]
Uterusd
iseases
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[99100]
Seeds
Analgesic(bod
ypain)
Not
specified
[101]
Analgesic(headache)
Not
specified
[79]
Antigrip
alUsedin
strong
colds
[5]
Antihem
orrhagic
Not
specified
[9]
Antiulcerogenic
Seed
oil
[3]
Con
traceptiv
eand
oxito
toxic
Not
specified
[79]
Depurative
Not
specified
[91]
Emetic
Not
specified
[7091101]
Gastro
intestinaldisorders
Not
specified
[79]
Leprosy
Seed
oil
[3]
Mycosis
Seed
oil
[3]
Psycho
activ
eNot
specified
[79]
Purgative
Not
specified
[39101102]
Treatm
ento
fldquocultu
ralsyn
drom
esrdquoldquoderramerdquo
ldquoquebranterdquoldquoespanterdquo
ldquovento-caıdordquoldquo
panemardquo
ldquodoenca-do-arrdquoldquom
ae-do-corpordquo
Not
specified
[79]
Vaginalinfectio
nSlightlybo
iledused
asvaginalw
ash
[91]
Wou
ndinfection
Slightlybo
iledused
aswou
ndwash
[91]
18 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table3Con
tinued
Plantp
art
Popu
laru
sePreparationandor
mod
eofu
seRe
ference
Fruits
Analgesic
Massaging
pregnant
wom
enrsquosbellies
with
teao
rgarrafadalowast
whenthey
areinpain
[77]
Analgesic(headache)
Teao
rgarrafadalowast
[77]
Analgesic(to
othache)
Teao
rgarrafadalowast
[77]
Laxativ
eIngestion
innatura
ofthep
owderfruit
[102]
Num
bnessa
fterb
ugsting
sTeao
rgarrafadalowast
[77]
Latex
Alopecia
Not
specified
[25]
Analgesic(eye
pain)
Not
specified
[78]
Analgesic(painin
general)
Drin
kor
massage
thea
ffected
area
with
latex
[80]
Analgesic(to
othache)
Cottonsoaked
with
latexkept
incontactw
iththes
oretoo
th[103]
Drin
kor
massage
thea
ffected
area
with
latex
[80]
Anticancer
Not
specified
[25]
Antihem
orrhagic
Not
specified
[9248695]
Antith
rombo
ticOralrou
te[80]
Antiulcerogenic
Not
specified
[2089]
Biteof
veno
mou
sanimals
Applicationof
fresh
latexatthea
ffected
site
[5]
Diuretic
Afewdrop
soffresh
latex
inwater
[6]
Eczema
Not
specified
[25]
Gingivitis
Not
specified
[89]
Gon
orrhea
Not
specified
[25]
Hem
ostatic
Not
specified
[2580]
Infected
wou
nds
Applicationof
fresh
latex
atthea
ffected
site
[520]
Leprosy
Not
specified
[89]
Mycosis
Not
specified
[25]
Purgative
Afewdrop
soffresh
latexin
water
[6]
Not
specified
[9]
Rheumatism
Not
specified
[25]
Scabies
Not
specified
[25]
Skin
burns
Applicationof
fresh
latex
atthea
ffected
site
[104]
Not
specified
[25]
Stop
ofitching
ofcutsandscratches
Not
specified
[95]
Syph
ilis
Not
specified
[25]
Thrush
(oralcandidiasis)
Not
specified
[25]
Verm
ifuge
Not
specified
[25]
Wou
ndhealing
Applicationof
latexatthea
ffected
site
[5]
Drin
kor
massage
thea
ffected
sitew
ithlatex
[80]
Not
specified
[7475]
Resin
Toothache
Toothp
owder
[27]
Wou
ndsinlip
sand
tong
ueTo
picalapp
lication
[27]
Oil
Arthritis
Appliedlocally
[89]
Purgative
Not
specified
[89]
Skin
disease
Appliedlocally
[89]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 19
Table3Con
tinued
Plantp
art
Popu
laru
sePreparationandor
mod
eofu
seRe
ference
Not
specified
Alopecia
Teaa
ppliedlocally
indo
gs[105]
Analgesic
Not
specified
[13]
Poultic
es[95]
Anticancer
Not
specified
[1366]
Antidiarrheal
Not
specified
[2845106]
Antihypertensive
Not
specified
[45]
Anti-infl
ammatory
Not
specified
[1328]
Antipyretic
Not
specified
[28]
Antise
ptic
Not
specified
[45]
Antiulcerogenic
Not
specified
[28]
Cou
ghsa
ndcolds
Bark
juice(4spoo
nfuls3tim
esad
ay)b
yoralroute
[107]
Detoxication
Not
specified
[28]
Diuretic
Not
specified
[45]
Eczema
Not
specified
[28]
Gum
infection
Not
specified
[28]
Healin
gNot
specified
[45108]
Hydropsy
Not
specified
[5]
Leprosy
Not
specified
[28]
Obstructio
nsof
thea
bdom
inaltract
Not
specified
[5]
Purgative
Not
specified
[5]
Regu
latem
enses
Not
specified
[109]
Rheumatism
Not
specified
[5]
Snakea
ndscorpion
bites
Not
specified
[322]
Stom
achpain
Not
specified
[28]
Venerealdiseases
Not
specified
[28]
Wou
nds
Poultic
es[95]
Usedas
bath
[28]
lowast
Garrafadapreparatio
ndo
neby
maceratingplantp
artsin
alcoho
lorh
ydroalcoho
licmediumsin
generalbrandies
20 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative MedicineTa
ble4Ph
armacologicalstu
dies
ofJatro
phagossy
piifolia
Ldescrib
edin
theliterature
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Analgesic
Aeria
lparts
Methano
land
petro
lether
extracts
At100and200m
gkgdayover7
daysbyoralrouteinmiceon
lythe
methano
lextractpresentedsig
nificantanalgesicactiv
ityin
Eddyrsquosho
tplatea
ndtail-flack
mod
els[92]
Fruits
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmicehigh
lysig
nificantly
inhibitedthew
rithing
respon
sesind
uced
byaceticacid
[110]
Leaves
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmicesig
nificantly
inhibited
thew
rithing
respon
sesind
uced
byaceticacid
[111]
Antibacteria
l
Latex
Crud
elatex
At100120583
Lvolumeinh
ibitedin
vitro
Liste
riamonocytogenes
Salm
onellatyhimuriumSalmonellatyphiandStaphylococcus
aureus
[112]
Latex
Not
specified
Presentedbactericidaleffectinvitro
againstShigella
dysenteriaea
ndStaphylococcus
aureuslowast
[113]
Leaves
Fractio
nsobtained
bysequ
entia
lextractionof
the
vegetalm
aterialw
ithpetro
letherbenzenechloroform
aceton
eethano
lmethano
landwater
Petro
lether
fractio
nwas
inactiv
eagainstEscherich
iacoliandBa
cillus
subtilisBe
nzenefractionwas
them
ostactiveagainstb
oth
microorganism
sCh
loroform
andmethano
lfractions
werea
ctive
onlyagainstB
acillus
subtilisAc
eton
eand
ethano
lfractions
were
activ
eonlyagainstE
scheric
hiacoliAq
ueou
sfractionwas
activ
eagainstb
othmicroorganism
salthou
ghto
amuchlesser
degree
than
theo
ther
fractions
[52]
Methano
lchloroform
and
water
extracts
Allextractswerea
ctiveinvitro
againstShigella
dysenteriaelowast
[113]
Petro
lether
andethyl
acetatefractions
from
ethano
ldichloromethane
(11vv)extract
Thep
etrolether
fractio
n(1mgmL)
inhibitedin
vitro
Pseudomonas
aeruginosaStaphylo
coccus
epidermidis
andSalm
onellatyphim
urium
Thee
thylacetatefraction(1mgmL)
was
activ
eagainstStaphylococcus
aureus
[87]
Who
leplant
Jatro
phenon
ePresentedin
vitro
antib
acteria
lactivity
againstStaphylo
coccus
aureus
comparabletopenicillin
[41]
Aeria
lparts
Water
andethylacetate
fractio
nsfro
mmethano
lextract
Both
fractio
nsat1
mgdidno
tprodu
cezoneso
finh
ibition
for
Escherich
iacoliStaphylococcus
aureusSaccharom
yces
cerevisia
enor
Cand
idaalbicans
[114]
Leaves
Chloroform
extract
Presentedantib
acteria
lactivity
againstSalmonellatyphiPseudomonas
aeruginosaand
Staphylococcus
aureus
andantifun
galactivity
against
Cand
idaalbicansD
idno
tprodu
ceinhibitio
nzonesa
gainst
Escherich
iacoliBa
cillussubtilis
Proteusm
irabilisC
orynebacteriu
mdiptheria
eShigelladysenteriaea
ndStreptococcusp
enum
oniae
[50]
Leaves
Dichlorom
ethane
methano
l(11vv)extract
At05and1m
gmLshow
edsig
nificantantibacteria
lactivity
invitro
againstB
acillus
cereus
varm
ycoidesBa
cillusp
umilu
sBa
cillussubtilis
Bordetellabronchise
ptica
MicrococcusluteusStaphylococcus
aureus
Staphylococcus
epidermidis
Klebsiella
pneumoniaeandStreptococcus
faecalisandantifun
galactivity
invitro
againstC
andida
albicans
[88]
Methano
lextract
Presentedantib
acteria
lactivity
againstSalmonellatyphiPseudomonas
aeruginosaand
Staphylococcus
aureus
andantifun
galactivity
against
Cand
idaalbicansD
idno
tprodu
ceinhibitio
nzonesa
gainst
Escherich
iacoliBa
cillussubtilis
Proteusm
irabilisC
orynebacteriu
mdiptheria
eShigelladysenteriaea
ndStreptococcusp
enum
oniae
[50]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 21
Table4Con
tinued
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Antibacteria
land
antifun
gal
Not
specified
Extractsob
tained
bysequ
entia
lextractionof
the
vegetalm
aterialw
ithn-hexanechloroform
aceton
emethano
land
water
n-Hexanee
xtracthadinhibitory
activ
ityin
vitro
againstE
scheric
hia
coliSalm
onellatyphiPseudomonas
aeruginosaB
acillus
cereus
Klebsiella
aerogenesandCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainst
Shiguella
boydiAspergillus
fumiga
tusAspergillus
flavusand
Aspergillus
nigerCh
loroform
extractinh
ibitedin
vitro
Salm
onella
typhiPseudomonas
aeruginosaB
acillus
cereusan
dCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainstEscherich
iacoliStaphylococcus
aureus
Shiguella
boydiAspergillus
fumiga
tusAspergillus
flavusand
Aspergillus
nigerAc
eton
eextractinhibitedin
vitro
Escherich
iacoli
Pseudomonas
aeruginosaStaphylococcusa
ureusKlebsiella
aerogenes
Proteusv
ulgarisan
dCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainst
Salm
onellatyphiAspergillus
fumiga
tusAspergillus
flavusa
ndAspergillus
nigerMethano
lextractinhibitedin
vitro
Escherich
iacoli
Salm
onellatyphiPseudomonas
aeruginosaStaphylococcusa
ureus
Bacilluscereusa
ndCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainst
Aspergillus
fumigatusA
spergillu
sflavusan
dAspergillus
nigerWater
extractw
asactiv
einvitro
againstE
scheric
hiacoliSalm
onellatyphi
Pseudomonas
aeruginosaStaphylococcusa
ureusBa
cilluscereus
Klebsiella
aerogenesProteusv
ulgarisan
dCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainstAspergillus
fumigatusA
spergillu
sflavusand
Aspergillus
niger
[89]
Methano
land
petro
lether
extractsfro
mbark
At200120583
g100120583
Lon
lythem
ethano
lextractshow
edin
vitro
antib
acteria
lactivity
upon
Staphylococcus
aureusStre
ptococcus
pyogenesand
Escherich
iacoliandantifun
galactivity
upon
Aspergillus
nigerCa
ndidaalbicansPenicillium
notatumand
Saccharomyces
cerevisia
e
[115]
Anticho
linesterase
Latex
Lyop
hilized
latex
Inhibitedtim
e-anddo
se-dependentlythea
cetylch
olinesterase
enzymeinnervou
stissue
offre
shwater
airb
reathing
fishCh
anna
marulius
[116]
Leaves
Fractio
nsobtained
bysequ
entia
lextractionof
the
vegetalm
aterialw
ithethyl
acetatea
ndmethano
l
At2m
gmLconcentration
thee
thylacetatea
ndmethano
lfractions
presentedinhibitory
activ
ities
invitro
of71
and100
Them
ethano
lfractio
npresentedIC
50of
005
mgmL
[117]
Antidiarrheal
Fruits
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmiceinhibitedthec
astoro
ilindu
ceddiarrhea
[110]
Leaves
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmiceinhibitedthec
astoro
ilindu
ceddiarrhea
[111]
Antifu
ngal
(antidermatop
hytic
fung
i)Ae
rialp
arts
Water
andethylacetate
fractio
nsfro
mmethano
lextract
Them
inim
alconcentrationprod
ucing75of
inhibitio
nor
high
eragainstM
icrosporuscanis
forb
othfractio
nsw
as1120583
gmLFo
rthe
fung
usMicrosporusg
ypseum
Microsporusfulvuman
dMicrosporus
gallina
eno
neof
thefractionpresentedinhibitory
activ
ity
[114]
22 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative MedicineTa
ble4Con
tinued
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Anti-infl
ammatory
Aeria
lparts
Methano
land
petro
lether
extracts
At100and200m
gkgdayover7
daysbyoralrouteinmiceon
lythe
methano
lextractpresentedsig
nificantanti-infl
ammatoryactiv
ityon
carrageenan-indu
cedpawedem
a[92]
Leaves
Aqueou
sextract
At100and200120583
gmLsig
nificantly
preventedthelysisof
human
red
bloo
dcells
inmem
branes
tabilizationmetho
din
vitro
[118]
Ethano
lextract
At100120583
gmLsig
nificantly
preventedthelysisof
human
redbloo
dcells
inmem
branes
tabilizationmetho
din
vitro
[118]
Methano
lextractandleaf
paste
At500and1000
mgkgbyoralrouteinrats
inhibitedthe
carrageenan-indu
cedpawedem
aAt
50and100m
gkgbyoralroute
inrats
inhibitedthec
ottonpelletind
uced
granulom
aformationin
rats
At05and1m
geartheleafp
asteredu
cedtheinfl
ammation
respon
sein
mou
seeare
demam
odel
[28]
Not
specified
Methano
land
petro
lether
extractsfro
mbark
At200m
gkgbyoralrouteinratsbothextractsredu
cedthe
carrageenan-indu
cedpawedem
a[115]
Antim
alarial
Leaves
Aqueou
sextract
30120583ginhibitedin
vitro
theg
rowth
ofPlasmodium
falciparum
[31]
Dichlorom
ethane
extract
Activ
einvitro
againstP
lasm
odium
falciparumw
ithIC
50of
abou
t35120583gmL
[81]
Antineoplasic
Roots
Ethano
licextractand
jatro
phon
e
Thee
thanolextractas
wellasjatroph
oneexhibitedsig
nificant
inhibitory
activ
ityin
vitro
againstcellsderiv
edfro
mhu
man
carcinom
aofthe
nasoph
aryn
xandlymph
ocyticleuk
emiaP-388and
invivo
againstfou
rstand
ardanim
altumor
syste
ms
[66]
Falodo
neShow
edpo
tent
proliferatio
ninhibitory
activ
ityagainstA
-549
human
cancer
celllin
ewith
IC50of
120120583
gmL
[13]
2120572-H
ydroxyjatro
phon
e2120573
-hydroxy-56-iso
jatro
phon
eand2120573
-hydroxyjatro
phon
editerpenes
isolatedfro
mpetro
lether
extract
Presentedantin
eoplasicactiv
ityup
onP-388lymph
ocyticleuk
emia
testsyste
mbo
thin
vivo
andin
vitro
asw
ellasfor
theE
aglersquos
carcinom
aofthe
nasoph
aryn
xtestsyste
min
vitro
[64]
Not
specified
Abiodo
neNot
specifiedlowast
[73]
Antioxidant
Leaves
Methano
lethylacetateand
aqueou
sextract
Allextractsshow
edsig
nificantantioxidant
activ
ityin
vitro
inDPP
Hfre
eradicalferric
thiocyanateandnitricoxides
caveng
ingmetho
dslowast
[55]
Who
leplant
Petro
letherchloroform
ethylacetateand
n-bu
tano
lextracts
Allextractsshow
edon
lypo
orDPP
Hscavenging
activ
ityTh
etotal
antio
xidant
capacitywas
high
erin
ethylacetateandn-bu
tano
lextracts
having
thep
etrolether
andchloroform
show
ingon
lypo
oractiv
ityTh
elipid
peroxidatio
nwas
inhibitedon
lypartially
bythe
extracts
with
thee
thylacetateb
eing
them
ostactivea
ndthep
etrol
etherb
eing
theleast
[48]
Antisp
asmod
icAe
rialp
arts
Ethano
lextractfractions
andsubfractions
At5001000and
2000
mgkgbyoralrouteinmiceshow
edsig
nificantantisp
asmod
icactiv
ityin
mou
seintestinaltransit
mod
elandat0510
and
20m
gmLinhibitedin
vitro
thea
cetylch
olinea
ndcalcium-in
ducedcontractions
ofiso
lated
ratjeju
numO
nlythe
organicfractionof
thee
xtracthadac
alcium
-antagon
isteffect
whereas
both
chloroform
icandaqueou
sfractions
hadanticho
linergic
effect
[119]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 23Ta
ble4Con
tinued
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Antivira
lAe
rialp
arts
Water
andethylacetate
fractio
nsfro
mmethano
lextract
At110and
100120583
gmLbo
thfractio
nspresented100
ofinhibitio
nof
plaque-fo
rmingabilityof
Sind
bisv
irusintre
atmentp
reinfection
protocol(IC 5
0lt1120583
gmL)w
hilein
treatmentp
ostin
fection
theIC 5
0of
water
fractio
nincreasedto
512andacetatefractionincreasedto
37120583gmLFo
rmurinec
ytom
egaloviru
sIC
50of
17and15
towater
andethylacetatefractio
nswereo
bservedrespectiv
elyintre
atment
preinfectio
nprotocolInthetreatmentp
ostin
fection
howe
verno
inhibitio
nwas
observed
inthismicroorganism
[114]
Not
specified
Methano
lextractfro
mbarks
Partially
activ
eagainstSind
bisv
irusand
herpes
simplex
virus-l
Inactiv
eagainsthu
man
polio
virus
[107]
Bron
chod
ilator
Stem
sAq
ueou
sextract
Thee
xtractwas
inactiv
einbron
chod
ilatora
ctivity
inguinea
pigs
[120]
Con
traceptiv
eLeaves
Ethano
lextract
At450m
gkgdayover2
1daysby
oralroutecaused
anantifertility
activ
ityin
femalem
ice
[121]
Healin
g
Aeria
lparts
Ethano
l70
extract
At1m
Lkg
dosebyintraperito
nealrouteinrats
presentedbeneficial
activ
ityin
healingprocesso
fcolon
icanastomosis
[122]
Aeria
lparts
Ethano
l70
extract
At200m
gkgbyintraperito
nealrouteinrats
favoredtheh
ealin
gprocesso
fgastro
rrhaph
iesa
ndredu
cedthea
cuteinflammatory
reactio
nin
vivo
[123]
Leaves
Hydroethano
lextract
At200m
gkgbyintraperito
nealroutedecreasedtheinfl
ammation
andincreasedvascular
neoformationandcollagendepo
sitionwhen
comparedto
thec
ontro
lgroup
inhealingprocesso
fsutures
perfo
rmed
ontheb
ladd
erof
rats
How
everingeneralno
favorable
healingeffectw
asob
served
[108]
Not
specified
Ethano
licextract
Alth
ough
someimprovem
entcou
ldbe
observed
insuture
healingof
ventralabd
ominalwallofratstreated
with
100m
gkg
ofextract
(intraperito
nealinstillationintraperito
nealcavity)in
generalon
lya
poor
healingactiv
itywas
observed
[124]
Not
specified
At01m
Lvolumeby
topicalapp
lication
thec
rude
extractp
resented
significantd
ifferencesc
oncerningthem
acroscop
icandmicroscop
icaspectso
fhealin
gprocesso
ccurrin
gin
open
skin
lesio
nsin
rats
[125]
Hem
ostatic
Latex
Crud
efresh
latex
Decreased
clotting
andbleeding
timeinhealthysubjects
[101]
Hepatop
rotective
Aeria
lparts
Petro
letherm
ethano
land
water
extracts
At200m
gkgdayover7
daysbyoralrouteinrats
both
extracts
presentedhepatoprotectiv
eactivity
incarbon
tetrachlorideind
uced
liver
damagewith
thep
etrolether
beingthem
ostactivea
ndthe
methano
lbeing
theleast
[126]
Hypotensiv
eand
vasorelaxant
Aeria
lparts
Ethano
licextract
At125and250m
gkgdayover4
weeksby
oralrouteinrats
ina
dose-dependent
mannerredu
cedthes
ystolic
bloo
dpressure
and
prod
uced
acon
centratio
n-depend
entrelaxanteffectin
ratisolated
(ex
vivo)end
otheliu
m-depriv
edmesenteric
artery
precon
tractedwith
norepineph
rineo
rCaC
l 2
[45]
Immun
omod
ulatory
Who
leplant
Petro
lether
extract
At100200and40
0120583gmLincreasedthep
roliferationof
mou
sespleen
cellin
vitro
[127]
Localanesthetic
Not
specified
Methano
land
aqueou
sextracts
Both
extractspresentedsig
nificantlocalanestheticactiv
ityby
plexus
anesthesiain
frogslowast
[128]
24 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table4Con
tinued
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Relaxant
effecto
nuterine
smoo
thmuscle
(tocolytic
activ
ity)
Aeria
lparts
Ethano
licextractand
chloroform
icandaqueou
sfractio
ns
At05and10
mgmLthee
thanolicextractreduced
the
calcium
-evokedcontractile
respon
seof
theu
terin
esmoo
thmuscle
as
wellas
thec
hloroformicfractio
nTh
eaqu
eous
fractio
npresented
onlyslighteffect
[129]
Sedativ
eand
anxiolytic
Fruits
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmicepresentedsedativ
eeffect
intheh
olec
rosstest
At200m
gkgpresented
anxiolyticactiv
ityin
holebo
ardtest
At40
0mgkgpresented
anxiolyticactiv
ityin
elevated
plus-m
azetest
[110]
Leaves
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmicepresentedsedativ
eeffect
intheh
olec
rosstest
At200m
gkgpresented
anxiolyticactiv
ityin
holebo
ardtest
At40
0mgkgpresented
anxiolyticin
elevated
plus-m
azetest
[111]
lowast
Thec
ompletev
ersio
nof
thep
aper
was
notaccessib
leso
theinformationwas
obtained
from
itsabstr
act
IC50con
centratio
nthatinhibits50of
ther
eferredactiv
ity
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 25
about extract preparation and plant part not specified) theauthors also observed an absence of healing action althoughsome histological improvement was shown [125]
However studying the influence of J gossypiifolia on thehealing process of colonic anastomosis in rats Servin et alshowed that the administration of 1mLkg single dose ofthe hydro alcoholic extract from aerial parts has beneficialeffect on the healing process [122] However according tothese authors on the seventh day of the experiment therewas a decrease in the action of the extract suggestingthat the extract in this experiment was less active in laterstages of healing process [122] A plausible hypothesis notraised by the authors could be the fact that the extract wasadministered in a single dose which may not have beensufficient to maintain the effect throughout the time of theexperiment Additionally Vale et al showed that the ethanolicextract from aerial parts of J gossypiifolia at single intraperi-toneal dose of 200mgkg favored the healing process ofgastrorrhaphies and reduced the acute inflammatory reactionin vivo [123]
65 Hemostatic Action The use of J gossypiifolia especiallythe latex is widespread as a hemostatic agent for preventingbleeding disorders The results of whole blood clotting timeusing Lee and White method and bleeding time using Ivyrsquosmethod were significantly reduced when stem latex wasintroduced suggesting procoagulant activity [101] Regardingthe possible mechanism of action based on experimentsthat show the precipitating action of the latex upon bovinealbumin the authors suggest that the latex precipitatesclotting factors thereby bringing the coagulation factors intoclose contact and then the activation of coagulation cascadeleads to the generation of thrombin and formation of aclot takes place in a matter of seconds when compared tothe control experiment which took minutes to completecoagulation [101] It is important to emphasize that to the bestof our knowledge this is the only study performed on humansubjects
66 Anticholinesterase Action Based on the cholinergichypothesis acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are widely usedto treat Alzheimerrsquos disease J gossypiifolia presented animportant anticholinesterase activity since the methanolicextract from leaves showed an IC
50of 005mgmL [117]
Another study showed that the lyophilized latex of theplant was able to inhibit time- and dose-dependently theacetylcholinesterase enzyme in nervous tissue of freshwaterair breathing fish Channa marulius [116]
67 Antioxidant Action The antioxidant activity of extractsfrom J gossypiifoliawas evaluated by Kharat et al [55] In thiswork the high content of phenols tannins and flavonoids inthe leaves prompted the authors to evaluate the antioxidantactivity of the leaves DPPH free radical ferric thiocyanateand nitric oxide scavengingmethods were used to analyze theantioxidant activity in vitro of methanol ethyl acetate andaqueous extracts demonstrating positive resultsThe authorsattributed the free radical scavenging activity to the presence
of flavonoids [55] On the other hand a study showed thatdifferent extracts (petrol ether chloroform ethyl acetate andn-butanol) fromwhole plant of J gossypiifolia had only partialantioxidant activity in DPPH scavenging total antioxidantcapacity and lipid peroxidation tests [48] Among them theethyl acetate extract was the most active which correlatespositively with its higher content of phenolic compounds incomparison with the other extracts [48]
68 Contraceptive Action Based on its popular use J gossypi-ifoliawas assessed for its antifertility activity as an alternativeto oral contraceptive agents J gossypiifolia leaf extract byoral route altered the major hormones involved in estrouscycle regulation indicating its antifertility effect on mice[121] Evaluating other parameters (estrogenic and earlyabortifacient activities) the anti-infertility effect of the extractwas once more demonstrated later [130]
69 Tocolytic Action Based on the ethnopharmacologicalapplication of the plant as tocolytic remedy the effects oncalcium-evoked uterine smooth muscle contraction of theethanolic extract and fractions were evaluated [129] Thecrude extract and to a higher extent the chloroformic frac-tion reduced the calcium-evoked contractile response of theuterine smooth muscle promoting a rightward displacementof calciumcumulative curves aswell as reducing themaximalcontractions [129]
610 Antineoplasic Action One of the most well-knownpharmacological activities of J gossypiifolia is its antineopla-sic action which is frequently associated with the contentof lignoids and terpenoids One of the first reports wasmade by Kupchan et al [66] when the authors found thatthe ethanolic extract from roots as well as the isolatedditerpene jatrophone exhibited significant inhibitory activityin vitro against cells derived from human carcinoma of thenasopharynx and lymphocytic leukemia P-388 and in vivoagainst four standard animal tumor systems such as sarcoma180 Lewis lung carcinoma P-388 lymphocytic leukemiaand Walker 256 intramuscular carcinosarcoma [66] Laterthree new antitumor derivatives of jatrophone were isolatedfrom petrol ether extracts from roots of J gossypiifolia 2120572-hydroxyjatrophone 2120573-hydroxy-56-isojatrophone and 2120573-hydroxyjatrophone [64] Recently two other diterpenes withpotent antineoplasic activity were isolated from J gossypi-ifolia falodone and abiodone Falodone was isolated frommethanol extract from roots and showed potent proliferationinhibitory activity against A-549 human cancer cell line [13]Abiodone a lathyrane diterpenoid compound was isolatedfrom J gossypiifolia and presented potent anticancer activity[73]
611 Local Anesthetic Action The local anesthetic action ofJ gossypiifolia was evaluated by plexus anaesthesia in frogs[128] The authors observed that the aqueous and methanolextract (plant part not specified) presented significant anes-thetic action when compared to control group
26 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
612 Neuropharmacological Action The neuropharmacolog-ical action of the methanol extract of the leaves of J gossypi-ifolia was evaluated by Apu et al [111] The authors observedthat in hole cross test the extract at 200 and 400mgkg byoral route showed significant sedative effect in mice In holeboard test the extract showed highly significant anxiolyticactivity at a dose of 200mgkg whereas the same activity wasobserved at 400mgkg dose in elevated plus-maze test [111]Similar results were observed in the methanolic extract fromfruits [110]
613 Antidiarrheal Action Although it may seem contradic-tory as shown in Table 3 J gossypiifolia species is popularlyused both as purgative and as antidiarrheal remedy Howeverin literature there are interesting results about the antidiar-rheal properties of different extracts of this species
At 200 and 400mgkg oral doses in mice the methanolextract of J gossypiifolia leaves produced highly signifi-cant antidiarrheal activity upon castor oil-induced diarrheadecreasing themean number of stool and total weight of fecaloutput when compared to control group [111] Similar resultswere observed in the methanolic extract from fruits [110]
Aiming to determine the possible action mechanism of Jgossypiifolia aerial parts ethanol extract as antidiarrheal agentSilva et al [119] have investigated the effect of this extracton intestinal transit velocity and on isolated rat jejunumAt 500 1000 and 2000mgkg by oral route in mice theextract showed significant antispasmodic activity in mouseintestinal transit model when compared to control At 0510 and 20mgmL the crude extract inhibited in vitro theacetylcholine and calcium-induced contractions of isolatedrat jejunum The chloroform and aqueous fractions wereobtained and it was observed that only the chloroform frac-tion of the extract had a calcium-antagonist effect whereasboth chloroformic and aqueous fractions had anticholinergiceffect suggesting that the antispasmodic effect of J gossypi-ifolia may be due to a combination of anticholinergic andcalcium-antagonist mechanisms [119]
614 Immunomodulatory Action The immunomodulatoryaction of synthetic lignan compounds was evaluated by theassay of proliferation of mouse spleen cell in vitro andcompared with petrol ether extract of whole plant of Jgossypiifolia since it is a natural source of this kind ofcompound [127] The authors showed that both syntheticand naturally occurring 1-phenylnaphthalene lignans couldpositively modulate the immunity of the host since theysignificantly increased the proliferation of mouse spleen cellin vitro [127]
615 Hepatoprotective Action Despite some studies havingshown the hepatotoxic potential of J gossypiifolia a study wasperformed to analyze the possible hepatoprotective action ofextracts of this plant in carbon tetrachloride-induced liverdamage in rats [126] In fact the petrol ether methanoland water extracts from the aerial parts of J gossypiifoliapresented significant hepatoprotective action in this model
substantially restoring towards normalization the serum lev-els of serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase serum glu-tamate pyruvate transaminase serum alkaline phosphatasetotal bilirubin superoxide dismutase and catalase [126] Theauthors also discuss the close relationship between the hep-atoprotective action observed and the possible antioxidantmechanism present in the extracts
7 Other Actions andBiotechnological Applications
In addition to studies demonstrating scientific evidences ofthe pharmacological properties of J gossypiifolia severalstudies have demonstrated the potential of this species toobtain molecules with various applications thus showing itsmultipurpose character
Among the main applications described the use ofJ gossypiifolia seed oil for biodiesel production could bementioned Jatropha species has drawn the attention ofresearchers in recent years due to its emergence as a highlysuitable feedstock plant for biodiesel production [11] Amongthe species J gossypiifolia J curcas and J pohliana produceseeds with high oil content [11] In a study investigatingthe potential of two plants of the Jatropha genus (includ-ing J gossypiifolia) the authors observed that the studiedphysicochemical properties of the produced biodiesel are inthe acceptable range for use as biodiesel in diesel enginesshowing a promising economic exploitation of these rawmaterials [131]
Studies have shown the potential of the species for thedevelopment of new tools for biochemical analysis A recentstudy showed that the diluted fresh latex J gossypiifolia can beused as precipitating agent for biochemical determination ofproteins in plasma urine and cerebrospinal fluid with valuescomparable to those obtained from the conventional proteinprecipitants sodium tungstate and trichloroacetic acid [24]According to the authors the precipitating potential couldbe related to the capacity of the latex to form clots whenapplied to a bleeding sore or wound when it is used in folkmedicine [24] Another study showed the potentiality of thejuice extracted from the fresh leaves of J gossypiifolia asan anticoagulant for haematological analyses [86] 01mL ofextract per mL of blood proved to be suitable for obtainingplasmas for biochemical analysis comparable with conven-tional anticoagulants [86] However the authors emphasizethat the extract must be purified to remove interferingsubstances for it to be perfectly suitable for biochemicalanalysis [86]
Some studies have demonstrated the potentiality of Jgossypiifolia as a source of pesticide biomolecules Bullang-poti et al [49] isolated ricinine from the ethyl acetate extractfrom senescent leaves the main compound responsible forthe toxicity of the crude extract in Spodoptera exigua larvaethus demonstrating that it could be an alternative choiceto chemical insecticides In another study Bullangpoti etal [132] showed that the ethanol extract of J gossypiifoliain association with the ethanol extract of Melia azedarachwas toxic and inhibited some enzymes from Spodoptera
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 27
frugiperda larvae demonstrating once more the potentialityof the species as insecticide agent Calatayud et al [56]showed the presence of proteins of about 100 kDa with toxicactivity upon Phenacoccus herreni another type of insectIn this work the authors performed a strategy of extrac-tion that eliminated nonprotein compounds being able todemonstrate the potential of the species to obtain insecticidalproteins [56] Leaf extract of J gossypiifolia reduced thefecundity and egg viability against stored product insect pestsTribolium castaneum [133]
The potential molluscicidal activity of J gossypiifolia hasalso been evaluated as an alternative mode of preventionof schistosomiasis Sukumaran et al [134] showed that themethanol and n-butanol extracts from unripened seeds of Jgossypiifoliawas toxic against eggs and adults of two species offreshwater snails Lymnaea luteola and Indoplanorbis exustusThe results indicated that n-butanol extract was the mosteffective and that the eggs were more susceptible than adults[134]
8 Toxicology
Species of Jatropha are notably known for their toxic potential[135 136] This toxicity is related primarily to latex andseeds The latex is released from the aerial parts of theplant by mechanical injury and it is extremely caustic andirritating to skin and mucous membranes The seeds arerich in toxalbumins that cause agglutination and hemolysisto erythrocytes as well as damage to other cell types andcontain a lipoid resin complex that can cause dermatitis[3 12 135] The symptomatology consists in general ofgastrointestinal disorders (abdominal pain nausea vomitingand diarrhea) Additionally the clinical course can bringcardiovascular neurological and renal complications [136]Cases of poisoning in humans usually occur by eating fruitand seeds because of its similarity to edible chestnuts [136]
Some toxicological studies have demonstrated the toxicproperties of J gossypiifolia while others show the absence oftoxicity However it is important to observe the models useddoses administrated and types of extract employed (solventand plant part) among other aspects to make the properconclusions about the toxicity
The study of experimental poisoning in sheep showedthat the intake of fresh plant leaves in a single dose of40 gkg was lethal to these animals [137] The clinical andpathological picture in the experimental sheep was charac-terized by digestive lung and heart disturbances and alsoby slight regressive changes evidenced in hepatic and renalhistological examinations [137] However as observed byMariz et al [7] it is important to note that the medicinaluse of the plant is rarely in natura but instead by differentpreparations such as infusions or decoctions sometimes ofthe dried material which could inactivate the possible toxiccomponents However this is only a hypothesis and so thetoxicity of extracts from leaves cannot be discarded
One of the first studies relating the identification of theconstituents responsible for the toxic effects of the Jatrophaspecies was published by Adolf et al [69] In this work
by a bioguided isolation the irritant polyunsaturated ester12-deoxy-16-hydroxylphorbol was isolated from the etherextract from the seeds of J gossypiifolia by countercurrentchromatography [69] The irritant activity was visualized inmouse ear after 24 h of the application of the fractions andisolated compounds [69]
The in vitro cytotoxicity assay using brine shrimp larvaetest revealed that ethanol and methanol extracts (plant organunspecified) showed low toxicity [138] An earlier studyshowed that thewater and ethyl acetate fraction of amethanolextract from aerial parts of J gossypiifolia did not presenttoxicity against the same organisms [114]
A study performed in Wistar rats evaluated the toxicityof the ethanolic root extract of J gossypiifolia at 10 20 and30mgkg by oral route [139] The authors observed that theextract was toxic to the kidney and caused increased urearetention in the blood as observed by histological studies andbiochemical analysis of blood [139]
A preclinical toxicological assessment of the crudeethanol extract from J gossypiifolia leaves showed that theextract presents relatively low oral acute toxicity in Wistarrats [18 19] Rats treated with single doses of 12ndash50 gkgby oral route were observed for 14 days and the mostimportant signs of toxicity were ptosis reduction of bodyweight and hind limb paralysis Other significant alterationsoccurred only in males treated with 50 gkg dose increasein creatinine aspartate aminotransferase sodium and potas-sium seric levels reduction of urea and albumin leucopeniaand small alteration in color and consistency of visceraThe median lethal dose (LD
50) was higher than 40 gkg
for males and higher than 50 gkg for females [19] In thehistopathological evaluation some alteration was observedin liver and lung only at 50 gkg suggesting the relativelylow toxicity of the extract [18] However in the chronictoxicological study (thirteen weeks of treatment) this extractshowed significant oral chronic toxicity in rats [17] The mostsignificant toxic signs indicated a reduction of the activityin the central nervous system and digestive disturbancesThe histopathological analysis revealed hepatotoxicity andpulmonary damages The lethality was 466 and 133among males and females under the higher tested dose(405mgkg) respectively [17] Based on this Mariz et al [7]discussed that the development of herbal medicine based onthis species needs to prioritize the chemical refinement of thecrude extracts to obtain less toxic fractions which should betested for their safety and therapeutic efficacy
Another study on the other hand evaluating the oralacute toxicity of the aqueous and ethanol extracts from leavesof J gossypiifolia did not show any sign of toxicity in upto 2 gkg in rats enabling the authors to conclude that thisextract could be considered safe [118] This is an interestingresult since in most cases the plant is used popularly as tea(aqueous extract)
The toxicity of the stem latex of J gossypiifoliawas studiedin Wistar rats by applying different doses of crude latex onincised skin daily for 18 days based on the popular useof the latex as hemostatic agent in skin lesions [140] Theauthors observed that the application of the latex did notproduce any significant difference in results of biochemical
28 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
and hematological parameters obtained from the control andexperimental animals leading to the conclusion that the stemlatex has no harmful effects [140]
9 Conclusions
As demonstrated by this review J gossypiifolia presents animportant potential for the generation of pharmacologicalandor biotechnological products based on popular usesand biological studies scientifically showing its propertiesHowever regarding specifically its medicinal propertiesfurther studies are still necessary to assay important folkuses of the species and characterize the major compoundsresponsible for the bioactivityThus studies of bioprospectingcould prioritize this species since many popular uses forvariousmedical purposes are reported demonstrating a greatpotential to originate bioactive molecules with pharmaco-logical relevance Furthermore future phytochemical studiesof this plant are important to obtain the best knowledgeof the chemical composition of different extracts of theplant in order to recognize the really important compoundsin the pharmacological actions aspiring to the chemicalrefinement of the products to eliminate the eventual toxiceffects that could reduce the medicinal value of the speciesIn conclusion the data presented in this review could provideinsights for future research aimed at both ethnopharmaco-logical validation of the popular use of J gossypiifolia andits exploration as a new source of bioactive molecules forherbal drugs andor bioactive natural products for potentialapplication in complementary and alternative medicine
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper
Acknowledgments
The authors thank BNB CNPq and CAPES (Brazil) forthe financial support Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosagives thanks to CNPq for Scholarship in Research Produc-tivity The authors also thank Andrew Alastair Cumming forediting this paper for the English revision
References
[1] G L Webster ldquoClassification of the euphorbiaceaerdquo Annals ofthe Missouri Botanical Garden vol 81 pp 3ndash143 1994
[2] M V Alves ldquoChecklist das especies de Euphorbiaceae Jussocorrentes no semi-arido pernambucano BrasilrdquoActa BotanciaBrasileira vol 12 no 3 pp 485ndash495 1998
[3] C W Sabandar N Ahmat F M Jaafar and I Sahidin ldquoMedic-inal property phytochemistry and pharmacology of severalJatropha species (Euphorbiaceae) a reviewrdquo Phytochemistryvol 85 pp 7ndash29 2013
[4] C K A Leal and M D F Agra ldquoEstudo farmacobotanicocomparativo das folhas de Jatrophamolissima (Pohl) BaillrdquoActaFarmaceutica Bonaerense vol 24 no 1 pp 5ndash13 2005
[5] L C Di Stasi and C A Hiruma-Lima Plantas medicinais naAmazonia e na Mata Atlantica UNESP Sao Paulo Brazil 2ndedition 2002
[6] M D F Agra K N Silva I J L D Basılio P F De Freitasand JM Barbosa-Filho ldquoSurvey ofmedicinal plants used in theregionNortheast of BrazilrdquoBrazilian Journal of Pharmacognosyvol 18 no 3 pp 472ndash508 2008
[7] S R Mariz A C R Borges M F F Melo-Diniz and I AMedeiros ldquoPossibilidades terapeuticas e riscos toxicologicosde Jatropha gossypiifolia L uma revisao narrativardquo RevistaBrasileiraDe PlantasMedicinais vol 12 no 3 pp 346ndash357 2010
[8] I Cordeiro and R Secco ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia L Lista deespecies da flora do Brasilrdquo Jardim Botanico do Rio de JaneirohttpfloradobrasiljbrjgovbrjabotfloradobrasilFB17581
[9] U P de Albuquerque P M de Medeiros A L S de Almeida etal ldquoMedicinal plants of the caatinga (semi-arid) vegetation ofNE Brazil a quantitative approachrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacol-ogy vol 114 no 3 pp 325ndash354 2007
[10] U P Albuquerque L H C Andrade and J Caballero ldquoStruc-ture and floristics of homegardens in Northeastern BrazilrdquoJournal of Arid Environments vol 62 no 3 pp 491ndash506 2005
[11] S A Ceasar and S Ignacimuthu ldquoApplications of biotechnologyand biochemical engineering for the improvement of Jatrophaand Biodiesel a reviewrdquo Renewable and Sustainable EnergyReviews vol 15 no 9 pp 5176ndash5185 2011
[12] U P de Albuquerque J MMonteiro M A Ramos and E L Cde Amorim ldquoMedicinal and magic plants from a public marketin northeastern Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 110no 1 pp 76ndash91 2007
[13] A Falodun Q Sheng-Xiang G Parkinson and S GibbonsldquoIsolation and characterization of a new anticancer diterpenoidfrom Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journalvol 45 no 10 pp 636ndash639 2012
[14] BRASIL ldquoFitoterapia plantas de interesse ao SUSrdquo Braz-ilian Health Ministry httpportalsaudegovbrportalarqu-ivospdfRENISUSpdf
[15] X-P Zhang M-L Zhang X-H Su C-H Huo Y-C Gu andQ-W Shi ldquoChemical constituents of the plants from genusJatrophardquo Chemistry and Biodiversity vol 6 no 12 pp 2166ndash2183 2009
[16] S K Sharma and H Singh ldquoA review on pharmacological sig-nificance of genus Jatropha (Euphorbiaceae)rdquoChinese Journal ofIntegrative Medicine vol 18 no 11 pp 868ndash880 2012
[17] S RMariz G S CerqueiraWCAraujo et al ldquoChronic toxico-logic study of the ethanolic extract of the aerial parts of Jatrophagossypiifolia in ratsrdquoRevista Brasileira de Farmacognosia vol 22no 3 pp 663ndash668 2012
[18] S R Mariz M S T Araujo G S Cerqueira et al ldquoHistopatho-logical evaluation in rats after acute treatment with the ethanolextract from aerial parts of Jatropha gossypiifolia Lrdquo RevistaBrasileira De Farmacognosia vol 18 no 2 pp 213ndash216 2008
[19] S R Mariz G S Cerqueira W C Araujo et al ldquoEstudo toxi-cologico agudo do extrato etanolico de partes aereas de Jatrophagossypiifolia L em ratosrdquo Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosiavol 16 no 3 pp 372ndash378 2006
[20] C Auvin-Guette C Baraguey A Blond J L Pousset andB Bodo ldquoCyclogossine B a cyclic octapeptide from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Journal of Natural Products vol 60 pp 1155ndash11571997
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 29
[21] V S Parvathi B S Jyothi T Lakshmi P S Babu and RKarthikeyan ldquoMorpho-anatomical and physicochemical stud-ies of Jatropha gossypifolia (L)rdquo Der Pharmacia Lettre vol 4no 1 pp 256ndash262 2012
[22] M N S Rios and F Pastore Junior Plantas da Amazonia450 Especies de Uso Geral Universidade de BrasıliamdashBibliotecaCentral Brasılia 2011
[23] S R Mariz Estudo toxicologico pre-clınico de Jatropha gossypi-ifolia L [PhD thesis] Universidade Federal da Paraıba JoaoPessoa Brazil 2007
[24] O G Adeosun T Oduola F A Fagbomedo et al ldquoSuitabilityof stem latex of Jatropha gossypifolia as a protein precipitant forbiochemical analysisrdquo Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistryvol 29 no 2 pp 210ndash212 2014
[25] F O A Ajose ldquoSome Nigerian plants of dermatologic impor-tancerdquo International Journal of Dermatology vol 46 no 1 pp48ndash55 2007
[26] J S Ashidi P J Houghton P J Hylands and T EfferthldquoEthnobotanical survey and cytotoxicity testing of plants ofSouth-western Nigeria used to treat cancer with isolationof cytotoxic constituents from Cajanus cajan Millsp leavesrdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 128 no 2 pp 501ndash512 2010
[27] M Ayyanar and S Ignacimuthu ldquoEthnobotanical survey ofmedicinal plants commonly used by Kani tribals in Tirunelvelihills of Western Ghats Indiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 134 no 3 pp 851ndash864 2011
[28] R Bhagat S D Ambavade A V Misar and D K KulkarnildquoAnti-inflammatory activity of Jatropha gossypifolia L leaves inalbino mice and Wistar ratrdquo Journal of Scientific and IndustrialResearch vol 70 no 4 pp 289ndash292 2011
[29] J H Cano and G Volpato ldquoHerbal mixtures in the traditionalmedicine of Eastern Cubardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol90 no 2-3 pp 293ndash316 2004
[30] F G Coe and G J Anderson ldquoScreening of medicinal plantsused by the Garıfuna of Eastern Nicaragua for bioactive com-poundsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 53 no 1 pp 29ndash501996
[31] MGbeassor Y Kossou K Amegbo C De Souza K Koumagloand A Denke ldquoAntimalarial effects of eight African medicinalplantsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 25 no 1 pp 115ndash1181989
[32] National Center for Biotechnology Information ldquoJatropha gos-sypiifoliardquo Taxonomy Browser httpwwwncbinlmnihgovTaxonomyBrowserwwwtaxcgiid=454931
[33] Tropicos ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia Lrdquo httpwwwtropicosorgNamePrintaspxnameid=12802174amptab=details
[34] The Plant List ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia Lrdquo httpwwwtheplant-listorgtplrecordkew-104621
[35] M S Khyade and N P Vaikos ldquoPharmacognostical andphytochemical evaluation of leaf of Jatropha gossypifolia LrdquoInternational Journal of Research in Ayurveda amp Pharmacy vol2 no 1 pp 177ndash180 2011
[36] D O Aworinde D U Nwoye A A Jayeola A O Olagoke andA A Ogundele ldquoTaxonomic significance of foliar epidermis insome members of euphorbiaceae family in Nigeriardquo ResearchJournal of Botany vol 4 no 1 pp 17ndash28 2009
[37] J D Olowokudejo ldquoComparative epidermal morphology ofWest African species of Jatropha L (Euphorbiaceae)rdquo BotanicalJournal of the Linnean Society vol 111 no 2 pp 139ndash154 1993
[38] B Das and B Venkataiah ldquoA minor coumarino-lignoid fromJatropha gossypifoliardquo Biochemical Systematics and Ecology vol29 no 2 pp 213ndash214 2001
[39] B Das B Venkataiah and A Kashinatham ldquoVenkatasin a newcoumarino-lignoid from Jatropha gossypifoliardquoNatural ProductLetters vol 13 no 4 pp 293ndash297 1999
[40] B Das and B Venkataiah ldquoA rare diterpene from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Biochemical Systematics and Ecology vol 27 no 7pp 759ndash760 1999
[41] N Ravindranath B Venkataiah C Ramesh P Jayaprakash andB Das ldquoJatrophenone a novel macrocyclic bioactive diterpenefrom Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bul-letin vol 51 no 7 pp 870ndash871 2003
[42] B Das and J Banerji ldquoArylnaphthalene lignan from JatrophagossypifoliardquoPhytochemistry vol 27 no 11 pp 3684ndash3686 1988
[43] J Banerji B Das A Chatterjee and J N Shoolery ldquoGadain alignan from Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Phytochemistry vol 23 no10 pp 2323ndash2327 1984
[44] A Chatterjee B Das C Pascard and T Prange ldquoCrystalstructure of a lignan from Jatropha gossypifoliardquoPhytochemistryvol 20 no 8 pp 2047ndash2048 1981
[45] I C Abreu A S S Marinho A M A Paes et al ldquoHypotensiveand vasorelaxant effects of ethanolic extract from Jatrophagossypiifolia L in ratsrdquo Fitoterapia vol 74 no 7-8 pp 650ndash6572003
[46] B Das and R Das ldquoGossypifan a lignan from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Phytochemistry vol 40 no 3 pp 931ndash932 1995
[47] R Das B Das and A Kashinatham ldquoGossypiline a new lignanfrom Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Natural Product Sciences vol 4 no4 pp 238ndash240 1998
[48] D Shahwar S-U Shafiq N Ahmad S Ullah and M A RazaldquoAntioxidant activities of the selected plants from the fam-ily Euphorbiaceae Lauraceae Malvaceae and BalsaminaceaerdquoAfrican Journal of Biotechnology vol 9 no 7 pp 1086ndash10962010
[49] V Bullangpoti N Khumrungsee W Pluempanupat Y Kainohand U Saguanpong ldquoToxicity of ethyl acetate extract andricinine from Jatropha gossypifolia senescent leaves againstSpodoptera exigua Hubner (Lepidoptera Noctuidae)rdquo Journalof Pesticide Science vol 36 no 2 pp 260ndash263 2011
[50] A O Ogundare ldquoAntimicrobial effect of Tithonia diversifoliaand Jatropha gossypifolia leaf extractsrdquo Trends in Applied Sci-ences Research vol 2 no 2 pp 145ndash150 2007
[51] N Nwokocha A Blessing I O Agbagwa and B E OkolildquoComparative phytochemical screening of Jatropha L Speciesin the Niger Deltardquo Research Journal of Phytochemistry vol 5no 2 pp 107ndash114 2011
[52] R Seth and R Sarin ldquoAnalysis of the phytochemical contentand anti-microbial activity of Jatropha gossypifolia Lrdquo Archivesof Applied Science Research vol 2 no 5 pp 285ndash291 2010
[53] S Sankara Subramanian S Nagarajan and N SulochanaldquoFlavonoids of the leaves of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Phytochem-istry vol 10 no 7 p 1690 1971
[54] A C Pilon R L Carneiro F Carnevale Neto V S Bolzaniand I Castro-Gamboa ldquoInterval multivariate curve resolutionin the dereplication of HPLC-DAD data from Jatropha gossypi-foliardquo Phytochemical Analysis vol 24 no 4 pp 401ndash406 2013
[55] A R Kharat A K Dolui and S Das ldquoFree radical scavengingpotential of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Asian Journal of Chemistryvol 23 no 2 pp 799ndash801 2011
[56] P-A Calatayud D F Munera S Calatayud A Valencia-Jimenez and A C Bellotti ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia (Euphor-biaceae) a source of proteins toxic to Phenacoccus herreni(Sternorryncha Pseudococcidae)rdquo Florida Entomologist vol94 no 3 pp 649ndash654 2011
30 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
[57] W F Tinto L M D John W F Reynolds and S McLeanldquoTriterpenoids of Jatropha gossypiifoliardquo Journal of NaturalProducts vol 55 no 6 pp 807ndash809 1992
[58] R Das K Venkateswarlu V Saidi Reddy and B Das ldquo41015840-O-demethyl retrochinensin a minor new lignan from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Indian Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry vol 14no 2 pp 169ndash170 2004
[59] B Das A Kashinatham B Venkataiah K V N S Srinivas GMahender and M R Reddy ldquoCleomiscosin A a coumarino-lignoid from Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Biochemical Systematics andEcology vol 31 no 10 pp 1189ndash1191 2003
[60] B Das and G Anjani ldquoGossypidien a lignan from stems ofJatropha gossypifolliardquo Phytochemistry vol 51 no 1 pp 115ndash1171999
[61] B Das S P Rao and K V Srinivas ldquoIsolation of isogadain fromJatropha gossypifoliardquo Planta Medica vol 62 no 1 article 901996
[62] B Das S P Rao K V N S Srinivas and R Das ldquoJatrodien alignan from stems of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Phytochemistry vol41 no 3 pp 985ndash987 1996
[63] A Chatterjee B Das R Chakrabarti et al ldquoPrasanthaline anew lignan from Jatropha gossypifolia Linnrdquo Indian Journal ofChemistry vol 27 pp 740ndash741 1988
[64] M D Taylor A B Smith III G T Furst et al ldquoNewantileukemic jatrophone derivatives from Jatropha gossypiifoliastructural and stereochemical assignment through nuclearmagnetic resonance Spectroscopyrdquo Journal of the AmericanChemical Society vol 105 no 10 pp 3177ndash3183 1983
[65] K K Purushothaman S Chandrasekharan A F Cameron etal ldquoJatropholones A and B new diterpenoids from the roots ofJatropha gossypiifolia (Euphorbiaceae)mdashcrystal structure anal-ysis of Jatropholone Brdquo Tetrahedron Letters vol 20 no 11 pp979ndash980 1979
[66] S M Kupchan C W Sigel M J Matz J A S Renauld R CHaltiwanger and R F Bryan ldquoJatrophone a novel macrocyclicditerpenoid tumor inhibitor from Jatropha gossypiifoliardquo Jour-nal of the American Chemical Society vol 92 no 14 pp 4476ndash4477 1970
[67] Y R Prasad G S J G Alankararao and P Baby ldquoConstituentsof the seeds of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Fitoterapia vol 64 no 4p 376 1993
[68] O Ogbobe and V Akano ldquoThe physico-chemical properties ofthe seed and seed oil of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Plant Foods forHuman Nutrition vol 43 no 3 pp 197ndash200 1993
[69] W Adolf H J Opferkuch and E Hecker ldquoIrritant phorbolderivatives from four Jatropha speciesrdquo Phytochemistry vol 23no 1 pp 129ndash132 1984
[70] K M Hosamani and K S Katagi ldquoCharacterization andstructure elucidation of 12-hydroxyoctadec-cis-9-enoic acid inJatropha gossypifolia and Hevea brasiliensis seed oils a richsource of hydroxy fatty acidrdquo Chemistry and Physics of Lipidsvol 152 no 1 pp 9ndash12 2008
[71] S F A J Horsten A J J Van Den Berg J J Kettenes-VanDen Bosch B R Leeflang and R P Labadie ldquoCyclogossine Aa novel cyclic heptapeptide isolated from the latex of Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Planta Medica vol 62 no 1 pp 46ndash50 1996
[72] M U Ahmad M R Islam A H Mirza B H Chowdhuryand N Nahar ldquoAlkaloids of Jatropha gossypifolia Linnrdquo IndianJournal of Chemistry B Organic Chemistry Including MedicinalChemistry vol 31 no 1 pp 67ndash69 1992
[73] A Falodun U Kragl S-M T Touem A Villinger T Fahren-waldt and P Langer ldquoA novel anticancer diterpenoid fromJatropha gossypifoliardquo Natural Product Communications vol 7no 2 pp 151ndash152 2012
[74] G D Wadankar S N Malode and S L Sarambekar ldquoTra-ditionally used medicinal plants for ound healing in theWashim district Maharashtra (India)rdquo International Journal ofPharmTech Research vol 3 no 4 pp 2080ndash2084 2011
[75] B Kumar M Vijayakumar R Govindarajan and P Pushpan-gadan ldquoEthnopharmacological approaches to wound healing-Exploring medicinal plants of Indiardquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 114 no 2 pp 103ndash113 2007
[76] K Koudouvo D S Karou K Kokou et al ldquoAn ethnobotanicalstudy of antimalarial plants in Togo Maritime Regionrdquo Journalof Ethnopharmacology vol 134 no 1 pp 183ndash190 2011
[77] M Coelho-Ferreira ldquoMedicinal knowledge and plant utiliza-tion in an Amazonian coastal community ofMaruda Para State(Brazil)rdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 126 no 1 pp 159ndash175 2009
[78] F C S Oliveira R F M Barros and J M Moita Neto ldquoPlan-tas medicinais utilizadas em comunidades rurais de Oeirassemiarido piauienserdquo Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinaisvol 12 no 3 pp 282ndash301 2010
[79] J D F L Santos E Pagani J Ramos and E Rodrigues ldquoObser-vations on the therapeutic practices of riverine communities oftheUnini River AM Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol142 no 2 pp 503ndash515 2012
[80] S L Cartaxo M M de Almeida Souza and U P de Albu-querque ldquoMedicinal plants with bioprospecting potential usedin semi-arid northeastern Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacol-ogy vol 131 no 2 pp 326ndash342 2010
[81] O Jansen L Angenot M Tits et al ldquoEvaluation of 13 selectedmedicinal plants from Burkina Faso for their antiplasmodialpropertiesrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 130 no 1 pp143ndash150 2010
[82] M H Yetein L G Houessou T O Lougbegnon O Teka andB Tente ldquoEthnobotanical study of medicinal plants used for thetreatment of malaria in plateau of Allada Benin (West Africa)rdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 146 no 1 pp 154ndash163 2013
[83] L J Quintans Junior J R G S Almeida J T Lima et al ldquoPlantswith anticonvulsivant propertiesmdasha reviewrdquo Revista Brasileirade Farmacognosia vol 18 pp 798ndash819 2008
[84] A Diallo M S Traore S M Keita et al ldquoManagement ofdiabetes in Guinean traditional medicine an ethnobotanicalinvestigation in the coastal lowlandsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 144 no 2 pp 353ndash361 2012
[85] S O Olabanji A C Adebajo O R Omobuwajo et al ldquoPIXEanalysis of some Nigerian anti-diabetic medicinal plants (II)rdquoNuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B BeamInteractions With Materials and Atoms vol 318 pp 187ndash1902014
[86] T Oduola O G Avwioro and T B Ayanniyi ldquoSuitability ofthe leaf extract of Jatropha gossypifolia as an anticoagulant forbiochemical and haematological analysesrdquo African Journal ofBiotechnology vol 4 no 7 pp 679ndash681 2005
[87] CM Chariandy C E Seaforth R H Phelps G V Pollard andB P S Khambay ldquoScreening of medicinal plants from Trinidadand Tobago for antimicrobial and insecticidal propertiesrdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 64 no 3 pp 265ndash270 1999
[88] V P Kumar N S Chauhan H Padh and M Rajani ldquoSearchfor antibacterial and antifungal agents from selected Indian
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 31
medicinal plantsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 107 no2 pp 182ndash188 2006
[89] R Dabur A Gupta T K Mandal et al ldquoAntimicrobial activityof some medicinal plantsrdquo African Journal of TraditionalComplementary and AlternativeMedicines vol 4 no 3 pp 313ndash318 2007
[90] H C Ong and M Nordiana ldquoMalay ethno-medico botany inMachang Kelantan Malaysiardquo Fitoterapia vol 70 no 5 pp502ndash513 1999
[91] J Sanz-Biset J Campos-de-la-Cruz M A Epiquien-Riveraand S Canigueral ldquoA first survey on the medicinal plants of theChazuta valley (Peruvian Amazon)rdquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 122 no 2 pp 333ndash362 2009
[92] B B Panda K Gaur M L Kori et al ldquoAnti-inflammatoryand analgesic activity of Jatropha gossypifolia in experimentalanimal modelsrdquo Global Journal of Pharmacology vol 3 no 12009
[93] S S Ningthoujam A D Talukdar K S Potsangbam and MD Choudhury ldquoTraditional uses of herbal vapour therapy inManipur North East India an ethnobotanical surveyrdquo Journalof Ethnopharmacology vol 147 no 1 pp 136ndash147 2013
[94] A Asase A A Oteng-Yeboah G T Odamtten and M SJ Simmonds ldquoEthnobotanical study of some Ghanaian anti-malarial plantsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 99 no 2pp 273ndash279 2005
[95] C Lans T Harper K Georges and E Bridgewater ldquoMedicinaland ethnoveterinary remedies of hunters in Trinidadrdquo BMCComplementary and AlternativeMedicine vol 1 article 10 2001
[96] L Rasingam S Jeeva andD Kannan ldquoDental care of Andamanand Nicobar folks medicinal plants use as tooth stickrdquo AsianPacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine vol 2 no 2 pp S1013ndashS1016 2012
[97] P J Houghton and I M Osibogun ldquoFlowering plants usedagainst snakebiterdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 39 no 1pp 1ndash29 1993
[98] M Molander C H Saslis-Lagoudakis A K Jager and NRoslashnsted ldquoCross-cultural comparison of medicinal floras usedagainst snakebitesrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 139 no3 pp 863ndash872 2012
[99] A Jain S S Katewa B L Chaudhary and P Galav ldquoFolk herbalmedicines used in birth control and sexual diseases by tribals ofsouthern Rajasthan Indiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol90 no 1 pp 171ndash177 2004
[100] A Jain S S Katewa P K Galav and P Sharma ldquoMedicinalplant diversity of Sitamata wildlife sanctuary Rajasthan IndiardquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 102 no 2 pp 143ndash157 2005
[101] T Oduola G O Adeosun T A Oduola G O Avwioro andM A Oyeniyi ldquoMechanism of action of Jatropha gossypifoliastem latex as a haemostatic agentrdquo European Journal of GeneralMedicine vol 2 no 4 pp 140ndash143 2005
[102] D Garcia M V Domingues and E Rodrigues ldquoEthnophar-macological survey among migrants living in the SoutheastAtlantic Forest of Diadema Sao Paulo Brazilrdquo Journal ofEthnobiology and Ethnomedicine vol 6 article 29 2010
[103] S S Hebbar V H Harsha V Shripathi and G R HegdeldquoEthnomedicine of Dharwad district in Karnataka Indiamdashplants used in oral health carerdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 94 no 2-3 pp 261ndash266 2004
[104] S B Kosalge and R A Fursule ldquoInvestigation of ethnomedic-inal claims of some plants used by tribals of Satpuda Hills inIndiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 121 no 3 pp 456ndash461 2009
[105] R A Ritter M V B Monteiro F O B Monteiro et al ldquoEth-noveterinary knowledge and practices at Colares island Parastate eastern Amazon Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 144 no 2 pp 346ndash352 2012
[106] S K Dash and S Padhy ldquoReview on ethnomedicines fordiarrhoea diseases from Orissa prevalence versus culturerdquoJournal of Human Ecology vol 20 no 1 pp 59ndash64 2006
[107] R S L Taylor J B Hudson N P Manandhar and G H NTowers ldquoAntiviral activities of medicinal plants of southernNepalrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 53 pp 97ndash104 1996
[108] J M A Maia N G Czeczko J M R Filho et al ldquoEstudoda cicatrizacao de suturas na bexiga urinaria de ratos come sem utilizacao de extrato bruto de Jatropha gossypiifolia Lintraperitonealrdquo Acta Cirurgica Brasileira vol 21 no 2 pp 23ndash30 2006
[109] A L Ososki P Lohr M Reiff et al ldquoEthnobotanical literaturesurvey of medicinal plants in the Dominican Republic used forwomens health conditionsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol79 no 3 pp 285ndash298 2002
[110] A S Apu FHossain F Rizwan et al ldquoStudy of pharmacologicalactivities of methanol extract of Jatropha gossypifolia fruitsrdquoJournal of Basic and Clinical Pharmacy vol 4 no 1 pp 20ndash242013
[111] A S Apu K Ireen S Hossan Bhuyan et al ldquoEvaluation ofanalgesic neuropharmacological and anti-diarrheal potential ofJatropha gossypifolia (Linn) leaves in micerdquo Journal of MedicalSciences vol 12 no 8 pp 274ndash279 2012
[112] F A G Rocha and L I S Dantas ldquoAtividade antimicrobianain vitro do latex do aveloz (Euphorbia tirucalli L) pinhao bravo(Jatrophamollissima L) e pinhao roxo (Jatropha gossypiifolia L)sobre microrganismos patogenicosrdquo Holos vol 25 no 4 2009
[113] O M David and J O Oluyege ldquoIn vitro susceptibility ofselected pathogenic bacteria to leaf extracts and latex of Jatrophagossypiifolia(L) and Jatropha curcas (L)rdquo Biosciences Biotechnol-ogy Research Asia vol 3 no 1 pp 91ndash94 2006
[114] W D MacBae J B Hudson and G H N Towers ldquoStudieson the pharmacological activity of amazonian euphorbiaceaerdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 22 no 2 pp 143ndash172 1988
[115] M C Purohit and R Purohit ldquoEvaluation of antimicrobial andanti-inflammatory activities of bark of Jatropha gossypifoliardquoWorld Journal of Science and Technology vol 1 no 10 pp 1ndash52011
[116] D Singh and A Singh ldquoThe toxicity of four native Indianplants effect on AChE and acidalkaline phosphatase level infish Channa maruliusrdquo Chemosphere vol 60 no 1 pp 135ndash1402005
[117] C M Feitosa R M Freitas N N N Luz M Z B BezerraandM T S Trevisan ldquoAcetylcholinesterase inhibition by somespromising Brazilian medicinal plantsrdquo Brazilian Journal ofBiology vol 71 no 3 pp 783ndash789 2011
[118] Y Nagaharika V Kalyani S Rasheed and R KarthikeyanldquoAnti-inflammatory activity of leaves of Jatropha gossypifolia Lby HRBC membrane stabilization methodrdquo Journal of AcuteDisease vol 2 no 2 pp 156ndash158 2013
[119] S D N Silva I C Abreu S M D F Freire et al ldquoAntispas-modic effect of Jatropha gossypiifolia is mediated through dualblockade of muscarinic receptors and Ca2+ channelsrdquo BrazilianJournal of Pharmacognosy vol 21 no 4 pp 715ndash720 2011
[120] D Carabajal A Casaco L Arruzazabala R Gonzalez andV Fuentes ldquoPharmacological screening of plant decoctionscommonly used in Cuban folk medicinerdquo Journal of Ethnophar-macology vol 33 no 1-2 pp 21ndash24 1991
32 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
[121] S Jain G P Choudhary and D K Jain ldquoPharmacological eval-uation of anti-fertility activity of ethanolic extract of Jatrophagossypifolia leaf in female albino micerdquo Asian Pacific Journal ofTropical Biomedicine vol 2 no 3 pp S1671ndashS1674 2012
[122] S C N Servin O J M Torres J E F Matias et al ldquoAcao doextrato de Jatropha gossypiifolia L (piao roxo) na cicatrizacaode anastomose colonica estudo experimental em ratosrdquo ActaCirurgica Brasileira vol 21 no 3 pp 89ndash96 2006
[123] J R Vale N G Czeczko J U Aquino et al ldquoEstudo compara-tivo da cicatrizacao de gastrorrafias com e sem o uso do extratode Jatropha gossypiifolia L (piao roxo) em ratosrdquoActa CirurgicaBrasileira vol 21 no 3 pp 40ndash48 2006
[124] J U Aquino N G Czeczko O Malafaia et al ldquoAvaliacaofitoterapica da Jatropha gossypiifolia L na cicatrizacao desuturas na parede abdominal ventral de ratosrdquo Acta CirurgicaBrasileira vol 21 no 2 pp 61ndash66 2006
[125] M F D S Santos N G Czeczko P A N Nassif et alldquoAvaliacao do uso do extrato bruto de Jatropha gossypiifolia Lna cicatrizacao de feridas cutaneas em ratosrdquo Acta CirurgicaBrasileira vol 21 no 3 pp 2ndash7 2006
[126] B B Panda K Gaur R K Nema C S Sharma A K Jain andC P Jain ldquoHepatoprotective activity of Jatropha gossypifoliaagainst carbon tetrachloride- induced hepatic injury in ratsrdquoAsian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research vol 2no 1 pp 50ndash54 2009
[127] S S Deo T M Chaudhari and F Inam ldquoEvaluation ofthe immunomodulatory effects of 1-phenylnaphthalene andpericarbonyl lactone lignan compoundsrdquoDer PharmaChemicavol 4 no 2 pp 771ndash776 2012
[128] S K Rasheed S Kunapareddy and R Karthikeyan ldquoLocalanesthetic activity of Jatropha gossypifolia L on frogsrdquo Biomed-ical and Pharmacology Journal vol 5 no 2 pp 395ndash397 2012
[129] AM A Paes A L Camara SM F Freire andMO R BorgesldquoRelaxant effect of Jatropha gossypiifolia L on uterine smoothmusclerdquo International Journal of Phytomedicine vol 4 no 3 pp310ndash313 2012
[130] S J Jain G P Choudhary and D K Jain ldquoPharmacologicalevaluation and antifertility activity of Jatropha gossypifoliain ratsrdquo BioMed Research International vol 2013 Article ID125980 5 pages 2013
[131] J S de Oliveira PM Leite L B de Souza et al ldquoCharacteristicsand composition of Jatropha gossypiifolia and Jatropha curcasL oils and application for biodiesel productionrdquo Biomass andBioenergy vol 33 no 3 pp 449ndash453 2009
[132] V Bullangpoti E Wajnberg P Audant and R FeyereisenldquoAntifeedant activity of Jatropha gossypifolia and Meliaazedarach senescent leaf extracts on Spodoptera frugiperda(Lepidoptera Noctuidae) and their potential use as synergistsrdquoPest Management Science vol 68 no 9 pp 1255ndash1264 2012
[133] S N K JilaniW Islam andM Kamsh ldquoPotential of pyrethroidinsecticides and plant extracts on fecundity and egg viability oftribolium castaneum (Herbst)rdquo Journal of Bio-Science vol 19no 1 pp 95ndash97 2011
[134] D Sukumaran B D Parashar and K M Rao ldquoToxicity of Jat-ropha gossypiifolia and Vaccaria pyramidata against freshwatersnails vectors of animal schistosomiasisrdquo Fitoterapia vol 66 no5 pp 393ndash398 1995
[135] R K Devappa H P S Makkar and K Becker ldquoJatrophatoxicitymdasha reviewrdquo Journal of Toxicology and EnvironmentalHealth B Critical Reviews vol 13 no 6 pp 476ndash507 2010
[136] E P Schenkel M Zannin L A Mentz S A L Bordignonand B Irgang ldquoPlantas toxicasrdquo in Farmacognosia Da Planta
ao Medicamento C M O Simoes E P Schenkel G GosmannJ C P Mello L A Mentz and P R Petrovick Eds pp 959ndash993 Editora da UFRGSUFSC Porto Alegre Brazil 3d edition2007
[137] L I Oliveira F F Jabour V A Nogueira and E M YamasakildquoIntoxicacao experimental com as folhas de Jatropha gossypifo-lia(Euphorbiaceae) em ovinosrdquo Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileiravol 28 no 6 pp 275ndash278 2008
[138] P I A Awachie and F O Ugwu ldquoPreliminary investigationof the antimicrobial and brine shrimp lethality propertiesof some nigerian medicinal plantsrdquo International Journal ofPharmacognosy vol 35 no 5 pp 338ndash343 1997
[139] L J Medubi V O Ukwenya O T Aderinto et al ldquoEffects ofadministration of ethanolic root extract of Jatropha gossypiifoliaand prednisolone on the kidneys of Wistar ratsrdquo ElectronicJournal of Biomedicine vol 2 pp 41ndash48 2010
[140] T Oduola G B Popoola G O Avwioro et al ldquoUse of Jatrophagossypifolia stem latex as a haemostatic agent how safe is itrdquoJournal of Medicinal Plants Reasearch vol 1 no 1 pp 14ndash172007
Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom
Stem CellsInternational
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
MEDIATORSINFLAMMATION
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Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
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Disease Markers
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
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OncologyJournal of
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Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
PPAR Research
The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Immunology ResearchHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
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Research and TreatmentAIDS
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
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Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Parkinsonrsquos Disease
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Volume 2014Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 3
(a) (b)
Figure 1 Jatropha gossypiifolia L (a) aerial parts of plant (b) flowers detail Photography by Juliana Felix-Silva
Domingo) ldquofrailecillordquo ldquosibidiguardquo ldquotuatuardquo (Venezuela)ldquopignutrdquo ldquofignutrdquo ldquolapalapardquo ldquobinidasugurdquo ldquooluluidirdquo ldquobot-uje redrdquo ldquobotuge pupardquo (Nigeria) ldquoathalairdquo ldquolal bherendardquo(India) ldquoparroty grassrdquo (Nicaragua) ldquobabatidjinrdquo (Africa)ldquopinonrdquo ldquopinon-coloradordquo ldquopinon negrordquo ldquopinon-rojordquoldquopurga de huanerdquo (Spanish) ldquoherbe a mal de ventrerdquo ldquomed-icinier cathartiquerdquo ldquomedicinier sauvagerdquo (French) ldquobellya-chebuhsrdquo ldquobellyache bushrdquo ldquobellyache nettlespurgerdquoldquoblack physicnutrdquo ldquopurge nutrdquo ldquored fig-nut flowerrdquo ldquowildcassadardquo (English) ldquobabatidjinrdquo ldquobalautandoiongrdquo ldquocassavamarblerdquo ldquocotton-leaf physicnutrdquo ldquofigus nutrdquo ldquokishkardquoldquolansi-lansinaanrdquo ldquomedicinier batardrdquo ldquomedicinier noirrdquoldquomedicinier rougerdquo ldquoquelite de frailerdquo ldquososorirdquo ldquotagumbau-a-nalabagardquo ldquotatuardquo ldquotauatauardquo ldquotautubardquo ldquotuatua blancardquoldquotuatua moradardquo ldquotubang moradordquo ldquotuba sa buaiardquoldquotuba-tubardquo (Achanti) ldquosatamanrdquo (Bambara) [22 24ndash31]
The complete taxonomy of the species is EukaryotaViridiplantae Streptophyta Streptophytina EmbryophytaTracheophyta Euphyllophyta Spermatophyta Magno-liophyta eudicotyledons core eudicotyledons rosids fabidsMalpighiales Euphorbiaceae Crotonoideae JatropheaeJatropha and Jatropha gossypiifolia [32] Adenoropiumgossypiifolium (L) Pohl Manihot gossypiifolia (L) CrantzAdenoropium elegans Pohl Jatropha elegans Kl Jatrophastaphysagriifolia Mill Jatropha gossypifolia and Jatrophagossipyifolia are botanical synonymous of J gossypiifoliaspecies [8 32ndash34]
J gossypiifolia is a small shrub with dark green ormore frequently purplish-red dark leaves with 16ndash19 cm oflength per 10ndash129 cm of width they are alternate palmateand pubescent with an acuminate apex cordate base andserrated margin The flowers are unisexual purple and incymose summits with the calyx having five petals which inmale flowers may form a petaloid tube The fruit is capsularwith three furrows containing a dark seedwith black spots [535 36] Regarding the microscopic aspect of the plant leavessome studies have shown key and important features forbotanical identification of this species among other Jatrophaspecies [21 35ndash37]
4 Chemical ConstituentsVarious chemical constituents have been detected in extractsfrom different parts of J gossypiifolia the literature having
reported in general the presence of fatty acids sugars alka-loids amino acids coumarins steroids flavonoids lignansproteins saponins tannins and terpenoids as can be seen inTable 1
Accordingly reviewed by Zhang et al [15] the maincompounds isolated from Jatropha genus are the terpenoidsIn fact many of them were isolated from different partsof J gossypiifolia Another very important class from Jgossypiifolia is the lignoids since a good number of them wasalready isolated and identified
However it is important to note that most of thephytochemical studies found in literature are not aboutisolation of compounds but only about the phytochemicalscreening of the major classes through chemical qualitativereactions or more sensitive and specific methods such asthin layer chromatography (TLC) Relative to other Jatrophaspecies few studies have isolated chemical compounds fromJ gossypiifolia (Table 2) In addition up till now it is notclear which are the major bioactive compounds in the plantsince only a few studies were conducted by bioassay-guidedisolation
Additionally to the best of our knowledge there are nophytochemical studies regarding the use of water as solventfor the extraction of J gossypiifolia constituents This isimportant to note since popular use occurs more frequentlywith infusions or decoctions and little is known about theconstitution of this type of extract In this context it isimportant to conduct studies to evaluate the phytochemicalconstitution of these extracts More commonly the studiesuse solvents or mixtures of solvents with nonpolar character-istics which could contribute to further characterization ofnonpolar compounds such as terpenoids and lignoids Polarcompounds such as flavonoids tannins and sugars are poorlydescribed in the species so far probably due to this fact
5 Traditional Uses
Various medicinal properties for the species J gossypiifoliaare reported by traditional medicine as shown in Table 3Some properties related to J gossypiifolia are also common toother species of the Jatropha genus [3 9 25] where humanand veterinary uses are described Different parts of thisplant such as leaves stems roots seeds and latex are used
4 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table1Ch
emicalconstituentso
fJatrophagossy
piifolia
Ldescrib
edin
theliterature
Plantp
art
Classifi
catio
nCom
poun
dEx
tracttypea
ndorp
reparatio
nRe
ference
Who
leplant
Cou
marin-lign
oids
Prop
acin
Isolated
from
dichloromethane
methano
l(11vv)
extractafte
rsuccessivec
olum
nchromatograph
yon
silicag
el[38]
Venk
atasin
Not
specifiedlowast
[39]
Diterpenes
Citla
litrio
neIsolated
from
dichloromethane
methano
l(11vv)
extractafte
rsuccessivec
olum
nchromatograph
yon
silicag
el[40]
Jatro
phenon
eIsolated
from
dichloromethane
methano
l(11vv)
extractafte
rsuccessivec
olum
nchromatograph
yon
silicag
el[41]
Stem
roo
tsandseeds
Cou
marin-lign
oids
Arylnaphthalene
lignan
Isolated
from
petro
lether
extractafte
rsuccessivec
olum
nchromatograph
yon
silicag
el[42]
Gadain
Isolated
from
petro
lether
extractafte
rsuccessivec
olum
nchromatograph
yon
silicag
el[43]
Jatro
phan
Isolated
from
petro
lether
extract
[44]
Aeria
lparts
Flavon
oids
mdashDetectedby
phytochemicalscreeningreactio
nsof
ethano
lextract
[1945]
Lign
ans
Gossypifan
Isolated
from
petro
lether
extractafte
rsuccessivec
olum
nchromatograph
yon
silicag
el[46]
Gossypilin
eIsolated
from
dichloromethane
methano
l(11vv)
extractafte
rsuccessivec
olum
nchromatograph
yon
silicag
el[47]
Phenols
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
edthatthep
etroletherchloroformethylacetateand
n-bu
tano
lextractsp
resentedrespectively
450plusmn101060plusmn232960plusmn35and
1285plusmn11mgof
gallica
cidequivalentsgof
crud
eextract
[48]
Steroids
mdashDetectedby
phytochemicalscreeningreactio
nsof
ethano
lextract
[1945]
Tann
ins
mdashDetectedby
phytochemicalscreeningreactio
nsof
ethano
lextract
[2345]
Triterpenoids
mdashDetectedby
phytochemicalscreeningreactio
nsof
ethano
lextract
[45]
Leaves
Alkaloids
Ricinine
Com
poun
diso
lated
from
ethylacetateextractfrom
senescentleaves
[49]
mdashDetectedby
phytochemicalscreeningreactio
nsof
chloroform
andmethano
lextracts
[50]
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed281on
leaves
[51]
mdashNot
specified
[30]
Cardiacg
lycosid
esmdash
Identifi
edon
leaves
byqu
alitativ
ephytochem
icalscreeningreactio
ns[52]
Flavon
oids
Apigenin
Identifi
edin
etherfractionfro
methano
lextract
[53]
Isovitexin
Identifi
edin
ethylacetateandmethylethylketone
fractio
nsfro
methano
lextract
[53]
Orie
ntinisoo
rientin
Isom
ersidentified
indifferent
typeso
fextractsfrom
leaves
[54]
Schafto
sideiso
schafto
side
Isom
ersidentified
indifferent
typeso
fextractsfrom
leaves
[54]
Vitexin
Identifi
edin
ethylacetatefractio
nfro
methano
lextract
[53]
Vitexiniso
vitexin
Isom
ersidentified
indifferent
typeso
fextractsfrom
leaves
[54]
mdashIdentifi
edon
leaves
byqu
alitativ
ephytochem
icalscreeningreactio
ns[52]
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed74
on
leaves
[55]
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed241on
leaves
[51]
Phenols
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed86
onleaves
[55]
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed026on
leaves
[51]
Phlobo
tann
ins
mdashDetectedby
phytochemicalscreeningreactio
nsof
chloroform
andmethano
lextracts
[50]
Proteins
mdashIdentifi
edon
leaves
byqu
alitativ
ephytochem
icalscreeningreactio
ns[52]
mdash
Leaves
obtained
bymicroprop
agationwerem
acerated
inliq
uidnitro
genandextracted
at4∘Cfor6
hwith
01M
NaC
lTh
ematerialw
ascentrifuged
andthelim
pid
supernatantw
asdialyzed
againstw
ater
atlowtemperature
inac
ellulose
mem
braneto
removen
onproteincompo
undwith
molecular
massb
elow35
kDa
[56]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 5
Table1Con
tinued
Plantp
art
Classifi
catio
nCom
poun
dEx
tracttypea
ndorp
reparatio
nRe
ference
Redu
cing
sugars
mdashIdentifi
edon
leaves
byqu
alitativ
ephytochem
icalscreeningreactio
ns[52]
Sapo
nins
mdashIdentifi
edon
leaves
byqu
alitativ
ephytochem
icalscreeningreactio
ns[52]
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed415on
leaves
[51]
Steroids
mdashIdentifi
edon
leaves
byqu
alitativ
ephytochem
icalscreeningreactio
ns[52]
Tann
ins
mdashDetectedby
phytochemicalscreeningreactio
nsof
methano
lextract
[50]
mdashDetectedon
leaves
byqu
alitativ
ephytochem
icalscreeningreactio
ns[52]
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed514on
leaves
[51]
Terpenoids
mdashDetectedon
leaves
byqu
alitativ
ephytochem
icalscreeningreactio
ns[52]
Triterpenes
(212057213120572
14120573
20S)-22425-
Trihydroxylano
st-7-en-3-one
Isolated
from
thee
thanolextractafte
rsuccessivep
artitions
procedures
andcolumn
chromatograph
yon
silicag
elandpreparativeT
LC[57]
(13120572
14120573
20S)-22425-
Trihydroxylano
sta-17-dien-3-on
eIsolated
from
thee
thanolextractafte
rsuccessivep
artitionprocedures
andcolumn
chromatograph
yon
silicag
elandpreparativeT
LC[57]
Stem
s
Alkaloids
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed216of
alkaloid
onste
ms
[51]
Cou
marin-lign
oids
41015840-O
-Dem
ethylretrochinensin
Not
specified
[58]
Cleomisc
osin
ACom
poun
diso
latedfro
methylacetatefractio
nste
msa
ftersuccessivec
olum
nchromatograph
yon
silicag
el[59]
Gossypidien
Com
poun
diso
latedfro
mhexane
extractfrom
driedste
msa
ftersuccessivec
olum
nchromatograph
yon
silicag
el[60]
Isogadain
Not
specifiedlowast
[61]
Jatro
dien
Com
poun
diso
latedfro
mpetro
lether
extractafte
rsuccessivec
olum
nchromatograph
yon
silicag
el[62]
Prasanthaline
Not
specifiedlowast
[63]
Flavon
oids
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed12
on
stems
[51]
Phenols
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed013on
stems
[51]
Sapo
nins
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed218on
stems
[51]
Tann
ins
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed13
6on
stems
[51]
Roots
Alkaloids
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed16
on
roots
[51]
Diterpenes
2120572-H
ydroxyjatro
phon
eIsolated
from
petro
lether
extractafte
rsuccessivec
olum
nchromatograph
yon
silicag
el[64]
2120573-H
ydroxy-56-isojatroph
one
Isolated
from
petro
lether
extractafte
rsuccessivec
olum
nchromatograph
yon
silicag
el[64]
2120573-H
ydroxyjatro
phon
eIsolated
from
petro
lether
extractafte
rsuccessivec
olum
nchromatograph
yon
silicag
el[64]
Citla
litrio
neIsolated
from
petro
lether
fractio
nfro
mthem
ethano
lextractaft
ersuccessiv
ecolum
nchromatograph
yon
silicag
el[13]
Falodo
neIsolated
from
petro
lether
fractio
nfro
mthem
ethano
lextractaft
ersuccessiv
ecolum
nchromatograph
yon
silicag
el[13]
Jatro
pholon
eANot
specifiedlowast
[65]
Jatro
pholon
eBNot
specifiedlowast
[65]
Jatro
phon
eIsolated
from
ethano
lextract
[66]
Flavon
oids
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed17
5on
roots
[51]
Phenols
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed024on
roots
[51]
Sapo
nins
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed283on
roots
[51]
Tann
ins
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed273on
roots
[51]
6 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table1Con
tinued
Plantp
art
Classifi
catio
nCom
poun
dEx
tracttypea
ndorp
reparatio
nRe
ference
Seeds
Alkaloids
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed236on
seeds
[51]
Aminoacids
mdashNot
specifiedlowast
[67]
Carboh
ydrates
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed3032
on
seeds
[68]
mdashNot
specifiedlowast
[67]
Esters
12-D
eoxy-16-hydroxylph
orbo
lIsolated
from
hydrop
hilic
fractio
nfro
mthee
ther
extractby
coun
tercurrent
chromatograph
y[69]
Fatty
acids
Arachidicacid
Identifi
edin
petro
lether
extract
[6870]
Caprilica
cid
Identifi
edin
petro
lether
extract
[6870]
Lauricacid
Identifi
edin
petro
lether
extract
[6870]
Lign
ocericacid
Identifi
edin
petro
lether
extract
[6870]
Lino
leicacid
Identifi
edin
petro
lether
extract
[6870]
Myristicacid
Identifi
edin
petro
lether
extract
[6870]
Oleicacid
Identifi
edin
petro
lether
extract
[6870]
Palm
itica
cid
Identifi
edin
petro
lether
extract
[6870]
Palm
itoleicacid
Identifi
edin
petro
lether
extract
[6870]
Ricino
leicacid
Identifi
edin
petro
lether
extract
[6870]
Stearic
acid
Identifi
edin
petro
lether
extract
[6870]
Vernolicacid
Identifi
edin
petro
lether
extract
[6870]
Fibers
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed92
5on
seeds
[68]
Flavon
oids
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed226on
seeds
[51]
Phenols
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed018on
seeds
[51]
Proteins
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed1340
onseeds
[68]
Sapo
nins
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed237
onseeds
[51]
Quantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed6g
kgon
seeds
[68]
Tann
ins
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed352on
seeds
[51]
Latex
Proteins
Cyclo
gossineA
Not
specified
[71]
Cyclo
gossineB
Isolated
from
ethylacetateextractb
ygelfi
ltrationcolumnchromatograph
y[20]
Not
specified
Alkaloids
Imidazolea
lkaloid
Isolated
from
thep
lant
exud
ateslowast
[72]
Piperid
ine
Isolated
from
thep
lant
exud
ateslowast
[72]
Diterpenoids
Abiodo
neNot
specifiedlowast
[73]
lowast
Thec
ompletev
ersio
nof
thep
aper
was
notaccessib
leso
theinformationwas
obtained
from
itsabstr
act
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 7
Table2Mainiso
latedcompo
unds
from
Jatro
phagossy
piifolia
Ldescrib
edin
theliterature
Classifi
catio
nCom
poun
dPlantp
art
Biologicalactiv
ityRe
ference
Alkaloids
NOC
NO
Rici
nine
Leaves
Insecticideinvitro
[49]
Imidazolea
lkaloid
Not
specified
mdash[72]
Pipe
ridin
e
N H
Not
specified
mdash[72]
41015840-O
-dem
ethylretrochinensin
Stem
smdash
[58]
Ary
lnap
htha
lene
lign
an
OM
e
OM
eOH
OH
OO
Stem
srootsand
seeds
mdash[42]
Cleo
misc
osin
A
OO
O
OM
e
MeO
O
HO
CH2O
H
Stem
smdash
[59]
8 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table2Con
tinued
Classifi
catio
nCom
poun
dPlantp
art
Biologicalactiv
ityRe
ference
Cou
marin-lign
oids
Gad
ain
O OH
OO
O
O
Stem
srootsand
seeds
mdash[43]
Gos
sypi
dien
O OM
eOO
C
COO
Me
O OStem
smdash
[60]
Isog
adai
n
O OH
OO
O
O
Stem
smdash
[61]
Jatro
dien
O OM
eOO
C
MeO
OC
OM
e
OM
e
Stem
smdash
[62]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 9
Table2Con
tinued
Classifi
catio
nCom
poun
dPlantp
art
Biologicalactiv
ityRe
ference
Jatro
phan
OO
H
OM
e
O
O OM
e
Stem
srootsand
seeds
mdash[44]
Pras
anth
alin
e
OAc OAc
O OH
OM
eO
Me
Stem
smdash
[63]
Prop
acin
OM
e
OO
MeO
O
O
Me
HO
Who
leplant
mdash[38]
Venk
atasin
Who
leplant
mdash[39]
O
HO
O
O
2120572-H
ydro
xyja
troph
one
H3C
H3C
CH3
CH3
CH3
Roots
Antileuk
emicin
vitro
andin
vivo
[64]
10 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table2Con
tinued
Classifi
catio
nCom
poun
dPlantp
art
Biologicalactiv
ityRe
ference
O
HO
O
OH
3C
CH3
CH3
CH3
2120573-H
ydro
xy-5
6-is
ojat
roph
one
Roots
Antileuk
emicin
vitro
andin
vivo
[64]
Diterpenes
O
HO
O
OH
3C H3C
CH3
CH3
CH3
2120573-H
ydro
xyja
troph
one
Roots
Antileuk
emicin
vitro
andin
vivo
[64]
Abiodo
neNot
specified
Anticancerinvitro
[73]
Citla
litrio
ne O
OH
OH
O
Roots
mdash[13]
Who
leplant
mdash[40]
Falo
done O
OH
Roots
Anticancerinvitro
[13]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 11
Table2Con
tinued
Classifi
catio
nCom
poun
dPlantp
art
Biologicalactiv
ityRe
ference
Jatro
phen
one
HO
H
O
H AcO
H
HWho
leplant
Antibacteria
linvitro
[41]
OH
O
Jatro
phol
one A
Roots
mdash[65]
Jatro
phol
one B O
H
O
Roots
mdash[65]
Jatro
phon
e
O
OO
Roots
Anticancerinvitro
andin
vivo
[66]
12 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table2Con
tinued
Classifi
catio
nCom
poun
dPlantp
art
Biologicalactiv
ityRe
ference
Esters
OH
HO
O
HO
HOH
OH
12-D
eoxy
-16-
hydr
oxyl
phor
bol
Seeds
Irritanttomou
seear
[69]
Lign
ans
Gos
sypi
fan
MeO
MeO
H
OO
O
O
Aeria
lparts
mdash[46]
Gos
sypi
line
O O
OCO
Me
OCO
Me
H
OO
Aeria
lparts
mdash[47]
Proteins
Cyclo
goss
ine A
Leu 1
Ala
2Th
r 3
Val 7
Gly
6Le
u 5
Trp 4
Latex
mdash[1571]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 13
Table2Con
tinued
Classifi
catio
nCom
poun
dPlantp
art
Biologicalactiv
ityRe
ference
Cyclo
goss
ine B Leu 2
Ala
5A
la6
Gly
1Le
u 4
Leu 8
Trp 3
Ile7
Latex
mdash[1520]
Triterpenes
HO O
H
HO
OH
H
(13120572
14120573
20S
)-2
2425
-Trih
ydro
xyla
nost
a-1
7-d
ien-3
-one
Leaves
mdash[57]
HO O
H
HO
OH
H
(2120572
13120572
14120573
20S
)-2
2425
-Trih
ydro
xyla
nost-
7-en
-3-o
ne
Leaves
mdash[57]
14 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
in different forms of preparation (infusion decoction andmaceration among others) by different routes and forms(oral topical baths etc) The most frequent reports refer toits anti-inflammatory antidiarrheal antiophidian analgesicantipyretic antimicrobial healing antianemic antidiabeticand antihemorrhagic activities among many other examples[3 5 7 9]
Some properties are attributed to specific parts of theplant while others are assigned to different parts Interest-ingly in some cases certain uses may appear contradictorysuch as antidiarrheal and laxative or its use as anticoagulantand antihemorrhagic One hypothesis is that this differencemay be related with the dose used since for example thelaxative effect is an effect commonly related with toxic eventswith this plant
6 Pharmacological Activities
Despite the grand variety of popular uses and the data fromJatropha species J gossypiifolia has been scarcely studiedregarding biological activities (Table 4) Studies showing thebiological potential of aqueous extract are rare so far whichis important to be mentioned since the most popular useof this plant is as a tea (decoction or infusion) Among themain activities that have been studied the antihypertensiveanticancer antimicrobial healing anti-inflammatory andanalgesic activities stand out
61 Antihypertensive Action Based on popular use of teasfrom J gossypiifolia roots and aerial parts the hypotensiveand vasorelaxant effects of the ethanolic extract of aerialparts of the plant were tested by Abreu et al [45] Thestudy revealed that the extract (125 and 250mgkgdayover 4 weeks by oral route in rats) in a dose-dependentmanner produced a reduction of systolic blood pressurein conscious normotensive animals This hypotensive effectcould be attributed to its vasorelaxant action since it pro-duced concentration-dependent relaxant effect in rat isolatedendothelium-deprived mesenteric artery precontracted withnorepinephrine or calcium Moreover it inhibited in aconcentration-dependent and noncompetitive manner thecontractile response induced by norepinephrine or CaCl
2in
the same preparation [45]
62 Antimicrobial Action The antibiotic activity of differ-ent extracts from J gossypiifolia is frequently reported asobserved in Table 4 In general some extent of antibacterialantifungal antiparasitic and antiviral activity was observedThe only report of J gossypiifolia isolated compound withantimicrobial activity is of the macrocyclic diterpene jatro-phenone which presented significant in vitro antibacterialactivity against Staphylococcus aureus [41]
63 Anti-Inflammatory andor Analgesic Action Many imp-ortant popular uses of J gossypiifolia are related to inflamma-tory process Bhagat et al [28] showed that the methanolicextract of leaves of this species has significant systemicacute and chronic anti-inflammatory activity The extract
at 500 and 1000mgkg oral doses was able to inhibit theacute carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats and at 50 and100mgkg oral doses inhibited the chronic cotton pellet-induced granuloma formation in rats Additionally the Jgossypiifolia leaf paste (05 and 1mgear) showed significantreduction in TPA-induced local inflammatory changes inmouse ear edema model [28]
In another study the anti-inflammatory and analgesicproperties of the methanol and petrol ether extracts of aerialparts of J gossypiifolia were demonstrated in mice [92]At 100 and 200mgkgday during 7 days by oral routeonly the methanol extract presented significant analgesicactivity in Eddyrsquos hot plate and tail-flick models and anti-inflammatory activity in carrageenan-induced paw edema[92] The anti-inflammatory activity of the bark from Jgossypiifolia (methanol and petrol ether extracts) was alsodemonstrated in carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats[115]
In a recent study using the in vitro human red bloodcell membrane stabilization method Nagaharika et al [118]suggested that ethanol and water extracts from J gossypiifolialeaves have anti-inflammatory activity According to theauthors since human red blood cell membranes are similarto the lysosomal membrane components the prevention ofhypotonicity-induced membrane lysis of these cells couldbe taken as a measure in estimating the anti-inflammatoryproperty of compounds [118]
The analgesic activity of the methanol extract from theleaves of J gossypiifolia was evaluated in acetic acid-inducedwrithing test in mice where highly significant inhibitionwas seen of 6756 and 6514 at 200 and 400mgkg oraldoses respectively [111] Similar results were observed in themethanolic extract from fruits [110]
64 Healing Action The healing action of the ethanol crudeextract of J gossypiifolia (plant part not specified) wasevaluated in suture healing of ventral abdominal wall ofrats through tensiometric measurement and macro- andmicroscopic aspect of postoperative period The extractwhich was administered by an intraperitoneal instillation of100mgkg single dose in the peritoneal cavity presentedmoreintense adhesion on macroscopic examination and greaterstrain evaluation and vascular neoformation However agreater inflammatory process was also observed and otherhistological parameters were similar to the control groupindicating that in general the extract presented poor woundhealing properties in the used model [124]
Another study evaluated the healing action of thehydroethanolic crude extract from leaves of J gossypiifoliain the healing process of sutures performed on the bladderof rats and similar results were presented although someimprovement might have been observed in some parametersIn general the authors concluded that no favorable heal-ing effect was observed with the administration of singleintraperitoneal dose of J gossypiifolia L [108] In anotherstudy analyzing the morphological aspects of the healingprocess occurring in open skin lesions in rats under topicaladministration of raw extract from J gossypiifolia (details
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 15
Table3Po
pularm
edicinaluses
ofJatro
phagossy
piifolia
Ldescrib
edin
theliterature
Plantp
art
Popu
laru
sePreparationandor
mod
eofu
seRe
ference
Who
leplant
Analgesic(headache)
Leaves
anointed
with
ldquoSebode
Holan
dardquo(muttontallo
w)a
ndheated
inthefi
reareu
sedas
compressfor
headaches
[5]
Analgesic(to
othache)
Not
specified
[3]
Antim
icrobial
Not
specified
[3]
Antipyretic
Decoctio
n[20]
Dyscrasia
Not
specified
[3]
Dysph
onia
Not
specified
[3]
Wou
ndhealing
Not
specified
[7475]
Aeria
lparts
Antianemic(m
alariatre
atment)
Decoctio
nused
byoralroute
[76]
Abscess
Bath
[77]
Alopecia
Ashleaves
[25]
Analgesic(eye
pain)
Not
specified
[78]
Analgesic(headache)
Not
specified
[78]
Analgesic(headachea
ndotitis)
Not
specified
[79]
Analgesic(painin
general)
Decoctio
nor
infusio
n[80]
Analgesic(to
othache)
Decoctio
nor
infusio
n[80]
Antianemic
Decoctio
n[81]
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[82]
Anticancer
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Decoctio
nof
thea
ssociatio
nof
leaves
ofJgossy
piifolia
with
leaves
ofPetiveriaalliaceaandaeria
lpartsof
Stachytarpheta
jamaicensis
byoralroute
[29]
Not
specified
[3]
Anticon
vulsivant
Not
specified
[83]
Antidiabetic
Decoctio
n[8485]
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Antidiarrheal
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Not
specified
[3]
Antihem
orrhagic
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Freshcrushedleaves
areu
sedin
caseso
fcutaneous
andnasalbleeding
[86]
Anti-infectiv
eDecoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Not
specified
[8788]
Anti-infl
ammatory
Not
specified
[78]
Antipyretic
Decoctio
n[81]
ldquoTeardquo
[5]
Not
specified
[88]
Antise
ptic
Bath
prepared
from
theleaves
[5]
Antith
rombo
ticDecoctio
nor
infusio
n[80]
Antiulcerogenic
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Leafjuice
[89]
Boils
Applicationof
thep
ound
edleaves
[90]
16 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative MedicineTa
ble3Con
tinued
Plantp
art
Popu
laru
sePreparationandor
mod
eofu
seRe
ference
Burns
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Usedin
associationwith
seedso
fGossypium
arboreum
sugarhon
eybeeandfato
fram
preparedby
grinding
app
liedtopically
[29]
Con
traceptiv
eand
oxito
toxic
Not
specified
[79]
Depurative
Squeezedthe
juiceo
btainedisdrun
k[91]
Detoxificant
Not
specified
[92]
Eczema
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Emetic
Squeezedthe
juiceo
btainedisdrun
k[91]
Gastro
intestinaldisorders
Not
specified
[79]
Gingivitis
Leafjuice
[89]
Gon
orrhoea
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Healin
gBa
thprepared
from
theleaves
[5]
Decoctio
n[30]
Decoctio
nor
infusio
n[80]
Hem
orrhoids
Usedin
associationwith
leaves
ofNicotia
natabacum
andcopp
ersulphateboiledin
waterand
used
asste
amdirected
atthea
nalregion
[93]
Hem
ostatic
Decoctio
nor
infusio
n[80]
Hepatitis
Not
specified
[12]
Itching
skin
Applicationof
thep
ound
edleaves
[90]
Leaves
Leprosy
Leafjuice
[89]
Malaria
Decoctio
n[81]
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[82]
Usedin
associationwith
leaves
ofAz
adira
chta
indica
andCo
mbretum
spbo
iledforsteam
bathsa
ndby
oralroute
[94]
Usedin
associationwith
leaves
ofCo
mbretum
ghasalenseandwho
leplanto
fOcim
umcanu
mbyoralrouteo
rfor
steam
baths
[94]
Mastitis
Poun
dedleaves
appliedon
swollenbreasts
[90]
Mycosis
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Psycho
activ
eNot
specified
[79]
Purgative
Not
specified
[388]
Rheumatism
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Scabies
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Skin
diseases
Not
specified
[3]
Stom
achic
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Not
specified
[8892]
Syph
ilis
Ash
ofleaves
[25]
Thrush
(oralcandidiasis)
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Treatm
ento
fldquocultu
ralsyn
drom
esrdquoldquoderramerdquo
ldquoquebranterdquoldquoespanterdquo
ldquovento-caıdordquoldquo
panemardquo
ldquodoenca-do-arrdquoldquom
ae-do-corpordquo
Not
specified
[79]
Vaginalinfectio
nSlightlybo
iledused
asvaginalw
ash
[91]
Venerald
iseases
Not
specified
[92]
Verm
ifuge
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Vertigo
Not
specified
[3]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 17
Table3Con
tinued
Plantp
art
Popu
laru
sePreparationandor
mod
eofu
seRe
ference
Wou
ndsa
ndrashes
Bath
oftheleaves
[24]
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Decoctio
nused
asbathsfor
cleaningwou
ndsindo
gs[95]
Wou
nddisin
fectant
Slightlybo
iledused
aswou
ndwash
[91]
Stem
Analgesic(to
othache)
Not
specified
[96]
Antianemic
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[82]
Anticancer
Decoctio
nby
oralor
topicalrou
te[26]
Emmenagogue
Decoctio
nof
barks
[7092]
Malaria
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[82]
Rheumatism
Not
specified
[77]
Thickbloo
dNot
specified
[77]
Roots
Anticancer
Decoctio
nby
oralor
topicalrou
te[26]
Root
bark
used
forc
ancero
fthe
lung
s[73]
Anticon
vulsivant
Not
specified
[83]
Antidiarrheal
Not
specified
[89]
Antim
icrobial
Root
bark
used
inbacterialinfectio
ns[73]
Impo
tence
Decoctio
nof
thea
ssociatio
nof
rootso
fJgossy
piifoliaC
hiococca
albaC
itrus
aurantifoliaD
esmodium
canu
m
RoystonearegiaSenn
aoccid
entalisStachytarphetajamaicensis
and
Waltheriaindica
with
thew
holeplanto
fCom
melina
erectaC
yperus
rotund
usand
sugarby
oralroute
[29]
Leprosy
Not
specified
[392]
Snakebites
Not
specified
[22929798]
Urin
arypain
Not
specified
[92]
Uterusd
iseases
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[99100]
Seeds
Analgesic(bod
ypain)
Not
specified
[101]
Analgesic(headache)
Not
specified
[79]
Antigrip
alUsedin
strong
colds
[5]
Antihem
orrhagic
Not
specified
[9]
Antiulcerogenic
Seed
oil
[3]
Con
traceptiv
eand
oxito
toxic
Not
specified
[79]
Depurative
Not
specified
[91]
Emetic
Not
specified
[7091101]
Gastro
intestinaldisorders
Not
specified
[79]
Leprosy
Seed
oil
[3]
Mycosis
Seed
oil
[3]
Psycho
activ
eNot
specified
[79]
Purgative
Not
specified
[39101102]
Treatm
ento
fldquocultu
ralsyn
drom
esrdquoldquoderramerdquo
ldquoquebranterdquoldquoespanterdquo
ldquovento-caıdordquoldquo
panemardquo
ldquodoenca-do-arrdquoldquom
ae-do-corpordquo
Not
specified
[79]
Vaginalinfectio
nSlightlybo
iledused
asvaginalw
ash
[91]
Wou
ndinfection
Slightlybo
iledused
aswou
ndwash
[91]
18 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table3Con
tinued
Plantp
art
Popu
laru
sePreparationandor
mod
eofu
seRe
ference
Fruits
Analgesic
Massaging
pregnant
wom
enrsquosbellies
with
teao
rgarrafadalowast
whenthey
areinpain
[77]
Analgesic(headache)
Teao
rgarrafadalowast
[77]
Analgesic(to
othache)
Teao
rgarrafadalowast
[77]
Laxativ
eIngestion
innatura
ofthep
owderfruit
[102]
Num
bnessa
fterb
ugsting
sTeao
rgarrafadalowast
[77]
Latex
Alopecia
Not
specified
[25]
Analgesic(eye
pain)
Not
specified
[78]
Analgesic(painin
general)
Drin
kor
massage
thea
ffected
area
with
latex
[80]
Analgesic(to
othache)
Cottonsoaked
with
latexkept
incontactw
iththes
oretoo
th[103]
Drin
kor
massage
thea
ffected
area
with
latex
[80]
Anticancer
Not
specified
[25]
Antihem
orrhagic
Not
specified
[9248695]
Antith
rombo
ticOralrou
te[80]
Antiulcerogenic
Not
specified
[2089]
Biteof
veno
mou
sanimals
Applicationof
fresh
latexatthea
ffected
site
[5]
Diuretic
Afewdrop
soffresh
latex
inwater
[6]
Eczema
Not
specified
[25]
Gingivitis
Not
specified
[89]
Gon
orrhea
Not
specified
[25]
Hem
ostatic
Not
specified
[2580]
Infected
wou
nds
Applicationof
fresh
latex
atthea
ffected
site
[520]
Leprosy
Not
specified
[89]
Mycosis
Not
specified
[25]
Purgative
Afewdrop
soffresh
latexin
water
[6]
Not
specified
[9]
Rheumatism
Not
specified
[25]
Scabies
Not
specified
[25]
Skin
burns
Applicationof
fresh
latex
atthea
ffected
site
[104]
Not
specified
[25]
Stop
ofitching
ofcutsandscratches
Not
specified
[95]
Syph
ilis
Not
specified
[25]
Thrush
(oralcandidiasis)
Not
specified
[25]
Verm
ifuge
Not
specified
[25]
Wou
ndhealing
Applicationof
latexatthea
ffected
site
[5]
Drin
kor
massage
thea
ffected
sitew
ithlatex
[80]
Not
specified
[7475]
Resin
Toothache
Toothp
owder
[27]
Wou
ndsinlip
sand
tong
ueTo
picalapp
lication
[27]
Oil
Arthritis
Appliedlocally
[89]
Purgative
Not
specified
[89]
Skin
disease
Appliedlocally
[89]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 19
Table3Con
tinued
Plantp
art
Popu
laru
sePreparationandor
mod
eofu
seRe
ference
Not
specified
Alopecia
Teaa
ppliedlocally
indo
gs[105]
Analgesic
Not
specified
[13]
Poultic
es[95]
Anticancer
Not
specified
[1366]
Antidiarrheal
Not
specified
[2845106]
Antihypertensive
Not
specified
[45]
Anti-infl
ammatory
Not
specified
[1328]
Antipyretic
Not
specified
[28]
Antise
ptic
Not
specified
[45]
Antiulcerogenic
Not
specified
[28]
Cou
ghsa
ndcolds
Bark
juice(4spoo
nfuls3tim
esad
ay)b
yoralroute
[107]
Detoxication
Not
specified
[28]
Diuretic
Not
specified
[45]
Eczema
Not
specified
[28]
Gum
infection
Not
specified
[28]
Healin
gNot
specified
[45108]
Hydropsy
Not
specified
[5]
Leprosy
Not
specified
[28]
Obstructio
nsof
thea
bdom
inaltract
Not
specified
[5]
Purgative
Not
specified
[5]
Regu
latem
enses
Not
specified
[109]
Rheumatism
Not
specified
[5]
Snakea
ndscorpion
bites
Not
specified
[322]
Stom
achpain
Not
specified
[28]
Venerealdiseases
Not
specified
[28]
Wou
nds
Poultic
es[95]
Usedas
bath
[28]
lowast
Garrafadapreparatio
ndo
neby
maceratingplantp
artsin
alcoho
lorh
ydroalcoho
licmediumsin
generalbrandies
20 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative MedicineTa
ble4Ph
armacologicalstu
dies
ofJatro
phagossy
piifolia
Ldescrib
edin
theliterature
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Analgesic
Aeria
lparts
Methano
land
petro
lether
extracts
At100and200m
gkgdayover7
daysbyoralrouteinmiceon
lythe
methano
lextractpresentedsig
nificantanalgesicactiv
ityin
Eddyrsquosho
tplatea
ndtail-flack
mod
els[92]
Fruits
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmicehigh
lysig
nificantly
inhibitedthew
rithing
respon
sesind
uced
byaceticacid
[110]
Leaves
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmicesig
nificantly
inhibited
thew
rithing
respon
sesind
uced
byaceticacid
[111]
Antibacteria
l
Latex
Crud
elatex
At100120583
Lvolumeinh
ibitedin
vitro
Liste
riamonocytogenes
Salm
onellatyhimuriumSalmonellatyphiandStaphylococcus
aureus
[112]
Latex
Not
specified
Presentedbactericidaleffectinvitro
againstShigella
dysenteriaea
ndStaphylococcus
aureuslowast
[113]
Leaves
Fractio
nsobtained
bysequ
entia
lextractionof
the
vegetalm
aterialw
ithpetro
letherbenzenechloroform
aceton
eethano
lmethano
landwater
Petro
lether
fractio
nwas
inactiv
eagainstEscherich
iacoliandBa
cillus
subtilisBe
nzenefractionwas
them
ostactiveagainstb
oth
microorganism
sCh
loroform
andmethano
lfractions
werea
ctive
onlyagainstB
acillus
subtilisAc
eton
eand
ethano
lfractions
were
activ
eonlyagainstE
scheric
hiacoliAq
ueou
sfractionwas
activ
eagainstb
othmicroorganism
salthou
ghto
amuchlesser
degree
than
theo
ther
fractions
[52]
Methano
lchloroform
and
water
extracts
Allextractswerea
ctiveinvitro
againstShigella
dysenteriaelowast
[113]
Petro
lether
andethyl
acetatefractions
from
ethano
ldichloromethane
(11vv)extract
Thep
etrolether
fractio
n(1mgmL)
inhibitedin
vitro
Pseudomonas
aeruginosaStaphylo
coccus
epidermidis
andSalm
onellatyphim
urium
Thee
thylacetatefraction(1mgmL)
was
activ
eagainstStaphylococcus
aureus
[87]
Who
leplant
Jatro
phenon
ePresentedin
vitro
antib
acteria
lactivity
againstStaphylo
coccus
aureus
comparabletopenicillin
[41]
Aeria
lparts
Water
andethylacetate
fractio
nsfro
mmethano
lextract
Both
fractio
nsat1
mgdidno
tprodu
cezoneso
finh
ibition
for
Escherich
iacoliStaphylococcus
aureusSaccharom
yces
cerevisia
enor
Cand
idaalbicans
[114]
Leaves
Chloroform
extract
Presentedantib
acteria
lactivity
againstSalmonellatyphiPseudomonas
aeruginosaand
Staphylococcus
aureus
andantifun
galactivity
against
Cand
idaalbicansD
idno
tprodu
ceinhibitio
nzonesa
gainst
Escherich
iacoliBa
cillussubtilis
Proteusm
irabilisC
orynebacteriu
mdiptheria
eShigelladysenteriaea
ndStreptococcusp
enum
oniae
[50]
Leaves
Dichlorom
ethane
methano
l(11vv)extract
At05and1m
gmLshow
edsig
nificantantibacteria
lactivity
invitro
againstB
acillus
cereus
varm
ycoidesBa
cillusp
umilu
sBa
cillussubtilis
Bordetellabronchise
ptica
MicrococcusluteusStaphylococcus
aureus
Staphylococcus
epidermidis
Klebsiella
pneumoniaeandStreptococcus
faecalisandantifun
galactivity
invitro
againstC
andida
albicans
[88]
Methano
lextract
Presentedantib
acteria
lactivity
againstSalmonellatyphiPseudomonas
aeruginosaand
Staphylococcus
aureus
andantifun
galactivity
against
Cand
idaalbicansD
idno
tprodu
ceinhibitio
nzonesa
gainst
Escherich
iacoliBa
cillussubtilis
Proteusm
irabilisC
orynebacteriu
mdiptheria
eShigelladysenteriaea
ndStreptococcusp
enum
oniae
[50]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 21
Table4Con
tinued
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Antibacteria
land
antifun
gal
Not
specified
Extractsob
tained
bysequ
entia
lextractionof
the
vegetalm
aterialw
ithn-hexanechloroform
aceton
emethano
land
water
n-Hexanee
xtracthadinhibitory
activ
ityin
vitro
againstE
scheric
hia
coliSalm
onellatyphiPseudomonas
aeruginosaB
acillus
cereus
Klebsiella
aerogenesandCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainst
Shiguella
boydiAspergillus
fumiga
tusAspergillus
flavusand
Aspergillus
nigerCh
loroform
extractinh
ibitedin
vitro
Salm
onella
typhiPseudomonas
aeruginosaB
acillus
cereusan
dCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainstEscherich
iacoliStaphylococcus
aureus
Shiguella
boydiAspergillus
fumiga
tusAspergillus
flavusand
Aspergillus
nigerAc
eton
eextractinhibitedin
vitro
Escherich
iacoli
Pseudomonas
aeruginosaStaphylococcusa
ureusKlebsiella
aerogenes
Proteusv
ulgarisan
dCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainst
Salm
onellatyphiAspergillus
fumiga
tusAspergillus
flavusa
ndAspergillus
nigerMethano
lextractinhibitedin
vitro
Escherich
iacoli
Salm
onellatyphiPseudomonas
aeruginosaStaphylococcusa
ureus
Bacilluscereusa
ndCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainst
Aspergillus
fumigatusA
spergillu
sflavusan
dAspergillus
nigerWater
extractw
asactiv
einvitro
againstE
scheric
hiacoliSalm
onellatyphi
Pseudomonas
aeruginosaStaphylococcusa
ureusBa
cilluscereus
Klebsiella
aerogenesProteusv
ulgarisan
dCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainstAspergillus
fumigatusA
spergillu
sflavusand
Aspergillus
niger
[89]
Methano
land
petro
lether
extractsfro
mbark
At200120583
g100120583
Lon
lythem
ethano
lextractshow
edin
vitro
antib
acteria
lactivity
upon
Staphylococcus
aureusStre
ptococcus
pyogenesand
Escherich
iacoliandantifun
galactivity
upon
Aspergillus
nigerCa
ndidaalbicansPenicillium
notatumand
Saccharomyces
cerevisia
e
[115]
Anticho
linesterase
Latex
Lyop
hilized
latex
Inhibitedtim
e-anddo
se-dependentlythea
cetylch
olinesterase
enzymeinnervou
stissue
offre
shwater
airb
reathing
fishCh
anna
marulius
[116]
Leaves
Fractio
nsobtained
bysequ
entia
lextractionof
the
vegetalm
aterialw
ithethyl
acetatea
ndmethano
l
At2m
gmLconcentration
thee
thylacetatea
ndmethano
lfractions
presentedinhibitory
activ
ities
invitro
of71
and100
Them
ethano
lfractio
npresentedIC
50of
005
mgmL
[117]
Antidiarrheal
Fruits
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmiceinhibitedthec
astoro
ilindu
ceddiarrhea
[110]
Leaves
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmiceinhibitedthec
astoro
ilindu
ceddiarrhea
[111]
Antifu
ngal
(antidermatop
hytic
fung
i)Ae
rialp
arts
Water
andethylacetate
fractio
nsfro
mmethano
lextract
Them
inim
alconcentrationprod
ucing75of
inhibitio
nor
high
eragainstM
icrosporuscanis
forb
othfractio
nsw
as1120583
gmLFo
rthe
fung
usMicrosporusg
ypseum
Microsporusfulvuman
dMicrosporus
gallina
eno
neof
thefractionpresentedinhibitory
activ
ity
[114]
22 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative MedicineTa
ble4Con
tinued
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Anti-infl
ammatory
Aeria
lparts
Methano
land
petro
lether
extracts
At100and200m
gkgdayover7
daysbyoralrouteinmiceon
lythe
methano
lextractpresentedsig
nificantanti-infl
ammatoryactiv
ityon
carrageenan-indu
cedpawedem
a[92]
Leaves
Aqueou
sextract
At100and200120583
gmLsig
nificantly
preventedthelysisof
human
red
bloo
dcells
inmem
branes
tabilizationmetho
din
vitro
[118]
Ethano
lextract
At100120583
gmLsig
nificantly
preventedthelysisof
human
redbloo
dcells
inmem
branes
tabilizationmetho
din
vitro
[118]
Methano
lextractandleaf
paste
At500and1000
mgkgbyoralrouteinrats
inhibitedthe
carrageenan-indu
cedpawedem
aAt
50and100m
gkgbyoralroute
inrats
inhibitedthec
ottonpelletind
uced
granulom
aformationin
rats
At05and1m
geartheleafp
asteredu
cedtheinfl
ammation
respon
sein
mou
seeare
demam
odel
[28]
Not
specified
Methano
land
petro
lether
extractsfro
mbark
At200m
gkgbyoralrouteinratsbothextractsredu
cedthe
carrageenan-indu
cedpawedem
a[115]
Antim
alarial
Leaves
Aqueou
sextract
30120583ginhibitedin
vitro
theg
rowth
ofPlasmodium
falciparum
[31]
Dichlorom
ethane
extract
Activ
einvitro
againstP
lasm
odium
falciparumw
ithIC
50of
abou
t35120583gmL
[81]
Antineoplasic
Roots
Ethano
licextractand
jatro
phon
e
Thee
thanolextractas
wellasjatroph
oneexhibitedsig
nificant
inhibitory
activ
ityin
vitro
againstcellsderiv
edfro
mhu
man
carcinom
aofthe
nasoph
aryn
xandlymph
ocyticleuk
emiaP-388and
invivo
againstfou
rstand
ardanim
altumor
syste
ms
[66]
Falodo
neShow
edpo
tent
proliferatio
ninhibitory
activ
ityagainstA
-549
human
cancer
celllin
ewith
IC50of
120120583
gmL
[13]
2120572-H
ydroxyjatro
phon
e2120573
-hydroxy-56-iso
jatro
phon
eand2120573
-hydroxyjatro
phon
editerpenes
isolatedfro
mpetro
lether
extract
Presentedantin
eoplasicactiv
ityup
onP-388lymph
ocyticleuk
emia
testsyste
mbo
thin
vivo
andin
vitro
asw
ellasfor
theE
aglersquos
carcinom
aofthe
nasoph
aryn
xtestsyste
min
vitro
[64]
Not
specified
Abiodo
neNot
specifiedlowast
[73]
Antioxidant
Leaves
Methano
lethylacetateand
aqueou
sextract
Allextractsshow
edsig
nificantantioxidant
activ
ityin
vitro
inDPP
Hfre
eradicalferric
thiocyanateandnitricoxides
caveng
ingmetho
dslowast
[55]
Who
leplant
Petro
letherchloroform
ethylacetateand
n-bu
tano
lextracts
Allextractsshow
edon
lypo
orDPP
Hscavenging
activ
ityTh
etotal
antio
xidant
capacitywas
high
erin
ethylacetateandn-bu
tano
lextracts
having
thep
etrolether
andchloroform
show
ingon
lypo
oractiv
ityTh
elipid
peroxidatio
nwas
inhibitedon
lypartially
bythe
extracts
with
thee
thylacetateb
eing
them
ostactivea
ndthep
etrol
etherb
eing
theleast
[48]
Antisp
asmod
icAe
rialp
arts
Ethano
lextractfractions
andsubfractions
At5001000and
2000
mgkgbyoralrouteinmiceshow
edsig
nificantantisp
asmod
icactiv
ityin
mou
seintestinaltransit
mod
elandat0510
and
20m
gmLinhibitedin
vitro
thea
cetylch
olinea
ndcalcium-in
ducedcontractions
ofiso
lated
ratjeju
numO
nlythe
organicfractionof
thee
xtracthadac
alcium
-antagon
isteffect
whereas
both
chloroform
icandaqueou
sfractions
hadanticho
linergic
effect
[119]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 23Ta
ble4Con
tinued
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Antivira
lAe
rialp
arts
Water
andethylacetate
fractio
nsfro
mmethano
lextract
At110and
100120583
gmLbo
thfractio
nspresented100
ofinhibitio
nof
plaque-fo
rmingabilityof
Sind
bisv
irusintre
atmentp
reinfection
protocol(IC 5
0lt1120583
gmL)w
hilein
treatmentp
ostin
fection
theIC 5
0of
water
fractio
nincreasedto
512andacetatefractionincreasedto
37120583gmLFo
rmurinec
ytom
egaloviru
sIC
50of
17and15
towater
andethylacetatefractio
nswereo
bservedrespectiv
elyintre
atment
preinfectio
nprotocolInthetreatmentp
ostin
fection
howe
verno
inhibitio
nwas
observed
inthismicroorganism
[114]
Not
specified
Methano
lextractfro
mbarks
Partially
activ
eagainstSind
bisv
irusand
herpes
simplex
virus-l
Inactiv
eagainsthu
man
polio
virus
[107]
Bron
chod
ilator
Stem
sAq
ueou
sextract
Thee
xtractwas
inactiv
einbron
chod
ilatora
ctivity
inguinea
pigs
[120]
Con
traceptiv
eLeaves
Ethano
lextract
At450m
gkgdayover2
1daysby
oralroutecaused
anantifertility
activ
ityin
femalem
ice
[121]
Healin
g
Aeria
lparts
Ethano
l70
extract
At1m
Lkg
dosebyintraperito
nealrouteinrats
presentedbeneficial
activ
ityin
healingprocesso
fcolon
icanastomosis
[122]
Aeria
lparts
Ethano
l70
extract
At200m
gkgbyintraperito
nealrouteinrats
favoredtheh
ealin
gprocesso
fgastro
rrhaph
iesa
ndredu
cedthea
cuteinflammatory
reactio
nin
vivo
[123]
Leaves
Hydroethano
lextract
At200m
gkgbyintraperito
nealroutedecreasedtheinfl
ammation
andincreasedvascular
neoformationandcollagendepo
sitionwhen
comparedto
thec
ontro
lgroup
inhealingprocesso
fsutures
perfo
rmed
ontheb
ladd
erof
rats
How
everingeneralno
favorable
healingeffectw
asob
served
[108]
Not
specified
Ethano
licextract
Alth
ough
someimprovem
entcou
ldbe
observed
insuture
healingof
ventralabd
ominalwallofratstreated
with
100m
gkg
ofextract
(intraperito
nealinstillationintraperito
nealcavity)in
generalon
lya
poor
healingactiv
itywas
observed
[124]
Not
specified
At01m
Lvolumeby
topicalapp
lication
thec
rude
extractp
resented
significantd
ifferencesc
oncerningthem
acroscop
icandmicroscop
icaspectso
fhealin
gprocesso
ccurrin
gin
open
skin
lesio
nsin
rats
[125]
Hem
ostatic
Latex
Crud
efresh
latex
Decreased
clotting
andbleeding
timeinhealthysubjects
[101]
Hepatop
rotective
Aeria
lparts
Petro
letherm
ethano
land
water
extracts
At200m
gkgdayover7
daysbyoralrouteinrats
both
extracts
presentedhepatoprotectiv
eactivity
incarbon
tetrachlorideind
uced
liver
damagewith
thep
etrolether
beingthem
ostactivea
ndthe
methano
lbeing
theleast
[126]
Hypotensiv
eand
vasorelaxant
Aeria
lparts
Ethano
licextract
At125and250m
gkgdayover4
weeksby
oralrouteinrats
ina
dose-dependent
mannerredu
cedthes
ystolic
bloo
dpressure
and
prod
uced
acon
centratio
n-depend
entrelaxanteffectin
ratisolated
(ex
vivo)end
otheliu
m-depriv
edmesenteric
artery
precon
tractedwith
norepineph
rineo
rCaC
l 2
[45]
Immun
omod
ulatory
Who
leplant
Petro
lether
extract
At100200and40
0120583gmLincreasedthep
roliferationof
mou
sespleen
cellin
vitro
[127]
Localanesthetic
Not
specified
Methano
land
aqueou
sextracts
Both
extractspresentedsig
nificantlocalanestheticactiv
ityby
plexus
anesthesiain
frogslowast
[128]
24 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table4Con
tinued
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Relaxant
effecto
nuterine
smoo
thmuscle
(tocolytic
activ
ity)
Aeria
lparts
Ethano
licextractand
chloroform
icandaqueou
sfractio
ns
At05and10
mgmLthee
thanolicextractreduced
the
calcium
-evokedcontractile
respon
seof
theu
terin
esmoo
thmuscle
as
wellas
thec
hloroformicfractio
nTh
eaqu
eous
fractio
npresented
onlyslighteffect
[129]
Sedativ
eand
anxiolytic
Fruits
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmicepresentedsedativ
eeffect
intheh
olec
rosstest
At200m
gkgpresented
anxiolyticactiv
ityin
holebo
ardtest
At40
0mgkgpresented
anxiolyticactiv
ityin
elevated
plus-m
azetest
[110]
Leaves
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmicepresentedsedativ
eeffect
intheh
olec
rosstest
At200m
gkgpresented
anxiolyticactiv
ityin
holebo
ardtest
At40
0mgkgpresented
anxiolyticin
elevated
plus-m
azetest
[111]
lowast
Thec
ompletev
ersio
nof
thep
aper
was
notaccessib
leso
theinformationwas
obtained
from
itsabstr
act
IC50con
centratio
nthatinhibits50of
ther
eferredactiv
ity
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 25
about extract preparation and plant part not specified) theauthors also observed an absence of healing action althoughsome histological improvement was shown [125]
However studying the influence of J gossypiifolia on thehealing process of colonic anastomosis in rats Servin et alshowed that the administration of 1mLkg single dose ofthe hydro alcoholic extract from aerial parts has beneficialeffect on the healing process [122] However according tothese authors on the seventh day of the experiment therewas a decrease in the action of the extract suggestingthat the extract in this experiment was less active in laterstages of healing process [122] A plausible hypothesis notraised by the authors could be the fact that the extract wasadministered in a single dose which may not have beensufficient to maintain the effect throughout the time of theexperiment Additionally Vale et al showed that the ethanolicextract from aerial parts of J gossypiifolia at single intraperi-toneal dose of 200mgkg favored the healing process ofgastrorrhaphies and reduced the acute inflammatory reactionin vivo [123]
65 Hemostatic Action The use of J gossypiifolia especiallythe latex is widespread as a hemostatic agent for preventingbleeding disorders The results of whole blood clotting timeusing Lee and White method and bleeding time using Ivyrsquosmethod were significantly reduced when stem latex wasintroduced suggesting procoagulant activity [101] Regardingthe possible mechanism of action based on experimentsthat show the precipitating action of the latex upon bovinealbumin the authors suggest that the latex precipitatesclotting factors thereby bringing the coagulation factors intoclose contact and then the activation of coagulation cascadeleads to the generation of thrombin and formation of aclot takes place in a matter of seconds when compared tothe control experiment which took minutes to completecoagulation [101] It is important to emphasize that to the bestof our knowledge this is the only study performed on humansubjects
66 Anticholinesterase Action Based on the cholinergichypothesis acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are widely usedto treat Alzheimerrsquos disease J gossypiifolia presented animportant anticholinesterase activity since the methanolicextract from leaves showed an IC
50of 005mgmL [117]
Another study showed that the lyophilized latex of theplant was able to inhibit time- and dose-dependently theacetylcholinesterase enzyme in nervous tissue of freshwaterair breathing fish Channa marulius [116]
67 Antioxidant Action The antioxidant activity of extractsfrom J gossypiifoliawas evaluated by Kharat et al [55] In thiswork the high content of phenols tannins and flavonoids inthe leaves prompted the authors to evaluate the antioxidantactivity of the leaves DPPH free radical ferric thiocyanateand nitric oxide scavengingmethods were used to analyze theantioxidant activity in vitro of methanol ethyl acetate andaqueous extracts demonstrating positive resultsThe authorsattributed the free radical scavenging activity to the presence
of flavonoids [55] On the other hand a study showed thatdifferent extracts (petrol ether chloroform ethyl acetate andn-butanol) fromwhole plant of J gossypiifolia had only partialantioxidant activity in DPPH scavenging total antioxidantcapacity and lipid peroxidation tests [48] Among them theethyl acetate extract was the most active which correlatespositively with its higher content of phenolic compounds incomparison with the other extracts [48]
68 Contraceptive Action Based on its popular use J gossypi-ifoliawas assessed for its antifertility activity as an alternativeto oral contraceptive agents J gossypiifolia leaf extract byoral route altered the major hormones involved in estrouscycle regulation indicating its antifertility effect on mice[121] Evaluating other parameters (estrogenic and earlyabortifacient activities) the anti-infertility effect of the extractwas once more demonstrated later [130]
69 Tocolytic Action Based on the ethnopharmacologicalapplication of the plant as tocolytic remedy the effects oncalcium-evoked uterine smooth muscle contraction of theethanolic extract and fractions were evaluated [129] Thecrude extract and to a higher extent the chloroformic frac-tion reduced the calcium-evoked contractile response of theuterine smooth muscle promoting a rightward displacementof calciumcumulative curves aswell as reducing themaximalcontractions [129]
610 Antineoplasic Action One of the most well-knownpharmacological activities of J gossypiifolia is its antineopla-sic action which is frequently associated with the contentof lignoids and terpenoids One of the first reports wasmade by Kupchan et al [66] when the authors found thatthe ethanolic extract from roots as well as the isolatedditerpene jatrophone exhibited significant inhibitory activityin vitro against cells derived from human carcinoma of thenasopharynx and lymphocytic leukemia P-388 and in vivoagainst four standard animal tumor systems such as sarcoma180 Lewis lung carcinoma P-388 lymphocytic leukemiaand Walker 256 intramuscular carcinosarcoma [66] Laterthree new antitumor derivatives of jatrophone were isolatedfrom petrol ether extracts from roots of J gossypiifolia 2120572-hydroxyjatrophone 2120573-hydroxy-56-isojatrophone and 2120573-hydroxyjatrophone [64] Recently two other diterpenes withpotent antineoplasic activity were isolated from J gossypi-ifolia falodone and abiodone Falodone was isolated frommethanol extract from roots and showed potent proliferationinhibitory activity against A-549 human cancer cell line [13]Abiodone a lathyrane diterpenoid compound was isolatedfrom J gossypiifolia and presented potent anticancer activity[73]
611 Local Anesthetic Action The local anesthetic action ofJ gossypiifolia was evaluated by plexus anaesthesia in frogs[128] The authors observed that the aqueous and methanolextract (plant part not specified) presented significant anes-thetic action when compared to control group
26 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
612 Neuropharmacological Action The neuropharmacolog-ical action of the methanol extract of the leaves of J gossypi-ifolia was evaluated by Apu et al [111] The authors observedthat in hole cross test the extract at 200 and 400mgkg byoral route showed significant sedative effect in mice In holeboard test the extract showed highly significant anxiolyticactivity at a dose of 200mgkg whereas the same activity wasobserved at 400mgkg dose in elevated plus-maze test [111]Similar results were observed in the methanolic extract fromfruits [110]
613 Antidiarrheal Action Although it may seem contradic-tory as shown in Table 3 J gossypiifolia species is popularlyused both as purgative and as antidiarrheal remedy Howeverin literature there are interesting results about the antidiar-rheal properties of different extracts of this species
At 200 and 400mgkg oral doses in mice the methanolextract of J gossypiifolia leaves produced highly signifi-cant antidiarrheal activity upon castor oil-induced diarrheadecreasing themean number of stool and total weight of fecaloutput when compared to control group [111] Similar resultswere observed in the methanolic extract from fruits [110]
Aiming to determine the possible action mechanism of Jgossypiifolia aerial parts ethanol extract as antidiarrheal agentSilva et al [119] have investigated the effect of this extracton intestinal transit velocity and on isolated rat jejunumAt 500 1000 and 2000mgkg by oral route in mice theextract showed significant antispasmodic activity in mouseintestinal transit model when compared to control At 0510 and 20mgmL the crude extract inhibited in vitro theacetylcholine and calcium-induced contractions of isolatedrat jejunum The chloroform and aqueous fractions wereobtained and it was observed that only the chloroform frac-tion of the extract had a calcium-antagonist effect whereasboth chloroformic and aqueous fractions had anticholinergiceffect suggesting that the antispasmodic effect of J gossypi-ifolia may be due to a combination of anticholinergic andcalcium-antagonist mechanisms [119]
614 Immunomodulatory Action The immunomodulatoryaction of synthetic lignan compounds was evaluated by theassay of proliferation of mouse spleen cell in vitro andcompared with petrol ether extract of whole plant of Jgossypiifolia since it is a natural source of this kind ofcompound [127] The authors showed that both syntheticand naturally occurring 1-phenylnaphthalene lignans couldpositively modulate the immunity of the host since theysignificantly increased the proliferation of mouse spleen cellin vitro [127]
615 Hepatoprotective Action Despite some studies havingshown the hepatotoxic potential of J gossypiifolia a study wasperformed to analyze the possible hepatoprotective action ofextracts of this plant in carbon tetrachloride-induced liverdamage in rats [126] In fact the petrol ether methanoland water extracts from the aerial parts of J gossypiifoliapresented significant hepatoprotective action in this model
substantially restoring towards normalization the serum lev-els of serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase serum glu-tamate pyruvate transaminase serum alkaline phosphatasetotal bilirubin superoxide dismutase and catalase [126] Theauthors also discuss the close relationship between the hep-atoprotective action observed and the possible antioxidantmechanism present in the extracts
7 Other Actions andBiotechnological Applications
In addition to studies demonstrating scientific evidences ofthe pharmacological properties of J gossypiifolia severalstudies have demonstrated the potential of this species toobtain molecules with various applications thus showing itsmultipurpose character
Among the main applications described the use ofJ gossypiifolia seed oil for biodiesel production could bementioned Jatropha species has drawn the attention ofresearchers in recent years due to its emergence as a highlysuitable feedstock plant for biodiesel production [11] Amongthe species J gossypiifolia J curcas and J pohliana produceseeds with high oil content [11] In a study investigatingthe potential of two plants of the Jatropha genus (includ-ing J gossypiifolia) the authors observed that the studiedphysicochemical properties of the produced biodiesel are inthe acceptable range for use as biodiesel in diesel enginesshowing a promising economic exploitation of these rawmaterials [131]
Studies have shown the potential of the species for thedevelopment of new tools for biochemical analysis A recentstudy showed that the diluted fresh latex J gossypiifolia can beused as precipitating agent for biochemical determination ofproteins in plasma urine and cerebrospinal fluid with valuescomparable to those obtained from the conventional proteinprecipitants sodium tungstate and trichloroacetic acid [24]According to the authors the precipitating potential couldbe related to the capacity of the latex to form clots whenapplied to a bleeding sore or wound when it is used in folkmedicine [24] Another study showed the potentiality of thejuice extracted from the fresh leaves of J gossypiifolia asan anticoagulant for haematological analyses [86] 01mL ofextract per mL of blood proved to be suitable for obtainingplasmas for biochemical analysis comparable with conven-tional anticoagulants [86] However the authors emphasizethat the extract must be purified to remove interferingsubstances for it to be perfectly suitable for biochemicalanalysis [86]
Some studies have demonstrated the potentiality of Jgossypiifolia as a source of pesticide biomolecules Bullang-poti et al [49] isolated ricinine from the ethyl acetate extractfrom senescent leaves the main compound responsible forthe toxicity of the crude extract in Spodoptera exigua larvaethus demonstrating that it could be an alternative choiceto chemical insecticides In another study Bullangpoti etal [132] showed that the ethanol extract of J gossypiifoliain association with the ethanol extract of Melia azedarachwas toxic and inhibited some enzymes from Spodoptera
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 27
frugiperda larvae demonstrating once more the potentialityof the species as insecticide agent Calatayud et al [56]showed the presence of proteins of about 100 kDa with toxicactivity upon Phenacoccus herreni another type of insectIn this work the authors performed a strategy of extrac-tion that eliminated nonprotein compounds being able todemonstrate the potential of the species to obtain insecticidalproteins [56] Leaf extract of J gossypiifolia reduced thefecundity and egg viability against stored product insect pestsTribolium castaneum [133]
The potential molluscicidal activity of J gossypiifolia hasalso been evaluated as an alternative mode of preventionof schistosomiasis Sukumaran et al [134] showed that themethanol and n-butanol extracts from unripened seeds of Jgossypiifoliawas toxic against eggs and adults of two species offreshwater snails Lymnaea luteola and Indoplanorbis exustusThe results indicated that n-butanol extract was the mosteffective and that the eggs were more susceptible than adults[134]
8 Toxicology
Species of Jatropha are notably known for their toxic potential[135 136] This toxicity is related primarily to latex andseeds The latex is released from the aerial parts of theplant by mechanical injury and it is extremely caustic andirritating to skin and mucous membranes The seeds arerich in toxalbumins that cause agglutination and hemolysisto erythrocytes as well as damage to other cell types andcontain a lipoid resin complex that can cause dermatitis[3 12 135] The symptomatology consists in general ofgastrointestinal disorders (abdominal pain nausea vomitingand diarrhea) Additionally the clinical course can bringcardiovascular neurological and renal complications [136]Cases of poisoning in humans usually occur by eating fruitand seeds because of its similarity to edible chestnuts [136]
Some toxicological studies have demonstrated the toxicproperties of J gossypiifolia while others show the absence oftoxicity However it is important to observe the models useddoses administrated and types of extract employed (solventand plant part) among other aspects to make the properconclusions about the toxicity
The study of experimental poisoning in sheep showedthat the intake of fresh plant leaves in a single dose of40 gkg was lethal to these animals [137] The clinical andpathological picture in the experimental sheep was charac-terized by digestive lung and heart disturbances and alsoby slight regressive changes evidenced in hepatic and renalhistological examinations [137] However as observed byMariz et al [7] it is important to note that the medicinaluse of the plant is rarely in natura but instead by differentpreparations such as infusions or decoctions sometimes ofthe dried material which could inactivate the possible toxiccomponents However this is only a hypothesis and so thetoxicity of extracts from leaves cannot be discarded
One of the first studies relating the identification of theconstituents responsible for the toxic effects of the Jatrophaspecies was published by Adolf et al [69] In this work
by a bioguided isolation the irritant polyunsaturated ester12-deoxy-16-hydroxylphorbol was isolated from the etherextract from the seeds of J gossypiifolia by countercurrentchromatography [69] The irritant activity was visualized inmouse ear after 24 h of the application of the fractions andisolated compounds [69]
The in vitro cytotoxicity assay using brine shrimp larvaetest revealed that ethanol and methanol extracts (plant organunspecified) showed low toxicity [138] An earlier studyshowed that thewater and ethyl acetate fraction of amethanolextract from aerial parts of J gossypiifolia did not presenttoxicity against the same organisms [114]
A study performed in Wistar rats evaluated the toxicityof the ethanolic root extract of J gossypiifolia at 10 20 and30mgkg by oral route [139] The authors observed that theextract was toxic to the kidney and caused increased urearetention in the blood as observed by histological studies andbiochemical analysis of blood [139]
A preclinical toxicological assessment of the crudeethanol extract from J gossypiifolia leaves showed that theextract presents relatively low oral acute toxicity in Wistarrats [18 19] Rats treated with single doses of 12ndash50 gkgby oral route were observed for 14 days and the mostimportant signs of toxicity were ptosis reduction of bodyweight and hind limb paralysis Other significant alterationsoccurred only in males treated with 50 gkg dose increasein creatinine aspartate aminotransferase sodium and potas-sium seric levels reduction of urea and albumin leucopeniaand small alteration in color and consistency of visceraThe median lethal dose (LD
50) was higher than 40 gkg
for males and higher than 50 gkg for females [19] In thehistopathological evaluation some alteration was observedin liver and lung only at 50 gkg suggesting the relativelylow toxicity of the extract [18] However in the chronictoxicological study (thirteen weeks of treatment) this extractshowed significant oral chronic toxicity in rats [17] The mostsignificant toxic signs indicated a reduction of the activityin the central nervous system and digestive disturbancesThe histopathological analysis revealed hepatotoxicity andpulmonary damages The lethality was 466 and 133among males and females under the higher tested dose(405mgkg) respectively [17] Based on this Mariz et al [7]discussed that the development of herbal medicine based onthis species needs to prioritize the chemical refinement of thecrude extracts to obtain less toxic fractions which should betested for their safety and therapeutic efficacy
Another study on the other hand evaluating the oralacute toxicity of the aqueous and ethanol extracts from leavesof J gossypiifolia did not show any sign of toxicity in upto 2 gkg in rats enabling the authors to conclude that thisextract could be considered safe [118] This is an interestingresult since in most cases the plant is used popularly as tea(aqueous extract)
The toxicity of the stem latex of J gossypiifoliawas studiedin Wistar rats by applying different doses of crude latex onincised skin daily for 18 days based on the popular useof the latex as hemostatic agent in skin lesions [140] Theauthors observed that the application of the latex did notproduce any significant difference in results of biochemical
28 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
and hematological parameters obtained from the control andexperimental animals leading to the conclusion that the stemlatex has no harmful effects [140]
9 Conclusions
As demonstrated by this review J gossypiifolia presents animportant potential for the generation of pharmacologicalandor biotechnological products based on popular usesand biological studies scientifically showing its propertiesHowever regarding specifically its medicinal propertiesfurther studies are still necessary to assay important folkuses of the species and characterize the major compoundsresponsible for the bioactivityThus studies of bioprospectingcould prioritize this species since many popular uses forvariousmedical purposes are reported demonstrating a greatpotential to originate bioactive molecules with pharmaco-logical relevance Furthermore future phytochemical studiesof this plant are important to obtain the best knowledgeof the chemical composition of different extracts of theplant in order to recognize the really important compoundsin the pharmacological actions aspiring to the chemicalrefinement of the products to eliminate the eventual toxiceffects that could reduce the medicinal value of the speciesIn conclusion the data presented in this review could provideinsights for future research aimed at both ethnopharmaco-logical validation of the popular use of J gossypiifolia andits exploration as a new source of bioactive molecules forherbal drugs andor bioactive natural products for potentialapplication in complementary and alternative medicine
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper
Acknowledgments
The authors thank BNB CNPq and CAPES (Brazil) forthe financial support Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosagives thanks to CNPq for Scholarship in Research Produc-tivity The authors also thank Andrew Alastair Cumming forediting this paper for the English revision
References
[1] G L Webster ldquoClassification of the euphorbiaceaerdquo Annals ofthe Missouri Botanical Garden vol 81 pp 3ndash143 1994
[2] M V Alves ldquoChecklist das especies de Euphorbiaceae Jussocorrentes no semi-arido pernambucano BrasilrdquoActa BotanciaBrasileira vol 12 no 3 pp 485ndash495 1998
[3] C W Sabandar N Ahmat F M Jaafar and I Sahidin ldquoMedic-inal property phytochemistry and pharmacology of severalJatropha species (Euphorbiaceae) a reviewrdquo Phytochemistryvol 85 pp 7ndash29 2013
[4] C K A Leal and M D F Agra ldquoEstudo farmacobotanicocomparativo das folhas de Jatrophamolissima (Pohl) BaillrdquoActaFarmaceutica Bonaerense vol 24 no 1 pp 5ndash13 2005
[5] L C Di Stasi and C A Hiruma-Lima Plantas medicinais naAmazonia e na Mata Atlantica UNESP Sao Paulo Brazil 2ndedition 2002
[6] M D F Agra K N Silva I J L D Basılio P F De Freitasand JM Barbosa-Filho ldquoSurvey ofmedicinal plants used in theregionNortheast of BrazilrdquoBrazilian Journal of Pharmacognosyvol 18 no 3 pp 472ndash508 2008
[7] S R Mariz A C R Borges M F F Melo-Diniz and I AMedeiros ldquoPossibilidades terapeuticas e riscos toxicologicosde Jatropha gossypiifolia L uma revisao narrativardquo RevistaBrasileiraDe PlantasMedicinais vol 12 no 3 pp 346ndash357 2010
[8] I Cordeiro and R Secco ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia L Lista deespecies da flora do Brasilrdquo Jardim Botanico do Rio de JaneirohttpfloradobrasiljbrjgovbrjabotfloradobrasilFB17581
[9] U P de Albuquerque P M de Medeiros A L S de Almeida etal ldquoMedicinal plants of the caatinga (semi-arid) vegetation ofNE Brazil a quantitative approachrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacol-ogy vol 114 no 3 pp 325ndash354 2007
[10] U P Albuquerque L H C Andrade and J Caballero ldquoStruc-ture and floristics of homegardens in Northeastern BrazilrdquoJournal of Arid Environments vol 62 no 3 pp 491ndash506 2005
[11] S A Ceasar and S Ignacimuthu ldquoApplications of biotechnologyand biochemical engineering for the improvement of Jatrophaand Biodiesel a reviewrdquo Renewable and Sustainable EnergyReviews vol 15 no 9 pp 5176ndash5185 2011
[12] U P de Albuquerque J MMonteiro M A Ramos and E L Cde Amorim ldquoMedicinal and magic plants from a public marketin northeastern Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 110no 1 pp 76ndash91 2007
[13] A Falodun Q Sheng-Xiang G Parkinson and S GibbonsldquoIsolation and characterization of a new anticancer diterpenoidfrom Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journalvol 45 no 10 pp 636ndash639 2012
[14] BRASIL ldquoFitoterapia plantas de interesse ao SUSrdquo Braz-ilian Health Ministry httpportalsaudegovbrportalarqu-ivospdfRENISUSpdf
[15] X-P Zhang M-L Zhang X-H Su C-H Huo Y-C Gu andQ-W Shi ldquoChemical constituents of the plants from genusJatrophardquo Chemistry and Biodiversity vol 6 no 12 pp 2166ndash2183 2009
[16] S K Sharma and H Singh ldquoA review on pharmacological sig-nificance of genus Jatropha (Euphorbiaceae)rdquoChinese Journal ofIntegrative Medicine vol 18 no 11 pp 868ndash880 2012
[17] S RMariz G S CerqueiraWCAraujo et al ldquoChronic toxico-logic study of the ethanolic extract of the aerial parts of Jatrophagossypiifolia in ratsrdquoRevista Brasileira de Farmacognosia vol 22no 3 pp 663ndash668 2012
[18] S R Mariz M S T Araujo G S Cerqueira et al ldquoHistopatho-logical evaluation in rats after acute treatment with the ethanolextract from aerial parts of Jatropha gossypiifolia Lrdquo RevistaBrasileira De Farmacognosia vol 18 no 2 pp 213ndash216 2008
[19] S R Mariz G S Cerqueira W C Araujo et al ldquoEstudo toxi-cologico agudo do extrato etanolico de partes aereas de Jatrophagossypiifolia L em ratosrdquo Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosiavol 16 no 3 pp 372ndash378 2006
[20] C Auvin-Guette C Baraguey A Blond J L Pousset andB Bodo ldquoCyclogossine B a cyclic octapeptide from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Journal of Natural Products vol 60 pp 1155ndash11571997
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 29
[21] V S Parvathi B S Jyothi T Lakshmi P S Babu and RKarthikeyan ldquoMorpho-anatomical and physicochemical stud-ies of Jatropha gossypifolia (L)rdquo Der Pharmacia Lettre vol 4no 1 pp 256ndash262 2012
[22] M N S Rios and F Pastore Junior Plantas da Amazonia450 Especies de Uso Geral Universidade de BrasıliamdashBibliotecaCentral Brasılia 2011
[23] S R Mariz Estudo toxicologico pre-clınico de Jatropha gossypi-ifolia L [PhD thesis] Universidade Federal da Paraıba JoaoPessoa Brazil 2007
[24] O G Adeosun T Oduola F A Fagbomedo et al ldquoSuitabilityof stem latex of Jatropha gossypifolia as a protein precipitant forbiochemical analysisrdquo Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistryvol 29 no 2 pp 210ndash212 2014
[25] F O A Ajose ldquoSome Nigerian plants of dermatologic impor-tancerdquo International Journal of Dermatology vol 46 no 1 pp48ndash55 2007
[26] J S Ashidi P J Houghton P J Hylands and T EfferthldquoEthnobotanical survey and cytotoxicity testing of plants ofSouth-western Nigeria used to treat cancer with isolationof cytotoxic constituents from Cajanus cajan Millsp leavesrdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 128 no 2 pp 501ndash512 2010
[27] M Ayyanar and S Ignacimuthu ldquoEthnobotanical survey ofmedicinal plants commonly used by Kani tribals in Tirunelvelihills of Western Ghats Indiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 134 no 3 pp 851ndash864 2011
[28] R Bhagat S D Ambavade A V Misar and D K KulkarnildquoAnti-inflammatory activity of Jatropha gossypifolia L leaves inalbino mice and Wistar ratrdquo Journal of Scientific and IndustrialResearch vol 70 no 4 pp 289ndash292 2011
[29] J H Cano and G Volpato ldquoHerbal mixtures in the traditionalmedicine of Eastern Cubardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol90 no 2-3 pp 293ndash316 2004
[30] F G Coe and G J Anderson ldquoScreening of medicinal plantsused by the Garıfuna of Eastern Nicaragua for bioactive com-poundsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 53 no 1 pp 29ndash501996
[31] MGbeassor Y Kossou K Amegbo C De Souza K Koumagloand A Denke ldquoAntimalarial effects of eight African medicinalplantsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 25 no 1 pp 115ndash1181989
[32] National Center for Biotechnology Information ldquoJatropha gos-sypiifoliardquo Taxonomy Browser httpwwwncbinlmnihgovTaxonomyBrowserwwwtaxcgiid=454931
[33] Tropicos ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia Lrdquo httpwwwtropicosorgNamePrintaspxnameid=12802174amptab=details
[34] The Plant List ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia Lrdquo httpwwwtheplant-listorgtplrecordkew-104621
[35] M S Khyade and N P Vaikos ldquoPharmacognostical andphytochemical evaluation of leaf of Jatropha gossypifolia LrdquoInternational Journal of Research in Ayurveda amp Pharmacy vol2 no 1 pp 177ndash180 2011
[36] D O Aworinde D U Nwoye A A Jayeola A O Olagoke andA A Ogundele ldquoTaxonomic significance of foliar epidermis insome members of euphorbiaceae family in Nigeriardquo ResearchJournal of Botany vol 4 no 1 pp 17ndash28 2009
[37] J D Olowokudejo ldquoComparative epidermal morphology ofWest African species of Jatropha L (Euphorbiaceae)rdquo BotanicalJournal of the Linnean Society vol 111 no 2 pp 139ndash154 1993
[38] B Das and B Venkataiah ldquoA minor coumarino-lignoid fromJatropha gossypifoliardquo Biochemical Systematics and Ecology vol29 no 2 pp 213ndash214 2001
[39] B Das B Venkataiah and A Kashinatham ldquoVenkatasin a newcoumarino-lignoid from Jatropha gossypifoliardquoNatural ProductLetters vol 13 no 4 pp 293ndash297 1999
[40] B Das and B Venkataiah ldquoA rare diterpene from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Biochemical Systematics and Ecology vol 27 no 7pp 759ndash760 1999
[41] N Ravindranath B Venkataiah C Ramesh P Jayaprakash andB Das ldquoJatrophenone a novel macrocyclic bioactive diterpenefrom Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bul-letin vol 51 no 7 pp 870ndash871 2003
[42] B Das and J Banerji ldquoArylnaphthalene lignan from JatrophagossypifoliardquoPhytochemistry vol 27 no 11 pp 3684ndash3686 1988
[43] J Banerji B Das A Chatterjee and J N Shoolery ldquoGadain alignan from Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Phytochemistry vol 23 no10 pp 2323ndash2327 1984
[44] A Chatterjee B Das C Pascard and T Prange ldquoCrystalstructure of a lignan from Jatropha gossypifoliardquoPhytochemistryvol 20 no 8 pp 2047ndash2048 1981
[45] I C Abreu A S S Marinho A M A Paes et al ldquoHypotensiveand vasorelaxant effects of ethanolic extract from Jatrophagossypiifolia L in ratsrdquo Fitoterapia vol 74 no 7-8 pp 650ndash6572003
[46] B Das and R Das ldquoGossypifan a lignan from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Phytochemistry vol 40 no 3 pp 931ndash932 1995
[47] R Das B Das and A Kashinatham ldquoGossypiline a new lignanfrom Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Natural Product Sciences vol 4 no4 pp 238ndash240 1998
[48] D Shahwar S-U Shafiq N Ahmad S Ullah and M A RazaldquoAntioxidant activities of the selected plants from the fam-ily Euphorbiaceae Lauraceae Malvaceae and BalsaminaceaerdquoAfrican Journal of Biotechnology vol 9 no 7 pp 1086ndash10962010
[49] V Bullangpoti N Khumrungsee W Pluempanupat Y Kainohand U Saguanpong ldquoToxicity of ethyl acetate extract andricinine from Jatropha gossypifolia senescent leaves againstSpodoptera exigua Hubner (Lepidoptera Noctuidae)rdquo Journalof Pesticide Science vol 36 no 2 pp 260ndash263 2011
[50] A O Ogundare ldquoAntimicrobial effect of Tithonia diversifoliaand Jatropha gossypifolia leaf extractsrdquo Trends in Applied Sci-ences Research vol 2 no 2 pp 145ndash150 2007
[51] N Nwokocha A Blessing I O Agbagwa and B E OkolildquoComparative phytochemical screening of Jatropha L Speciesin the Niger Deltardquo Research Journal of Phytochemistry vol 5no 2 pp 107ndash114 2011
[52] R Seth and R Sarin ldquoAnalysis of the phytochemical contentand anti-microbial activity of Jatropha gossypifolia Lrdquo Archivesof Applied Science Research vol 2 no 5 pp 285ndash291 2010
[53] S Sankara Subramanian S Nagarajan and N SulochanaldquoFlavonoids of the leaves of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Phytochem-istry vol 10 no 7 p 1690 1971
[54] A C Pilon R L Carneiro F Carnevale Neto V S Bolzaniand I Castro-Gamboa ldquoInterval multivariate curve resolutionin the dereplication of HPLC-DAD data from Jatropha gossypi-foliardquo Phytochemical Analysis vol 24 no 4 pp 401ndash406 2013
[55] A R Kharat A K Dolui and S Das ldquoFree radical scavengingpotential of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Asian Journal of Chemistryvol 23 no 2 pp 799ndash801 2011
[56] P-A Calatayud D F Munera S Calatayud A Valencia-Jimenez and A C Bellotti ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia (Euphor-biaceae) a source of proteins toxic to Phenacoccus herreni(Sternorryncha Pseudococcidae)rdquo Florida Entomologist vol94 no 3 pp 649ndash654 2011
30 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
[57] W F Tinto L M D John W F Reynolds and S McLeanldquoTriterpenoids of Jatropha gossypiifoliardquo Journal of NaturalProducts vol 55 no 6 pp 807ndash809 1992
[58] R Das K Venkateswarlu V Saidi Reddy and B Das ldquo41015840-O-demethyl retrochinensin a minor new lignan from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Indian Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry vol 14no 2 pp 169ndash170 2004
[59] B Das A Kashinatham B Venkataiah K V N S Srinivas GMahender and M R Reddy ldquoCleomiscosin A a coumarino-lignoid from Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Biochemical Systematics andEcology vol 31 no 10 pp 1189ndash1191 2003
[60] B Das and G Anjani ldquoGossypidien a lignan from stems ofJatropha gossypifolliardquo Phytochemistry vol 51 no 1 pp 115ndash1171999
[61] B Das S P Rao and K V Srinivas ldquoIsolation of isogadain fromJatropha gossypifoliardquo Planta Medica vol 62 no 1 article 901996
[62] B Das S P Rao K V N S Srinivas and R Das ldquoJatrodien alignan from stems of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Phytochemistry vol41 no 3 pp 985ndash987 1996
[63] A Chatterjee B Das R Chakrabarti et al ldquoPrasanthaline anew lignan from Jatropha gossypifolia Linnrdquo Indian Journal ofChemistry vol 27 pp 740ndash741 1988
[64] M D Taylor A B Smith III G T Furst et al ldquoNewantileukemic jatrophone derivatives from Jatropha gossypiifoliastructural and stereochemical assignment through nuclearmagnetic resonance Spectroscopyrdquo Journal of the AmericanChemical Society vol 105 no 10 pp 3177ndash3183 1983
[65] K K Purushothaman S Chandrasekharan A F Cameron etal ldquoJatropholones A and B new diterpenoids from the roots ofJatropha gossypiifolia (Euphorbiaceae)mdashcrystal structure anal-ysis of Jatropholone Brdquo Tetrahedron Letters vol 20 no 11 pp979ndash980 1979
[66] S M Kupchan C W Sigel M J Matz J A S Renauld R CHaltiwanger and R F Bryan ldquoJatrophone a novel macrocyclicditerpenoid tumor inhibitor from Jatropha gossypiifoliardquo Jour-nal of the American Chemical Society vol 92 no 14 pp 4476ndash4477 1970
[67] Y R Prasad G S J G Alankararao and P Baby ldquoConstituentsof the seeds of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Fitoterapia vol 64 no 4p 376 1993
[68] O Ogbobe and V Akano ldquoThe physico-chemical properties ofthe seed and seed oil of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Plant Foods forHuman Nutrition vol 43 no 3 pp 197ndash200 1993
[69] W Adolf H J Opferkuch and E Hecker ldquoIrritant phorbolderivatives from four Jatropha speciesrdquo Phytochemistry vol 23no 1 pp 129ndash132 1984
[70] K M Hosamani and K S Katagi ldquoCharacterization andstructure elucidation of 12-hydroxyoctadec-cis-9-enoic acid inJatropha gossypifolia and Hevea brasiliensis seed oils a richsource of hydroxy fatty acidrdquo Chemistry and Physics of Lipidsvol 152 no 1 pp 9ndash12 2008
[71] S F A J Horsten A J J Van Den Berg J J Kettenes-VanDen Bosch B R Leeflang and R P Labadie ldquoCyclogossine Aa novel cyclic heptapeptide isolated from the latex of Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Planta Medica vol 62 no 1 pp 46ndash50 1996
[72] M U Ahmad M R Islam A H Mirza B H Chowdhuryand N Nahar ldquoAlkaloids of Jatropha gossypifolia Linnrdquo IndianJournal of Chemistry B Organic Chemistry Including MedicinalChemistry vol 31 no 1 pp 67ndash69 1992
[73] A Falodun U Kragl S-M T Touem A Villinger T Fahren-waldt and P Langer ldquoA novel anticancer diterpenoid fromJatropha gossypifoliardquo Natural Product Communications vol 7no 2 pp 151ndash152 2012
[74] G D Wadankar S N Malode and S L Sarambekar ldquoTra-ditionally used medicinal plants for ound healing in theWashim district Maharashtra (India)rdquo International Journal ofPharmTech Research vol 3 no 4 pp 2080ndash2084 2011
[75] B Kumar M Vijayakumar R Govindarajan and P Pushpan-gadan ldquoEthnopharmacological approaches to wound healing-Exploring medicinal plants of Indiardquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 114 no 2 pp 103ndash113 2007
[76] K Koudouvo D S Karou K Kokou et al ldquoAn ethnobotanicalstudy of antimalarial plants in Togo Maritime Regionrdquo Journalof Ethnopharmacology vol 134 no 1 pp 183ndash190 2011
[77] M Coelho-Ferreira ldquoMedicinal knowledge and plant utiliza-tion in an Amazonian coastal community ofMaruda Para State(Brazil)rdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 126 no 1 pp 159ndash175 2009
[78] F C S Oliveira R F M Barros and J M Moita Neto ldquoPlan-tas medicinais utilizadas em comunidades rurais de Oeirassemiarido piauienserdquo Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinaisvol 12 no 3 pp 282ndash301 2010
[79] J D F L Santos E Pagani J Ramos and E Rodrigues ldquoObser-vations on the therapeutic practices of riverine communities oftheUnini River AM Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol142 no 2 pp 503ndash515 2012
[80] S L Cartaxo M M de Almeida Souza and U P de Albu-querque ldquoMedicinal plants with bioprospecting potential usedin semi-arid northeastern Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacol-ogy vol 131 no 2 pp 326ndash342 2010
[81] O Jansen L Angenot M Tits et al ldquoEvaluation of 13 selectedmedicinal plants from Burkina Faso for their antiplasmodialpropertiesrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 130 no 1 pp143ndash150 2010
[82] M H Yetein L G Houessou T O Lougbegnon O Teka andB Tente ldquoEthnobotanical study of medicinal plants used for thetreatment of malaria in plateau of Allada Benin (West Africa)rdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 146 no 1 pp 154ndash163 2013
[83] L J Quintans Junior J R G S Almeida J T Lima et al ldquoPlantswith anticonvulsivant propertiesmdasha reviewrdquo Revista Brasileirade Farmacognosia vol 18 pp 798ndash819 2008
[84] A Diallo M S Traore S M Keita et al ldquoManagement ofdiabetes in Guinean traditional medicine an ethnobotanicalinvestigation in the coastal lowlandsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 144 no 2 pp 353ndash361 2012
[85] S O Olabanji A C Adebajo O R Omobuwajo et al ldquoPIXEanalysis of some Nigerian anti-diabetic medicinal plants (II)rdquoNuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B BeamInteractions With Materials and Atoms vol 318 pp 187ndash1902014
[86] T Oduola O G Avwioro and T B Ayanniyi ldquoSuitability ofthe leaf extract of Jatropha gossypifolia as an anticoagulant forbiochemical and haematological analysesrdquo African Journal ofBiotechnology vol 4 no 7 pp 679ndash681 2005
[87] CM Chariandy C E Seaforth R H Phelps G V Pollard andB P S Khambay ldquoScreening of medicinal plants from Trinidadand Tobago for antimicrobial and insecticidal propertiesrdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 64 no 3 pp 265ndash270 1999
[88] V P Kumar N S Chauhan H Padh and M Rajani ldquoSearchfor antibacterial and antifungal agents from selected Indian
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 31
medicinal plantsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 107 no2 pp 182ndash188 2006
[89] R Dabur A Gupta T K Mandal et al ldquoAntimicrobial activityof some medicinal plantsrdquo African Journal of TraditionalComplementary and AlternativeMedicines vol 4 no 3 pp 313ndash318 2007
[90] H C Ong and M Nordiana ldquoMalay ethno-medico botany inMachang Kelantan Malaysiardquo Fitoterapia vol 70 no 5 pp502ndash513 1999
[91] J Sanz-Biset J Campos-de-la-Cruz M A Epiquien-Riveraand S Canigueral ldquoA first survey on the medicinal plants of theChazuta valley (Peruvian Amazon)rdquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 122 no 2 pp 333ndash362 2009
[92] B B Panda K Gaur M L Kori et al ldquoAnti-inflammatoryand analgesic activity of Jatropha gossypifolia in experimentalanimal modelsrdquo Global Journal of Pharmacology vol 3 no 12009
[93] S S Ningthoujam A D Talukdar K S Potsangbam and MD Choudhury ldquoTraditional uses of herbal vapour therapy inManipur North East India an ethnobotanical surveyrdquo Journalof Ethnopharmacology vol 147 no 1 pp 136ndash147 2013
[94] A Asase A A Oteng-Yeboah G T Odamtten and M SJ Simmonds ldquoEthnobotanical study of some Ghanaian anti-malarial plantsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 99 no 2pp 273ndash279 2005
[95] C Lans T Harper K Georges and E Bridgewater ldquoMedicinaland ethnoveterinary remedies of hunters in Trinidadrdquo BMCComplementary and AlternativeMedicine vol 1 article 10 2001
[96] L Rasingam S Jeeva andD Kannan ldquoDental care of Andamanand Nicobar folks medicinal plants use as tooth stickrdquo AsianPacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine vol 2 no 2 pp S1013ndashS1016 2012
[97] P J Houghton and I M Osibogun ldquoFlowering plants usedagainst snakebiterdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 39 no 1pp 1ndash29 1993
[98] M Molander C H Saslis-Lagoudakis A K Jager and NRoslashnsted ldquoCross-cultural comparison of medicinal floras usedagainst snakebitesrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 139 no3 pp 863ndash872 2012
[99] A Jain S S Katewa B L Chaudhary and P Galav ldquoFolk herbalmedicines used in birth control and sexual diseases by tribals ofsouthern Rajasthan Indiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol90 no 1 pp 171ndash177 2004
[100] A Jain S S Katewa P K Galav and P Sharma ldquoMedicinalplant diversity of Sitamata wildlife sanctuary Rajasthan IndiardquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 102 no 2 pp 143ndash157 2005
[101] T Oduola G O Adeosun T A Oduola G O Avwioro andM A Oyeniyi ldquoMechanism of action of Jatropha gossypifoliastem latex as a haemostatic agentrdquo European Journal of GeneralMedicine vol 2 no 4 pp 140ndash143 2005
[102] D Garcia M V Domingues and E Rodrigues ldquoEthnophar-macological survey among migrants living in the SoutheastAtlantic Forest of Diadema Sao Paulo Brazilrdquo Journal ofEthnobiology and Ethnomedicine vol 6 article 29 2010
[103] S S Hebbar V H Harsha V Shripathi and G R HegdeldquoEthnomedicine of Dharwad district in Karnataka Indiamdashplants used in oral health carerdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 94 no 2-3 pp 261ndash266 2004
[104] S B Kosalge and R A Fursule ldquoInvestigation of ethnomedic-inal claims of some plants used by tribals of Satpuda Hills inIndiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 121 no 3 pp 456ndash461 2009
[105] R A Ritter M V B Monteiro F O B Monteiro et al ldquoEth-noveterinary knowledge and practices at Colares island Parastate eastern Amazon Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 144 no 2 pp 346ndash352 2012
[106] S K Dash and S Padhy ldquoReview on ethnomedicines fordiarrhoea diseases from Orissa prevalence versus culturerdquoJournal of Human Ecology vol 20 no 1 pp 59ndash64 2006
[107] R S L Taylor J B Hudson N P Manandhar and G H NTowers ldquoAntiviral activities of medicinal plants of southernNepalrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 53 pp 97ndash104 1996
[108] J M A Maia N G Czeczko J M R Filho et al ldquoEstudoda cicatrizacao de suturas na bexiga urinaria de ratos come sem utilizacao de extrato bruto de Jatropha gossypiifolia Lintraperitonealrdquo Acta Cirurgica Brasileira vol 21 no 2 pp 23ndash30 2006
[109] A L Ososki P Lohr M Reiff et al ldquoEthnobotanical literaturesurvey of medicinal plants in the Dominican Republic used forwomens health conditionsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol79 no 3 pp 285ndash298 2002
[110] A S Apu FHossain F Rizwan et al ldquoStudy of pharmacologicalactivities of methanol extract of Jatropha gossypifolia fruitsrdquoJournal of Basic and Clinical Pharmacy vol 4 no 1 pp 20ndash242013
[111] A S Apu K Ireen S Hossan Bhuyan et al ldquoEvaluation ofanalgesic neuropharmacological and anti-diarrheal potential ofJatropha gossypifolia (Linn) leaves in micerdquo Journal of MedicalSciences vol 12 no 8 pp 274ndash279 2012
[112] F A G Rocha and L I S Dantas ldquoAtividade antimicrobianain vitro do latex do aveloz (Euphorbia tirucalli L) pinhao bravo(Jatrophamollissima L) e pinhao roxo (Jatropha gossypiifolia L)sobre microrganismos patogenicosrdquo Holos vol 25 no 4 2009
[113] O M David and J O Oluyege ldquoIn vitro susceptibility ofselected pathogenic bacteria to leaf extracts and latex of Jatrophagossypiifolia(L) and Jatropha curcas (L)rdquo Biosciences Biotechnol-ogy Research Asia vol 3 no 1 pp 91ndash94 2006
[114] W D MacBae J B Hudson and G H N Towers ldquoStudieson the pharmacological activity of amazonian euphorbiaceaerdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 22 no 2 pp 143ndash172 1988
[115] M C Purohit and R Purohit ldquoEvaluation of antimicrobial andanti-inflammatory activities of bark of Jatropha gossypifoliardquoWorld Journal of Science and Technology vol 1 no 10 pp 1ndash52011
[116] D Singh and A Singh ldquoThe toxicity of four native Indianplants effect on AChE and acidalkaline phosphatase level infish Channa maruliusrdquo Chemosphere vol 60 no 1 pp 135ndash1402005
[117] C M Feitosa R M Freitas N N N Luz M Z B BezerraandM T S Trevisan ldquoAcetylcholinesterase inhibition by somespromising Brazilian medicinal plantsrdquo Brazilian Journal ofBiology vol 71 no 3 pp 783ndash789 2011
[118] Y Nagaharika V Kalyani S Rasheed and R KarthikeyanldquoAnti-inflammatory activity of leaves of Jatropha gossypifolia Lby HRBC membrane stabilization methodrdquo Journal of AcuteDisease vol 2 no 2 pp 156ndash158 2013
[119] S D N Silva I C Abreu S M D F Freire et al ldquoAntispas-modic effect of Jatropha gossypiifolia is mediated through dualblockade of muscarinic receptors and Ca2+ channelsrdquo BrazilianJournal of Pharmacognosy vol 21 no 4 pp 715ndash720 2011
[120] D Carabajal A Casaco L Arruzazabala R Gonzalez andV Fuentes ldquoPharmacological screening of plant decoctionscommonly used in Cuban folk medicinerdquo Journal of Ethnophar-macology vol 33 no 1-2 pp 21ndash24 1991
32 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
[121] S Jain G P Choudhary and D K Jain ldquoPharmacological eval-uation of anti-fertility activity of ethanolic extract of Jatrophagossypifolia leaf in female albino micerdquo Asian Pacific Journal ofTropical Biomedicine vol 2 no 3 pp S1671ndashS1674 2012
[122] S C N Servin O J M Torres J E F Matias et al ldquoAcao doextrato de Jatropha gossypiifolia L (piao roxo) na cicatrizacaode anastomose colonica estudo experimental em ratosrdquo ActaCirurgica Brasileira vol 21 no 3 pp 89ndash96 2006
[123] J R Vale N G Czeczko J U Aquino et al ldquoEstudo compara-tivo da cicatrizacao de gastrorrafias com e sem o uso do extratode Jatropha gossypiifolia L (piao roxo) em ratosrdquoActa CirurgicaBrasileira vol 21 no 3 pp 40ndash48 2006
[124] J U Aquino N G Czeczko O Malafaia et al ldquoAvaliacaofitoterapica da Jatropha gossypiifolia L na cicatrizacao desuturas na parede abdominal ventral de ratosrdquo Acta CirurgicaBrasileira vol 21 no 2 pp 61ndash66 2006
[125] M F D S Santos N G Czeczko P A N Nassif et alldquoAvaliacao do uso do extrato bruto de Jatropha gossypiifolia Lna cicatrizacao de feridas cutaneas em ratosrdquo Acta CirurgicaBrasileira vol 21 no 3 pp 2ndash7 2006
[126] B B Panda K Gaur R K Nema C S Sharma A K Jain andC P Jain ldquoHepatoprotective activity of Jatropha gossypifoliaagainst carbon tetrachloride- induced hepatic injury in ratsrdquoAsian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research vol 2no 1 pp 50ndash54 2009
[127] S S Deo T M Chaudhari and F Inam ldquoEvaluation ofthe immunomodulatory effects of 1-phenylnaphthalene andpericarbonyl lactone lignan compoundsrdquoDer PharmaChemicavol 4 no 2 pp 771ndash776 2012
[128] S K Rasheed S Kunapareddy and R Karthikeyan ldquoLocalanesthetic activity of Jatropha gossypifolia L on frogsrdquo Biomed-ical and Pharmacology Journal vol 5 no 2 pp 395ndash397 2012
[129] AM A Paes A L Camara SM F Freire andMO R BorgesldquoRelaxant effect of Jatropha gossypiifolia L on uterine smoothmusclerdquo International Journal of Phytomedicine vol 4 no 3 pp310ndash313 2012
[130] S J Jain G P Choudhary and D K Jain ldquoPharmacologicalevaluation and antifertility activity of Jatropha gossypifoliain ratsrdquo BioMed Research International vol 2013 Article ID125980 5 pages 2013
[131] J S de Oliveira PM Leite L B de Souza et al ldquoCharacteristicsand composition of Jatropha gossypiifolia and Jatropha curcasL oils and application for biodiesel productionrdquo Biomass andBioenergy vol 33 no 3 pp 449ndash453 2009
[132] V Bullangpoti E Wajnberg P Audant and R FeyereisenldquoAntifeedant activity of Jatropha gossypifolia and Meliaazedarach senescent leaf extracts on Spodoptera frugiperda(Lepidoptera Noctuidae) and their potential use as synergistsrdquoPest Management Science vol 68 no 9 pp 1255ndash1264 2012
[133] S N K JilaniW Islam andM Kamsh ldquoPotential of pyrethroidinsecticides and plant extracts on fecundity and egg viability oftribolium castaneum (Herbst)rdquo Journal of Bio-Science vol 19no 1 pp 95ndash97 2011
[134] D Sukumaran B D Parashar and K M Rao ldquoToxicity of Jat-ropha gossypiifolia and Vaccaria pyramidata against freshwatersnails vectors of animal schistosomiasisrdquo Fitoterapia vol 66 no5 pp 393ndash398 1995
[135] R K Devappa H P S Makkar and K Becker ldquoJatrophatoxicitymdasha reviewrdquo Journal of Toxicology and EnvironmentalHealth B Critical Reviews vol 13 no 6 pp 476ndash507 2010
[136] E P Schenkel M Zannin L A Mentz S A L Bordignonand B Irgang ldquoPlantas toxicasrdquo in Farmacognosia Da Planta
ao Medicamento C M O Simoes E P Schenkel G GosmannJ C P Mello L A Mentz and P R Petrovick Eds pp 959ndash993 Editora da UFRGSUFSC Porto Alegre Brazil 3d edition2007
[137] L I Oliveira F F Jabour V A Nogueira and E M YamasakildquoIntoxicacao experimental com as folhas de Jatropha gossypifo-lia(Euphorbiaceae) em ovinosrdquo Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileiravol 28 no 6 pp 275ndash278 2008
[138] P I A Awachie and F O Ugwu ldquoPreliminary investigationof the antimicrobial and brine shrimp lethality propertiesof some nigerian medicinal plantsrdquo International Journal ofPharmacognosy vol 35 no 5 pp 338ndash343 1997
[139] L J Medubi V O Ukwenya O T Aderinto et al ldquoEffects ofadministration of ethanolic root extract of Jatropha gossypiifoliaand prednisolone on the kidneys of Wistar ratsrdquo ElectronicJournal of Biomedicine vol 2 pp 41ndash48 2010
[140] T Oduola G B Popoola G O Avwioro et al ldquoUse of Jatrophagossypifolia stem latex as a haemostatic agent how safe is itrdquoJournal of Medicinal Plants Reasearch vol 1 no 1 pp 14ndash172007
Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom
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Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
MEDIATORSINFLAMMATION
of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Behavioural Neurology
EndocrinologyInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Disease Markers
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
BioMed Research International
OncologyJournal of
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Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
PPAR Research
The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Immunology ResearchHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of
ObesityJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
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Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine
OphthalmologyJournal of
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Diabetes ResearchJournal of
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Research and TreatmentAIDS
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Gastroenterology Research and Practice
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Parkinsonrsquos Disease
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Volume 2014Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom
4 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table1Ch
emicalconstituentso
fJatrophagossy
piifolia
Ldescrib
edin
theliterature
Plantp
art
Classifi
catio
nCom
poun
dEx
tracttypea
ndorp
reparatio
nRe
ference
Who
leplant
Cou
marin-lign
oids
Prop
acin
Isolated
from
dichloromethane
methano
l(11vv)
extractafte
rsuccessivec
olum
nchromatograph
yon
silicag
el[38]
Venk
atasin
Not
specifiedlowast
[39]
Diterpenes
Citla
litrio
neIsolated
from
dichloromethane
methano
l(11vv)
extractafte
rsuccessivec
olum
nchromatograph
yon
silicag
el[40]
Jatro
phenon
eIsolated
from
dichloromethane
methano
l(11vv)
extractafte
rsuccessivec
olum
nchromatograph
yon
silicag
el[41]
Stem
roo
tsandseeds
Cou
marin-lign
oids
Arylnaphthalene
lignan
Isolated
from
petro
lether
extractafte
rsuccessivec
olum
nchromatograph
yon
silicag
el[42]
Gadain
Isolated
from
petro
lether
extractafte
rsuccessivec
olum
nchromatograph
yon
silicag
el[43]
Jatro
phan
Isolated
from
petro
lether
extract
[44]
Aeria
lparts
Flavon
oids
mdashDetectedby
phytochemicalscreeningreactio
nsof
ethano
lextract
[1945]
Lign
ans
Gossypifan
Isolated
from
petro
lether
extractafte
rsuccessivec
olum
nchromatograph
yon
silicag
el[46]
Gossypilin
eIsolated
from
dichloromethane
methano
l(11vv)
extractafte
rsuccessivec
olum
nchromatograph
yon
silicag
el[47]
Phenols
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
edthatthep
etroletherchloroformethylacetateand
n-bu
tano
lextractsp
resentedrespectively
450plusmn101060plusmn232960plusmn35and
1285plusmn11mgof
gallica
cidequivalentsgof
crud
eextract
[48]
Steroids
mdashDetectedby
phytochemicalscreeningreactio
nsof
ethano
lextract
[1945]
Tann
ins
mdashDetectedby
phytochemicalscreeningreactio
nsof
ethano
lextract
[2345]
Triterpenoids
mdashDetectedby
phytochemicalscreeningreactio
nsof
ethano
lextract
[45]
Leaves
Alkaloids
Ricinine
Com
poun
diso
lated
from
ethylacetateextractfrom
senescentleaves
[49]
mdashDetectedby
phytochemicalscreeningreactio
nsof
chloroform
andmethano
lextracts
[50]
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed281on
leaves
[51]
mdashNot
specified
[30]
Cardiacg
lycosid
esmdash
Identifi
edon
leaves
byqu
alitativ
ephytochem
icalscreeningreactio
ns[52]
Flavon
oids
Apigenin
Identifi
edin
etherfractionfro
methano
lextract
[53]
Isovitexin
Identifi
edin
ethylacetateandmethylethylketone
fractio
nsfro
methano
lextract
[53]
Orie
ntinisoo
rientin
Isom
ersidentified
indifferent
typeso
fextractsfrom
leaves
[54]
Schafto
sideiso
schafto
side
Isom
ersidentified
indifferent
typeso
fextractsfrom
leaves
[54]
Vitexin
Identifi
edin
ethylacetatefractio
nfro
methano
lextract
[53]
Vitexiniso
vitexin
Isom
ersidentified
indifferent
typeso
fextractsfrom
leaves
[54]
mdashIdentifi
edon
leaves
byqu
alitativ
ephytochem
icalscreeningreactio
ns[52]
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed74
on
leaves
[55]
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed241on
leaves
[51]
Phenols
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed86
onleaves
[55]
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed026on
leaves
[51]
Phlobo
tann
ins
mdashDetectedby
phytochemicalscreeningreactio
nsof
chloroform
andmethano
lextracts
[50]
Proteins
mdashIdentifi
edon
leaves
byqu
alitativ
ephytochem
icalscreeningreactio
ns[52]
mdash
Leaves
obtained
bymicroprop
agationwerem
acerated
inliq
uidnitro
genandextracted
at4∘Cfor6
hwith
01M
NaC
lTh
ematerialw
ascentrifuged
andthelim
pid
supernatantw
asdialyzed
againstw
ater
atlowtemperature
inac
ellulose
mem
braneto
removen
onproteincompo
undwith
molecular
massb
elow35
kDa
[56]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 5
Table1Con
tinued
Plantp
art
Classifi
catio
nCom
poun
dEx
tracttypea
ndorp
reparatio
nRe
ference
Redu
cing
sugars
mdashIdentifi
edon
leaves
byqu
alitativ
ephytochem
icalscreeningreactio
ns[52]
Sapo
nins
mdashIdentifi
edon
leaves
byqu
alitativ
ephytochem
icalscreeningreactio
ns[52]
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed415on
leaves
[51]
Steroids
mdashIdentifi
edon
leaves
byqu
alitativ
ephytochem
icalscreeningreactio
ns[52]
Tann
ins
mdashDetectedby
phytochemicalscreeningreactio
nsof
methano
lextract
[50]
mdashDetectedon
leaves
byqu
alitativ
ephytochem
icalscreeningreactio
ns[52]
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed514on
leaves
[51]
Terpenoids
mdashDetectedon
leaves
byqu
alitativ
ephytochem
icalscreeningreactio
ns[52]
Triterpenes
(212057213120572
14120573
20S)-22425-
Trihydroxylano
st-7-en-3-one
Isolated
from
thee
thanolextractafte
rsuccessivep
artitions
procedures
andcolumn
chromatograph
yon
silicag
elandpreparativeT
LC[57]
(13120572
14120573
20S)-22425-
Trihydroxylano
sta-17-dien-3-on
eIsolated
from
thee
thanolextractafte
rsuccessivep
artitionprocedures
andcolumn
chromatograph
yon
silicag
elandpreparativeT
LC[57]
Stem
s
Alkaloids
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed216of
alkaloid
onste
ms
[51]
Cou
marin-lign
oids
41015840-O
-Dem
ethylretrochinensin
Not
specified
[58]
Cleomisc
osin
ACom
poun
diso
latedfro
methylacetatefractio
nste
msa
ftersuccessivec
olum
nchromatograph
yon
silicag
el[59]
Gossypidien
Com
poun
diso
latedfro
mhexane
extractfrom
driedste
msa
ftersuccessivec
olum
nchromatograph
yon
silicag
el[60]
Isogadain
Not
specifiedlowast
[61]
Jatro
dien
Com
poun
diso
latedfro
mpetro
lether
extractafte
rsuccessivec
olum
nchromatograph
yon
silicag
el[62]
Prasanthaline
Not
specifiedlowast
[63]
Flavon
oids
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed12
on
stems
[51]
Phenols
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed013on
stems
[51]
Sapo
nins
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed218on
stems
[51]
Tann
ins
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed13
6on
stems
[51]
Roots
Alkaloids
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed16
on
roots
[51]
Diterpenes
2120572-H
ydroxyjatro
phon
eIsolated
from
petro
lether
extractafte
rsuccessivec
olum
nchromatograph
yon
silicag
el[64]
2120573-H
ydroxy-56-isojatroph
one
Isolated
from
petro
lether
extractafte
rsuccessivec
olum
nchromatograph
yon
silicag
el[64]
2120573-H
ydroxyjatro
phon
eIsolated
from
petro
lether
extractafte
rsuccessivec
olum
nchromatograph
yon
silicag
el[64]
Citla
litrio
neIsolated
from
petro
lether
fractio
nfro
mthem
ethano
lextractaft
ersuccessiv
ecolum
nchromatograph
yon
silicag
el[13]
Falodo
neIsolated
from
petro
lether
fractio
nfro
mthem
ethano
lextractaft
ersuccessiv
ecolum
nchromatograph
yon
silicag
el[13]
Jatro
pholon
eANot
specifiedlowast
[65]
Jatro
pholon
eBNot
specifiedlowast
[65]
Jatro
phon
eIsolated
from
ethano
lextract
[66]
Flavon
oids
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed17
5on
roots
[51]
Phenols
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed024on
roots
[51]
Sapo
nins
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed283on
roots
[51]
Tann
ins
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed273on
roots
[51]
6 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table1Con
tinued
Plantp
art
Classifi
catio
nCom
poun
dEx
tracttypea
ndorp
reparatio
nRe
ference
Seeds
Alkaloids
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed236on
seeds
[51]
Aminoacids
mdashNot
specifiedlowast
[67]
Carboh
ydrates
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed3032
on
seeds
[68]
mdashNot
specifiedlowast
[67]
Esters
12-D
eoxy-16-hydroxylph
orbo
lIsolated
from
hydrop
hilic
fractio
nfro
mthee
ther
extractby
coun
tercurrent
chromatograph
y[69]
Fatty
acids
Arachidicacid
Identifi
edin
petro
lether
extract
[6870]
Caprilica
cid
Identifi
edin
petro
lether
extract
[6870]
Lauricacid
Identifi
edin
petro
lether
extract
[6870]
Lign
ocericacid
Identifi
edin
petro
lether
extract
[6870]
Lino
leicacid
Identifi
edin
petro
lether
extract
[6870]
Myristicacid
Identifi
edin
petro
lether
extract
[6870]
Oleicacid
Identifi
edin
petro
lether
extract
[6870]
Palm
itica
cid
Identifi
edin
petro
lether
extract
[6870]
Palm
itoleicacid
Identifi
edin
petro
lether
extract
[6870]
Ricino
leicacid
Identifi
edin
petro
lether
extract
[6870]
Stearic
acid
Identifi
edin
petro
lether
extract
[6870]
Vernolicacid
Identifi
edin
petro
lether
extract
[6870]
Fibers
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed92
5on
seeds
[68]
Flavon
oids
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed226on
seeds
[51]
Phenols
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed018on
seeds
[51]
Proteins
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed1340
onseeds
[68]
Sapo
nins
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed237
onseeds
[51]
Quantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed6g
kgon
seeds
[68]
Tann
ins
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed352on
seeds
[51]
Latex
Proteins
Cyclo
gossineA
Not
specified
[71]
Cyclo
gossineB
Isolated
from
ethylacetateextractb
ygelfi
ltrationcolumnchromatograph
y[20]
Not
specified
Alkaloids
Imidazolea
lkaloid
Isolated
from
thep
lant
exud
ateslowast
[72]
Piperid
ine
Isolated
from
thep
lant
exud
ateslowast
[72]
Diterpenoids
Abiodo
neNot
specifiedlowast
[73]
lowast
Thec
ompletev
ersio
nof
thep
aper
was
notaccessib
leso
theinformationwas
obtained
from
itsabstr
act
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 7
Table2Mainiso
latedcompo
unds
from
Jatro
phagossy
piifolia
Ldescrib
edin
theliterature
Classifi
catio
nCom
poun
dPlantp
art
Biologicalactiv
ityRe
ference
Alkaloids
NOC
NO
Rici
nine
Leaves
Insecticideinvitro
[49]
Imidazolea
lkaloid
Not
specified
mdash[72]
Pipe
ridin
e
N H
Not
specified
mdash[72]
41015840-O
-dem
ethylretrochinensin
Stem
smdash
[58]
Ary
lnap
htha
lene
lign
an
OM
e
OM
eOH
OH
OO
Stem
srootsand
seeds
mdash[42]
Cleo
misc
osin
A
OO
O
OM
e
MeO
O
HO
CH2O
H
Stem
smdash
[59]
8 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table2Con
tinued
Classifi
catio
nCom
poun
dPlantp
art
Biologicalactiv
ityRe
ference
Cou
marin-lign
oids
Gad
ain
O OH
OO
O
O
Stem
srootsand
seeds
mdash[43]
Gos
sypi
dien
O OM
eOO
C
COO
Me
O OStem
smdash
[60]
Isog
adai
n
O OH
OO
O
O
Stem
smdash
[61]
Jatro
dien
O OM
eOO
C
MeO
OC
OM
e
OM
e
Stem
smdash
[62]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 9
Table2Con
tinued
Classifi
catio
nCom
poun
dPlantp
art
Biologicalactiv
ityRe
ference
Jatro
phan
OO
H
OM
e
O
O OM
e
Stem
srootsand
seeds
mdash[44]
Pras
anth
alin
e
OAc OAc
O OH
OM
eO
Me
Stem
smdash
[63]
Prop
acin
OM
e
OO
MeO
O
O
Me
HO
Who
leplant
mdash[38]
Venk
atasin
Who
leplant
mdash[39]
O
HO
O
O
2120572-H
ydro
xyja
troph
one
H3C
H3C
CH3
CH3
CH3
Roots
Antileuk
emicin
vitro
andin
vivo
[64]
10 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table2Con
tinued
Classifi
catio
nCom
poun
dPlantp
art
Biologicalactiv
ityRe
ference
O
HO
O
OH
3C
CH3
CH3
CH3
2120573-H
ydro
xy-5
6-is
ojat
roph
one
Roots
Antileuk
emicin
vitro
andin
vivo
[64]
Diterpenes
O
HO
O
OH
3C H3C
CH3
CH3
CH3
2120573-H
ydro
xyja
troph
one
Roots
Antileuk
emicin
vitro
andin
vivo
[64]
Abiodo
neNot
specified
Anticancerinvitro
[73]
Citla
litrio
ne O
OH
OH
O
Roots
mdash[13]
Who
leplant
mdash[40]
Falo
done O
OH
Roots
Anticancerinvitro
[13]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 11
Table2Con
tinued
Classifi
catio
nCom
poun
dPlantp
art
Biologicalactiv
ityRe
ference
Jatro
phen
one
HO
H
O
H AcO
H
HWho
leplant
Antibacteria
linvitro
[41]
OH
O
Jatro
phol
one A
Roots
mdash[65]
Jatro
phol
one B O
H
O
Roots
mdash[65]
Jatro
phon
e
O
OO
Roots
Anticancerinvitro
andin
vivo
[66]
12 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table2Con
tinued
Classifi
catio
nCom
poun
dPlantp
art
Biologicalactiv
ityRe
ference
Esters
OH
HO
O
HO
HOH
OH
12-D
eoxy
-16-
hydr
oxyl
phor
bol
Seeds
Irritanttomou
seear
[69]
Lign
ans
Gos
sypi
fan
MeO
MeO
H
OO
O
O
Aeria
lparts
mdash[46]
Gos
sypi
line
O O
OCO
Me
OCO
Me
H
OO
Aeria
lparts
mdash[47]
Proteins
Cyclo
goss
ine A
Leu 1
Ala
2Th
r 3
Val 7
Gly
6Le
u 5
Trp 4
Latex
mdash[1571]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 13
Table2Con
tinued
Classifi
catio
nCom
poun
dPlantp
art
Biologicalactiv
ityRe
ference
Cyclo
goss
ine B Leu 2
Ala
5A
la6
Gly
1Le
u 4
Leu 8
Trp 3
Ile7
Latex
mdash[1520]
Triterpenes
HO O
H
HO
OH
H
(13120572
14120573
20S
)-2
2425
-Trih
ydro
xyla
nost
a-1
7-d
ien-3
-one
Leaves
mdash[57]
HO O
H
HO
OH
H
(2120572
13120572
14120573
20S
)-2
2425
-Trih
ydro
xyla
nost-
7-en
-3-o
ne
Leaves
mdash[57]
14 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
in different forms of preparation (infusion decoction andmaceration among others) by different routes and forms(oral topical baths etc) The most frequent reports refer toits anti-inflammatory antidiarrheal antiophidian analgesicantipyretic antimicrobial healing antianemic antidiabeticand antihemorrhagic activities among many other examples[3 5 7 9]
Some properties are attributed to specific parts of theplant while others are assigned to different parts Interest-ingly in some cases certain uses may appear contradictorysuch as antidiarrheal and laxative or its use as anticoagulantand antihemorrhagic One hypothesis is that this differencemay be related with the dose used since for example thelaxative effect is an effect commonly related with toxic eventswith this plant
6 Pharmacological Activities
Despite the grand variety of popular uses and the data fromJatropha species J gossypiifolia has been scarcely studiedregarding biological activities (Table 4) Studies showing thebiological potential of aqueous extract are rare so far whichis important to be mentioned since the most popular useof this plant is as a tea (decoction or infusion) Among themain activities that have been studied the antihypertensiveanticancer antimicrobial healing anti-inflammatory andanalgesic activities stand out
61 Antihypertensive Action Based on popular use of teasfrom J gossypiifolia roots and aerial parts the hypotensiveand vasorelaxant effects of the ethanolic extract of aerialparts of the plant were tested by Abreu et al [45] Thestudy revealed that the extract (125 and 250mgkgdayover 4 weeks by oral route in rats) in a dose-dependentmanner produced a reduction of systolic blood pressurein conscious normotensive animals This hypotensive effectcould be attributed to its vasorelaxant action since it pro-duced concentration-dependent relaxant effect in rat isolatedendothelium-deprived mesenteric artery precontracted withnorepinephrine or calcium Moreover it inhibited in aconcentration-dependent and noncompetitive manner thecontractile response induced by norepinephrine or CaCl
2in
the same preparation [45]
62 Antimicrobial Action The antibiotic activity of differ-ent extracts from J gossypiifolia is frequently reported asobserved in Table 4 In general some extent of antibacterialantifungal antiparasitic and antiviral activity was observedThe only report of J gossypiifolia isolated compound withantimicrobial activity is of the macrocyclic diterpene jatro-phenone which presented significant in vitro antibacterialactivity against Staphylococcus aureus [41]
63 Anti-Inflammatory andor Analgesic Action Many imp-ortant popular uses of J gossypiifolia are related to inflamma-tory process Bhagat et al [28] showed that the methanolicextract of leaves of this species has significant systemicacute and chronic anti-inflammatory activity The extract
at 500 and 1000mgkg oral doses was able to inhibit theacute carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats and at 50 and100mgkg oral doses inhibited the chronic cotton pellet-induced granuloma formation in rats Additionally the Jgossypiifolia leaf paste (05 and 1mgear) showed significantreduction in TPA-induced local inflammatory changes inmouse ear edema model [28]
In another study the anti-inflammatory and analgesicproperties of the methanol and petrol ether extracts of aerialparts of J gossypiifolia were demonstrated in mice [92]At 100 and 200mgkgday during 7 days by oral routeonly the methanol extract presented significant analgesicactivity in Eddyrsquos hot plate and tail-flick models and anti-inflammatory activity in carrageenan-induced paw edema[92] The anti-inflammatory activity of the bark from Jgossypiifolia (methanol and petrol ether extracts) was alsodemonstrated in carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats[115]
In a recent study using the in vitro human red bloodcell membrane stabilization method Nagaharika et al [118]suggested that ethanol and water extracts from J gossypiifolialeaves have anti-inflammatory activity According to theauthors since human red blood cell membranes are similarto the lysosomal membrane components the prevention ofhypotonicity-induced membrane lysis of these cells couldbe taken as a measure in estimating the anti-inflammatoryproperty of compounds [118]
The analgesic activity of the methanol extract from theleaves of J gossypiifolia was evaluated in acetic acid-inducedwrithing test in mice where highly significant inhibitionwas seen of 6756 and 6514 at 200 and 400mgkg oraldoses respectively [111] Similar results were observed in themethanolic extract from fruits [110]
64 Healing Action The healing action of the ethanol crudeextract of J gossypiifolia (plant part not specified) wasevaluated in suture healing of ventral abdominal wall ofrats through tensiometric measurement and macro- andmicroscopic aspect of postoperative period The extractwhich was administered by an intraperitoneal instillation of100mgkg single dose in the peritoneal cavity presentedmoreintense adhesion on macroscopic examination and greaterstrain evaluation and vascular neoformation However agreater inflammatory process was also observed and otherhistological parameters were similar to the control groupindicating that in general the extract presented poor woundhealing properties in the used model [124]
Another study evaluated the healing action of thehydroethanolic crude extract from leaves of J gossypiifoliain the healing process of sutures performed on the bladderof rats and similar results were presented although someimprovement might have been observed in some parametersIn general the authors concluded that no favorable heal-ing effect was observed with the administration of singleintraperitoneal dose of J gossypiifolia L [108] In anotherstudy analyzing the morphological aspects of the healingprocess occurring in open skin lesions in rats under topicaladministration of raw extract from J gossypiifolia (details
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 15
Table3Po
pularm
edicinaluses
ofJatro
phagossy
piifolia
Ldescrib
edin
theliterature
Plantp
art
Popu
laru
sePreparationandor
mod
eofu
seRe
ference
Who
leplant
Analgesic(headache)
Leaves
anointed
with
ldquoSebode
Holan
dardquo(muttontallo
w)a
ndheated
inthefi
reareu
sedas
compressfor
headaches
[5]
Analgesic(to
othache)
Not
specified
[3]
Antim
icrobial
Not
specified
[3]
Antipyretic
Decoctio
n[20]
Dyscrasia
Not
specified
[3]
Dysph
onia
Not
specified
[3]
Wou
ndhealing
Not
specified
[7475]
Aeria
lparts
Antianemic(m
alariatre
atment)
Decoctio
nused
byoralroute
[76]
Abscess
Bath
[77]
Alopecia
Ashleaves
[25]
Analgesic(eye
pain)
Not
specified
[78]
Analgesic(headache)
Not
specified
[78]
Analgesic(headachea
ndotitis)
Not
specified
[79]
Analgesic(painin
general)
Decoctio
nor
infusio
n[80]
Analgesic(to
othache)
Decoctio
nor
infusio
n[80]
Antianemic
Decoctio
n[81]
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[82]
Anticancer
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Decoctio
nof
thea
ssociatio
nof
leaves
ofJgossy
piifolia
with
leaves
ofPetiveriaalliaceaandaeria
lpartsof
Stachytarpheta
jamaicensis
byoralroute
[29]
Not
specified
[3]
Anticon
vulsivant
Not
specified
[83]
Antidiabetic
Decoctio
n[8485]
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Antidiarrheal
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Not
specified
[3]
Antihem
orrhagic
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Freshcrushedleaves
areu
sedin
caseso
fcutaneous
andnasalbleeding
[86]
Anti-infectiv
eDecoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Not
specified
[8788]
Anti-infl
ammatory
Not
specified
[78]
Antipyretic
Decoctio
n[81]
ldquoTeardquo
[5]
Not
specified
[88]
Antise
ptic
Bath
prepared
from
theleaves
[5]
Antith
rombo
ticDecoctio
nor
infusio
n[80]
Antiulcerogenic
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Leafjuice
[89]
Boils
Applicationof
thep
ound
edleaves
[90]
16 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative MedicineTa
ble3Con
tinued
Plantp
art
Popu
laru
sePreparationandor
mod
eofu
seRe
ference
Burns
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Usedin
associationwith
seedso
fGossypium
arboreum
sugarhon
eybeeandfato
fram
preparedby
grinding
app
liedtopically
[29]
Con
traceptiv
eand
oxito
toxic
Not
specified
[79]
Depurative
Squeezedthe
juiceo
btainedisdrun
k[91]
Detoxificant
Not
specified
[92]
Eczema
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Emetic
Squeezedthe
juiceo
btainedisdrun
k[91]
Gastro
intestinaldisorders
Not
specified
[79]
Gingivitis
Leafjuice
[89]
Gon
orrhoea
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Healin
gBa
thprepared
from
theleaves
[5]
Decoctio
n[30]
Decoctio
nor
infusio
n[80]
Hem
orrhoids
Usedin
associationwith
leaves
ofNicotia
natabacum
andcopp
ersulphateboiledin
waterand
used
asste
amdirected
atthea
nalregion
[93]
Hem
ostatic
Decoctio
nor
infusio
n[80]
Hepatitis
Not
specified
[12]
Itching
skin
Applicationof
thep
ound
edleaves
[90]
Leaves
Leprosy
Leafjuice
[89]
Malaria
Decoctio
n[81]
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[82]
Usedin
associationwith
leaves
ofAz
adira
chta
indica
andCo
mbretum
spbo
iledforsteam
bathsa
ndby
oralroute
[94]
Usedin
associationwith
leaves
ofCo
mbretum
ghasalenseandwho
leplanto
fOcim
umcanu
mbyoralrouteo
rfor
steam
baths
[94]
Mastitis
Poun
dedleaves
appliedon
swollenbreasts
[90]
Mycosis
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Psycho
activ
eNot
specified
[79]
Purgative
Not
specified
[388]
Rheumatism
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Scabies
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Skin
diseases
Not
specified
[3]
Stom
achic
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Not
specified
[8892]
Syph
ilis
Ash
ofleaves
[25]
Thrush
(oralcandidiasis)
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Treatm
ento
fldquocultu
ralsyn
drom
esrdquoldquoderramerdquo
ldquoquebranterdquoldquoespanterdquo
ldquovento-caıdordquoldquo
panemardquo
ldquodoenca-do-arrdquoldquom
ae-do-corpordquo
Not
specified
[79]
Vaginalinfectio
nSlightlybo
iledused
asvaginalw
ash
[91]
Venerald
iseases
Not
specified
[92]
Verm
ifuge
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Vertigo
Not
specified
[3]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 17
Table3Con
tinued
Plantp
art
Popu
laru
sePreparationandor
mod
eofu
seRe
ference
Wou
ndsa
ndrashes
Bath
oftheleaves
[24]
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Decoctio
nused
asbathsfor
cleaningwou
ndsindo
gs[95]
Wou
nddisin
fectant
Slightlybo
iledused
aswou
ndwash
[91]
Stem
Analgesic(to
othache)
Not
specified
[96]
Antianemic
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[82]
Anticancer
Decoctio
nby
oralor
topicalrou
te[26]
Emmenagogue
Decoctio
nof
barks
[7092]
Malaria
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[82]
Rheumatism
Not
specified
[77]
Thickbloo
dNot
specified
[77]
Roots
Anticancer
Decoctio
nby
oralor
topicalrou
te[26]
Root
bark
used
forc
ancero
fthe
lung
s[73]
Anticon
vulsivant
Not
specified
[83]
Antidiarrheal
Not
specified
[89]
Antim
icrobial
Root
bark
used
inbacterialinfectio
ns[73]
Impo
tence
Decoctio
nof
thea
ssociatio
nof
rootso
fJgossy
piifoliaC
hiococca
albaC
itrus
aurantifoliaD
esmodium
canu
m
RoystonearegiaSenn
aoccid
entalisStachytarphetajamaicensis
and
Waltheriaindica
with
thew
holeplanto
fCom
melina
erectaC
yperus
rotund
usand
sugarby
oralroute
[29]
Leprosy
Not
specified
[392]
Snakebites
Not
specified
[22929798]
Urin
arypain
Not
specified
[92]
Uterusd
iseases
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[99100]
Seeds
Analgesic(bod
ypain)
Not
specified
[101]
Analgesic(headache)
Not
specified
[79]
Antigrip
alUsedin
strong
colds
[5]
Antihem
orrhagic
Not
specified
[9]
Antiulcerogenic
Seed
oil
[3]
Con
traceptiv
eand
oxito
toxic
Not
specified
[79]
Depurative
Not
specified
[91]
Emetic
Not
specified
[7091101]
Gastro
intestinaldisorders
Not
specified
[79]
Leprosy
Seed
oil
[3]
Mycosis
Seed
oil
[3]
Psycho
activ
eNot
specified
[79]
Purgative
Not
specified
[39101102]
Treatm
ento
fldquocultu
ralsyn
drom
esrdquoldquoderramerdquo
ldquoquebranterdquoldquoespanterdquo
ldquovento-caıdordquoldquo
panemardquo
ldquodoenca-do-arrdquoldquom
ae-do-corpordquo
Not
specified
[79]
Vaginalinfectio
nSlightlybo
iledused
asvaginalw
ash
[91]
Wou
ndinfection
Slightlybo
iledused
aswou
ndwash
[91]
18 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table3Con
tinued
Plantp
art
Popu
laru
sePreparationandor
mod
eofu
seRe
ference
Fruits
Analgesic
Massaging
pregnant
wom
enrsquosbellies
with
teao
rgarrafadalowast
whenthey
areinpain
[77]
Analgesic(headache)
Teao
rgarrafadalowast
[77]
Analgesic(to
othache)
Teao
rgarrafadalowast
[77]
Laxativ
eIngestion
innatura
ofthep
owderfruit
[102]
Num
bnessa
fterb
ugsting
sTeao
rgarrafadalowast
[77]
Latex
Alopecia
Not
specified
[25]
Analgesic(eye
pain)
Not
specified
[78]
Analgesic(painin
general)
Drin
kor
massage
thea
ffected
area
with
latex
[80]
Analgesic(to
othache)
Cottonsoaked
with
latexkept
incontactw
iththes
oretoo
th[103]
Drin
kor
massage
thea
ffected
area
with
latex
[80]
Anticancer
Not
specified
[25]
Antihem
orrhagic
Not
specified
[9248695]
Antith
rombo
ticOralrou
te[80]
Antiulcerogenic
Not
specified
[2089]
Biteof
veno
mou
sanimals
Applicationof
fresh
latexatthea
ffected
site
[5]
Diuretic
Afewdrop
soffresh
latex
inwater
[6]
Eczema
Not
specified
[25]
Gingivitis
Not
specified
[89]
Gon
orrhea
Not
specified
[25]
Hem
ostatic
Not
specified
[2580]
Infected
wou
nds
Applicationof
fresh
latex
atthea
ffected
site
[520]
Leprosy
Not
specified
[89]
Mycosis
Not
specified
[25]
Purgative
Afewdrop
soffresh
latexin
water
[6]
Not
specified
[9]
Rheumatism
Not
specified
[25]
Scabies
Not
specified
[25]
Skin
burns
Applicationof
fresh
latex
atthea
ffected
site
[104]
Not
specified
[25]
Stop
ofitching
ofcutsandscratches
Not
specified
[95]
Syph
ilis
Not
specified
[25]
Thrush
(oralcandidiasis)
Not
specified
[25]
Verm
ifuge
Not
specified
[25]
Wou
ndhealing
Applicationof
latexatthea
ffected
site
[5]
Drin
kor
massage
thea
ffected
sitew
ithlatex
[80]
Not
specified
[7475]
Resin
Toothache
Toothp
owder
[27]
Wou
ndsinlip
sand
tong
ueTo
picalapp
lication
[27]
Oil
Arthritis
Appliedlocally
[89]
Purgative
Not
specified
[89]
Skin
disease
Appliedlocally
[89]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 19
Table3Con
tinued
Plantp
art
Popu
laru
sePreparationandor
mod
eofu
seRe
ference
Not
specified
Alopecia
Teaa
ppliedlocally
indo
gs[105]
Analgesic
Not
specified
[13]
Poultic
es[95]
Anticancer
Not
specified
[1366]
Antidiarrheal
Not
specified
[2845106]
Antihypertensive
Not
specified
[45]
Anti-infl
ammatory
Not
specified
[1328]
Antipyretic
Not
specified
[28]
Antise
ptic
Not
specified
[45]
Antiulcerogenic
Not
specified
[28]
Cou
ghsa
ndcolds
Bark
juice(4spoo
nfuls3tim
esad
ay)b
yoralroute
[107]
Detoxication
Not
specified
[28]
Diuretic
Not
specified
[45]
Eczema
Not
specified
[28]
Gum
infection
Not
specified
[28]
Healin
gNot
specified
[45108]
Hydropsy
Not
specified
[5]
Leprosy
Not
specified
[28]
Obstructio
nsof
thea
bdom
inaltract
Not
specified
[5]
Purgative
Not
specified
[5]
Regu
latem
enses
Not
specified
[109]
Rheumatism
Not
specified
[5]
Snakea
ndscorpion
bites
Not
specified
[322]
Stom
achpain
Not
specified
[28]
Venerealdiseases
Not
specified
[28]
Wou
nds
Poultic
es[95]
Usedas
bath
[28]
lowast
Garrafadapreparatio
ndo
neby
maceratingplantp
artsin
alcoho
lorh
ydroalcoho
licmediumsin
generalbrandies
20 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative MedicineTa
ble4Ph
armacologicalstu
dies
ofJatro
phagossy
piifolia
Ldescrib
edin
theliterature
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Analgesic
Aeria
lparts
Methano
land
petro
lether
extracts
At100and200m
gkgdayover7
daysbyoralrouteinmiceon
lythe
methano
lextractpresentedsig
nificantanalgesicactiv
ityin
Eddyrsquosho
tplatea
ndtail-flack
mod
els[92]
Fruits
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmicehigh
lysig
nificantly
inhibitedthew
rithing
respon
sesind
uced
byaceticacid
[110]
Leaves
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmicesig
nificantly
inhibited
thew
rithing
respon
sesind
uced
byaceticacid
[111]
Antibacteria
l
Latex
Crud
elatex
At100120583
Lvolumeinh
ibitedin
vitro
Liste
riamonocytogenes
Salm
onellatyhimuriumSalmonellatyphiandStaphylococcus
aureus
[112]
Latex
Not
specified
Presentedbactericidaleffectinvitro
againstShigella
dysenteriaea
ndStaphylococcus
aureuslowast
[113]
Leaves
Fractio
nsobtained
bysequ
entia
lextractionof
the
vegetalm
aterialw
ithpetro
letherbenzenechloroform
aceton
eethano
lmethano
landwater
Petro
lether
fractio
nwas
inactiv
eagainstEscherich
iacoliandBa
cillus
subtilisBe
nzenefractionwas
them
ostactiveagainstb
oth
microorganism
sCh
loroform
andmethano
lfractions
werea
ctive
onlyagainstB
acillus
subtilisAc
eton
eand
ethano
lfractions
were
activ
eonlyagainstE
scheric
hiacoliAq
ueou
sfractionwas
activ
eagainstb
othmicroorganism
salthou
ghto
amuchlesser
degree
than
theo
ther
fractions
[52]
Methano
lchloroform
and
water
extracts
Allextractswerea
ctiveinvitro
againstShigella
dysenteriaelowast
[113]
Petro
lether
andethyl
acetatefractions
from
ethano
ldichloromethane
(11vv)extract
Thep
etrolether
fractio
n(1mgmL)
inhibitedin
vitro
Pseudomonas
aeruginosaStaphylo
coccus
epidermidis
andSalm
onellatyphim
urium
Thee
thylacetatefraction(1mgmL)
was
activ
eagainstStaphylococcus
aureus
[87]
Who
leplant
Jatro
phenon
ePresentedin
vitro
antib
acteria
lactivity
againstStaphylo
coccus
aureus
comparabletopenicillin
[41]
Aeria
lparts
Water
andethylacetate
fractio
nsfro
mmethano
lextract
Both
fractio
nsat1
mgdidno
tprodu
cezoneso
finh
ibition
for
Escherich
iacoliStaphylococcus
aureusSaccharom
yces
cerevisia
enor
Cand
idaalbicans
[114]
Leaves
Chloroform
extract
Presentedantib
acteria
lactivity
againstSalmonellatyphiPseudomonas
aeruginosaand
Staphylococcus
aureus
andantifun
galactivity
against
Cand
idaalbicansD
idno
tprodu
ceinhibitio
nzonesa
gainst
Escherich
iacoliBa
cillussubtilis
Proteusm
irabilisC
orynebacteriu
mdiptheria
eShigelladysenteriaea
ndStreptococcusp
enum
oniae
[50]
Leaves
Dichlorom
ethane
methano
l(11vv)extract
At05and1m
gmLshow
edsig
nificantantibacteria
lactivity
invitro
againstB
acillus
cereus
varm
ycoidesBa
cillusp
umilu
sBa
cillussubtilis
Bordetellabronchise
ptica
MicrococcusluteusStaphylococcus
aureus
Staphylococcus
epidermidis
Klebsiella
pneumoniaeandStreptococcus
faecalisandantifun
galactivity
invitro
againstC
andida
albicans
[88]
Methano
lextract
Presentedantib
acteria
lactivity
againstSalmonellatyphiPseudomonas
aeruginosaand
Staphylococcus
aureus
andantifun
galactivity
against
Cand
idaalbicansD
idno
tprodu
ceinhibitio
nzonesa
gainst
Escherich
iacoliBa
cillussubtilis
Proteusm
irabilisC
orynebacteriu
mdiptheria
eShigelladysenteriaea
ndStreptococcusp
enum
oniae
[50]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 21
Table4Con
tinued
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Antibacteria
land
antifun
gal
Not
specified
Extractsob
tained
bysequ
entia
lextractionof
the
vegetalm
aterialw
ithn-hexanechloroform
aceton
emethano
land
water
n-Hexanee
xtracthadinhibitory
activ
ityin
vitro
againstE
scheric
hia
coliSalm
onellatyphiPseudomonas
aeruginosaB
acillus
cereus
Klebsiella
aerogenesandCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainst
Shiguella
boydiAspergillus
fumiga
tusAspergillus
flavusand
Aspergillus
nigerCh
loroform
extractinh
ibitedin
vitro
Salm
onella
typhiPseudomonas
aeruginosaB
acillus
cereusan
dCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainstEscherich
iacoliStaphylococcus
aureus
Shiguella
boydiAspergillus
fumiga
tusAspergillus
flavusand
Aspergillus
nigerAc
eton
eextractinhibitedin
vitro
Escherich
iacoli
Pseudomonas
aeruginosaStaphylococcusa
ureusKlebsiella
aerogenes
Proteusv
ulgarisan
dCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainst
Salm
onellatyphiAspergillus
fumiga
tusAspergillus
flavusa
ndAspergillus
nigerMethano
lextractinhibitedin
vitro
Escherich
iacoli
Salm
onellatyphiPseudomonas
aeruginosaStaphylococcusa
ureus
Bacilluscereusa
ndCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainst
Aspergillus
fumigatusA
spergillu
sflavusan
dAspergillus
nigerWater
extractw
asactiv
einvitro
againstE
scheric
hiacoliSalm
onellatyphi
Pseudomonas
aeruginosaStaphylococcusa
ureusBa
cilluscereus
Klebsiella
aerogenesProteusv
ulgarisan
dCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainstAspergillus
fumigatusA
spergillu
sflavusand
Aspergillus
niger
[89]
Methano
land
petro
lether
extractsfro
mbark
At200120583
g100120583
Lon
lythem
ethano
lextractshow
edin
vitro
antib
acteria
lactivity
upon
Staphylococcus
aureusStre
ptococcus
pyogenesand
Escherich
iacoliandantifun
galactivity
upon
Aspergillus
nigerCa
ndidaalbicansPenicillium
notatumand
Saccharomyces
cerevisia
e
[115]
Anticho
linesterase
Latex
Lyop
hilized
latex
Inhibitedtim
e-anddo
se-dependentlythea
cetylch
olinesterase
enzymeinnervou
stissue
offre
shwater
airb
reathing
fishCh
anna
marulius
[116]
Leaves
Fractio
nsobtained
bysequ
entia
lextractionof
the
vegetalm
aterialw
ithethyl
acetatea
ndmethano
l
At2m
gmLconcentration
thee
thylacetatea
ndmethano
lfractions
presentedinhibitory
activ
ities
invitro
of71
and100
Them
ethano
lfractio
npresentedIC
50of
005
mgmL
[117]
Antidiarrheal
Fruits
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmiceinhibitedthec
astoro
ilindu
ceddiarrhea
[110]
Leaves
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmiceinhibitedthec
astoro
ilindu
ceddiarrhea
[111]
Antifu
ngal
(antidermatop
hytic
fung
i)Ae
rialp
arts
Water
andethylacetate
fractio
nsfro
mmethano
lextract
Them
inim
alconcentrationprod
ucing75of
inhibitio
nor
high
eragainstM
icrosporuscanis
forb
othfractio
nsw
as1120583
gmLFo
rthe
fung
usMicrosporusg
ypseum
Microsporusfulvuman
dMicrosporus
gallina
eno
neof
thefractionpresentedinhibitory
activ
ity
[114]
22 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative MedicineTa
ble4Con
tinued
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Anti-infl
ammatory
Aeria
lparts
Methano
land
petro
lether
extracts
At100and200m
gkgdayover7
daysbyoralrouteinmiceon
lythe
methano
lextractpresentedsig
nificantanti-infl
ammatoryactiv
ityon
carrageenan-indu
cedpawedem
a[92]
Leaves
Aqueou
sextract
At100and200120583
gmLsig
nificantly
preventedthelysisof
human
red
bloo
dcells
inmem
branes
tabilizationmetho
din
vitro
[118]
Ethano
lextract
At100120583
gmLsig
nificantly
preventedthelysisof
human
redbloo
dcells
inmem
branes
tabilizationmetho
din
vitro
[118]
Methano
lextractandleaf
paste
At500and1000
mgkgbyoralrouteinrats
inhibitedthe
carrageenan-indu
cedpawedem
aAt
50and100m
gkgbyoralroute
inrats
inhibitedthec
ottonpelletind
uced
granulom
aformationin
rats
At05and1m
geartheleafp
asteredu
cedtheinfl
ammation
respon
sein
mou
seeare
demam
odel
[28]
Not
specified
Methano
land
petro
lether
extractsfro
mbark
At200m
gkgbyoralrouteinratsbothextractsredu
cedthe
carrageenan-indu
cedpawedem
a[115]
Antim
alarial
Leaves
Aqueou
sextract
30120583ginhibitedin
vitro
theg
rowth
ofPlasmodium
falciparum
[31]
Dichlorom
ethane
extract
Activ
einvitro
againstP
lasm
odium
falciparumw
ithIC
50of
abou
t35120583gmL
[81]
Antineoplasic
Roots
Ethano
licextractand
jatro
phon
e
Thee
thanolextractas
wellasjatroph
oneexhibitedsig
nificant
inhibitory
activ
ityin
vitro
againstcellsderiv
edfro
mhu
man
carcinom
aofthe
nasoph
aryn
xandlymph
ocyticleuk
emiaP-388and
invivo
againstfou
rstand
ardanim
altumor
syste
ms
[66]
Falodo
neShow
edpo
tent
proliferatio
ninhibitory
activ
ityagainstA
-549
human
cancer
celllin
ewith
IC50of
120120583
gmL
[13]
2120572-H
ydroxyjatro
phon
e2120573
-hydroxy-56-iso
jatro
phon
eand2120573
-hydroxyjatro
phon
editerpenes
isolatedfro
mpetro
lether
extract
Presentedantin
eoplasicactiv
ityup
onP-388lymph
ocyticleuk
emia
testsyste
mbo
thin
vivo
andin
vitro
asw
ellasfor
theE
aglersquos
carcinom
aofthe
nasoph
aryn
xtestsyste
min
vitro
[64]
Not
specified
Abiodo
neNot
specifiedlowast
[73]
Antioxidant
Leaves
Methano
lethylacetateand
aqueou
sextract
Allextractsshow
edsig
nificantantioxidant
activ
ityin
vitro
inDPP
Hfre
eradicalferric
thiocyanateandnitricoxides
caveng
ingmetho
dslowast
[55]
Who
leplant
Petro
letherchloroform
ethylacetateand
n-bu
tano
lextracts
Allextractsshow
edon
lypo
orDPP
Hscavenging
activ
ityTh
etotal
antio
xidant
capacitywas
high
erin
ethylacetateandn-bu
tano
lextracts
having
thep
etrolether
andchloroform
show
ingon
lypo
oractiv
ityTh
elipid
peroxidatio
nwas
inhibitedon
lypartially
bythe
extracts
with
thee
thylacetateb
eing
them
ostactivea
ndthep
etrol
etherb
eing
theleast
[48]
Antisp
asmod
icAe
rialp
arts
Ethano
lextractfractions
andsubfractions
At5001000and
2000
mgkgbyoralrouteinmiceshow
edsig
nificantantisp
asmod
icactiv
ityin
mou
seintestinaltransit
mod
elandat0510
and
20m
gmLinhibitedin
vitro
thea
cetylch
olinea
ndcalcium-in
ducedcontractions
ofiso
lated
ratjeju
numO
nlythe
organicfractionof
thee
xtracthadac
alcium
-antagon
isteffect
whereas
both
chloroform
icandaqueou
sfractions
hadanticho
linergic
effect
[119]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 23Ta
ble4Con
tinued
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Antivira
lAe
rialp
arts
Water
andethylacetate
fractio
nsfro
mmethano
lextract
At110and
100120583
gmLbo
thfractio
nspresented100
ofinhibitio
nof
plaque-fo
rmingabilityof
Sind
bisv
irusintre
atmentp
reinfection
protocol(IC 5
0lt1120583
gmL)w
hilein
treatmentp
ostin
fection
theIC 5
0of
water
fractio
nincreasedto
512andacetatefractionincreasedto
37120583gmLFo
rmurinec
ytom
egaloviru
sIC
50of
17and15
towater
andethylacetatefractio
nswereo
bservedrespectiv
elyintre
atment
preinfectio
nprotocolInthetreatmentp
ostin
fection
howe
verno
inhibitio
nwas
observed
inthismicroorganism
[114]
Not
specified
Methano
lextractfro
mbarks
Partially
activ
eagainstSind
bisv
irusand
herpes
simplex
virus-l
Inactiv
eagainsthu
man
polio
virus
[107]
Bron
chod
ilator
Stem
sAq
ueou
sextract
Thee
xtractwas
inactiv
einbron
chod
ilatora
ctivity
inguinea
pigs
[120]
Con
traceptiv
eLeaves
Ethano
lextract
At450m
gkgdayover2
1daysby
oralroutecaused
anantifertility
activ
ityin
femalem
ice
[121]
Healin
g
Aeria
lparts
Ethano
l70
extract
At1m
Lkg
dosebyintraperito
nealrouteinrats
presentedbeneficial
activ
ityin
healingprocesso
fcolon
icanastomosis
[122]
Aeria
lparts
Ethano
l70
extract
At200m
gkgbyintraperito
nealrouteinrats
favoredtheh
ealin
gprocesso
fgastro
rrhaph
iesa
ndredu
cedthea
cuteinflammatory
reactio
nin
vivo
[123]
Leaves
Hydroethano
lextract
At200m
gkgbyintraperito
nealroutedecreasedtheinfl
ammation
andincreasedvascular
neoformationandcollagendepo
sitionwhen
comparedto
thec
ontro
lgroup
inhealingprocesso
fsutures
perfo
rmed
ontheb
ladd
erof
rats
How
everingeneralno
favorable
healingeffectw
asob
served
[108]
Not
specified
Ethano
licextract
Alth
ough
someimprovem
entcou
ldbe
observed
insuture
healingof
ventralabd
ominalwallofratstreated
with
100m
gkg
ofextract
(intraperito
nealinstillationintraperito
nealcavity)in
generalon
lya
poor
healingactiv
itywas
observed
[124]
Not
specified
At01m
Lvolumeby
topicalapp
lication
thec
rude
extractp
resented
significantd
ifferencesc
oncerningthem
acroscop
icandmicroscop
icaspectso
fhealin
gprocesso
ccurrin
gin
open
skin
lesio
nsin
rats
[125]
Hem
ostatic
Latex
Crud
efresh
latex
Decreased
clotting
andbleeding
timeinhealthysubjects
[101]
Hepatop
rotective
Aeria
lparts
Petro
letherm
ethano
land
water
extracts
At200m
gkgdayover7
daysbyoralrouteinrats
both
extracts
presentedhepatoprotectiv
eactivity
incarbon
tetrachlorideind
uced
liver
damagewith
thep
etrolether
beingthem
ostactivea
ndthe
methano
lbeing
theleast
[126]
Hypotensiv
eand
vasorelaxant
Aeria
lparts
Ethano
licextract
At125and250m
gkgdayover4
weeksby
oralrouteinrats
ina
dose-dependent
mannerredu
cedthes
ystolic
bloo
dpressure
and
prod
uced
acon
centratio
n-depend
entrelaxanteffectin
ratisolated
(ex
vivo)end
otheliu
m-depriv
edmesenteric
artery
precon
tractedwith
norepineph
rineo
rCaC
l 2
[45]
Immun
omod
ulatory
Who
leplant
Petro
lether
extract
At100200and40
0120583gmLincreasedthep
roliferationof
mou
sespleen
cellin
vitro
[127]
Localanesthetic
Not
specified
Methano
land
aqueou
sextracts
Both
extractspresentedsig
nificantlocalanestheticactiv
ityby
plexus
anesthesiain
frogslowast
[128]
24 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table4Con
tinued
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Relaxant
effecto
nuterine
smoo
thmuscle
(tocolytic
activ
ity)
Aeria
lparts
Ethano
licextractand
chloroform
icandaqueou
sfractio
ns
At05and10
mgmLthee
thanolicextractreduced
the
calcium
-evokedcontractile
respon
seof
theu
terin
esmoo
thmuscle
as
wellas
thec
hloroformicfractio
nTh
eaqu
eous
fractio
npresented
onlyslighteffect
[129]
Sedativ
eand
anxiolytic
Fruits
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmicepresentedsedativ
eeffect
intheh
olec
rosstest
At200m
gkgpresented
anxiolyticactiv
ityin
holebo
ardtest
At40
0mgkgpresented
anxiolyticactiv
ityin
elevated
plus-m
azetest
[110]
Leaves
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmicepresentedsedativ
eeffect
intheh
olec
rosstest
At200m
gkgpresented
anxiolyticactiv
ityin
holebo
ardtest
At40
0mgkgpresented
anxiolyticin
elevated
plus-m
azetest
[111]
lowast
Thec
ompletev
ersio
nof
thep
aper
was
notaccessib
leso
theinformationwas
obtained
from
itsabstr
act
IC50con
centratio
nthatinhibits50of
ther
eferredactiv
ity
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 25
about extract preparation and plant part not specified) theauthors also observed an absence of healing action althoughsome histological improvement was shown [125]
However studying the influence of J gossypiifolia on thehealing process of colonic anastomosis in rats Servin et alshowed that the administration of 1mLkg single dose ofthe hydro alcoholic extract from aerial parts has beneficialeffect on the healing process [122] However according tothese authors on the seventh day of the experiment therewas a decrease in the action of the extract suggestingthat the extract in this experiment was less active in laterstages of healing process [122] A plausible hypothesis notraised by the authors could be the fact that the extract wasadministered in a single dose which may not have beensufficient to maintain the effect throughout the time of theexperiment Additionally Vale et al showed that the ethanolicextract from aerial parts of J gossypiifolia at single intraperi-toneal dose of 200mgkg favored the healing process ofgastrorrhaphies and reduced the acute inflammatory reactionin vivo [123]
65 Hemostatic Action The use of J gossypiifolia especiallythe latex is widespread as a hemostatic agent for preventingbleeding disorders The results of whole blood clotting timeusing Lee and White method and bleeding time using Ivyrsquosmethod were significantly reduced when stem latex wasintroduced suggesting procoagulant activity [101] Regardingthe possible mechanism of action based on experimentsthat show the precipitating action of the latex upon bovinealbumin the authors suggest that the latex precipitatesclotting factors thereby bringing the coagulation factors intoclose contact and then the activation of coagulation cascadeleads to the generation of thrombin and formation of aclot takes place in a matter of seconds when compared tothe control experiment which took minutes to completecoagulation [101] It is important to emphasize that to the bestof our knowledge this is the only study performed on humansubjects
66 Anticholinesterase Action Based on the cholinergichypothesis acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are widely usedto treat Alzheimerrsquos disease J gossypiifolia presented animportant anticholinesterase activity since the methanolicextract from leaves showed an IC
50of 005mgmL [117]
Another study showed that the lyophilized latex of theplant was able to inhibit time- and dose-dependently theacetylcholinesterase enzyme in nervous tissue of freshwaterair breathing fish Channa marulius [116]
67 Antioxidant Action The antioxidant activity of extractsfrom J gossypiifoliawas evaluated by Kharat et al [55] In thiswork the high content of phenols tannins and flavonoids inthe leaves prompted the authors to evaluate the antioxidantactivity of the leaves DPPH free radical ferric thiocyanateand nitric oxide scavengingmethods were used to analyze theantioxidant activity in vitro of methanol ethyl acetate andaqueous extracts demonstrating positive resultsThe authorsattributed the free radical scavenging activity to the presence
of flavonoids [55] On the other hand a study showed thatdifferent extracts (petrol ether chloroform ethyl acetate andn-butanol) fromwhole plant of J gossypiifolia had only partialantioxidant activity in DPPH scavenging total antioxidantcapacity and lipid peroxidation tests [48] Among them theethyl acetate extract was the most active which correlatespositively with its higher content of phenolic compounds incomparison with the other extracts [48]
68 Contraceptive Action Based on its popular use J gossypi-ifoliawas assessed for its antifertility activity as an alternativeto oral contraceptive agents J gossypiifolia leaf extract byoral route altered the major hormones involved in estrouscycle regulation indicating its antifertility effect on mice[121] Evaluating other parameters (estrogenic and earlyabortifacient activities) the anti-infertility effect of the extractwas once more demonstrated later [130]
69 Tocolytic Action Based on the ethnopharmacologicalapplication of the plant as tocolytic remedy the effects oncalcium-evoked uterine smooth muscle contraction of theethanolic extract and fractions were evaluated [129] Thecrude extract and to a higher extent the chloroformic frac-tion reduced the calcium-evoked contractile response of theuterine smooth muscle promoting a rightward displacementof calciumcumulative curves aswell as reducing themaximalcontractions [129]
610 Antineoplasic Action One of the most well-knownpharmacological activities of J gossypiifolia is its antineopla-sic action which is frequently associated with the contentof lignoids and terpenoids One of the first reports wasmade by Kupchan et al [66] when the authors found thatthe ethanolic extract from roots as well as the isolatedditerpene jatrophone exhibited significant inhibitory activityin vitro against cells derived from human carcinoma of thenasopharynx and lymphocytic leukemia P-388 and in vivoagainst four standard animal tumor systems such as sarcoma180 Lewis lung carcinoma P-388 lymphocytic leukemiaand Walker 256 intramuscular carcinosarcoma [66] Laterthree new antitumor derivatives of jatrophone were isolatedfrom petrol ether extracts from roots of J gossypiifolia 2120572-hydroxyjatrophone 2120573-hydroxy-56-isojatrophone and 2120573-hydroxyjatrophone [64] Recently two other diterpenes withpotent antineoplasic activity were isolated from J gossypi-ifolia falodone and abiodone Falodone was isolated frommethanol extract from roots and showed potent proliferationinhibitory activity against A-549 human cancer cell line [13]Abiodone a lathyrane diterpenoid compound was isolatedfrom J gossypiifolia and presented potent anticancer activity[73]
611 Local Anesthetic Action The local anesthetic action ofJ gossypiifolia was evaluated by plexus anaesthesia in frogs[128] The authors observed that the aqueous and methanolextract (plant part not specified) presented significant anes-thetic action when compared to control group
26 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
612 Neuropharmacological Action The neuropharmacolog-ical action of the methanol extract of the leaves of J gossypi-ifolia was evaluated by Apu et al [111] The authors observedthat in hole cross test the extract at 200 and 400mgkg byoral route showed significant sedative effect in mice In holeboard test the extract showed highly significant anxiolyticactivity at a dose of 200mgkg whereas the same activity wasobserved at 400mgkg dose in elevated plus-maze test [111]Similar results were observed in the methanolic extract fromfruits [110]
613 Antidiarrheal Action Although it may seem contradic-tory as shown in Table 3 J gossypiifolia species is popularlyused both as purgative and as antidiarrheal remedy Howeverin literature there are interesting results about the antidiar-rheal properties of different extracts of this species
At 200 and 400mgkg oral doses in mice the methanolextract of J gossypiifolia leaves produced highly signifi-cant antidiarrheal activity upon castor oil-induced diarrheadecreasing themean number of stool and total weight of fecaloutput when compared to control group [111] Similar resultswere observed in the methanolic extract from fruits [110]
Aiming to determine the possible action mechanism of Jgossypiifolia aerial parts ethanol extract as antidiarrheal agentSilva et al [119] have investigated the effect of this extracton intestinal transit velocity and on isolated rat jejunumAt 500 1000 and 2000mgkg by oral route in mice theextract showed significant antispasmodic activity in mouseintestinal transit model when compared to control At 0510 and 20mgmL the crude extract inhibited in vitro theacetylcholine and calcium-induced contractions of isolatedrat jejunum The chloroform and aqueous fractions wereobtained and it was observed that only the chloroform frac-tion of the extract had a calcium-antagonist effect whereasboth chloroformic and aqueous fractions had anticholinergiceffect suggesting that the antispasmodic effect of J gossypi-ifolia may be due to a combination of anticholinergic andcalcium-antagonist mechanisms [119]
614 Immunomodulatory Action The immunomodulatoryaction of synthetic lignan compounds was evaluated by theassay of proliferation of mouse spleen cell in vitro andcompared with petrol ether extract of whole plant of Jgossypiifolia since it is a natural source of this kind ofcompound [127] The authors showed that both syntheticand naturally occurring 1-phenylnaphthalene lignans couldpositively modulate the immunity of the host since theysignificantly increased the proliferation of mouse spleen cellin vitro [127]
615 Hepatoprotective Action Despite some studies havingshown the hepatotoxic potential of J gossypiifolia a study wasperformed to analyze the possible hepatoprotective action ofextracts of this plant in carbon tetrachloride-induced liverdamage in rats [126] In fact the petrol ether methanoland water extracts from the aerial parts of J gossypiifoliapresented significant hepatoprotective action in this model
substantially restoring towards normalization the serum lev-els of serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase serum glu-tamate pyruvate transaminase serum alkaline phosphatasetotal bilirubin superoxide dismutase and catalase [126] Theauthors also discuss the close relationship between the hep-atoprotective action observed and the possible antioxidantmechanism present in the extracts
7 Other Actions andBiotechnological Applications
In addition to studies demonstrating scientific evidences ofthe pharmacological properties of J gossypiifolia severalstudies have demonstrated the potential of this species toobtain molecules with various applications thus showing itsmultipurpose character
Among the main applications described the use ofJ gossypiifolia seed oil for biodiesel production could bementioned Jatropha species has drawn the attention ofresearchers in recent years due to its emergence as a highlysuitable feedstock plant for biodiesel production [11] Amongthe species J gossypiifolia J curcas and J pohliana produceseeds with high oil content [11] In a study investigatingthe potential of two plants of the Jatropha genus (includ-ing J gossypiifolia) the authors observed that the studiedphysicochemical properties of the produced biodiesel are inthe acceptable range for use as biodiesel in diesel enginesshowing a promising economic exploitation of these rawmaterials [131]
Studies have shown the potential of the species for thedevelopment of new tools for biochemical analysis A recentstudy showed that the diluted fresh latex J gossypiifolia can beused as precipitating agent for biochemical determination ofproteins in plasma urine and cerebrospinal fluid with valuescomparable to those obtained from the conventional proteinprecipitants sodium tungstate and trichloroacetic acid [24]According to the authors the precipitating potential couldbe related to the capacity of the latex to form clots whenapplied to a bleeding sore or wound when it is used in folkmedicine [24] Another study showed the potentiality of thejuice extracted from the fresh leaves of J gossypiifolia asan anticoagulant for haematological analyses [86] 01mL ofextract per mL of blood proved to be suitable for obtainingplasmas for biochemical analysis comparable with conven-tional anticoagulants [86] However the authors emphasizethat the extract must be purified to remove interferingsubstances for it to be perfectly suitable for biochemicalanalysis [86]
Some studies have demonstrated the potentiality of Jgossypiifolia as a source of pesticide biomolecules Bullang-poti et al [49] isolated ricinine from the ethyl acetate extractfrom senescent leaves the main compound responsible forthe toxicity of the crude extract in Spodoptera exigua larvaethus demonstrating that it could be an alternative choiceto chemical insecticides In another study Bullangpoti etal [132] showed that the ethanol extract of J gossypiifoliain association with the ethanol extract of Melia azedarachwas toxic and inhibited some enzymes from Spodoptera
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 27
frugiperda larvae demonstrating once more the potentialityof the species as insecticide agent Calatayud et al [56]showed the presence of proteins of about 100 kDa with toxicactivity upon Phenacoccus herreni another type of insectIn this work the authors performed a strategy of extrac-tion that eliminated nonprotein compounds being able todemonstrate the potential of the species to obtain insecticidalproteins [56] Leaf extract of J gossypiifolia reduced thefecundity and egg viability against stored product insect pestsTribolium castaneum [133]
The potential molluscicidal activity of J gossypiifolia hasalso been evaluated as an alternative mode of preventionof schistosomiasis Sukumaran et al [134] showed that themethanol and n-butanol extracts from unripened seeds of Jgossypiifoliawas toxic against eggs and adults of two species offreshwater snails Lymnaea luteola and Indoplanorbis exustusThe results indicated that n-butanol extract was the mosteffective and that the eggs were more susceptible than adults[134]
8 Toxicology
Species of Jatropha are notably known for their toxic potential[135 136] This toxicity is related primarily to latex andseeds The latex is released from the aerial parts of theplant by mechanical injury and it is extremely caustic andirritating to skin and mucous membranes The seeds arerich in toxalbumins that cause agglutination and hemolysisto erythrocytes as well as damage to other cell types andcontain a lipoid resin complex that can cause dermatitis[3 12 135] The symptomatology consists in general ofgastrointestinal disorders (abdominal pain nausea vomitingand diarrhea) Additionally the clinical course can bringcardiovascular neurological and renal complications [136]Cases of poisoning in humans usually occur by eating fruitand seeds because of its similarity to edible chestnuts [136]
Some toxicological studies have demonstrated the toxicproperties of J gossypiifolia while others show the absence oftoxicity However it is important to observe the models useddoses administrated and types of extract employed (solventand plant part) among other aspects to make the properconclusions about the toxicity
The study of experimental poisoning in sheep showedthat the intake of fresh plant leaves in a single dose of40 gkg was lethal to these animals [137] The clinical andpathological picture in the experimental sheep was charac-terized by digestive lung and heart disturbances and alsoby slight regressive changes evidenced in hepatic and renalhistological examinations [137] However as observed byMariz et al [7] it is important to note that the medicinaluse of the plant is rarely in natura but instead by differentpreparations such as infusions or decoctions sometimes ofthe dried material which could inactivate the possible toxiccomponents However this is only a hypothesis and so thetoxicity of extracts from leaves cannot be discarded
One of the first studies relating the identification of theconstituents responsible for the toxic effects of the Jatrophaspecies was published by Adolf et al [69] In this work
by a bioguided isolation the irritant polyunsaturated ester12-deoxy-16-hydroxylphorbol was isolated from the etherextract from the seeds of J gossypiifolia by countercurrentchromatography [69] The irritant activity was visualized inmouse ear after 24 h of the application of the fractions andisolated compounds [69]
The in vitro cytotoxicity assay using brine shrimp larvaetest revealed that ethanol and methanol extracts (plant organunspecified) showed low toxicity [138] An earlier studyshowed that thewater and ethyl acetate fraction of amethanolextract from aerial parts of J gossypiifolia did not presenttoxicity against the same organisms [114]
A study performed in Wistar rats evaluated the toxicityof the ethanolic root extract of J gossypiifolia at 10 20 and30mgkg by oral route [139] The authors observed that theextract was toxic to the kidney and caused increased urearetention in the blood as observed by histological studies andbiochemical analysis of blood [139]
A preclinical toxicological assessment of the crudeethanol extract from J gossypiifolia leaves showed that theextract presents relatively low oral acute toxicity in Wistarrats [18 19] Rats treated with single doses of 12ndash50 gkgby oral route were observed for 14 days and the mostimportant signs of toxicity were ptosis reduction of bodyweight and hind limb paralysis Other significant alterationsoccurred only in males treated with 50 gkg dose increasein creatinine aspartate aminotransferase sodium and potas-sium seric levels reduction of urea and albumin leucopeniaand small alteration in color and consistency of visceraThe median lethal dose (LD
50) was higher than 40 gkg
for males and higher than 50 gkg for females [19] In thehistopathological evaluation some alteration was observedin liver and lung only at 50 gkg suggesting the relativelylow toxicity of the extract [18] However in the chronictoxicological study (thirteen weeks of treatment) this extractshowed significant oral chronic toxicity in rats [17] The mostsignificant toxic signs indicated a reduction of the activityin the central nervous system and digestive disturbancesThe histopathological analysis revealed hepatotoxicity andpulmonary damages The lethality was 466 and 133among males and females under the higher tested dose(405mgkg) respectively [17] Based on this Mariz et al [7]discussed that the development of herbal medicine based onthis species needs to prioritize the chemical refinement of thecrude extracts to obtain less toxic fractions which should betested for their safety and therapeutic efficacy
Another study on the other hand evaluating the oralacute toxicity of the aqueous and ethanol extracts from leavesof J gossypiifolia did not show any sign of toxicity in upto 2 gkg in rats enabling the authors to conclude that thisextract could be considered safe [118] This is an interestingresult since in most cases the plant is used popularly as tea(aqueous extract)
The toxicity of the stem latex of J gossypiifoliawas studiedin Wistar rats by applying different doses of crude latex onincised skin daily for 18 days based on the popular useof the latex as hemostatic agent in skin lesions [140] Theauthors observed that the application of the latex did notproduce any significant difference in results of biochemical
28 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
and hematological parameters obtained from the control andexperimental animals leading to the conclusion that the stemlatex has no harmful effects [140]
9 Conclusions
As demonstrated by this review J gossypiifolia presents animportant potential for the generation of pharmacologicalandor biotechnological products based on popular usesand biological studies scientifically showing its propertiesHowever regarding specifically its medicinal propertiesfurther studies are still necessary to assay important folkuses of the species and characterize the major compoundsresponsible for the bioactivityThus studies of bioprospectingcould prioritize this species since many popular uses forvariousmedical purposes are reported demonstrating a greatpotential to originate bioactive molecules with pharmaco-logical relevance Furthermore future phytochemical studiesof this plant are important to obtain the best knowledgeof the chemical composition of different extracts of theplant in order to recognize the really important compoundsin the pharmacological actions aspiring to the chemicalrefinement of the products to eliminate the eventual toxiceffects that could reduce the medicinal value of the speciesIn conclusion the data presented in this review could provideinsights for future research aimed at both ethnopharmaco-logical validation of the popular use of J gossypiifolia andits exploration as a new source of bioactive molecules forherbal drugs andor bioactive natural products for potentialapplication in complementary and alternative medicine
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper
Acknowledgments
The authors thank BNB CNPq and CAPES (Brazil) forthe financial support Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosagives thanks to CNPq for Scholarship in Research Produc-tivity The authors also thank Andrew Alastair Cumming forediting this paper for the English revision
References
[1] G L Webster ldquoClassification of the euphorbiaceaerdquo Annals ofthe Missouri Botanical Garden vol 81 pp 3ndash143 1994
[2] M V Alves ldquoChecklist das especies de Euphorbiaceae Jussocorrentes no semi-arido pernambucano BrasilrdquoActa BotanciaBrasileira vol 12 no 3 pp 485ndash495 1998
[3] C W Sabandar N Ahmat F M Jaafar and I Sahidin ldquoMedic-inal property phytochemistry and pharmacology of severalJatropha species (Euphorbiaceae) a reviewrdquo Phytochemistryvol 85 pp 7ndash29 2013
[4] C K A Leal and M D F Agra ldquoEstudo farmacobotanicocomparativo das folhas de Jatrophamolissima (Pohl) BaillrdquoActaFarmaceutica Bonaerense vol 24 no 1 pp 5ndash13 2005
[5] L C Di Stasi and C A Hiruma-Lima Plantas medicinais naAmazonia e na Mata Atlantica UNESP Sao Paulo Brazil 2ndedition 2002
[6] M D F Agra K N Silva I J L D Basılio P F De Freitasand JM Barbosa-Filho ldquoSurvey ofmedicinal plants used in theregionNortheast of BrazilrdquoBrazilian Journal of Pharmacognosyvol 18 no 3 pp 472ndash508 2008
[7] S R Mariz A C R Borges M F F Melo-Diniz and I AMedeiros ldquoPossibilidades terapeuticas e riscos toxicologicosde Jatropha gossypiifolia L uma revisao narrativardquo RevistaBrasileiraDe PlantasMedicinais vol 12 no 3 pp 346ndash357 2010
[8] I Cordeiro and R Secco ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia L Lista deespecies da flora do Brasilrdquo Jardim Botanico do Rio de JaneirohttpfloradobrasiljbrjgovbrjabotfloradobrasilFB17581
[9] U P de Albuquerque P M de Medeiros A L S de Almeida etal ldquoMedicinal plants of the caatinga (semi-arid) vegetation ofNE Brazil a quantitative approachrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacol-ogy vol 114 no 3 pp 325ndash354 2007
[10] U P Albuquerque L H C Andrade and J Caballero ldquoStruc-ture and floristics of homegardens in Northeastern BrazilrdquoJournal of Arid Environments vol 62 no 3 pp 491ndash506 2005
[11] S A Ceasar and S Ignacimuthu ldquoApplications of biotechnologyand biochemical engineering for the improvement of Jatrophaand Biodiesel a reviewrdquo Renewable and Sustainable EnergyReviews vol 15 no 9 pp 5176ndash5185 2011
[12] U P de Albuquerque J MMonteiro M A Ramos and E L Cde Amorim ldquoMedicinal and magic plants from a public marketin northeastern Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 110no 1 pp 76ndash91 2007
[13] A Falodun Q Sheng-Xiang G Parkinson and S GibbonsldquoIsolation and characterization of a new anticancer diterpenoidfrom Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journalvol 45 no 10 pp 636ndash639 2012
[14] BRASIL ldquoFitoterapia plantas de interesse ao SUSrdquo Braz-ilian Health Ministry httpportalsaudegovbrportalarqu-ivospdfRENISUSpdf
[15] X-P Zhang M-L Zhang X-H Su C-H Huo Y-C Gu andQ-W Shi ldquoChemical constituents of the plants from genusJatrophardquo Chemistry and Biodiversity vol 6 no 12 pp 2166ndash2183 2009
[16] S K Sharma and H Singh ldquoA review on pharmacological sig-nificance of genus Jatropha (Euphorbiaceae)rdquoChinese Journal ofIntegrative Medicine vol 18 no 11 pp 868ndash880 2012
[17] S RMariz G S CerqueiraWCAraujo et al ldquoChronic toxico-logic study of the ethanolic extract of the aerial parts of Jatrophagossypiifolia in ratsrdquoRevista Brasileira de Farmacognosia vol 22no 3 pp 663ndash668 2012
[18] S R Mariz M S T Araujo G S Cerqueira et al ldquoHistopatho-logical evaluation in rats after acute treatment with the ethanolextract from aerial parts of Jatropha gossypiifolia Lrdquo RevistaBrasileira De Farmacognosia vol 18 no 2 pp 213ndash216 2008
[19] S R Mariz G S Cerqueira W C Araujo et al ldquoEstudo toxi-cologico agudo do extrato etanolico de partes aereas de Jatrophagossypiifolia L em ratosrdquo Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosiavol 16 no 3 pp 372ndash378 2006
[20] C Auvin-Guette C Baraguey A Blond J L Pousset andB Bodo ldquoCyclogossine B a cyclic octapeptide from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Journal of Natural Products vol 60 pp 1155ndash11571997
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 29
[21] V S Parvathi B S Jyothi T Lakshmi P S Babu and RKarthikeyan ldquoMorpho-anatomical and physicochemical stud-ies of Jatropha gossypifolia (L)rdquo Der Pharmacia Lettre vol 4no 1 pp 256ndash262 2012
[22] M N S Rios and F Pastore Junior Plantas da Amazonia450 Especies de Uso Geral Universidade de BrasıliamdashBibliotecaCentral Brasılia 2011
[23] S R Mariz Estudo toxicologico pre-clınico de Jatropha gossypi-ifolia L [PhD thesis] Universidade Federal da Paraıba JoaoPessoa Brazil 2007
[24] O G Adeosun T Oduola F A Fagbomedo et al ldquoSuitabilityof stem latex of Jatropha gossypifolia as a protein precipitant forbiochemical analysisrdquo Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistryvol 29 no 2 pp 210ndash212 2014
[25] F O A Ajose ldquoSome Nigerian plants of dermatologic impor-tancerdquo International Journal of Dermatology vol 46 no 1 pp48ndash55 2007
[26] J S Ashidi P J Houghton P J Hylands and T EfferthldquoEthnobotanical survey and cytotoxicity testing of plants ofSouth-western Nigeria used to treat cancer with isolationof cytotoxic constituents from Cajanus cajan Millsp leavesrdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 128 no 2 pp 501ndash512 2010
[27] M Ayyanar and S Ignacimuthu ldquoEthnobotanical survey ofmedicinal plants commonly used by Kani tribals in Tirunelvelihills of Western Ghats Indiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 134 no 3 pp 851ndash864 2011
[28] R Bhagat S D Ambavade A V Misar and D K KulkarnildquoAnti-inflammatory activity of Jatropha gossypifolia L leaves inalbino mice and Wistar ratrdquo Journal of Scientific and IndustrialResearch vol 70 no 4 pp 289ndash292 2011
[29] J H Cano and G Volpato ldquoHerbal mixtures in the traditionalmedicine of Eastern Cubardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol90 no 2-3 pp 293ndash316 2004
[30] F G Coe and G J Anderson ldquoScreening of medicinal plantsused by the Garıfuna of Eastern Nicaragua for bioactive com-poundsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 53 no 1 pp 29ndash501996
[31] MGbeassor Y Kossou K Amegbo C De Souza K Koumagloand A Denke ldquoAntimalarial effects of eight African medicinalplantsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 25 no 1 pp 115ndash1181989
[32] National Center for Biotechnology Information ldquoJatropha gos-sypiifoliardquo Taxonomy Browser httpwwwncbinlmnihgovTaxonomyBrowserwwwtaxcgiid=454931
[33] Tropicos ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia Lrdquo httpwwwtropicosorgNamePrintaspxnameid=12802174amptab=details
[34] The Plant List ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia Lrdquo httpwwwtheplant-listorgtplrecordkew-104621
[35] M S Khyade and N P Vaikos ldquoPharmacognostical andphytochemical evaluation of leaf of Jatropha gossypifolia LrdquoInternational Journal of Research in Ayurveda amp Pharmacy vol2 no 1 pp 177ndash180 2011
[36] D O Aworinde D U Nwoye A A Jayeola A O Olagoke andA A Ogundele ldquoTaxonomic significance of foliar epidermis insome members of euphorbiaceae family in Nigeriardquo ResearchJournal of Botany vol 4 no 1 pp 17ndash28 2009
[37] J D Olowokudejo ldquoComparative epidermal morphology ofWest African species of Jatropha L (Euphorbiaceae)rdquo BotanicalJournal of the Linnean Society vol 111 no 2 pp 139ndash154 1993
[38] B Das and B Venkataiah ldquoA minor coumarino-lignoid fromJatropha gossypifoliardquo Biochemical Systematics and Ecology vol29 no 2 pp 213ndash214 2001
[39] B Das B Venkataiah and A Kashinatham ldquoVenkatasin a newcoumarino-lignoid from Jatropha gossypifoliardquoNatural ProductLetters vol 13 no 4 pp 293ndash297 1999
[40] B Das and B Venkataiah ldquoA rare diterpene from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Biochemical Systematics and Ecology vol 27 no 7pp 759ndash760 1999
[41] N Ravindranath B Venkataiah C Ramesh P Jayaprakash andB Das ldquoJatrophenone a novel macrocyclic bioactive diterpenefrom Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bul-letin vol 51 no 7 pp 870ndash871 2003
[42] B Das and J Banerji ldquoArylnaphthalene lignan from JatrophagossypifoliardquoPhytochemistry vol 27 no 11 pp 3684ndash3686 1988
[43] J Banerji B Das A Chatterjee and J N Shoolery ldquoGadain alignan from Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Phytochemistry vol 23 no10 pp 2323ndash2327 1984
[44] A Chatterjee B Das C Pascard and T Prange ldquoCrystalstructure of a lignan from Jatropha gossypifoliardquoPhytochemistryvol 20 no 8 pp 2047ndash2048 1981
[45] I C Abreu A S S Marinho A M A Paes et al ldquoHypotensiveand vasorelaxant effects of ethanolic extract from Jatrophagossypiifolia L in ratsrdquo Fitoterapia vol 74 no 7-8 pp 650ndash6572003
[46] B Das and R Das ldquoGossypifan a lignan from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Phytochemistry vol 40 no 3 pp 931ndash932 1995
[47] R Das B Das and A Kashinatham ldquoGossypiline a new lignanfrom Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Natural Product Sciences vol 4 no4 pp 238ndash240 1998
[48] D Shahwar S-U Shafiq N Ahmad S Ullah and M A RazaldquoAntioxidant activities of the selected plants from the fam-ily Euphorbiaceae Lauraceae Malvaceae and BalsaminaceaerdquoAfrican Journal of Biotechnology vol 9 no 7 pp 1086ndash10962010
[49] V Bullangpoti N Khumrungsee W Pluempanupat Y Kainohand U Saguanpong ldquoToxicity of ethyl acetate extract andricinine from Jatropha gossypifolia senescent leaves againstSpodoptera exigua Hubner (Lepidoptera Noctuidae)rdquo Journalof Pesticide Science vol 36 no 2 pp 260ndash263 2011
[50] A O Ogundare ldquoAntimicrobial effect of Tithonia diversifoliaand Jatropha gossypifolia leaf extractsrdquo Trends in Applied Sci-ences Research vol 2 no 2 pp 145ndash150 2007
[51] N Nwokocha A Blessing I O Agbagwa and B E OkolildquoComparative phytochemical screening of Jatropha L Speciesin the Niger Deltardquo Research Journal of Phytochemistry vol 5no 2 pp 107ndash114 2011
[52] R Seth and R Sarin ldquoAnalysis of the phytochemical contentand anti-microbial activity of Jatropha gossypifolia Lrdquo Archivesof Applied Science Research vol 2 no 5 pp 285ndash291 2010
[53] S Sankara Subramanian S Nagarajan and N SulochanaldquoFlavonoids of the leaves of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Phytochem-istry vol 10 no 7 p 1690 1971
[54] A C Pilon R L Carneiro F Carnevale Neto V S Bolzaniand I Castro-Gamboa ldquoInterval multivariate curve resolutionin the dereplication of HPLC-DAD data from Jatropha gossypi-foliardquo Phytochemical Analysis vol 24 no 4 pp 401ndash406 2013
[55] A R Kharat A K Dolui and S Das ldquoFree radical scavengingpotential of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Asian Journal of Chemistryvol 23 no 2 pp 799ndash801 2011
[56] P-A Calatayud D F Munera S Calatayud A Valencia-Jimenez and A C Bellotti ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia (Euphor-biaceae) a source of proteins toxic to Phenacoccus herreni(Sternorryncha Pseudococcidae)rdquo Florida Entomologist vol94 no 3 pp 649ndash654 2011
30 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
[57] W F Tinto L M D John W F Reynolds and S McLeanldquoTriterpenoids of Jatropha gossypiifoliardquo Journal of NaturalProducts vol 55 no 6 pp 807ndash809 1992
[58] R Das K Venkateswarlu V Saidi Reddy and B Das ldquo41015840-O-demethyl retrochinensin a minor new lignan from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Indian Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry vol 14no 2 pp 169ndash170 2004
[59] B Das A Kashinatham B Venkataiah K V N S Srinivas GMahender and M R Reddy ldquoCleomiscosin A a coumarino-lignoid from Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Biochemical Systematics andEcology vol 31 no 10 pp 1189ndash1191 2003
[60] B Das and G Anjani ldquoGossypidien a lignan from stems ofJatropha gossypifolliardquo Phytochemistry vol 51 no 1 pp 115ndash1171999
[61] B Das S P Rao and K V Srinivas ldquoIsolation of isogadain fromJatropha gossypifoliardquo Planta Medica vol 62 no 1 article 901996
[62] B Das S P Rao K V N S Srinivas and R Das ldquoJatrodien alignan from stems of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Phytochemistry vol41 no 3 pp 985ndash987 1996
[63] A Chatterjee B Das R Chakrabarti et al ldquoPrasanthaline anew lignan from Jatropha gossypifolia Linnrdquo Indian Journal ofChemistry vol 27 pp 740ndash741 1988
[64] M D Taylor A B Smith III G T Furst et al ldquoNewantileukemic jatrophone derivatives from Jatropha gossypiifoliastructural and stereochemical assignment through nuclearmagnetic resonance Spectroscopyrdquo Journal of the AmericanChemical Society vol 105 no 10 pp 3177ndash3183 1983
[65] K K Purushothaman S Chandrasekharan A F Cameron etal ldquoJatropholones A and B new diterpenoids from the roots ofJatropha gossypiifolia (Euphorbiaceae)mdashcrystal structure anal-ysis of Jatropholone Brdquo Tetrahedron Letters vol 20 no 11 pp979ndash980 1979
[66] S M Kupchan C W Sigel M J Matz J A S Renauld R CHaltiwanger and R F Bryan ldquoJatrophone a novel macrocyclicditerpenoid tumor inhibitor from Jatropha gossypiifoliardquo Jour-nal of the American Chemical Society vol 92 no 14 pp 4476ndash4477 1970
[67] Y R Prasad G S J G Alankararao and P Baby ldquoConstituentsof the seeds of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Fitoterapia vol 64 no 4p 376 1993
[68] O Ogbobe and V Akano ldquoThe physico-chemical properties ofthe seed and seed oil of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Plant Foods forHuman Nutrition vol 43 no 3 pp 197ndash200 1993
[69] W Adolf H J Opferkuch and E Hecker ldquoIrritant phorbolderivatives from four Jatropha speciesrdquo Phytochemistry vol 23no 1 pp 129ndash132 1984
[70] K M Hosamani and K S Katagi ldquoCharacterization andstructure elucidation of 12-hydroxyoctadec-cis-9-enoic acid inJatropha gossypifolia and Hevea brasiliensis seed oils a richsource of hydroxy fatty acidrdquo Chemistry and Physics of Lipidsvol 152 no 1 pp 9ndash12 2008
[71] S F A J Horsten A J J Van Den Berg J J Kettenes-VanDen Bosch B R Leeflang and R P Labadie ldquoCyclogossine Aa novel cyclic heptapeptide isolated from the latex of Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Planta Medica vol 62 no 1 pp 46ndash50 1996
[72] M U Ahmad M R Islam A H Mirza B H Chowdhuryand N Nahar ldquoAlkaloids of Jatropha gossypifolia Linnrdquo IndianJournal of Chemistry B Organic Chemistry Including MedicinalChemistry vol 31 no 1 pp 67ndash69 1992
[73] A Falodun U Kragl S-M T Touem A Villinger T Fahren-waldt and P Langer ldquoA novel anticancer diterpenoid fromJatropha gossypifoliardquo Natural Product Communications vol 7no 2 pp 151ndash152 2012
[74] G D Wadankar S N Malode and S L Sarambekar ldquoTra-ditionally used medicinal plants for ound healing in theWashim district Maharashtra (India)rdquo International Journal ofPharmTech Research vol 3 no 4 pp 2080ndash2084 2011
[75] B Kumar M Vijayakumar R Govindarajan and P Pushpan-gadan ldquoEthnopharmacological approaches to wound healing-Exploring medicinal plants of Indiardquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 114 no 2 pp 103ndash113 2007
[76] K Koudouvo D S Karou K Kokou et al ldquoAn ethnobotanicalstudy of antimalarial plants in Togo Maritime Regionrdquo Journalof Ethnopharmacology vol 134 no 1 pp 183ndash190 2011
[77] M Coelho-Ferreira ldquoMedicinal knowledge and plant utiliza-tion in an Amazonian coastal community ofMaruda Para State(Brazil)rdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 126 no 1 pp 159ndash175 2009
[78] F C S Oliveira R F M Barros and J M Moita Neto ldquoPlan-tas medicinais utilizadas em comunidades rurais de Oeirassemiarido piauienserdquo Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinaisvol 12 no 3 pp 282ndash301 2010
[79] J D F L Santos E Pagani J Ramos and E Rodrigues ldquoObser-vations on the therapeutic practices of riverine communities oftheUnini River AM Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol142 no 2 pp 503ndash515 2012
[80] S L Cartaxo M M de Almeida Souza and U P de Albu-querque ldquoMedicinal plants with bioprospecting potential usedin semi-arid northeastern Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacol-ogy vol 131 no 2 pp 326ndash342 2010
[81] O Jansen L Angenot M Tits et al ldquoEvaluation of 13 selectedmedicinal plants from Burkina Faso for their antiplasmodialpropertiesrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 130 no 1 pp143ndash150 2010
[82] M H Yetein L G Houessou T O Lougbegnon O Teka andB Tente ldquoEthnobotanical study of medicinal plants used for thetreatment of malaria in plateau of Allada Benin (West Africa)rdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 146 no 1 pp 154ndash163 2013
[83] L J Quintans Junior J R G S Almeida J T Lima et al ldquoPlantswith anticonvulsivant propertiesmdasha reviewrdquo Revista Brasileirade Farmacognosia vol 18 pp 798ndash819 2008
[84] A Diallo M S Traore S M Keita et al ldquoManagement ofdiabetes in Guinean traditional medicine an ethnobotanicalinvestigation in the coastal lowlandsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 144 no 2 pp 353ndash361 2012
[85] S O Olabanji A C Adebajo O R Omobuwajo et al ldquoPIXEanalysis of some Nigerian anti-diabetic medicinal plants (II)rdquoNuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B BeamInteractions With Materials and Atoms vol 318 pp 187ndash1902014
[86] T Oduola O G Avwioro and T B Ayanniyi ldquoSuitability ofthe leaf extract of Jatropha gossypifolia as an anticoagulant forbiochemical and haematological analysesrdquo African Journal ofBiotechnology vol 4 no 7 pp 679ndash681 2005
[87] CM Chariandy C E Seaforth R H Phelps G V Pollard andB P S Khambay ldquoScreening of medicinal plants from Trinidadand Tobago for antimicrobial and insecticidal propertiesrdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 64 no 3 pp 265ndash270 1999
[88] V P Kumar N S Chauhan H Padh and M Rajani ldquoSearchfor antibacterial and antifungal agents from selected Indian
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 31
medicinal plantsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 107 no2 pp 182ndash188 2006
[89] R Dabur A Gupta T K Mandal et al ldquoAntimicrobial activityof some medicinal plantsrdquo African Journal of TraditionalComplementary and AlternativeMedicines vol 4 no 3 pp 313ndash318 2007
[90] H C Ong and M Nordiana ldquoMalay ethno-medico botany inMachang Kelantan Malaysiardquo Fitoterapia vol 70 no 5 pp502ndash513 1999
[91] J Sanz-Biset J Campos-de-la-Cruz M A Epiquien-Riveraand S Canigueral ldquoA first survey on the medicinal plants of theChazuta valley (Peruvian Amazon)rdquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 122 no 2 pp 333ndash362 2009
[92] B B Panda K Gaur M L Kori et al ldquoAnti-inflammatoryand analgesic activity of Jatropha gossypifolia in experimentalanimal modelsrdquo Global Journal of Pharmacology vol 3 no 12009
[93] S S Ningthoujam A D Talukdar K S Potsangbam and MD Choudhury ldquoTraditional uses of herbal vapour therapy inManipur North East India an ethnobotanical surveyrdquo Journalof Ethnopharmacology vol 147 no 1 pp 136ndash147 2013
[94] A Asase A A Oteng-Yeboah G T Odamtten and M SJ Simmonds ldquoEthnobotanical study of some Ghanaian anti-malarial plantsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 99 no 2pp 273ndash279 2005
[95] C Lans T Harper K Georges and E Bridgewater ldquoMedicinaland ethnoveterinary remedies of hunters in Trinidadrdquo BMCComplementary and AlternativeMedicine vol 1 article 10 2001
[96] L Rasingam S Jeeva andD Kannan ldquoDental care of Andamanand Nicobar folks medicinal plants use as tooth stickrdquo AsianPacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine vol 2 no 2 pp S1013ndashS1016 2012
[97] P J Houghton and I M Osibogun ldquoFlowering plants usedagainst snakebiterdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 39 no 1pp 1ndash29 1993
[98] M Molander C H Saslis-Lagoudakis A K Jager and NRoslashnsted ldquoCross-cultural comparison of medicinal floras usedagainst snakebitesrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 139 no3 pp 863ndash872 2012
[99] A Jain S S Katewa B L Chaudhary and P Galav ldquoFolk herbalmedicines used in birth control and sexual diseases by tribals ofsouthern Rajasthan Indiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol90 no 1 pp 171ndash177 2004
[100] A Jain S S Katewa P K Galav and P Sharma ldquoMedicinalplant diversity of Sitamata wildlife sanctuary Rajasthan IndiardquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 102 no 2 pp 143ndash157 2005
[101] T Oduola G O Adeosun T A Oduola G O Avwioro andM A Oyeniyi ldquoMechanism of action of Jatropha gossypifoliastem latex as a haemostatic agentrdquo European Journal of GeneralMedicine vol 2 no 4 pp 140ndash143 2005
[102] D Garcia M V Domingues and E Rodrigues ldquoEthnophar-macological survey among migrants living in the SoutheastAtlantic Forest of Diadema Sao Paulo Brazilrdquo Journal ofEthnobiology and Ethnomedicine vol 6 article 29 2010
[103] S S Hebbar V H Harsha V Shripathi and G R HegdeldquoEthnomedicine of Dharwad district in Karnataka Indiamdashplants used in oral health carerdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 94 no 2-3 pp 261ndash266 2004
[104] S B Kosalge and R A Fursule ldquoInvestigation of ethnomedic-inal claims of some plants used by tribals of Satpuda Hills inIndiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 121 no 3 pp 456ndash461 2009
[105] R A Ritter M V B Monteiro F O B Monteiro et al ldquoEth-noveterinary knowledge and practices at Colares island Parastate eastern Amazon Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 144 no 2 pp 346ndash352 2012
[106] S K Dash and S Padhy ldquoReview on ethnomedicines fordiarrhoea diseases from Orissa prevalence versus culturerdquoJournal of Human Ecology vol 20 no 1 pp 59ndash64 2006
[107] R S L Taylor J B Hudson N P Manandhar and G H NTowers ldquoAntiviral activities of medicinal plants of southernNepalrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 53 pp 97ndash104 1996
[108] J M A Maia N G Czeczko J M R Filho et al ldquoEstudoda cicatrizacao de suturas na bexiga urinaria de ratos come sem utilizacao de extrato bruto de Jatropha gossypiifolia Lintraperitonealrdquo Acta Cirurgica Brasileira vol 21 no 2 pp 23ndash30 2006
[109] A L Ososki P Lohr M Reiff et al ldquoEthnobotanical literaturesurvey of medicinal plants in the Dominican Republic used forwomens health conditionsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol79 no 3 pp 285ndash298 2002
[110] A S Apu FHossain F Rizwan et al ldquoStudy of pharmacologicalactivities of methanol extract of Jatropha gossypifolia fruitsrdquoJournal of Basic and Clinical Pharmacy vol 4 no 1 pp 20ndash242013
[111] A S Apu K Ireen S Hossan Bhuyan et al ldquoEvaluation ofanalgesic neuropharmacological and anti-diarrheal potential ofJatropha gossypifolia (Linn) leaves in micerdquo Journal of MedicalSciences vol 12 no 8 pp 274ndash279 2012
[112] F A G Rocha and L I S Dantas ldquoAtividade antimicrobianain vitro do latex do aveloz (Euphorbia tirucalli L) pinhao bravo(Jatrophamollissima L) e pinhao roxo (Jatropha gossypiifolia L)sobre microrganismos patogenicosrdquo Holos vol 25 no 4 2009
[113] O M David and J O Oluyege ldquoIn vitro susceptibility ofselected pathogenic bacteria to leaf extracts and latex of Jatrophagossypiifolia(L) and Jatropha curcas (L)rdquo Biosciences Biotechnol-ogy Research Asia vol 3 no 1 pp 91ndash94 2006
[114] W D MacBae J B Hudson and G H N Towers ldquoStudieson the pharmacological activity of amazonian euphorbiaceaerdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 22 no 2 pp 143ndash172 1988
[115] M C Purohit and R Purohit ldquoEvaluation of antimicrobial andanti-inflammatory activities of bark of Jatropha gossypifoliardquoWorld Journal of Science and Technology vol 1 no 10 pp 1ndash52011
[116] D Singh and A Singh ldquoThe toxicity of four native Indianplants effect on AChE and acidalkaline phosphatase level infish Channa maruliusrdquo Chemosphere vol 60 no 1 pp 135ndash1402005
[117] C M Feitosa R M Freitas N N N Luz M Z B BezerraandM T S Trevisan ldquoAcetylcholinesterase inhibition by somespromising Brazilian medicinal plantsrdquo Brazilian Journal ofBiology vol 71 no 3 pp 783ndash789 2011
[118] Y Nagaharika V Kalyani S Rasheed and R KarthikeyanldquoAnti-inflammatory activity of leaves of Jatropha gossypifolia Lby HRBC membrane stabilization methodrdquo Journal of AcuteDisease vol 2 no 2 pp 156ndash158 2013
[119] S D N Silva I C Abreu S M D F Freire et al ldquoAntispas-modic effect of Jatropha gossypiifolia is mediated through dualblockade of muscarinic receptors and Ca2+ channelsrdquo BrazilianJournal of Pharmacognosy vol 21 no 4 pp 715ndash720 2011
[120] D Carabajal A Casaco L Arruzazabala R Gonzalez andV Fuentes ldquoPharmacological screening of plant decoctionscommonly used in Cuban folk medicinerdquo Journal of Ethnophar-macology vol 33 no 1-2 pp 21ndash24 1991
32 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
[121] S Jain G P Choudhary and D K Jain ldquoPharmacological eval-uation of anti-fertility activity of ethanolic extract of Jatrophagossypifolia leaf in female albino micerdquo Asian Pacific Journal ofTropical Biomedicine vol 2 no 3 pp S1671ndashS1674 2012
[122] S C N Servin O J M Torres J E F Matias et al ldquoAcao doextrato de Jatropha gossypiifolia L (piao roxo) na cicatrizacaode anastomose colonica estudo experimental em ratosrdquo ActaCirurgica Brasileira vol 21 no 3 pp 89ndash96 2006
[123] J R Vale N G Czeczko J U Aquino et al ldquoEstudo compara-tivo da cicatrizacao de gastrorrafias com e sem o uso do extratode Jatropha gossypiifolia L (piao roxo) em ratosrdquoActa CirurgicaBrasileira vol 21 no 3 pp 40ndash48 2006
[124] J U Aquino N G Czeczko O Malafaia et al ldquoAvaliacaofitoterapica da Jatropha gossypiifolia L na cicatrizacao desuturas na parede abdominal ventral de ratosrdquo Acta CirurgicaBrasileira vol 21 no 2 pp 61ndash66 2006
[125] M F D S Santos N G Czeczko P A N Nassif et alldquoAvaliacao do uso do extrato bruto de Jatropha gossypiifolia Lna cicatrizacao de feridas cutaneas em ratosrdquo Acta CirurgicaBrasileira vol 21 no 3 pp 2ndash7 2006
[126] B B Panda K Gaur R K Nema C S Sharma A K Jain andC P Jain ldquoHepatoprotective activity of Jatropha gossypifoliaagainst carbon tetrachloride- induced hepatic injury in ratsrdquoAsian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research vol 2no 1 pp 50ndash54 2009
[127] S S Deo T M Chaudhari and F Inam ldquoEvaluation ofthe immunomodulatory effects of 1-phenylnaphthalene andpericarbonyl lactone lignan compoundsrdquoDer PharmaChemicavol 4 no 2 pp 771ndash776 2012
[128] S K Rasheed S Kunapareddy and R Karthikeyan ldquoLocalanesthetic activity of Jatropha gossypifolia L on frogsrdquo Biomed-ical and Pharmacology Journal vol 5 no 2 pp 395ndash397 2012
[129] AM A Paes A L Camara SM F Freire andMO R BorgesldquoRelaxant effect of Jatropha gossypiifolia L on uterine smoothmusclerdquo International Journal of Phytomedicine vol 4 no 3 pp310ndash313 2012
[130] S J Jain G P Choudhary and D K Jain ldquoPharmacologicalevaluation and antifertility activity of Jatropha gossypifoliain ratsrdquo BioMed Research International vol 2013 Article ID125980 5 pages 2013
[131] J S de Oliveira PM Leite L B de Souza et al ldquoCharacteristicsand composition of Jatropha gossypiifolia and Jatropha curcasL oils and application for biodiesel productionrdquo Biomass andBioenergy vol 33 no 3 pp 449ndash453 2009
[132] V Bullangpoti E Wajnberg P Audant and R FeyereisenldquoAntifeedant activity of Jatropha gossypifolia and Meliaazedarach senescent leaf extracts on Spodoptera frugiperda(Lepidoptera Noctuidae) and their potential use as synergistsrdquoPest Management Science vol 68 no 9 pp 1255ndash1264 2012
[133] S N K JilaniW Islam andM Kamsh ldquoPotential of pyrethroidinsecticides and plant extracts on fecundity and egg viability oftribolium castaneum (Herbst)rdquo Journal of Bio-Science vol 19no 1 pp 95ndash97 2011
[134] D Sukumaran B D Parashar and K M Rao ldquoToxicity of Jat-ropha gossypiifolia and Vaccaria pyramidata against freshwatersnails vectors of animal schistosomiasisrdquo Fitoterapia vol 66 no5 pp 393ndash398 1995
[135] R K Devappa H P S Makkar and K Becker ldquoJatrophatoxicitymdasha reviewrdquo Journal of Toxicology and EnvironmentalHealth B Critical Reviews vol 13 no 6 pp 476ndash507 2010
[136] E P Schenkel M Zannin L A Mentz S A L Bordignonand B Irgang ldquoPlantas toxicasrdquo in Farmacognosia Da Planta
ao Medicamento C M O Simoes E P Schenkel G GosmannJ C P Mello L A Mentz and P R Petrovick Eds pp 959ndash993 Editora da UFRGSUFSC Porto Alegre Brazil 3d edition2007
[137] L I Oliveira F F Jabour V A Nogueira and E M YamasakildquoIntoxicacao experimental com as folhas de Jatropha gossypifo-lia(Euphorbiaceae) em ovinosrdquo Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileiravol 28 no 6 pp 275ndash278 2008
[138] P I A Awachie and F O Ugwu ldquoPreliminary investigationof the antimicrobial and brine shrimp lethality propertiesof some nigerian medicinal plantsrdquo International Journal ofPharmacognosy vol 35 no 5 pp 338ndash343 1997
[139] L J Medubi V O Ukwenya O T Aderinto et al ldquoEffects ofadministration of ethanolic root extract of Jatropha gossypiifoliaand prednisolone on the kidneys of Wistar ratsrdquo ElectronicJournal of Biomedicine vol 2 pp 41ndash48 2010
[140] T Oduola G B Popoola G O Avwioro et al ldquoUse of Jatrophagossypifolia stem latex as a haemostatic agent how safe is itrdquoJournal of Medicinal Plants Reasearch vol 1 no 1 pp 14ndash172007
Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom
Stem CellsInternational
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
MEDIATORSINFLAMMATION
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Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Behavioural Neurology
EndocrinologyInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Disease Markers
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
BioMed Research International
OncologyJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
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Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
PPAR Research
The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Immunology ResearchHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of
ObesityJournal of
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Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine
OphthalmologyJournal of
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Diabetes ResearchJournal of
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Research and TreatmentAIDS
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Gastroenterology Research and Practice
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Parkinsonrsquos Disease
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Volume 2014Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 5
Table1Con
tinued
Plantp
art
Classifi
catio
nCom
poun
dEx
tracttypea
ndorp
reparatio
nRe
ference
Redu
cing
sugars
mdashIdentifi
edon
leaves
byqu
alitativ
ephytochem
icalscreeningreactio
ns[52]
Sapo
nins
mdashIdentifi
edon
leaves
byqu
alitativ
ephytochem
icalscreeningreactio
ns[52]
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed415on
leaves
[51]
Steroids
mdashIdentifi
edon
leaves
byqu
alitativ
ephytochem
icalscreeningreactio
ns[52]
Tann
ins
mdashDetectedby
phytochemicalscreeningreactio
nsof
methano
lextract
[50]
mdashDetectedon
leaves
byqu
alitativ
ephytochem
icalscreeningreactio
ns[52]
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed514on
leaves
[51]
Terpenoids
mdashDetectedon
leaves
byqu
alitativ
ephytochem
icalscreeningreactio
ns[52]
Triterpenes
(212057213120572
14120573
20S)-22425-
Trihydroxylano
st-7-en-3-one
Isolated
from
thee
thanolextractafte
rsuccessivep
artitions
procedures
andcolumn
chromatograph
yon
silicag
elandpreparativeT
LC[57]
(13120572
14120573
20S)-22425-
Trihydroxylano
sta-17-dien-3-on
eIsolated
from
thee
thanolextractafte
rsuccessivep
artitionprocedures
andcolumn
chromatograph
yon
silicag
elandpreparativeT
LC[57]
Stem
s
Alkaloids
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed216of
alkaloid
onste
ms
[51]
Cou
marin-lign
oids
41015840-O
-Dem
ethylretrochinensin
Not
specified
[58]
Cleomisc
osin
ACom
poun
diso
latedfro
methylacetatefractio
nste
msa
ftersuccessivec
olum
nchromatograph
yon
silicag
el[59]
Gossypidien
Com
poun
diso
latedfro
mhexane
extractfrom
driedste
msa
ftersuccessivec
olum
nchromatograph
yon
silicag
el[60]
Isogadain
Not
specifiedlowast
[61]
Jatro
dien
Com
poun
diso
latedfro
mpetro
lether
extractafte
rsuccessivec
olum
nchromatograph
yon
silicag
el[62]
Prasanthaline
Not
specifiedlowast
[63]
Flavon
oids
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed12
on
stems
[51]
Phenols
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed013on
stems
[51]
Sapo
nins
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed218on
stems
[51]
Tann
ins
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed13
6on
stems
[51]
Roots
Alkaloids
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed16
on
roots
[51]
Diterpenes
2120572-H
ydroxyjatro
phon
eIsolated
from
petro
lether
extractafte
rsuccessivec
olum
nchromatograph
yon
silicag
el[64]
2120573-H
ydroxy-56-isojatroph
one
Isolated
from
petro
lether
extractafte
rsuccessivec
olum
nchromatograph
yon
silicag
el[64]
2120573-H
ydroxyjatro
phon
eIsolated
from
petro
lether
extractafte
rsuccessivec
olum
nchromatograph
yon
silicag
el[64]
Citla
litrio
neIsolated
from
petro
lether
fractio
nfro
mthem
ethano
lextractaft
ersuccessiv
ecolum
nchromatograph
yon
silicag
el[13]
Falodo
neIsolated
from
petro
lether
fractio
nfro
mthem
ethano
lextractaft
ersuccessiv
ecolum
nchromatograph
yon
silicag
el[13]
Jatro
pholon
eANot
specifiedlowast
[65]
Jatro
pholon
eBNot
specifiedlowast
[65]
Jatro
phon
eIsolated
from
ethano
lextract
[66]
Flavon
oids
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed17
5on
roots
[51]
Phenols
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed024on
roots
[51]
Sapo
nins
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed283on
roots
[51]
Tann
ins
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed273on
roots
[51]
6 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table1Con
tinued
Plantp
art
Classifi
catio
nCom
poun
dEx
tracttypea
ndorp
reparatio
nRe
ference
Seeds
Alkaloids
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed236on
seeds
[51]
Aminoacids
mdashNot
specifiedlowast
[67]
Carboh
ydrates
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed3032
on
seeds
[68]
mdashNot
specifiedlowast
[67]
Esters
12-D
eoxy-16-hydroxylph
orbo
lIsolated
from
hydrop
hilic
fractio
nfro
mthee
ther
extractby
coun
tercurrent
chromatograph
y[69]
Fatty
acids
Arachidicacid
Identifi
edin
petro
lether
extract
[6870]
Caprilica
cid
Identifi
edin
petro
lether
extract
[6870]
Lauricacid
Identifi
edin
petro
lether
extract
[6870]
Lign
ocericacid
Identifi
edin
petro
lether
extract
[6870]
Lino
leicacid
Identifi
edin
petro
lether
extract
[6870]
Myristicacid
Identifi
edin
petro
lether
extract
[6870]
Oleicacid
Identifi
edin
petro
lether
extract
[6870]
Palm
itica
cid
Identifi
edin
petro
lether
extract
[6870]
Palm
itoleicacid
Identifi
edin
petro
lether
extract
[6870]
Ricino
leicacid
Identifi
edin
petro
lether
extract
[6870]
Stearic
acid
Identifi
edin
petro
lether
extract
[6870]
Vernolicacid
Identifi
edin
petro
lether
extract
[6870]
Fibers
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed92
5on
seeds
[68]
Flavon
oids
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed226on
seeds
[51]
Phenols
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed018on
seeds
[51]
Proteins
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed1340
onseeds
[68]
Sapo
nins
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed237
onseeds
[51]
Quantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed6g
kgon
seeds
[68]
Tann
ins
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed352on
seeds
[51]
Latex
Proteins
Cyclo
gossineA
Not
specified
[71]
Cyclo
gossineB
Isolated
from
ethylacetateextractb
ygelfi
ltrationcolumnchromatograph
y[20]
Not
specified
Alkaloids
Imidazolea
lkaloid
Isolated
from
thep
lant
exud
ateslowast
[72]
Piperid
ine
Isolated
from
thep
lant
exud
ateslowast
[72]
Diterpenoids
Abiodo
neNot
specifiedlowast
[73]
lowast
Thec
ompletev
ersio
nof
thep
aper
was
notaccessib
leso
theinformationwas
obtained
from
itsabstr
act
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 7
Table2Mainiso
latedcompo
unds
from
Jatro
phagossy
piifolia
Ldescrib
edin
theliterature
Classifi
catio
nCom
poun
dPlantp
art
Biologicalactiv
ityRe
ference
Alkaloids
NOC
NO
Rici
nine
Leaves
Insecticideinvitro
[49]
Imidazolea
lkaloid
Not
specified
mdash[72]
Pipe
ridin
e
N H
Not
specified
mdash[72]
41015840-O
-dem
ethylretrochinensin
Stem
smdash
[58]
Ary
lnap
htha
lene
lign
an
OM
e
OM
eOH
OH
OO
Stem
srootsand
seeds
mdash[42]
Cleo
misc
osin
A
OO
O
OM
e
MeO
O
HO
CH2O
H
Stem
smdash
[59]
8 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table2Con
tinued
Classifi
catio
nCom
poun
dPlantp
art
Biologicalactiv
ityRe
ference
Cou
marin-lign
oids
Gad
ain
O OH
OO
O
O
Stem
srootsand
seeds
mdash[43]
Gos
sypi
dien
O OM
eOO
C
COO
Me
O OStem
smdash
[60]
Isog
adai
n
O OH
OO
O
O
Stem
smdash
[61]
Jatro
dien
O OM
eOO
C
MeO
OC
OM
e
OM
e
Stem
smdash
[62]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 9
Table2Con
tinued
Classifi
catio
nCom
poun
dPlantp
art
Biologicalactiv
ityRe
ference
Jatro
phan
OO
H
OM
e
O
O OM
e
Stem
srootsand
seeds
mdash[44]
Pras
anth
alin
e
OAc OAc
O OH
OM
eO
Me
Stem
smdash
[63]
Prop
acin
OM
e
OO
MeO
O
O
Me
HO
Who
leplant
mdash[38]
Venk
atasin
Who
leplant
mdash[39]
O
HO
O
O
2120572-H
ydro
xyja
troph
one
H3C
H3C
CH3
CH3
CH3
Roots
Antileuk
emicin
vitro
andin
vivo
[64]
10 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table2Con
tinued
Classifi
catio
nCom
poun
dPlantp
art
Biologicalactiv
ityRe
ference
O
HO
O
OH
3C
CH3
CH3
CH3
2120573-H
ydro
xy-5
6-is
ojat
roph
one
Roots
Antileuk
emicin
vitro
andin
vivo
[64]
Diterpenes
O
HO
O
OH
3C H3C
CH3
CH3
CH3
2120573-H
ydro
xyja
troph
one
Roots
Antileuk
emicin
vitro
andin
vivo
[64]
Abiodo
neNot
specified
Anticancerinvitro
[73]
Citla
litrio
ne O
OH
OH
O
Roots
mdash[13]
Who
leplant
mdash[40]
Falo
done O
OH
Roots
Anticancerinvitro
[13]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 11
Table2Con
tinued
Classifi
catio
nCom
poun
dPlantp
art
Biologicalactiv
ityRe
ference
Jatro
phen
one
HO
H
O
H AcO
H
HWho
leplant
Antibacteria
linvitro
[41]
OH
O
Jatro
phol
one A
Roots
mdash[65]
Jatro
phol
one B O
H
O
Roots
mdash[65]
Jatro
phon
e
O
OO
Roots
Anticancerinvitro
andin
vivo
[66]
12 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table2Con
tinued
Classifi
catio
nCom
poun
dPlantp
art
Biologicalactiv
ityRe
ference
Esters
OH
HO
O
HO
HOH
OH
12-D
eoxy
-16-
hydr
oxyl
phor
bol
Seeds
Irritanttomou
seear
[69]
Lign
ans
Gos
sypi
fan
MeO
MeO
H
OO
O
O
Aeria
lparts
mdash[46]
Gos
sypi
line
O O
OCO
Me
OCO
Me
H
OO
Aeria
lparts
mdash[47]
Proteins
Cyclo
goss
ine A
Leu 1
Ala
2Th
r 3
Val 7
Gly
6Le
u 5
Trp 4
Latex
mdash[1571]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 13
Table2Con
tinued
Classifi
catio
nCom
poun
dPlantp
art
Biologicalactiv
ityRe
ference
Cyclo
goss
ine B Leu 2
Ala
5A
la6
Gly
1Le
u 4
Leu 8
Trp 3
Ile7
Latex
mdash[1520]
Triterpenes
HO O
H
HO
OH
H
(13120572
14120573
20S
)-2
2425
-Trih
ydro
xyla
nost
a-1
7-d
ien-3
-one
Leaves
mdash[57]
HO O
H
HO
OH
H
(2120572
13120572
14120573
20S
)-2
2425
-Trih
ydro
xyla
nost-
7-en
-3-o
ne
Leaves
mdash[57]
14 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
in different forms of preparation (infusion decoction andmaceration among others) by different routes and forms(oral topical baths etc) The most frequent reports refer toits anti-inflammatory antidiarrheal antiophidian analgesicantipyretic antimicrobial healing antianemic antidiabeticand antihemorrhagic activities among many other examples[3 5 7 9]
Some properties are attributed to specific parts of theplant while others are assigned to different parts Interest-ingly in some cases certain uses may appear contradictorysuch as antidiarrheal and laxative or its use as anticoagulantand antihemorrhagic One hypothesis is that this differencemay be related with the dose used since for example thelaxative effect is an effect commonly related with toxic eventswith this plant
6 Pharmacological Activities
Despite the grand variety of popular uses and the data fromJatropha species J gossypiifolia has been scarcely studiedregarding biological activities (Table 4) Studies showing thebiological potential of aqueous extract are rare so far whichis important to be mentioned since the most popular useof this plant is as a tea (decoction or infusion) Among themain activities that have been studied the antihypertensiveanticancer antimicrobial healing anti-inflammatory andanalgesic activities stand out
61 Antihypertensive Action Based on popular use of teasfrom J gossypiifolia roots and aerial parts the hypotensiveand vasorelaxant effects of the ethanolic extract of aerialparts of the plant were tested by Abreu et al [45] Thestudy revealed that the extract (125 and 250mgkgdayover 4 weeks by oral route in rats) in a dose-dependentmanner produced a reduction of systolic blood pressurein conscious normotensive animals This hypotensive effectcould be attributed to its vasorelaxant action since it pro-duced concentration-dependent relaxant effect in rat isolatedendothelium-deprived mesenteric artery precontracted withnorepinephrine or calcium Moreover it inhibited in aconcentration-dependent and noncompetitive manner thecontractile response induced by norepinephrine or CaCl
2in
the same preparation [45]
62 Antimicrobial Action The antibiotic activity of differ-ent extracts from J gossypiifolia is frequently reported asobserved in Table 4 In general some extent of antibacterialantifungal antiparasitic and antiviral activity was observedThe only report of J gossypiifolia isolated compound withantimicrobial activity is of the macrocyclic diterpene jatro-phenone which presented significant in vitro antibacterialactivity against Staphylococcus aureus [41]
63 Anti-Inflammatory andor Analgesic Action Many imp-ortant popular uses of J gossypiifolia are related to inflamma-tory process Bhagat et al [28] showed that the methanolicextract of leaves of this species has significant systemicacute and chronic anti-inflammatory activity The extract
at 500 and 1000mgkg oral doses was able to inhibit theacute carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats and at 50 and100mgkg oral doses inhibited the chronic cotton pellet-induced granuloma formation in rats Additionally the Jgossypiifolia leaf paste (05 and 1mgear) showed significantreduction in TPA-induced local inflammatory changes inmouse ear edema model [28]
In another study the anti-inflammatory and analgesicproperties of the methanol and petrol ether extracts of aerialparts of J gossypiifolia were demonstrated in mice [92]At 100 and 200mgkgday during 7 days by oral routeonly the methanol extract presented significant analgesicactivity in Eddyrsquos hot plate and tail-flick models and anti-inflammatory activity in carrageenan-induced paw edema[92] The anti-inflammatory activity of the bark from Jgossypiifolia (methanol and petrol ether extracts) was alsodemonstrated in carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats[115]
In a recent study using the in vitro human red bloodcell membrane stabilization method Nagaharika et al [118]suggested that ethanol and water extracts from J gossypiifolialeaves have anti-inflammatory activity According to theauthors since human red blood cell membranes are similarto the lysosomal membrane components the prevention ofhypotonicity-induced membrane lysis of these cells couldbe taken as a measure in estimating the anti-inflammatoryproperty of compounds [118]
The analgesic activity of the methanol extract from theleaves of J gossypiifolia was evaluated in acetic acid-inducedwrithing test in mice where highly significant inhibitionwas seen of 6756 and 6514 at 200 and 400mgkg oraldoses respectively [111] Similar results were observed in themethanolic extract from fruits [110]
64 Healing Action The healing action of the ethanol crudeextract of J gossypiifolia (plant part not specified) wasevaluated in suture healing of ventral abdominal wall ofrats through tensiometric measurement and macro- andmicroscopic aspect of postoperative period The extractwhich was administered by an intraperitoneal instillation of100mgkg single dose in the peritoneal cavity presentedmoreintense adhesion on macroscopic examination and greaterstrain evaluation and vascular neoformation However agreater inflammatory process was also observed and otherhistological parameters were similar to the control groupindicating that in general the extract presented poor woundhealing properties in the used model [124]
Another study evaluated the healing action of thehydroethanolic crude extract from leaves of J gossypiifoliain the healing process of sutures performed on the bladderof rats and similar results were presented although someimprovement might have been observed in some parametersIn general the authors concluded that no favorable heal-ing effect was observed with the administration of singleintraperitoneal dose of J gossypiifolia L [108] In anotherstudy analyzing the morphological aspects of the healingprocess occurring in open skin lesions in rats under topicaladministration of raw extract from J gossypiifolia (details
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 15
Table3Po
pularm
edicinaluses
ofJatro
phagossy
piifolia
Ldescrib
edin
theliterature
Plantp
art
Popu
laru
sePreparationandor
mod
eofu
seRe
ference
Who
leplant
Analgesic(headache)
Leaves
anointed
with
ldquoSebode
Holan
dardquo(muttontallo
w)a
ndheated
inthefi
reareu
sedas
compressfor
headaches
[5]
Analgesic(to
othache)
Not
specified
[3]
Antim
icrobial
Not
specified
[3]
Antipyretic
Decoctio
n[20]
Dyscrasia
Not
specified
[3]
Dysph
onia
Not
specified
[3]
Wou
ndhealing
Not
specified
[7475]
Aeria
lparts
Antianemic(m
alariatre
atment)
Decoctio
nused
byoralroute
[76]
Abscess
Bath
[77]
Alopecia
Ashleaves
[25]
Analgesic(eye
pain)
Not
specified
[78]
Analgesic(headache)
Not
specified
[78]
Analgesic(headachea
ndotitis)
Not
specified
[79]
Analgesic(painin
general)
Decoctio
nor
infusio
n[80]
Analgesic(to
othache)
Decoctio
nor
infusio
n[80]
Antianemic
Decoctio
n[81]
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[82]
Anticancer
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Decoctio
nof
thea
ssociatio
nof
leaves
ofJgossy
piifolia
with
leaves
ofPetiveriaalliaceaandaeria
lpartsof
Stachytarpheta
jamaicensis
byoralroute
[29]
Not
specified
[3]
Anticon
vulsivant
Not
specified
[83]
Antidiabetic
Decoctio
n[8485]
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Antidiarrheal
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Not
specified
[3]
Antihem
orrhagic
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Freshcrushedleaves
areu
sedin
caseso
fcutaneous
andnasalbleeding
[86]
Anti-infectiv
eDecoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Not
specified
[8788]
Anti-infl
ammatory
Not
specified
[78]
Antipyretic
Decoctio
n[81]
ldquoTeardquo
[5]
Not
specified
[88]
Antise
ptic
Bath
prepared
from
theleaves
[5]
Antith
rombo
ticDecoctio
nor
infusio
n[80]
Antiulcerogenic
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Leafjuice
[89]
Boils
Applicationof
thep
ound
edleaves
[90]
16 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative MedicineTa
ble3Con
tinued
Plantp
art
Popu
laru
sePreparationandor
mod
eofu
seRe
ference
Burns
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Usedin
associationwith
seedso
fGossypium
arboreum
sugarhon
eybeeandfato
fram
preparedby
grinding
app
liedtopically
[29]
Con
traceptiv
eand
oxito
toxic
Not
specified
[79]
Depurative
Squeezedthe
juiceo
btainedisdrun
k[91]
Detoxificant
Not
specified
[92]
Eczema
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Emetic
Squeezedthe
juiceo
btainedisdrun
k[91]
Gastro
intestinaldisorders
Not
specified
[79]
Gingivitis
Leafjuice
[89]
Gon
orrhoea
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Healin
gBa
thprepared
from
theleaves
[5]
Decoctio
n[30]
Decoctio
nor
infusio
n[80]
Hem
orrhoids
Usedin
associationwith
leaves
ofNicotia
natabacum
andcopp
ersulphateboiledin
waterand
used
asste
amdirected
atthea
nalregion
[93]
Hem
ostatic
Decoctio
nor
infusio
n[80]
Hepatitis
Not
specified
[12]
Itching
skin
Applicationof
thep
ound
edleaves
[90]
Leaves
Leprosy
Leafjuice
[89]
Malaria
Decoctio
n[81]
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[82]
Usedin
associationwith
leaves
ofAz
adira
chta
indica
andCo
mbretum
spbo
iledforsteam
bathsa
ndby
oralroute
[94]
Usedin
associationwith
leaves
ofCo
mbretum
ghasalenseandwho
leplanto
fOcim
umcanu
mbyoralrouteo
rfor
steam
baths
[94]
Mastitis
Poun
dedleaves
appliedon
swollenbreasts
[90]
Mycosis
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Psycho
activ
eNot
specified
[79]
Purgative
Not
specified
[388]
Rheumatism
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Scabies
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Skin
diseases
Not
specified
[3]
Stom
achic
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Not
specified
[8892]
Syph
ilis
Ash
ofleaves
[25]
Thrush
(oralcandidiasis)
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Treatm
ento
fldquocultu
ralsyn
drom
esrdquoldquoderramerdquo
ldquoquebranterdquoldquoespanterdquo
ldquovento-caıdordquoldquo
panemardquo
ldquodoenca-do-arrdquoldquom
ae-do-corpordquo
Not
specified
[79]
Vaginalinfectio
nSlightlybo
iledused
asvaginalw
ash
[91]
Venerald
iseases
Not
specified
[92]
Verm
ifuge
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Vertigo
Not
specified
[3]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 17
Table3Con
tinued
Plantp
art
Popu
laru
sePreparationandor
mod
eofu
seRe
ference
Wou
ndsa
ndrashes
Bath
oftheleaves
[24]
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Decoctio
nused
asbathsfor
cleaningwou
ndsindo
gs[95]
Wou
nddisin
fectant
Slightlybo
iledused
aswou
ndwash
[91]
Stem
Analgesic(to
othache)
Not
specified
[96]
Antianemic
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[82]
Anticancer
Decoctio
nby
oralor
topicalrou
te[26]
Emmenagogue
Decoctio
nof
barks
[7092]
Malaria
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[82]
Rheumatism
Not
specified
[77]
Thickbloo
dNot
specified
[77]
Roots
Anticancer
Decoctio
nby
oralor
topicalrou
te[26]
Root
bark
used
forc
ancero
fthe
lung
s[73]
Anticon
vulsivant
Not
specified
[83]
Antidiarrheal
Not
specified
[89]
Antim
icrobial
Root
bark
used
inbacterialinfectio
ns[73]
Impo
tence
Decoctio
nof
thea
ssociatio
nof
rootso
fJgossy
piifoliaC
hiococca
albaC
itrus
aurantifoliaD
esmodium
canu
m
RoystonearegiaSenn
aoccid
entalisStachytarphetajamaicensis
and
Waltheriaindica
with
thew
holeplanto
fCom
melina
erectaC
yperus
rotund
usand
sugarby
oralroute
[29]
Leprosy
Not
specified
[392]
Snakebites
Not
specified
[22929798]
Urin
arypain
Not
specified
[92]
Uterusd
iseases
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[99100]
Seeds
Analgesic(bod
ypain)
Not
specified
[101]
Analgesic(headache)
Not
specified
[79]
Antigrip
alUsedin
strong
colds
[5]
Antihem
orrhagic
Not
specified
[9]
Antiulcerogenic
Seed
oil
[3]
Con
traceptiv
eand
oxito
toxic
Not
specified
[79]
Depurative
Not
specified
[91]
Emetic
Not
specified
[7091101]
Gastro
intestinaldisorders
Not
specified
[79]
Leprosy
Seed
oil
[3]
Mycosis
Seed
oil
[3]
Psycho
activ
eNot
specified
[79]
Purgative
Not
specified
[39101102]
Treatm
ento
fldquocultu
ralsyn
drom
esrdquoldquoderramerdquo
ldquoquebranterdquoldquoespanterdquo
ldquovento-caıdordquoldquo
panemardquo
ldquodoenca-do-arrdquoldquom
ae-do-corpordquo
Not
specified
[79]
Vaginalinfectio
nSlightlybo
iledused
asvaginalw
ash
[91]
Wou
ndinfection
Slightlybo
iledused
aswou
ndwash
[91]
18 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table3Con
tinued
Plantp
art
Popu
laru
sePreparationandor
mod
eofu
seRe
ference
Fruits
Analgesic
Massaging
pregnant
wom
enrsquosbellies
with
teao
rgarrafadalowast
whenthey
areinpain
[77]
Analgesic(headache)
Teao
rgarrafadalowast
[77]
Analgesic(to
othache)
Teao
rgarrafadalowast
[77]
Laxativ
eIngestion
innatura
ofthep
owderfruit
[102]
Num
bnessa
fterb
ugsting
sTeao
rgarrafadalowast
[77]
Latex
Alopecia
Not
specified
[25]
Analgesic(eye
pain)
Not
specified
[78]
Analgesic(painin
general)
Drin
kor
massage
thea
ffected
area
with
latex
[80]
Analgesic(to
othache)
Cottonsoaked
with
latexkept
incontactw
iththes
oretoo
th[103]
Drin
kor
massage
thea
ffected
area
with
latex
[80]
Anticancer
Not
specified
[25]
Antihem
orrhagic
Not
specified
[9248695]
Antith
rombo
ticOralrou
te[80]
Antiulcerogenic
Not
specified
[2089]
Biteof
veno
mou
sanimals
Applicationof
fresh
latexatthea
ffected
site
[5]
Diuretic
Afewdrop
soffresh
latex
inwater
[6]
Eczema
Not
specified
[25]
Gingivitis
Not
specified
[89]
Gon
orrhea
Not
specified
[25]
Hem
ostatic
Not
specified
[2580]
Infected
wou
nds
Applicationof
fresh
latex
atthea
ffected
site
[520]
Leprosy
Not
specified
[89]
Mycosis
Not
specified
[25]
Purgative
Afewdrop
soffresh
latexin
water
[6]
Not
specified
[9]
Rheumatism
Not
specified
[25]
Scabies
Not
specified
[25]
Skin
burns
Applicationof
fresh
latex
atthea
ffected
site
[104]
Not
specified
[25]
Stop
ofitching
ofcutsandscratches
Not
specified
[95]
Syph
ilis
Not
specified
[25]
Thrush
(oralcandidiasis)
Not
specified
[25]
Verm
ifuge
Not
specified
[25]
Wou
ndhealing
Applicationof
latexatthea
ffected
site
[5]
Drin
kor
massage
thea
ffected
sitew
ithlatex
[80]
Not
specified
[7475]
Resin
Toothache
Toothp
owder
[27]
Wou
ndsinlip
sand
tong
ueTo
picalapp
lication
[27]
Oil
Arthritis
Appliedlocally
[89]
Purgative
Not
specified
[89]
Skin
disease
Appliedlocally
[89]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 19
Table3Con
tinued
Plantp
art
Popu
laru
sePreparationandor
mod
eofu
seRe
ference
Not
specified
Alopecia
Teaa
ppliedlocally
indo
gs[105]
Analgesic
Not
specified
[13]
Poultic
es[95]
Anticancer
Not
specified
[1366]
Antidiarrheal
Not
specified
[2845106]
Antihypertensive
Not
specified
[45]
Anti-infl
ammatory
Not
specified
[1328]
Antipyretic
Not
specified
[28]
Antise
ptic
Not
specified
[45]
Antiulcerogenic
Not
specified
[28]
Cou
ghsa
ndcolds
Bark
juice(4spoo
nfuls3tim
esad
ay)b
yoralroute
[107]
Detoxication
Not
specified
[28]
Diuretic
Not
specified
[45]
Eczema
Not
specified
[28]
Gum
infection
Not
specified
[28]
Healin
gNot
specified
[45108]
Hydropsy
Not
specified
[5]
Leprosy
Not
specified
[28]
Obstructio
nsof
thea
bdom
inaltract
Not
specified
[5]
Purgative
Not
specified
[5]
Regu
latem
enses
Not
specified
[109]
Rheumatism
Not
specified
[5]
Snakea
ndscorpion
bites
Not
specified
[322]
Stom
achpain
Not
specified
[28]
Venerealdiseases
Not
specified
[28]
Wou
nds
Poultic
es[95]
Usedas
bath
[28]
lowast
Garrafadapreparatio
ndo
neby
maceratingplantp
artsin
alcoho
lorh
ydroalcoho
licmediumsin
generalbrandies
20 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative MedicineTa
ble4Ph
armacologicalstu
dies
ofJatro
phagossy
piifolia
Ldescrib
edin
theliterature
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Analgesic
Aeria
lparts
Methano
land
petro
lether
extracts
At100and200m
gkgdayover7
daysbyoralrouteinmiceon
lythe
methano
lextractpresentedsig
nificantanalgesicactiv
ityin
Eddyrsquosho
tplatea
ndtail-flack
mod
els[92]
Fruits
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmicehigh
lysig
nificantly
inhibitedthew
rithing
respon
sesind
uced
byaceticacid
[110]
Leaves
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmicesig
nificantly
inhibited
thew
rithing
respon
sesind
uced
byaceticacid
[111]
Antibacteria
l
Latex
Crud
elatex
At100120583
Lvolumeinh
ibitedin
vitro
Liste
riamonocytogenes
Salm
onellatyhimuriumSalmonellatyphiandStaphylococcus
aureus
[112]
Latex
Not
specified
Presentedbactericidaleffectinvitro
againstShigella
dysenteriaea
ndStaphylococcus
aureuslowast
[113]
Leaves
Fractio
nsobtained
bysequ
entia
lextractionof
the
vegetalm
aterialw
ithpetro
letherbenzenechloroform
aceton
eethano
lmethano
landwater
Petro
lether
fractio
nwas
inactiv
eagainstEscherich
iacoliandBa
cillus
subtilisBe
nzenefractionwas
them
ostactiveagainstb
oth
microorganism
sCh
loroform
andmethano
lfractions
werea
ctive
onlyagainstB
acillus
subtilisAc
eton
eand
ethano
lfractions
were
activ
eonlyagainstE
scheric
hiacoliAq
ueou
sfractionwas
activ
eagainstb
othmicroorganism
salthou
ghto
amuchlesser
degree
than
theo
ther
fractions
[52]
Methano
lchloroform
and
water
extracts
Allextractswerea
ctiveinvitro
againstShigella
dysenteriaelowast
[113]
Petro
lether
andethyl
acetatefractions
from
ethano
ldichloromethane
(11vv)extract
Thep
etrolether
fractio
n(1mgmL)
inhibitedin
vitro
Pseudomonas
aeruginosaStaphylo
coccus
epidermidis
andSalm
onellatyphim
urium
Thee
thylacetatefraction(1mgmL)
was
activ
eagainstStaphylococcus
aureus
[87]
Who
leplant
Jatro
phenon
ePresentedin
vitro
antib
acteria
lactivity
againstStaphylo
coccus
aureus
comparabletopenicillin
[41]
Aeria
lparts
Water
andethylacetate
fractio
nsfro
mmethano
lextract
Both
fractio
nsat1
mgdidno
tprodu
cezoneso
finh
ibition
for
Escherich
iacoliStaphylococcus
aureusSaccharom
yces
cerevisia
enor
Cand
idaalbicans
[114]
Leaves
Chloroform
extract
Presentedantib
acteria
lactivity
againstSalmonellatyphiPseudomonas
aeruginosaand
Staphylococcus
aureus
andantifun
galactivity
against
Cand
idaalbicansD
idno
tprodu
ceinhibitio
nzonesa
gainst
Escherich
iacoliBa
cillussubtilis
Proteusm
irabilisC
orynebacteriu
mdiptheria
eShigelladysenteriaea
ndStreptococcusp
enum
oniae
[50]
Leaves
Dichlorom
ethane
methano
l(11vv)extract
At05and1m
gmLshow
edsig
nificantantibacteria
lactivity
invitro
againstB
acillus
cereus
varm
ycoidesBa
cillusp
umilu
sBa
cillussubtilis
Bordetellabronchise
ptica
MicrococcusluteusStaphylococcus
aureus
Staphylococcus
epidermidis
Klebsiella
pneumoniaeandStreptococcus
faecalisandantifun
galactivity
invitro
againstC
andida
albicans
[88]
Methano
lextract
Presentedantib
acteria
lactivity
againstSalmonellatyphiPseudomonas
aeruginosaand
Staphylococcus
aureus
andantifun
galactivity
against
Cand
idaalbicansD
idno
tprodu
ceinhibitio
nzonesa
gainst
Escherich
iacoliBa
cillussubtilis
Proteusm
irabilisC
orynebacteriu
mdiptheria
eShigelladysenteriaea
ndStreptococcusp
enum
oniae
[50]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 21
Table4Con
tinued
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Antibacteria
land
antifun
gal
Not
specified
Extractsob
tained
bysequ
entia
lextractionof
the
vegetalm
aterialw
ithn-hexanechloroform
aceton
emethano
land
water
n-Hexanee
xtracthadinhibitory
activ
ityin
vitro
againstE
scheric
hia
coliSalm
onellatyphiPseudomonas
aeruginosaB
acillus
cereus
Klebsiella
aerogenesandCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainst
Shiguella
boydiAspergillus
fumiga
tusAspergillus
flavusand
Aspergillus
nigerCh
loroform
extractinh
ibitedin
vitro
Salm
onella
typhiPseudomonas
aeruginosaB
acillus
cereusan
dCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainstEscherich
iacoliStaphylococcus
aureus
Shiguella
boydiAspergillus
fumiga
tusAspergillus
flavusand
Aspergillus
nigerAc
eton
eextractinhibitedin
vitro
Escherich
iacoli
Pseudomonas
aeruginosaStaphylococcusa
ureusKlebsiella
aerogenes
Proteusv
ulgarisan
dCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainst
Salm
onellatyphiAspergillus
fumiga
tusAspergillus
flavusa
ndAspergillus
nigerMethano
lextractinhibitedin
vitro
Escherich
iacoli
Salm
onellatyphiPseudomonas
aeruginosaStaphylococcusa
ureus
Bacilluscereusa
ndCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainst
Aspergillus
fumigatusA
spergillu
sflavusan
dAspergillus
nigerWater
extractw
asactiv
einvitro
againstE
scheric
hiacoliSalm
onellatyphi
Pseudomonas
aeruginosaStaphylococcusa
ureusBa
cilluscereus
Klebsiella
aerogenesProteusv
ulgarisan
dCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainstAspergillus
fumigatusA
spergillu
sflavusand
Aspergillus
niger
[89]
Methano
land
petro
lether
extractsfro
mbark
At200120583
g100120583
Lon
lythem
ethano
lextractshow
edin
vitro
antib
acteria
lactivity
upon
Staphylococcus
aureusStre
ptococcus
pyogenesand
Escherich
iacoliandantifun
galactivity
upon
Aspergillus
nigerCa
ndidaalbicansPenicillium
notatumand
Saccharomyces
cerevisia
e
[115]
Anticho
linesterase
Latex
Lyop
hilized
latex
Inhibitedtim
e-anddo
se-dependentlythea
cetylch
olinesterase
enzymeinnervou
stissue
offre
shwater
airb
reathing
fishCh
anna
marulius
[116]
Leaves
Fractio
nsobtained
bysequ
entia
lextractionof
the
vegetalm
aterialw
ithethyl
acetatea
ndmethano
l
At2m
gmLconcentration
thee
thylacetatea
ndmethano
lfractions
presentedinhibitory
activ
ities
invitro
of71
and100
Them
ethano
lfractio
npresentedIC
50of
005
mgmL
[117]
Antidiarrheal
Fruits
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmiceinhibitedthec
astoro
ilindu
ceddiarrhea
[110]
Leaves
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmiceinhibitedthec
astoro
ilindu
ceddiarrhea
[111]
Antifu
ngal
(antidermatop
hytic
fung
i)Ae
rialp
arts
Water
andethylacetate
fractio
nsfro
mmethano
lextract
Them
inim
alconcentrationprod
ucing75of
inhibitio
nor
high
eragainstM
icrosporuscanis
forb
othfractio
nsw
as1120583
gmLFo
rthe
fung
usMicrosporusg
ypseum
Microsporusfulvuman
dMicrosporus
gallina
eno
neof
thefractionpresentedinhibitory
activ
ity
[114]
22 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative MedicineTa
ble4Con
tinued
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Anti-infl
ammatory
Aeria
lparts
Methano
land
petro
lether
extracts
At100and200m
gkgdayover7
daysbyoralrouteinmiceon
lythe
methano
lextractpresentedsig
nificantanti-infl
ammatoryactiv
ityon
carrageenan-indu
cedpawedem
a[92]
Leaves
Aqueou
sextract
At100and200120583
gmLsig
nificantly
preventedthelysisof
human
red
bloo
dcells
inmem
branes
tabilizationmetho
din
vitro
[118]
Ethano
lextract
At100120583
gmLsig
nificantly
preventedthelysisof
human
redbloo
dcells
inmem
branes
tabilizationmetho
din
vitro
[118]
Methano
lextractandleaf
paste
At500and1000
mgkgbyoralrouteinrats
inhibitedthe
carrageenan-indu
cedpawedem
aAt
50and100m
gkgbyoralroute
inrats
inhibitedthec
ottonpelletind
uced
granulom
aformationin
rats
At05and1m
geartheleafp
asteredu
cedtheinfl
ammation
respon
sein
mou
seeare
demam
odel
[28]
Not
specified
Methano
land
petro
lether
extractsfro
mbark
At200m
gkgbyoralrouteinratsbothextractsredu
cedthe
carrageenan-indu
cedpawedem
a[115]
Antim
alarial
Leaves
Aqueou
sextract
30120583ginhibitedin
vitro
theg
rowth
ofPlasmodium
falciparum
[31]
Dichlorom
ethane
extract
Activ
einvitro
againstP
lasm
odium
falciparumw
ithIC
50of
abou
t35120583gmL
[81]
Antineoplasic
Roots
Ethano
licextractand
jatro
phon
e
Thee
thanolextractas
wellasjatroph
oneexhibitedsig
nificant
inhibitory
activ
ityin
vitro
againstcellsderiv
edfro
mhu
man
carcinom
aofthe
nasoph
aryn
xandlymph
ocyticleuk
emiaP-388and
invivo
againstfou
rstand
ardanim
altumor
syste
ms
[66]
Falodo
neShow
edpo
tent
proliferatio
ninhibitory
activ
ityagainstA
-549
human
cancer
celllin
ewith
IC50of
120120583
gmL
[13]
2120572-H
ydroxyjatro
phon
e2120573
-hydroxy-56-iso
jatro
phon
eand2120573
-hydroxyjatro
phon
editerpenes
isolatedfro
mpetro
lether
extract
Presentedantin
eoplasicactiv
ityup
onP-388lymph
ocyticleuk
emia
testsyste
mbo
thin
vivo
andin
vitro
asw
ellasfor
theE
aglersquos
carcinom
aofthe
nasoph
aryn
xtestsyste
min
vitro
[64]
Not
specified
Abiodo
neNot
specifiedlowast
[73]
Antioxidant
Leaves
Methano
lethylacetateand
aqueou
sextract
Allextractsshow
edsig
nificantantioxidant
activ
ityin
vitro
inDPP
Hfre
eradicalferric
thiocyanateandnitricoxides
caveng
ingmetho
dslowast
[55]
Who
leplant
Petro
letherchloroform
ethylacetateand
n-bu
tano
lextracts
Allextractsshow
edon
lypo
orDPP
Hscavenging
activ
ityTh
etotal
antio
xidant
capacitywas
high
erin
ethylacetateandn-bu
tano
lextracts
having
thep
etrolether
andchloroform
show
ingon
lypo
oractiv
ityTh
elipid
peroxidatio
nwas
inhibitedon
lypartially
bythe
extracts
with
thee
thylacetateb
eing
them
ostactivea
ndthep
etrol
etherb
eing
theleast
[48]
Antisp
asmod
icAe
rialp
arts
Ethano
lextractfractions
andsubfractions
At5001000and
2000
mgkgbyoralrouteinmiceshow
edsig
nificantantisp
asmod
icactiv
ityin
mou
seintestinaltransit
mod
elandat0510
and
20m
gmLinhibitedin
vitro
thea
cetylch
olinea
ndcalcium-in
ducedcontractions
ofiso
lated
ratjeju
numO
nlythe
organicfractionof
thee
xtracthadac
alcium
-antagon
isteffect
whereas
both
chloroform
icandaqueou
sfractions
hadanticho
linergic
effect
[119]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 23Ta
ble4Con
tinued
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Antivira
lAe
rialp
arts
Water
andethylacetate
fractio
nsfro
mmethano
lextract
At110and
100120583
gmLbo
thfractio
nspresented100
ofinhibitio
nof
plaque-fo
rmingabilityof
Sind
bisv
irusintre
atmentp
reinfection
protocol(IC 5
0lt1120583
gmL)w
hilein
treatmentp
ostin
fection
theIC 5
0of
water
fractio
nincreasedto
512andacetatefractionincreasedto
37120583gmLFo
rmurinec
ytom
egaloviru
sIC
50of
17and15
towater
andethylacetatefractio
nswereo
bservedrespectiv
elyintre
atment
preinfectio
nprotocolInthetreatmentp
ostin
fection
howe
verno
inhibitio
nwas
observed
inthismicroorganism
[114]
Not
specified
Methano
lextractfro
mbarks
Partially
activ
eagainstSind
bisv
irusand
herpes
simplex
virus-l
Inactiv
eagainsthu
man
polio
virus
[107]
Bron
chod
ilator
Stem
sAq
ueou
sextract
Thee
xtractwas
inactiv
einbron
chod
ilatora
ctivity
inguinea
pigs
[120]
Con
traceptiv
eLeaves
Ethano
lextract
At450m
gkgdayover2
1daysby
oralroutecaused
anantifertility
activ
ityin
femalem
ice
[121]
Healin
g
Aeria
lparts
Ethano
l70
extract
At1m
Lkg
dosebyintraperito
nealrouteinrats
presentedbeneficial
activ
ityin
healingprocesso
fcolon
icanastomosis
[122]
Aeria
lparts
Ethano
l70
extract
At200m
gkgbyintraperito
nealrouteinrats
favoredtheh
ealin
gprocesso
fgastro
rrhaph
iesa
ndredu
cedthea
cuteinflammatory
reactio
nin
vivo
[123]
Leaves
Hydroethano
lextract
At200m
gkgbyintraperito
nealroutedecreasedtheinfl
ammation
andincreasedvascular
neoformationandcollagendepo
sitionwhen
comparedto
thec
ontro
lgroup
inhealingprocesso
fsutures
perfo
rmed
ontheb
ladd
erof
rats
How
everingeneralno
favorable
healingeffectw
asob
served
[108]
Not
specified
Ethano
licextract
Alth
ough
someimprovem
entcou
ldbe
observed
insuture
healingof
ventralabd
ominalwallofratstreated
with
100m
gkg
ofextract
(intraperito
nealinstillationintraperito
nealcavity)in
generalon
lya
poor
healingactiv
itywas
observed
[124]
Not
specified
At01m
Lvolumeby
topicalapp
lication
thec
rude
extractp
resented
significantd
ifferencesc
oncerningthem
acroscop
icandmicroscop
icaspectso
fhealin
gprocesso
ccurrin
gin
open
skin
lesio
nsin
rats
[125]
Hem
ostatic
Latex
Crud
efresh
latex
Decreased
clotting
andbleeding
timeinhealthysubjects
[101]
Hepatop
rotective
Aeria
lparts
Petro
letherm
ethano
land
water
extracts
At200m
gkgdayover7
daysbyoralrouteinrats
both
extracts
presentedhepatoprotectiv
eactivity
incarbon
tetrachlorideind
uced
liver
damagewith
thep
etrolether
beingthem
ostactivea
ndthe
methano
lbeing
theleast
[126]
Hypotensiv
eand
vasorelaxant
Aeria
lparts
Ethano
licextract
At125and250m
gkgdayover4
weeksby
oralrouteinrats
ina
dose-dependent
mannerredu
cedthes
ystolic
bloo
dpressure
and
prod
uced
acon
centratio
n-depend
entrelaxanteffectin
ratisolated
(ex
vivo)end
otheliu
m-depriv
edmesenteric
artery
precon
tractedwith
norepineph
rineo
rCaC
l 2
[45]
Immun
omod
ulatory
Who
leplant
Petro
lether
extract
At100200and40
0120583gmLincreasedthep
roliferationof
mou
sespleen
cellin
vitro
[127]
Localanesthetic
Not
specified
Methano
land
aqueou
sextracts
Both
extractspresentedsig
nificantlocalanestheticactiv
ityby
plexus
anesthesiain
frogslowast
[128]
24 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table4Con
tinued
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Relaxant
effecto
nuterine
smoo
thmuscle
(tocolytic
activ
ity)
Aeria
lparts
Ethano
licextractand
chloroform
icandaqueou
sfractio
ns
At05and10
mgmLthee
thanolicextractreduced
the
calcium
-evokedcontractile
respon
seof
theu
terin
esmoo
thmuscle
as
wellas
thec
hloroformicfractio
nTh
eaqu
eous
fractio
npresented
onlyslighteffect
[129]
Sedativ
eand
anxiolytic
Fruits
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmicepresentedsedativ
eeffect
intheh
olec
rosstest
At200m
gkgpresented
anxiolyticactiv
ityin
holebo
ardtest
At40
0mgkgpresented
anxiolyticactiv
ityin
elevated
plus-m
azetest
[110]
Leaves
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmicepresentedsedativ
eeffect
intheh
olec
rosstest
At200m
gkgpresented
anxiolyticactiv
ityin
holebo
ardtest
At40
0mgkgpresented
anxiolyticin
elevated
plus-m
azetest
[111]
lowast
Thec
ompletev
ersio
nof
thep
aper
was
notaccessib
leso
theinformationwas
obtained
from
itsabstr
act
IC50con
centratio
nthatinhibits50of
ther
eferredactiv
ity
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 25
about extract preparation and plant part not specified) theauthors also observed an absence of healing action althoughsome histological improvement was shown [125]
However studying the influence of J gossypiifolia on thehealing process of colonic anastomosis in rats Servin et alshowed that the administration of 1mLkg single dose ofthe hydro alcoholic extract from aerial parts has beneficialeffect on the healing process [122] However according tothese authors on the seventh day of the experiment therewas a decrease in the action of the extract suggestingthat the extract in this experiment was less active in laterstages of healing process [122] A plausible hypothesis notraised by the authors could be the fact that the extract wasadministered in a single dose which may not have beensufficient to maintain the effect throughout the time of theexperiment Additionally Vale et al showed that the ethanolicextract from aerial parts of J gossypiifolia at single intraperi-toneal dose of 200mgkg favored the healing process ofgastrorrhaphies and reduced the acute inflammatory reactionin vivo [123]
65 Hemostatic Action The use of J gossypiifolia especiallythe latex is widespread as a hemostatic agent for preventingbleeding disorders The results of whole blood clotting timeusing Lee and White method and bleeding time using Ivyrsquosmethod were significantly reduced when stem latex wasintroduced suggesting procoagulant activity [101] Regardingthe possible mechanism of action based on experimentsthat show the precipitating action of the latex upon bovinealbumin the authors suggest that the latex precipitatesclotting factors thereby bringing the coagulation factors intoclose contact and then the activation of coagulation cascadeleads to the generation of thrombin and formation of aclot takes place in a matter of seconds when compared tothe control experiment which took minutes to completecoagulation [101] It is important to emphasize that to the bestof our knowledge this is the only study performed on humansubjects
66 Anticholinesterase Action Based on the cholinergichypothesis acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are widely usedto treat Alzheimerrsquos disease J gossypiifolia presented animportant anticholinesterase activity since the methanolicextract from leaves showed an IC
50of 005mgmL [117]
Another study showed that the lyophilized latex of theplant was able to inhibit time- and dose-dependently theacetylcholinesterase enzyme in nervous tissue of freshwaterair breathing fish Channa marulius [116]
67 Antioxidant Action The antioxidant activity of extractsfrom J gossypiifoliawas evaluated by Kharat et al [55] In thiswork the high content of phenols tannins and flavonoids inthe leaves prompted the authors to evaluate the antioxidantactivity of the leaves DPPH free radical ferric thiocyanateand nitric oxide scavengingmethods were used to analyze theantioxidant activity in vitro of methanol ethyl acetate andaqueous extracts demonstrating positive resultsThe authorsattributed the free radical scavenging activity to the presence
of flavonoids [55] On the other hand a study showed thatdifferent extracts (petrol ether chloroform ethyl acetate andn-butanol) fromwhole plant of J gossypiifolia had only partialantioxidant activity in DPPH scavenging total antioxidantcapacity and lipid peroxidation tests [48] Among them theethyl acetate extract was the most active which correlatespositively with its higher content of phenolic compounds incomparison with the other extracts [48]
68 Contraceptive Action Based on its popular use J gossypi-ifoliawas assessed for its antifertility activity as an alternativeto oral contraceptive agents J gossypiifolia leaf extract byoral route altered the major hormones involved in estrouscycle regulation indicating its antifertility effect on mice[121] Evaluating other parameters (estrogenic and earlyabortifacient activities) the anti-infertility effect of the extractwas once more demonstrated later [130]
69 Tocolytic Action Based on the ethnopharmacologicalapplication of the plant as tocolytic remedy the effects oncalcium-evoked uterine smooth muscle contraction of theethanolic extract and fractions were evaluated [129] Thecrude extract and to a higher extent the chloroformic frac-tion reduced the calcium-evoked contractile response of theuterine smooth muscle promoting a rightward displacementof calciumcumulative curves aswell as reducing themaximalcontractions [129]
610 Antineoplasic Action One of the most well-knownpharmacological activities of J gossypiifolia is its antineopla-sic action which is frequently associated with the contentof lignoids and terpenoids One of the first reports wasmade by Kupchan et al [66] when the authors found thatthe ethanolic extract from roots as well as the isolatedditerpene jatrophone exhibited significant inhibitory activityin vitro against cells derived from human carcinoma of thenasopharynx and lymphocytic leukemia P-388 and in vivoagainst four standard animal tumor systems such as sarcoma180 Lewis lung carcinoma P-388 lymphocytic leukemiaand Walker 256 intramuscular carcinosarcoma [66] Laterthree new antitumor derivatives of jatrophone were isolatedfrom petrol ether extracts from roots of J gossypiifolia 2120572-hydroxyjatrophone 2120573-hydroxy-56-isojatrophone and 2120573-hydroxyjatrophone [64] Recently two other diterpenes withpotent antineoplasic activity were isolated from J gossypi-ifolia falodone and abiodone Falodone was isolated frommethanol extract from roots and showed potent proliferationinhibitory activity against A-549 human cancer cell line [13]Abiodone a lathyrane diterpenoid compound was isolatedfrom J gossypiifolia and presented potent anticancer activity[73]
611 Local Anesthetic Action The local anesthetic action ofJ gossypiifolia was evaluated by plexus anaesthesia in frogs[128] The authors observed that the aqueous and methanolextract (plant part not specified) presented significant anes-thetic action when compared to control group
26 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
612 Neuropharmacological Action The neuropharmacolog-ical action of the methanol extract of the leaves of J gossypi-ifolia was evaluated by Apu et al [111] The authors observedthat in hole cross test the extract at 200 and 400mgkg byoral route showed significant sedative effect in mice In holeboard test the extract showed highly significant anxiolyticactivity at a dose of 200mgkg whereas the same activity wasobserved at 400mgkg dose in elevated plus-maze test [111]Similar results were observed in the methanolic extract fromfruits [110]
613 Antidiarrheal Action Although it may seem contradic-tory as shown in Table 3 J gossypiifolia species is popularlyused both as purgative and as antidiarrheal remedy Howeverin literature there are interesting results about the antidiar-rheal properties of different extracts of this species
At 200 and 400mgkg oral doses in mice the methanolextract of J gossypiifolia leaves produced highly signifi-cant antidiarrheal activity upon castor oil-induced diarrheadecreasing themean number of stool and total weight of fecaloutput when compared to control group [111] Similar resultswere observed in the methanolic extract from fruits [110]
Aiming to determine the possible action mechanism of Jgossypiifolia aerial parts ethanol extract as antidiarrheal agentSilva et al [119] have investigated the effect of this extracton intestinal transit velocity and on isolated rat jejunumAt 500 1000 and 2000mgkg by oral route in mice theextract showed significant antispasmodic activity in mouseintestinal transit model when compared to control At 0510 and 20mgmL the crude extract inhibited in vitro theacetylcholine and calcium-induced contractions of isolatedrat jejunum The chloroform and aqueous fractions wereobtained and it was observed that only the chloroform frac-tion of the extract had a calcium-antagonist effect whereasboth chloroformic and aqueous fractions had anticholinergiceffect suggesting that the antispasmodic effect of J gossypi-ifolia may be due to a combination of anticholinergic andcalcium-antagonist mechanisms [119]
614 Immunomodulatory Action The immunomodulatoryaction of synthetic lignan compounds was evaluated by theassay of proliferation of mouse spleen cell in vitro andcompared with petrol ether extract of whole plant of Jgossypiifolia since it is a natural source of this kind ofcompound [127] The authors showed that both syntheticand naturally occurring 1-phenylnaphthalene lignans couldpositively modulate the immunity of the host since theysignificantly increased the proliferation of mouse spleen cellin vitro [127]
615 Hepatoprotective Action Despite some studies havingshown the hepatotoxic potential of J gossypiifolia a study wasperformed to analyze the possible hepatoprotective action ofextracts of this plant in carbon tetrachloride-induced liverdamage in rats [126] In fact the petrol ether methanoland water extracts from the aerial parts of J gossypiifoliapresented significant hepatoprotective action in this model
substantially restoring towards normalization the serum lev-els of serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase serum glu-tamate pyruvate transaminase serum alkaline phosphatasetotal bilirubin superoxide dismutase and catalase [126] Theauthors also discuss the close relationship between the hep-atoprotective action observed and the possible antioxidantmechanism present in the extracts
7 Other Actions andBiotechnological Applications
In addition to studies demonstrating scientific evidences ofthe pharmacological properties of J gossypiifolia severalstudies have demonstrated the potential of this species toobtain molecules with various applications thus showing itsmultipurpose character
Among the main applications described the use ofJ gossypiifolia seed oil for biodiesel production could bementioned Jatropha species has drawn the attention ofresearchers in recent years due to its emergence as a highlysuitable feedstock plant for biodiesel production [11] Amongthe species J gossypiifolia J curcas and J pohliana produceseeds with high oil content [11] In a study investigatingthe potential of two plants of the Jatropha genus (includ-ing J gossypiifolia) the authors observed that the studiedphysicochemical properties of the produced biodiesel are inthe acceptable range for use as biodiesel in diesel enginesshowing a promising economic exploitation of these rawmaterials [131]
Studies have shown the potential of the species for thedevelopment of new tools for biochemical analysis A recentstudy showed that the diluted fresh latex J gossypiifolia can beused as precipitating agent for biochemical determination ofproteins in plasma urine and cerebrospinal fluid with valuescomparable to those obtained from the conventional proteinprecipitants sodium tungstate and trichloroacetic acid [24]According to the authors the precipitating potential couldbe related to the capacity of the latex to form clots whenapplied to a bleeding sore or wound when it is used in folkmedicine [24] Another study showed the potentiality of thejuice extracted from the fresh leaves of J gossypiifolia asan anticoagulant for haematological analyses [86] 01mL ofextract per mL of blood proved to be suitable for obtainingplasmas for biochemical analysis comparable with conven-tional anticoagulants [86] However the authors emphasizethat the extract must be purified to remove interferingsubstances for it to be perfectly suitable for biochemicalanalysis [86]
Some studies have demonstrated the potentiality of Jgossypiifolia as a source of pesticide biomolecules Bullang-poti et al [49] isolated ricinine from the ethyl acetate extractfrom senescent leaves the main compound responsible forthe toxicity of the crude extract in Spodoptera exigua larvaethus demonstrating that it could be an alternative choiceto chemical insecticides In another study Bullangpoti etal [132] showed that the ethanol extract of J gossypiifoliain association with the ethanol extract of Melia azedarachwas toxic and inhibited some enzymes from Spodoptera
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 27
frugiperda larvae demonstrating once more the potentialityof the species as insecticide agent Calatayud et al [56]showed the presence of proteins of about 100 kDa with toxicactivity upon Phenacoccus herreni another type of insectIn this work the authors performed a strategy of extrac-tion that eliminated nonprotein compounds being able todemonstrate the potential of the species to obtain insecticidalproteins [56] Leaf extract of J gossypiifolia reduced thefecundity and egg viability against stored product insect pestsTribolium castaneum [133]
The potential molluscicidal activity of J gossypiifolia hasalso been evaluated as an alternative mode of preventionof schistosomiasis Sukumaran et al [134] showed that themethanol and n-butanol extracts from unripened seeds of Jgossypiifoliawas toxic against eggs and adults of two species offreshwater snails Lymnaea luteola and Indoplanorbis exustusThe results indicated that n-butanol extract was the mosteffective and that the eggs were more susceptible than adults[134]
8 Toxicology
Species of Jatropha are notably known for their toxic potential[135 136] This toxicity is related primarily to latex andseeds The latex is released from the aerial parts of theplant by mechanical injury and it is extremely caustic andirritating to skin and mucous membranes The seeds arerich in toxalbumins that cause agglutination and hemolysisto erythrocytes as well as damage to other cell types andcontain a lipoid resin complex that can cause dermatitis[3 12 135] The symptomatology consists in general ofgastrointestinal disorders (abdominal pain nausea vomitingand diarrhea) Additionally the clinical course can bringcardiovascular neurological and renal complications [136]Cases of poisoning in humans usually occur by eating fruitand seeds because of its similarity to edible chestnuts [136]
Some toxicological studies have demonstrated the toxicproperties of J gossypiifolia while others show the absence oftoxicity However it is important to observe the models useddoses administrated and types of extract employed (solventand plant part) among other aspects to make the properconclusions about the toxicity
The study of experimental poisoning in sheep showedthat the intake of fresh plant leaves in a single dose of40 gkg was lethal to these animals [137] The clinical andpathological picture in the experimental sheep was charac-terized by digestive lung and heart disturbances and alsoby slight regressive changes evidenced in hepatic and renalhistological examinations [137] However as observed byMariz et al [7] it is important to note that the medicinaluse of the plant is rarely in natura but instead by differentpreparations such as infusions or decoctions sometimes ofthe dried material which could inactivate the possible toxiccomponents However this is only a hypothesis and so thetoxicity of extracts from leaves cannot be discarded
One of the first studies relating the identification of theconstituents responsible for the toxic effects of the Jatrophaspecies was published by Adolf et al [69] In this work
by a bioguided isolation the irritant polyunsaturated ester12-deoxy-16-hydroxylphorbol was isolated from the etherextract from the seeds of J gossypiifolia by countercurrentchromatography [69] The irritant activity was visualized inmouse ear after 24 h of the application of the fractions andisolated compounds [69]
The in vitro cytotoxicity assay using brine shrimp larvaetest revealed that ethanol and methanol extracts (plant organunspecified) showed low toxicity [138] An earlier studyshowed that thewater and ethyl acetate fraction of amethanolextract from aerial parts of J gossypiifolia did not presenttoxicity against the same organisms [114]
A study performed in Wistar rats evaluated the toxicityof the ethanolic root extract of J gossypiifolia at 10 20 and30mgkg by oral route [139] The authors observed that theextract was toxic to the kidney and caused increased urearetention in the blood as observed by histological studies andbiochemical analysis of blood [139]
A preclinical toxicological assessment of the crudeethanol extract from J gossypiifolia leaves showed that theextract presents relatively low oral acute toxicity in Wistarrats [18 19] Rats treated with single doses of 12ndash50 gkgby oral route were observed for 14 days and the mostimportant signs of toxicity were ptosis reduction of bodyweight and hind limb paralysis Other significant alterationsoccurred only in males treated with 50 gkg dose increasein creatinine aspartate aminotransferase sodium and potas-sium seric levels reduction of urea and albumin leucopeniaand small alteration in color and consistency of visceraThe median lethal dose (LD
50) was higher than 40 gkg
for males and higher than 50 gkg for females [19] In thehistopathological evaluation some alteration was observedin liver and lung only at 50 gkg suggesting the relativelylow toxicity of the extract [18] However in the chronictoxicological study (thirteen weeks of treatment) this extractshowed significant oral chronic toxicity in rats [17] The mostsignificant toxic signs indicated a reduction of the activityin the central nervous system and digestive disturbancesThe histopathological analysis revealed hepatotoxicity andpulmonary damages The lethality was 466 and 133among males and females under the higher tested dose(405mgkg) respectively [17] Based on this Mariz et al [7]discussed that the development of herbal medicine based onthis species needs to prioritize the chemical refinement of thecrude extracts to obtain less toxic fractions which should betested for their safety and therapeutic efficacy
Another study on the other hand evaluating the oralacute toxicity of the aqueous and ethanol extracts from leavesof J gossypiifolia did not show any sign of toxicity in upto 2 gkg in rats enabling the authors to conclude that thisextract could be considered safe [118] This is an interestingresult since in most cases the plant is used popularly as tea(aqueous extract)
The toxicity of the stem latex of J gossypiifoliawas studiedin Wistar rats by applying different doses of crude latex onincised skin daily for 18 days based on the popular useof the latex as hemostatic agent in skin lesions [140] Theauthors observed that the application of the latex did notproduce any significant difference in results of biochemical
28 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
and hematological parameters obtained from the control andexperimental animals leading to the conclusion that the stemlatex has no harmful effects [140]
9 Conclusions
As demonstrated by this review J gossypiifolia presents animportant potential for the generation of pharmacologicalandor biotechnological products based on popular usesand biological studies scientifically showing its propertiesHowever regarding specifically its medicinal propertiesfurther studies are still necessary to assay important folkuses of the species and characterize the major compoundsresponsible for the bioactivityThus studies of bioprospectingcould prioritize this species since many popular uses forvariousmedical purposes are reported demonstrating a greatpotential to originate bioactive molecules with pharmaco-logical relevance Furthermore future phytochemical studiesof this plant are important to obtain the best knowledgeof the chemical composition of different extracts of theplant in order to recognize the really important compoundsin the pharmacological actions aspiring to the chemicalrefinement of the products to eliminate the eventual toxiceffects that could reduce the medicinal value of the speciesIn conclusion the data presented in this review could provideinsights for future research aimed at both ethnopharmaco-logical validation of the popular use of J gossypiifolia andits exploration as a new source of bioactive molecules forherbal drugs andor bioactive natural products for potentialapplication in complementary and alternative medicine
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper
Acknowledgments
The authors thank BNB CNPq and CAPES (Brazil) forthe financial support Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosagives thanks to CNPq for Scholarship in Research Produc-tivity The authors also thank Andrew Alastair Cumming forediting this paper for the English revision
References
[1] G L Webster ldquoClassification of the euphorbiaceaerdquo Annals ofthe Missouri Botanical Garden vol 81 pp 3ndash143 1994
[2] M V Alves ldquoChecklist das especies de Euphorbiaceae Jussocorrentes no semi-arido pernambucano BrasilrdquoActa BotanciaBrasileira vol 12 no 3 pp 485ndash495 1998
[3] C W Sabandar N Ahmat F M Jaafar and I Sahidin ldquoMedic-inal property phytochemistry and pharmacology of severalJatropha species (Euphorbiaceae) a reviewrdquo Phytochemistryvol 85 pp 7ndash29 2013
[4] C K A Leal and M D F Agra ldquoEstudo farmacobotanicocomparativo das folhas de Jatrophamolissima (Pohl) BaillrdquoActaFarmaceutica Bonaerense vol 24 no 1 pp 5ndash13 2005
[5] L C Di Stasi and C A Hiruma-Lima Plantas medicinais naAmazonia e na Mata Atlantica UNESP Sao Paulo Brazil 2ndedition 2002
[6] M D F Agra K N Silva I J L D Basılio P F De Freitasand JM Barbosa-Filho ldquoSurvey ofmedicinal plants used in theregionNortheast of BrazilrdquoBrazilian Journal of Pharmacognosyvol 18 no 3 pp 472ndash508 2008
[7] S R Mariz A C R Borges M F F Melo-Diniz and I AMedeiros ldquoPossibilidades terapeuticas e riscos toxicologicosde Jatropha gossypiifolia L uma revisao narrativardquo RevistaBrasileiraDe PlantasMedicinais vol 12 no 3 pp 346ndash357 2010
[8] I Cordeiro and R Secco ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia L Lista deespecies da flora do Brasilrdquo Jardim Botanico do Rio de JaneirohttpfloradobrasiljbrjgovbrjabotfloradobrasilFB17581
[9] U P de Albuquerque P M de Medeiros A L S de Almeida etal ldquoMedicinal plants of the caatinga (semi-arid) vegetation ofNE Brazil a quantitative approachrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacol-ogy vol 114 no 3 pp 325ndash354 2007
[10] U P Albuquerque L H C Andrade and J Caballero ldquoStruc-ture and floristics of homegardens in Northeastern BrazilrdquoJournal of Arid Environments vol 62 no 3 pp 491ndash506 2005
[11] S A Ceasar and S Ignacimuthu ldquoApplications of biotechnologyand biochemical engineering for the improvement of Jatrophaand Biodiesel a reviewrdquo Renewable and Sustainable EnergyReviews vol 15 no 9 pp 5176ndash5185 2011
[12] U P de Albuquerque J MMonteiro M A Ramos and E L Cde Amorim ldquoMedicinal and magic plants from a public marketin northeastern Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 110no 1 pp 76ndash91 2007
[13] A Falodun Q Sheng-Xiang G Parkinson and S GibbonsldquoIsolation and characterization of a new anticancer diterpenoidfrom Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journalvol 45 no 10 pp 636ndash639 2012
[14] BRASIL ldquoFitoterapia plantas de interesse ao SUSrdquo Braz-ilian Health Ministry httpportalsaudegovbrportalarqu-ivospdfRENISUSpdf
[15] X-P Zhang M-L Zhang X-H Su C-H Huo Y-C Gu andQ-W Shi ldquoChemical constituents of the plants from genusJatrophardquo Chemistry and Biodiversity vol 6 no 12 pp 2166ndash2183 2009
[16] S K Sharma and H Singh ldquoA review on pharmacological sig-nificance of genus Jatropha (Euphorbiaceae)rdquoChinese Journal ofIntegrative Medicine vol 18 no 11 pp 868ndash880 2012
[17] S RMariz G S CerqueiraWCAraujo et al ldquoChronic toxico-logic study of the ethanolic extract of the aerial parts of Jatrophagossypiifolia in ratsrdquoRevista Brasileira de Farmacognosia vol 22no 3 pp 663ndash668 2012
[18] S R Mariz M S T Araujo G S Cerqueira et al ldquoHistopatho-logical evaluation in rats after acute treatment with the ethanolextract from aerial parts of Jatropha gossypiifolia Lrdquo RevistaBrasileira De Farmacognosia vol 18 no 2 pp 213ndash216 2008
[19] S R Mariz G S Cerqueira W C Araujo et al ldquoEstudo toxi-cologico agudo do extrato etanolico de partes aereas de Jatrophagossypiifolia L em ratosrdquo Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosiavol 16 no 3 pp 372ndash378 2006
[20] C Auvin-Guette C Baraguey A Blond J L Pousset andB Bodo ldquoCyclogossine B a cyclic octapeptide from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Journal of Natural Products vol 60 pp 1155ndash11571997
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 29
[21] V S Parvathi B S Jyothi T Lakshmi P S Babu and RKarthikeyan ldquoMorpho-anatomical and physicochemical stud-ies of Jatropha gossypifolia (L)rdquo Der Pharmacia Lettre vol 4no 1 pp 256ndash262 2012
[22] M N S Rios and F Pastore Junior Plantas da Amazonia450 Especies de Uso Geral Universidade de BrasıliamdashBibliotecaCentral Brasılia 2011
[23] S R Mariz Estudo toxicologico pre-clınico de Jatropha gossypi-ifolia L [PhD thesis] Universidade Federal da Paraıba JoaoPessoa Brazil 2007
[24] O G Adeosun T Oduola F A Fagbomedo et al ldquoSuitabilityof stem latex of Jatropha gossypifolia as a protein precipitant forbiochemical analysisrdquo Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistryvol 29 no 2 pp 210ndash212 2014
[25] F O A Ajose ldquoSome Nigerian plants of dermatologic impor-tancerdquo International Journal of Dermatology vol 46 no 1 pp48ndash55 2007
[26] J S Ashidi P J Houghton P J Hylands and T EfferthldquoEthnobotanical survey and cytotoxicity testing of plants ofSouth-western Nigeria used to treat cancer with isolationof cytotoxic constituents from Cajanus cajan Millsp leavesrdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 128 no 2 pp 501ndash512 2010
[27] M Ayyanar and S Ignacimuthu ldquoEthnobotanical survey ofmedicinal plants commonly used by Kani tribals in Tirunelvelihills of Western Ghats Indiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 134 no 3 pp 851ndash864 2011
[28] R Bhagat S D Ambavade A V Misar and D K KulkarnildquoAnti-inflammatory activity of Jatropha gossypifolia L leaves inalbino mice and Wistar ratrdquo Journal of Scientific and IndustrialResearch vol 70 no 4 pp 289ndash292 2011
[29] J H Cano and G Volpato ldquoHerbal mixtures in the traditionalmedicine of Eastern Cubardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol90 no 2-3 pp 293ndash316 2004
[30] F G Coe and G J Anderson ldquoScreening of medicinal plantsused by the Garıfuna of Eastern Nicaragua for bioactive com-poundsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 53 no 1 pp 29ndash501996
[31] MGbeassor Y Kossou K Amegbo C De Souza K Koumagloand A Denke ldquoAntimalarial effects of eight African medicinalplantsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 25 no 1 pp 115ndash1181989
[32] National Center for Biotechnology Information ldquoJatropha gos-sypiifoliardquo Taxonomy Browser httpwwwncbinlmnihgovTaxonomyBrowserwwwtaxcgiid=454931
[33] Tropicos ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia Lrdquo httpwwwtropicosorgNamePrintaspxnameid=12802174amptab=details
[34] The Plant List ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia Lrdquo httpwwwtheplant-listorgtplrecordkew-104621
[35] M S Khyade and N P Vaikos ldquoPharmacognostical andphytochemical evaluation of leaf of Jatropha gossypifolia LrdquoInternational Journal of Research in Ayurveda amp Pharmacy vol2 no 1 pp 177ndash180 2011
[36] D O Aworinde D U Nwoye A A Jayeola A O Olagoke andA A Ogundele ldquoTaxonomic significance of foliar epidermis insome members of euphorbiaceae family in Nigeriardquo ResearchJournal of Botany vol 4 no 1 pp 17ndash28 2009
[37] J D Olowokudejo ldquoComparative epidermal morphology ofWest African species of Jatropha L (Euphorbiaceae)rdquo BotanicalJournal of the Linnean Society vol 111 no 2 pp 139ndash154 1993
[38] B Das and B Venkataiah ldquoA minor coumarino-lignoid fromJatropha gossypifoliardquo Biochemical Systematics and Ecology vol29 no 2 pp 213ndash214 2001
[39] B Das B Venkataiah and A Kashinatham ldquoVenkatasin a newcoumarino-lignoid from Jatropha gossypifoliardquoNatural ProductLetters vol 13 no 4 pp 293ndash297 1999
[40] B Das and B Venkataiah ldquoA rare diterpene from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Biochemical Systematics and Ecology vol 27 no 7pp 759ndash760 1999
[41] N Ravindranath B Venkataiah C Ramesh P Jayaprakash andB Das ldquoJatrophenone a novel macrocyclic bioactive diterpenefrom Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bul-letin vol 51 no 7 pp 870ndash871 2003
[42] B Das and J Banerji ldquoArylnaphthalene lignan from JatrophagossypifoliardquoPhytochemistry vol 27 no 11 pp 3684ndash3686 1988
[43] J Banerji B Das A Chatterjee and J N Shoolery ldquoGadain alignan from Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Phytochemistry vol 23 no10 pp 2323ndash2327 1984
[44] A Chatterjee B Das C Pascard and T Prange ldquoCrystalstructure of a lignan from Jatropha gossypifoliardquoPhytochemistryvol 20 no 8 pp 2047ndash2048 1981
[45] I C Abreu A S S Marinho A M A Paes et al ldquoHypotensiveand vasorelaxant effects of ethanolic extract from Jatrophagossypiifolia L in ratsrdquo Fitoterapia vol 74 no 7-8 pp 650ndash6572003
[46] B Das and R Das ldquoGossypifan a lignan from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Phytochemistry vol 40 no 3 pp 931ndash932 1995
[47] R Das B Das and A Kashinatham ldquoGossypiline a new lignanfrom Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Natural Product Sciences vol 4 no4 pp 238ndash240 1998
[48] D Shahwar S-U Shafiq N Ahmad S Ullah and M A RazaldquoAntioxidant activities of the selected plants from the fam-ily Euphorbiaceae Lauraceae Malvaceae and BalsaminaceaerdquoAfrican Journal of Biotechnology vol 9 no 7 pp 1086ndash10962010
[49] V Bullangpoti N Khumrungsee W Pluempanupat Y Kainohand U Saguanpong ldquoToxicity of ethyl acetate extract andricinine from Jatropha gossypifolia senescent leaves againstSpodoptera exigua Hubner (Lepidoptera Noctuidae)rdquo Journalof Pesticide Science vol 36 no 2 pp 260ndash263 2011
[50] A O Ogundare ldquoAntimicrobial effect of Tithonia diversifoliaand Jatropha gossypifolia leaf extractsrdquo Trends in Applied Sci-ences Research vol 2 no 2 pp 145ndash150 2007
[51] N Nwokocha A Blessing I O Agbagwa and B E OkolildquoComparative phytochemical screening of Jatropha L Speciesin the Niger Deltardquo Research Journal of Phytochemistry vol 5no 2 pp 107ndash114 2011
[52] R Seth and R Sarin ldquoAnalysis of the phytochemical contentand anti-microbial activity of Jatropha gossypifolia Lrdquo Archivesof Applied Science Research vol 2 no 5 pp 285ndash291 2010
[53] S Sankara Subramanian S Nagarajan and N SulochanaldquoFlavonoids of the leaves of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Phytochem-istry vol 10 no 7 p 1690 1971
[54] A C Pilon R L Carneiro F Carnevale Neto V S Bolzaniand I Castro-Gamboa ldquoInterval multivariate curve resolutionin the dereplication of HPLC-DAD data from Jatropha gossypi-foliardquo Phytochemical Analysis vol 24 no 4 pp 401ndash406 2013
[55] A R Kharat A K Dolui and S Das ldquoFree radical scavengingpotential of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Asian Journal of Chemistryvol 23 no 2 pp 799ndash801 2011
[56] P-A Calatayud D F Munera S Calatayud A Valencia-Jimenez and A C Bellotti ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia (Euphor-biaceae) a source of proteins toxic to Phenacoccus herreni(Sternorryncha Pseudococcidae)rdquo Florida Entomologist vol94 no 3 pp 649ndash654 2011
30 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
[57] W F Tinto L M D John W F Reynolds and S McLeanldquoTriterpenoids of Jatropha gossypiifoliardquo Journal of NaturalProducts vol 55 no 6 pp 807ndash809 1992
[58] R Das K Venkateswarlu V Saidi Reddy and B Das ldquo41015840-O-demethyl retrochinensin a minor new lignan from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Indian Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry vol 14no 2 pp 169ndash170 2004
[59] B Das A Kashinatham B Venkataiah K V N S Srinivas GMahender and M R Reddy ldquoCleomiscosin A a coumarino-lignoid from Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Biochemical Systematics andEcology vol 31 no 10 pp 1189ndash1191 2003
[60] B Das and G Anjani ldquoGossypidien a lignan from stems ofJatropha gossypifolliardquo Phytochemistry vol 51 no 1 pp 115ndash1171999
[61] B Das S P Rao and K V Srinivas ldquoIsolation of isogadain fromJatropha gossypifoliardquo Planta Medica vol 62 no 1 article 901996
[62] B Das S P Rao K V N S Srinivas and R Das ldquoJatrodien alignan from stems of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Phytochemistry vol41 no 3 pp 985ndash987 1996
[63] A Chatterjee B Das R Chakrabarti et al ldquoPrasanthaline anew lignan from Jatropha gossypifolia Linnrdquo Indian Journal ofChemistry vol 27 pp 740ndash741 1988
[64] M D Taylor A B Smith III G T Furst et al ldquoNewantileukemic jatrophone derivatives from Jatropha gossypiifoliastructural and stereochemical assignment through nuclearmagnetic resonance Spectroscopyrdquo Journal of the AmericanChemical Society vol 105 no 10 pp 3177ndash3183 1983
[65] K K Purushothaman S Chandrasekharan A F Cameron etal ldquoJatropholones A and B new diterpenoids from the roots ofJatropha gossypiifolia (Euphorbiaceae)mdashcrystal structure anal-ysis of Jatropholone Brdquo Tetrahedron Letters vol 20 no 11 pp979ndash980 1979
[66] S M Kupchan C W Sigel M J Matz J A S Renauld R CHaltiwanger and R F Bryan ldquoJatrophone a novel macrocyclicditerpenoid tumor inhibitor from Jatropha gossypiifoliardquo Jour-nal of the American Chemical Society vol 92 no 14 pp 4476ndash4477 1970
[67] Y R Prasad G S J G Alankararao and P Baby ldquoConstituentsof the seeds of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Fitoterapia vol 64 no 4p 376 1993
[68] O Ogbobe and V Akano ldquoThe physico-chemical properties ofthe seed and seed oil of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Plant Foods forHuman Nutrition vol 43 no 3 pp 197ndash200 1993
[69] W Adolf H J Opferkuch and E Hecker ldquoIrritant phorbolderivatives from four Jatropha speciesrdquo Phytochemistry vol 23no 1 pp 129ndash132 1984
[70] K M Hosamani and K S Katagi ldquoCharacterization andstructure elucidation of 12-hydroxyoctadec-cis-9-enoic acid inJatropha gossypifolia and Hevea brasiliensis seed oils a richsource of hydroxy fatty acidrdquo Chemistry and Physics of Lipidsvol 152 no 1 pp 9ndash12 2008
[71] S F A J Horsten A J J Van Den Berg J J Kettenes-VanDen Bosch B R Leeflang and R P Labadie ldquoCyclogossine Aa novel cyclic heptapeptide isolated from the latex of Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Planta Medica vol 62 no 1 pp 46ndash50 1996
[72] M U Ahmad M R Islam A H Mirza B H Chowdhuryand N Nahar ldquoAlkaloids of Jatropha gossypifolia Linnrdquo IndianJournal of Chemistry B Organic Chemistry Including MedicinalChemistry vol 31 no 1 pp 67ndash69 1992
[73] A Falodun U Kragl S-M T Touem A Villinger T Fahren-waldt and P Langer ldquoA novel anticancer diterpenoid fromJatropha gossypifoliardquo Natural Product Communications vol 7no 2 pp 151ndash152 2012
[74] G D Wadankar S N Malode and S L Sarambekar ldquoTra-ditionally used medicinal plants for ound healing in theWashim district Maharashtra (India)rdquo International Journal ofPharmTech Research vol 3 no 4 pp 2080ndash2084 2011
[75] B Kumar M Vijayakumar R Govindarajan and P Pushpan-gadan ldquoEthnopharmacological approaches to wound healing-Exploring medicinal plants of Indiardquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 114 no 2 pp 103ndash113 2007
[76] K Koudouvo D S Karou K Kokou et al ldquoAn ethnobotanicalstudy of antimalarial plants in Togo Maritime Regionrdquo Journalof Ethnopharmacology vol 134 no 1 pp 183ndash190 2011
[77] M Coelho-Ferreira ldquoMedicinal knowledge and plant utiliza-tion in an Amazonian coastal community ofMaruda Para State(Brazil)rdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 126 no 1 pp 159ndash175 2009
[78] F C S Oliveira R F M Barros and J M Moita Neto ldquoPlan-tas medicinais utilizadas em comunidades rurais de Oeirassemiarido piauienserdquo Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinaisvol 12 no 3 pp 282ndash301 2010
[79] J D F L Santos E Pagani J Ramos and E Rodrigues ldquoObser-vations on the therapeutic practices of riverine communities oftheUnini River AM Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol142 no 2 pp 503ndash515 2012
[80] S L Cartaxo M M de Almeida Souza and U P de Albu-querque ldquoMedicinal plants with bioprospecting potential usedin semi-arid northeastern Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacol-ogy vol 131 no 2 pp 326ndash342 2010
[81] O Jansen L Angenot M Tits et al ldquoEvaluation of 13 selectedmedicinal plants from Burkina Faso for their antiplasmodialpropertiesrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 130 no 1 pp143ndash150 2010
[82] M H Yetein L G Houessou T O Lougbegnon O Teka andB Tente ldquoEthnobotanical study of medicinal plants used for thetreatment of malaria in plateau of Allada Benin (West Africa)rdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 146 no 1 pp 154ndash163 2013
[83] L J Quintans Junior J R G S Almeida J T Lima et al ldquoPlantswith anticonvulsivant propertiesmdasha reviewrdquo Revista Brasileirade Farmacognosia vol 18 pp 798ndash819 2008
[84] A Diallo M S Traore S M Keita et al ldquoManagement ofdiabetes in Guinean traditional medicine an ethnobotanicalinvestigation in the coastal lowlandsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 144 no 2 pp 353ndash361 2012
[85] S O Olabanji A C Adebajo O R Omobuwajo et al ldquoPIXEanalysis of some Nigerian anti-diabetic medicinal plants (II)rdquoNuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B BeamInteractions With Materials and Atoms vol 318 pp 187ndash1902014
[86] T Oduola O G Avwioro and T B Ayanniyi ldquoSuitability ofthe leaf extract of Jatropha gossypifolia as an anticoagulant forbiochemical and haematological analysesrdquo African Journal ofBiotechnology vol 4 no 7 pp 679ndash681 2005
[87] CM Chariandy C E Seaforth R H Phelps G V Pollard andB P S Khambay ldquoScreening of medicinal plants from Trinidadand Tobago for antimicrobial and insecticidal propertiesrdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 64 no 3 pp 265ndash270 1999
[88] V P Kumar N S Chauhan H Padh and M Rajani ldquoSearchfor antibacterial and antifungal agents from selected Indian
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 31
medicinal plantsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 107 no2 pp 182ndash188 2006
[89] R Dabur A Gupta T K Mandal et al ldquoAntimicrobial activityof some medicinal plantsrdquo African Journal of TraditionalComplementary and AlternativeMedicines vol 4 no 3 pp 313ndash318 2007
[90] H C Ong and M Nordiana ldquoMalay ethno-medico botany inMachang Kelantan Malaysiardquo Fitoterapia vol 70 no 5 pp502ndash513 1999
[91] J Sanz-Biset J Campos-de-la-Cruz M A Epiquien-Riveraand S Canigueral ldquoA first survey on the medicinal plants of theChazuta valley (Peruvian Amazon)rdquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 122 no 2 pp 333ndash362 2009
[92] B B Panda K Gaur M L Kori et al ldquoAnti-inflammatoryand analgesic activity of Jatropha gossypifolia in experimentalanimal modelsrdquo Global Journal of Pharmacology vol 3 no 12009
[93] S S Ningthoujam A D Talukdar K S Potsangbam and MD Choudhury ldquoTraditional uses of herbal vapour therapy inManipur North East India an ethnobotanical surveyrdquo Journalof Ethnopharmacology vol 147 no 1 pp 136ndash147 2013
[94] A Asase A A Oteng-Yeboah G T Odamtten and M SJ Simmonds ldquoEthnobotanical study of some Ghanaian anti-malarial plantsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 99 no 2pp 273ndash279 2005
[95] C Lans T Harper K Georges and E Bridgewater ldquoMedicinaland ethnoveterinary remedies of hunters in Trinidadrdquo BMCComplementary and AlternativeMedicine vol 1 article 10 2001
[96] L Rasingam S Jeeva andD Kannan ldquoDental care of Andamanand Nicobar folks medicinal plants use as tooth stickrdquo AsianPacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine vol 2 no 2 pp S1013ndashS1016 2012
[97] P J Houghton and I M Osibogun ldquoFlowering plants usedagainst snakebiterdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 39 no 1pp 1ndash29 1993
[98] M Molander C H Saslis-Lagoudakis A K Jager and NRoslashnsted ldquoCross-cultural comparison of medicinal floras usedagainst snakebitesrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 139 no3 pp 863ndash872 2012
[99] A Jain S S Katewa B L Chaudhary and P Galav ldquoFolk herbalmedicines used in birth control and sexual diseases by tribals ofsouthern Rajasthan Indiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol90 no 1 pp 171ndash177 2004
[100] A Jain S S Katewa P K Galav and P Sharma ldquoMedicinalplant diversity of Sitamata wildlife sanctuary Rajasthan IndiardquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 102 no 2 pp 143ndash157 2005
[101] T Oduola G O Adeosun T A Oduola G O Avwioro andM A Oyeniyi ldquoMechanism of action of Jatropha gossypifoliastem latex as a haemostatic agentrdquo European Journal of GeneralMedicine vol 2 no 4 pp 140ndash143 2005
[102] D Garcia M V Domingues and E Rodrigues ldquoEthnophar-macological survey among migrants living in the SoutheastAtlantic Forest of Diadema Sao Paulo Brazilrdquo Journal ofEthnobiology and Ethnomedicine vol 6 article 29 2010
[103] S S Hebbar V H Harsha V Shripathi and G R HegdeldquoEthnomedicine of Dharwad district in Karnataka Indiamdashplants used in oral health carerdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 94 no 2-3 pp 261ndash266 2004
[104] S B Kosalge and R A Fursule ldquoInvestigation of ethnomedic-inal claims of some plants used by tribals of Satpuda Hills inIndiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 121 no 3 pp 456ndash461 2009
[105] R A Ritter M V B Monteiro F O B Monteiro et al ldquoEth-noveterinary knowledge and practices at Colares island Parastate eastern Amazon Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 144 no 2 pp 346ndash352 2012
[106] S K Dash and S Padhy ldquoReview on ethnomedicines fordiarrhoea diseases from Orissa prevalence versus culturerdquoJournal of Human Ecology vol 20 no 1 pp 59ndash64 2006
[107] R S L Taylor J B Hudson N P Manandhar and G H NTowers ldquoAntiviral activities of medicinal plants of southernNepalrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 53 pp 97ndash104 1996
[108] J M A Maia N G Czeczko J M R Filho et al ldquoEstudoda cicatrizacao de suturas na bexiga urinaria de ratos come sem utilizacao de extrato bruto de Jatropha gossypiifolia Lintraperitonealrdquo Acta Cirurgica Brasileira vol 21 no 2 pp 23ndash30 2006
[109] A L Ososki P Lohr M Reiff et al ldquoEthnobotanical literaturesurvey of medicinal plants in the Dominican Republic used forwomens health conditionsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol79 no 3 pp 285ndash298 2002
[110] A S Apu FHossain F Rizwan et al ldquoStudy of pharmacologicalactivities of methanol extract of Jatropha gossypifolia fruitsrdquoJournal of Basic and Clinical Pharmacy vol 4 no 1 pp 20ndash242013
[111] A S Apu K Ireen S Hossan Bhuyan et al ldquoEvaluation ofanalgesic neuropharmacological and anti-diarrheal potential ofJatropha gossypifolia (Linn) leaves in micerdquo Journal of MedicalSciences vol 12 no 8 pp 274ndash279 2012
[112] F A G Rocha and L I S Dantas ldquoAtividade antimicrobianain vitro do latex do aveloz (Euphorbia tirucalli L) pinhao bravo(Jatrophamollissima L) e pinhao roxo (Jatropha gossypiifolia L)sobre microrganismos patogenicosrdquo Holos vol 25 no 4 2009
[113] O M David and J O Oluyege ldquoIn vitro susceptibility ofselected pathogenic bacteria to leaf extracts and latex of Jatrophagossypiifolia(L) and Jatropha curcas (L)rdquo Biosciences Biotechnol-ogy Research Asia vol 3 no 1 pp 91ndash94 2006
[114] W D MacBae J B Hudson and G H N Towers ldquoStudieson the pharmacological activity of amazonian euphorbiaceaerdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 22 no 2 pp 143ndash172 1988
[115] M C Purohit and R Purohit ldquoEvaluation of antimicrobial andanti-inflammatory activities of bark of Jatropha gossypifoliardquoWorld Journal of Science and Technology vol 1 no 10 pp 1ndash52011
[116] D Singh and A Singh ldquoThe toxicity of four native Indianplants effect on AChE and acidalkaline phosphatase level infish Channa maruliusrdquo Chemosphere vol 60 no 1 pp 135ndash1402005
[117] C M Feitosa R M Freitas N N N Luz M Z B BezerraandM T S Trevisan ldquoAcetylcholinesterase inhibition by somespromising Brazilian medicinal plantsrdquo Brazilian Journal ofBiology vol 71 no 3 pp 783ndash789 2011
[118] Y Nagaharika V Kalyani S Rasheed and R KarthikeyanldquoAnti-inflammatory activity of leaves of Jatropha gossypifolia Lby HRBC membrane stabilization methodrdquo Journal of AcuteDisease vol 2 no 2 pp 156ndash158 2013
[119] S D N Silva I C Abreu S M D F Freire et al ldquoAntispas-modic effect of Jatropha gossypiifolia is mediated through dualblockade of muscarinic receptors and Ca2+ channelsrdquo BrazilianJournal of Pharmacognosy vol 21 no 4 pp 715ndash720 2011
[120] D Carabajal A Casaco L Arruzazabala R Gonzalez andV Fuentes ldquoPharmacological screening of plant decoctionscommonly used in Cuban folk medicinerdquo Journal of Ethnophar-macology vol 33 no 1-2 pp 21ndash24 1991
32 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
[121] S Jain G P Choudhary and D K Jain ldquoPharmacological eval-uation of anti-fertility activity of ethanolic extract of Jatrophagossypifolia leaf in female albino micerdquo Asian Pacific Journal ofTropical Biomedicine vol 2 no 3 pp S1671ndashS1674 2012
[122] S C N Servin O J M Torres J E F Matias et al ldquoAcao doextrato de Jatropha gossypiifolia L (piao roxo) na cicatrizacaode anastomose colonica estudo experimental em ratosrdquo ActaCirurgica Brasileira vol 21 no 3 pp 89ndash96 2006
[123] J R Vale N G Czeczko J U Aquino et al ldquoEstudo compara-tivo da cicatrizacao de gastrorrafias com e sem o uso do extratode Jatropha gossypiifolia L (piao roxo) em ratosrdquoActa CirurgicaBrasileira vol 21 no 3 pp 40ndash48 2006
[124] J U Aquino N G Czeczko O Malafaia et al ldquoAvaliacaofitoterapica da Jatropha gossypiifolia L na cicatrizacao desuturas na parede abdominal ventral de ratosrdquo Acta CirurgicaBrasileira vol 21 no 2 pp 61ndash66 2006
[125] M F D S Santos N G Czeczko P A N Nassif et alldquoAvaliacao do uso do extrato bruto de Jatropha gossypiifolia Lna cicatrizacao de feridas cutaneas em ratosrdquo Acta CirurgicaBrasileira vol 21 no 3 pp 2ndash7 2006
[126] B B Panda K Gaur R K Nema C S Sharma A K Jain andC P Jain ldquoHepatoprotective activity of Jatropha gossypifoliaagainst carbon tetrachloride- induced hepatic injury in ratsrdquoAsian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research vol 2no 1 pp 50ndash54 2009
[127] S S Deo T M Chaudhari and F Inam ldquoEvaluation ofthe immunomodulatory effects of 1-phenylnaphthalene andpericarbonyl lactone lignan compoundsrdquoDer PharmaChemicavol 4 no 2 pp 771ndash776 2012
[128] S K Rasheed S Kunapareddy and R Karthikeyan ldquoLocalanesthetic activity of Jatropha gossypifolia L on frogsrdquo Biomed-ical and Pharmacology Journal vol 5 no 2 pp 395ndash397 2012
[129] AM A Paes A L Camara SM F Freire andMO R BorgesldquoRelaxant effect of Jatropha gossypiifolia L on uterine smoothmusclerdquo International Journal of Phytomedicine vol 4 no 3 pp310ndash313 2012
[130] S J Jain G P Choudhary and D K Jain ldquoPharmacologicalevaluation and antifertility activity of Jatropha gossypifoliain ratsrdquo BioMed Research International vol 2013 Article ID125980 5 pages 2013
[131] J S de Oliveira PM Leite L B de Souza et al ldquoCharacteristicsand composition of Jatropha gossypiifolia and Jatropha curcasL oils and application for biodiesel productionrdquo Biomass andBioenergy vol 33 no 3 pp 449ndash453 2009
[132] V Bullangpoti E Wajnberg P Audant and R FeyereisenldquoAntifeedant activity of Jatropha gossypifolia and Meliaazedarach senescent leaf extracts on Spodoptera frugiperda(Lepidoptera Noctuidae) and their potential use as synergistsrdquoPest Management Science vol 68 no 9 pp 1255ndash1264 2012
[133] S N K JilaniW Islam andM Kamsh ldquoPotential of pyrethroidinsecticides and plant extracts on fecundity and egg viability oftribolium castaneum (Herbst)rdquo Journal of Bio-Science vol 19no 1 pp 95ndash97 2011
[134] D Sukumaran B D Parashar and K M Rao ldquoToxicity of Jat-ropha gossypiifolia and Vaccaria pyramidata against freshwatersnails vectors of animal schistosomiasisrdquo Fitoterapia vol 66 no5 pp 393ndash398 1995
[135] R K Devappa H P S Makkar and K Becker ldquoJatrophatoxicitymdasha reviewrdquo Journal of Toxicology and EnvironmentalHealth B Critical Reviews vol 13 no 6 pp 476ndash507 2010
[136] E P Schenkel M Zannin L A Mentz S A L Bordignonand B Irgang ldquoPlantas toxicasrdquo in Farmacognosia Da Planta
ao Medicamento C M O Simoes E P Schenkel G GosmannJ C P Mello L A Mentz and P R Petrovick Eds pp 959ndash993 Editora da UFRGSUFSC Porto Alegre Brazil 3d edition2007
[137] L I Oliveira F F Jabour V A Nogueira and E M YamasakildquoIntoxicacao experimental com as folhas de Jatropha gossypifo-lia(Euphorbiaceae) em ovinosrdquo Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileiravol 28 no 6 pp 275ndash278 2008
[138] P I A Awachie and F O Ugwu ldquoPreliminary investigationof the antimicrobial and brine shrimp lethality propertiesof some nigerian medicinal plantsrdquo International Journal ofPharmacognosy vol 35 no 5 pp 338ndash343 1997
[139] L J Medubi V O Ukwenya O T Aderinto et al ldquoEffects ofadministration of ethanolic root extract of Jatropha gossypiifoliaand prednisolone on the kidneys of Wistar ratsrdquo ElectronicJournal of Biomedicine vol 2 pp 41ndash48 2010
[140] T Oduola G B Popoola G O Avwioro et al ldquoUse of Jatrophagossypifolia stem latex as a haemostatic agent how safe is itrdquoJournal of Medicinal Plants Reasearch vol 1 no 1 pp 14ndash172007
Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom
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Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
MEDIATORSINFLAMMATION
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Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Behavioural Neurology
EndocrinologyInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Disease Markers
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
BioMed Research International
OncologyJournal of
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Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
PPAR Research
The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Immunology ResearchHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of
ObesityJournal of
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Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine
OphthalmologyJournal of
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Diabetes ResearchJournal of
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Research and TreatmentAIDS
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Gastroenterology Research and Practice
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Parkinsonrsquos Disease
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Volume 2014Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom
6 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table1Con
tinued
Plantp
art
Classifi
catio
nCom
poun
dEx
tracttypea
ndorp
reparatio
nRe
ference
Seeds
Alkaloids
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed236on
seeds
[51]
Aminoacids
mdashNot
specifiedlowast
[67]
Carboh
ydrates
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed3032
on
seeds
[68]
mdashNot
specifiedlowast
[67]
Esters
12-D
eoxy-16-hydroxylph
orbo
lIsolated
from
hydrop
hilic
fractio
nfro
mthee
ther
extractby
coun
tercurrent
chromatograph
y[69]
Fatty
acids
Arachidicacid
Identifi
edin
petro
lether
extract
[6870]
Caprilica
cid
Identifi
edin
petro
lether
extract
[6870]
Lauricacid
Identifi
edin
petro
lether
extract
[6870]
Lign
ocericacid
Identifi
edin
petro
lether
extract
[6870]
Lino
leicacid
Identifi
edin
petro
lether
extract
[6870]
Myristicacid
Identifi
edin
petro
lether
extract
[6870]
Oleicacid
Identifi
edin
petro
lether
extract
[6870]
Palm
itica
cid
Identifi
edin
petro
lether
extract
[6870]
Palm
itoleicacid
Identifi
edin
petro
lether
extract
[6870]
Ricino
leicacid
Identifi
edin
petro
lether
extract
[6870]
Stearic
acid
Identifi
edin
petro
lether
extract
[6870]
Vernolicacid
Identifi
edin
petro
lether
extract
[6870]
Fibers
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed92
5on
seeds
[68]
Flavon
oids
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed226on
seeds
[51]
Phenols
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed018on
seeds
[51]
Proteins
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed1340
onseeds
[68]
Sapo
nins
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed237
onseeds
[51]
Quantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed6g
kgon
seeds
[68]
Tann
ins
mdashQuantitativ
eanalysis
show
ed352on
seeds
[51]
Latex
Proteins
Cyclo
gossineA
Not
specified
[71]
Cyclo
gossineB
Isolated
from
ethylacetateextractb
ygelfi
ltrationcolumnchromatograph
y[20]
Not
specified
Alkaloids
Imidazolea
lkaloid
Isolated
from
thep
lant
exud
ateslowast
[72]
Piperid
ine
Isolated
from
thep
lant
exud
ateslowast
[72]
Diterpenoids
Abiodo
neNot
specifiedlowast
[73]
lowast
Thec
ompletev
ersio
nof
thep
aper
was
notaccessib
leso
theinformationwas
obtained
from
itsabstr
act
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 7
Table2Mainiso
latedcompo
unds
from
Jatro
phagossy
piifolia
Ldescrib
edin
theliterature
Classifi
catio
nCom
poun
dPlantp
art
Biologicalactiv
ityRe
ference
Alkaloids
NOC
NO
Rici
nine
Leaves
Insecticideinvitro
[49]
Imidazolea
lkaloid
Not
specified
mdash[72]
Pipe
ridin
e
N H
Not
specified
mdash[72]
41015840-O
-dem
ethylretrochinensin
Stem
smdash
[58]
Ary
lnap
htha
lene
lign
an
OM
e
OM
eOH
OH
OO
Stem
srootsand
seeds
mdash[42]
Cleo
misc
osin
A
OO
O
OM
e
MeO
O
HO
CH2O
H
Stem
smdash
[59]
8 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table2Con
tinued
Classifi
catio
nCom
poun
dPlantp
art
Biologicalactiv
ityRe
ference
Cou
marin-lign
oids
Gad
ain
O OH
OO
O
O
Stem
srootsand
seeds
mdash[43]
Gos
sypi
dien
O OM
eOO
C
COO
Me
O OStem
smdash
[60]
Isog
adai
n
O OH
OO
O
O
Stem
smdash
[61]
Jatro
dien
O OM
eOO
C
MeO
OC
OM
e
OM
e
Stem
smdash
[62]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 9
Table2Con
tinued
Classifi
catio
nCom
poun
dPlantp
art
Biologicalactiv
ityRe
ference
Jatro
phan
OO
H
OM
e
O
O OM
e
Stem
srootsand
seeds
mdash[44]
Pras
anth
alin
e
OAc OAc
O OH
OM
eO
Me
Stem
smdash
[63]
Prop
acin
OM
e
OO
MeO
O
O
Me
HO
Who
leplant
mdash[38]
Venk
atasin
Who
leplant
mdash[39]
O
HO
O
O
2120572-H
ydro
xyja
troph
one
H3C
H3C
CH3
CH3
CH3
Roots
Antileuk
emicin
vitro
andin
vivo
[64]
10 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table2Con
tinued
Classifi
catio
nCom
poun
dPlantp
art
Biologicalactiv
ityRe
ference
O
HO
O
OH
3C
CH3
CH3
CH3
2120573-H
ydro
xy-5
6-is
ojat
roph
one
Roots
Antileuk
emicin
vitro
andin
vivo
[64]
Diterpenes
O
HO
O
OH
3C H3C
CH3
CH3
CH3
2120573-H
ydro
xyja
troph
one
Roots
Antileuk
emicin
vitro
andin
vivo
[64]
Abiodo
neNot
specified
Anticancerinvitro
[73]
Citla
litrio
ne O
OH
OH
O
Roots
mdash[13]
Who
leplant
mdash[40]
Falo
done O
OH
Roots
Anticancerinvitro
[13]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 11
Table2Con
tinued
Classifi
catio
nCom
poun
dPlantp
art
Biologicalactiv
ityRe
ference
Jatro
phen
one
HO
H
O
H AcO
H
HWho
leplant
Antibacteria
linvitro
[41]
OH
O
Jatro
phol
one A
Roots
mdash[65]
Jatro
phol
one B O
H
O
Roots
mdash[65]
Jatro
phon
e
O
OO
Roots
Anticancerinvitro
andin
vivo
[66]
12 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table2Con
tinued
Classifi
catio
nCom
poun
dPlantp
art
Biologicalactiv
ityRe
ference
Esters
OH
HO
O
HO
HOH
OH
12-D
eoxy
-16-
hydr
oxyl
phor
bol
Seeds
Irritanttomou
seear
[69]
Lign
ans
Gos
sypi
fan
MeO
MeO
H
OO
O
O
Aeria
lparts
mdash[46]
Gos
sypi
line
O O
OCO
Me
OCO
Me
H
OO
Aeria
lparts
mdash[47]
Proteins
Cyclo
goss
ine A
Leu 1
Ala
2Th
r 3
Val 7
Gly
6Le
u 5
Trp 4
Latex
mdash[1571]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 13
Table2Con
tinued
Classifi
catio
nCom
poun
dPlantp
art
Biologicalactiv
ityRe
ference
Cyclo
goss
ine B Leu 2
Ala
5A
la6
Gly
1Le
u 4
Leu 8
Trp 3
Ile7
Latex
mdash[1520]
Triterpenes
HO O
H
HO
OH
H
(13120572
14120573
20S
)-2
2425
-Trih
ydro
xyla
nost
a-1
7-d
ien-3
-one
Leaves
mdash[57]
HO O
H
HO
OH
H
(2120572
13120572
14120573
20S
)-2
2425
-Trih
ydro
xyla
nost-
7-en
-3-o
ne
Leaves
mdash[57]
14 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
in different forms of preparation (infusion decoction andmaceration among others) by different routes and forms(oral topical baths etc) The most frequent reports refer toits anti-inflammatory antidiarrheal antiophidian analgesicantipyretic antimicrobial healing antianemic antidiabeticand antihemorrhagic activities among many other examples[3 5 7 9]
Some properties are attributed to specific parts of theplant while others are assigned to different parts Interest-ingly in some cases certain uses may appear contradictorysuch as antidiarrheal and laxative or its use as anticoagulantand antihemorrhagic One hypothesis is that this differencemay be related with the dose used since for example thelaxative effect is an effect commonly related with toxic eventswith this plant
6 Pharmacological Activities
Despite the grand variety of popular uses and the data fromJatropha species J gossypiifolia has been scarcely studiedregarding biological activities (Table 4) Studies showing thebiological potential of aqueous extract are rare so far whichis important to be mentioned since the most popular useof this plant is as a tea (decoction or infusion) Among themain activities that have been studied the antihypertensiveanticancer antimicrobial healing anti-inflammatory andanalgesic activities stand out
61 Antihypertensive Action Based on popular use of teasfrom J gossypiifolia roots and aerial parts the hypotensiveand vasorelaxant effects of the ethanolic extract of aerialparts of the plant were tested by Abreu et al [45] Thestudy revealed that the extract (125 and 250mgkgdayover 4 weeks by oral route in rats) in a dose-dependentmanner produced a reduction of systolic blood pressurein conscious normotensive animals This hypotensive effectcould be attributed to its vasorelaxant action since it pro-duced concentration-dependent relaxant effect in rat isolatedendothelium-deprived mesenteric artery precontracted withnorepinephrine or calcium Moreover it inhibited in aconcentration-dependent and noncompetitive manner thecontractile response induced by norepinephrine or CaCl
2in
the same preparation [45]
62 Antimicrobial Action The antibiotic activity of differ-ent extracts from J gossypiifolia is frequently reported asobserved in Table 4 In general some extent of antibacterialantifungal antiparasitic and antiviral activity was observedThe only report of J gossypiifolia isolated compound withantimicrobial activity is of the macrocyclic diterpene jatro-phenone which presented significant in vitro antibacterialactivity against Staphylococcus aureus [41]
63 Anti-Inflammatory andor Analgesic Action Many imp-ortant popular uses of J gossypiifolia are related to inflamma-tory process Bhagat et al [28] showed that the methanolicextract of leaves of this species has significant systemicacute and chronic anti-inflammatory activity The extract
at 500 and 1000mgkg oral doses was able to inhibit theacute carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats and at 50 and100mgkg oral doses inhibited the chronic cotton pellet-induced granuloma formation in rats Additionally the Jgossypiifolia leaf paste (05 and 1mgear) showed significantreduction in TPA-induced local inflammatory changes inmouse ear edema model [28]
In another study the anti-inflammatory and analgesicproperties of the methanol and petrol ether extracts of aerialparts of J gossypiifolia were demonstrated in mice [92]At 100 and 200mgkgday during 7 days by oral routeonly the methanol extract presented significant analgesicactivity in Eddyrsquos hot plate and tail-flick models and anti-inflammatory activity in carrageenan-induced paw edema[92] The anti-inflammatory activity of the bark from Jgossypiifolia (methanol and petrol ether extracts) was alsodemonstrated in carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats[115]
In a recent study using the in vitro human red bloodcell membrane stabilization method Nagaharika et al [118]suggested that ethanol and water extracts from J gossypiifolialeaves have anti-inflammatory activity According to theauthors since human red blood cell membranes are similarto the lysosomal membrane components the prevention ofhypotonicity-induced membrane lysis of these cells couldbe taken as a measure in estimating the anti-inflammatoryproperty of compounds [118]
The analgesic activity of the methanol extract from theleaves of J gossypiifolia was evaluated in acetic acid-inducedwrithing test in mice where highly significant inhibitionwas seen of 6756 and 6514 at 200 and 400mgkg oraldoses respectively [111] Similar results were observed in themethanolic extract from fruits [110]
64 Healing Action The healing action of the ethanol crudeextract of J gossypiifolia (plant part not specified) wasevaluated in suture healing of ventral abdominal wall ofrats through tensiometric measurement and macro- andmicroscopic aspect of postoperative period The extractwhich was administered by an intraperitoneal instillation of100mgkg single dose in the peritoneal cavity presentedmoreintense adhesion on macroscopic examination and greaterstrain evaluation and vascular neoformation However agreater inflammatory process was also observed and otherhistological parameters were similar to the control groupindicating that in general the extract presented poor woundhealing properties in the used model [124]
Another study evaluated the healing action of thehydroethanolic crude extract from leaves of J gossypiifoliain the healing process of sutures performed on the bladderof rats and similar results were presented although someimprovement might have been observed in some parametersIn general the authors concluded that no favorable heal-ing effect was observed with the administration of singleintraperitoneal dose of J gossypiifolia L [108] In anotherstudy analyzing the morphological aspects of the healingprocess occurring in open skin lesions in rats under topicaladministration of raw extract from J gossypiifolia (details
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 15
Table3Po
pularm
edicinaluses
ofJatro
phagossy
piifolia
Ldescrib
edin
theliterature
Plantp
art
Popu
laru
sePreparationandor
mod
eofu
seRe
ference
Who
leplant
Analgesic(headache)
Leaves
anointed
with
ldquoSebode
Holan
dardquo(muttontallo
w)a
ndheated
inthefi
reareu
sedas
compressfor
headaches
[5]
Analgesic(to
othache)
Not
specified
[3]
Antim
icrobial
Not
specified
[3]
Antipyretic
Decoctio
n[20]
Dyscrasia
Not
specified
[3]
Dysph
onia
Not
specified
[3]
Wou
ndhealing
Not
specified
[7475]
Aeria
lparts
Antianemic(m
alariatre
atment)
Decoctio
nused
byoralroute
[76]
Abscess
Bath
[77]
Alopecia
Ashleaves
[25]
Analgesic(eye
pain)
Not
specified
[78]
Analgesic(headache)
Not
specified
[78]
Analgesic(headachea
ndotitis)
Not
specified
[79]
Analgesic(painin
general)
Decoctio
nor
infusio
n[80]
Analgesic(to
othache)
Decoctio
nor
infusio
n[80]
Antianemic
Decoctio
n[81]
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[82]
Anticancer
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Decoctio
nof
thea
ssociatio
nof
leaves
ofJgossy
piifolia
with
leaves
ofPetiveriaalliaceaandaeria
lpartsof
Stachytarpheta
jamaicensis
byoralroute
[29]
Not
specified
[3]
Anticon
vulsivant
Not
specified
[83]
Antidiabetic
Decoctio
n[8485]
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Antidiarrheal
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Not
specified
[3]
Antihem
orrhagic
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Freshcrushedleaves
areu
sedin
caseso
fcutaneous
andnasalbleeding
[86]
Anti-infectiv
eDecoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Not
specified
[8788]
Anti-infl
ammatory
Not
specified
[78]
Antipyretic
Decoctio
n[81]
ldquoTeardquo
[5]
Not
specified
[88]
Antise
ptic
Bath
prepared
from
theleaves
[5]
Antith
rombo
ticDecoctio
nor
infusio
n[80]
Antiulcerogenic
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Leafjuice
[89]
Boils
Applicationof
thep
ound
edleaves
[90]
16 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative MedicineTa
ble3Con
tinued
Plantp
art
Popu
laru
sePreparationandor
mod
eofu
seRe
ference
Burns
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Usedin
associationwith
seedso
fGossypium
arboreum
sugarhon
eybeeandfato
fram
preparedby
grinding
app
liedtopically
[29]
Con
traceptiv
eand
oxito
toxic
Not
specified
[79]
Depurative
Squeezedthe
juiceo
btainedisdrun
k[91]
Detoxificant
Not
specified
[92]
Eczema
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Emetic
Squeezedthe
juiceo
btainedisdrun
k[91]
Gastro
intestinaldisorders
Not
specified
[79]
Gingivitis
Leafjuice
[89]
Gon
orrhoea
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Healin
gBa
thprepared
from
theleaves
[5]
Decoctio
n[30]
Decoctio
nor
infusio
n[80]
Hem
orrhoids
Usedin
associationwith
leaves
ofNicotia
natabacum
andcopp
ersulphateboiledin
waterand
used
asste
amdirected
atthea
nalregion
[93]
Hem
ostatic
Decoctio
nor
infusio
n[80]
Hepatitis
Not
specified
[12]
Itching
skin
Applicationof
thep
ound
edleaves
[90]
Leaves
Leprosy
Leafjuice
[89]
Malaria
Decoctio
n[81]
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[82]
Usedin
associationwith
leaves
ofAz
adira
chta
indica
andCo
mbretum
spbo
iledforsteam
bathsa
ndby
oralroute
[94]
Usedin
associationwith
leaves
ofCo
mbretum
ghasalenseandwho
leplanto
fOcim
umcanu
mbyoralrouteo
rfor
steam
baths
[94]
Mastitis
Poun
dedleaves
appliedon
swollenbreasts
[90]
Mycosis
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Psycho
activ
eNot
specified
[79]
Purgative
Not
specified
[388]
Rheumatism
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Scabies
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Skin
diseases
Not
specified
[3]
Stom
achic
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Not
specified
[8892]
Syph
ilis
Ash
ofleaves
[25]
Thrush
(oralcandidiasis)
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Treatm
ento
fldquocultu
ralsyn
drom
esrdquoldquoderramerdquo
ldquoquebranterdquoldquoespanterdquo
ldquovento-caıdordquoldquo
panemardquo
ldquodoenca-do-arrdquoldquom
ae-do-corpordquo
Not
specified
[79]
Vaginalinfectio
nSlightlybo
iledused
asvaginalw
ash
[91]
Venerald
iseases
Not
specified
[92]
Verm
ifuge
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Vertigo
Not
specified
[3]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 17
Table3Con
tinued
Plantp
art
Popu
laru
sePreparationandor
mod
eofu
seRe
ference
Wou
ndsa
ndrashes
Bath
oftheleaves
[24]
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Decoctio
nused
asbathsfor
cleaningwou
ndsindo
gs[95]
Wou
nddisin
fectant
Slightlybo
iledused
aswou
ndwash
[91]
Stem
Analgesic(to
othache)
Not
specified
[96]
Antianemic
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[82]
Anticancer
Decoctio
nby
oralor
topicalrou
te[26]
Emmenagogue
Decoctio
nof
barks
[7092]
Malaria
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[82]
Rheumatism
Not
specified
[77]
Thickbloo
dNot
specified
[77]
Roots
Anticancer
Decoctio
nby
oralor
topicalrou
te[26]
Root
bark
used
forc
ancero
fthe
lung
s[73]
Anticon
vulsivant
Not
specified
[83]
Antidiarrheal
Not
specified
[89]
Antim
icrobial
Root
bark
used
inbacterialinfectio
ns[73]
Impo
tence
Decoctio
nof
thea
ssociatio
nof
rootso
fJgossy
piifoliaC
hiococca
albaC
itrus
aurantifoliaD
esmodium
canu
m
RoystonearegiaSenn
aoccid
entalisStachytarphetajamaicensis
and
Waltheriaindica
with
thew
holeplanto
fCom
melina
erectaC
yperus
rotund
usand
sugarby
oralroute
[29]
Leprosy
Not
specified
[392]
Snakebites
Not
specified
[22929798]
Urin
arypain
Not
specified
[92]
Uterusd
iseases
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[99100]
Seeds
Analgesic(bod
ypain)
Not
specified
[101]
Analgesic(headache)
Not
specified
[79]
Antigrip
alUsedin
strong
colds
[5]
Antihem
orrhagic
Not
specified
[9]
Antiulcerogenic
Seed
oil
[3]
Con
traceptiv
eand
oxito
toxic
Not
specified
[79]
Depurative
Not
specified
[91]
Emetic
Not
specified
[7091101]
Gastro
intestinaldisorders
Not
specified
[79]
Leprosy
Seed
oil
[3]
Mycosis
Seed
oil
[3]
Psycho
activ
eNot
specified
[79]
Purgative
Not
specified
[39101102]
Treatm
ento
fldquocultu
ralsyn
drom
esrdquoldquoderramerdquo
ldquoquebranterdquoldquoespanterdquo
ldquovento-caıdordquoldquo
panemardquo
ldquodoenca-do-arrdquoldquom
ae-do-corpordquo
Not
specified
[79]
Vaginalinfectio
nSlightlybo
iledused
asvaginalw
ash
[91]
Wou
ndinfection
Slightlybo
iledused
aswou
ndwash
[91]
18 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table3Con
tinued
Plantp
art
Popu
laru
sePreparationandor
mod
eofu
seRe
ference
Fruits
Analgesic
Massaging
pregnant
wom
enrsquosbellies
with
teao
rgarrafadalowast
whenthey
areinpain
[77]
Analgesic(headache)
Teao
rgarrafadalowast
[77]
Analgesic(to
othache)
Teao
rgarrafadalowast
[77]
Laxativ
eIngestion
innatura
ofthep
owderfruit
[102]
Num
bnessa
fterb
ugsting
sTeao
rgarrafadalowast
[77]
Latex
Alopecia
Not
specified
[25]
Analgesic(eye
pain)
Not
specified
[78]
Analgesic(painin
general)
Drin
kor
massage
thea
ffected
area
with
latex
[80]
Analgesic(to
othache)
Cottonsoaked
with
latexkept
incontactw
iththes
oretoo
th[103]
Drin
kor
massage
thea
ffected
area
with
latex
[80]
Anticancer
Not
specified
[25]
Antihem
orrhagic
Not
specified
[9248695]
Antith
rombo
ticOralrou
te[80]
Antiulcerogenic
Not
specified
[2089]
Biteof
veno
mou
sanimals
Applicationof
fresh
latexatthea
ffected
site
[5]
Diuretic
Afewdrop
soffresh
latex
inwater
[6]
Eczema
Not
specified
[25]
Gingivitis
Not
specified
[89]
Gon
orrhea
Not
specified
[25]
Hem
ostatic
Not
specified
[2580]
Infected
wou
nds
Applicationof
fresh
latex
atthea
ffected
site
[520]
Leprosy
Not
specified
[89]
Mycosis
Not
specified
[25]
Purgative
Afewdrop
soffresh
latexin
water
[6]
Not
specified
[9]
Rheumatism
Not
specified
[25]
Scabies
Not
specified
[25]
Skin
burns
Applicationof
fresh
latex
atthea
ffected
site
[104]
Not
specified
[25]
Stop
ofitching
ofcutsandscratches
Not
specified
[95]
Syph
ilis
Not
specified
[25]
Thrush
(oralcandidiasis)
Not
specified
[25]
Verm
ifuge
Not
specified
[25]
Wou
ndhealing
Applicationof
latexatthea
ffected
site
[5]
Drin
kor
massage
thea
ffected
sitew
ithlatex
[80]
Not
specified
[7475]
Resin
Toothache
Toothp
owder
[27]
Wou
ndsinlip
sand
tong
ueTo
picalapp
lication
[27]
Oil
Arthritis
Appliedlocally
[89]
Purgative
Not
specified
[89]
Skin
disease
Appliedlocally
[89]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 19
Table3Con
tinued
Plantp
art
Popu
laru
sePreparationandor
mod
eofu
seRe
ference
Not
specified
Alopecia
Teaa
ppliedlocally
indo
gs[105]
Analgesic
Not
specified
[13]
Poultic
es[95]
Anticancer
Not
specified
[1366]
Antidiarrheal
Not
specified
[2845106]
Antihypertensive
Not
specified
[45]
Anti-infl
ammatory
Not
specified
[1328]
Antipyretic
Not
specified
[28]
Antise
ptic
Not
specified
[45]
Antiulcerogenic
Not
specified
[28]
Cou
ghsa
ndcolds
Bark
juice(4spoo
nfuls3tim
esad
ay)b
yoralroute
[107]
Detoxication
Not
specified
[28]
Diuretic
Not
specified
[45]
Eczema
Not
specified
[28]
Gum
infection
Not
specified
[28]
Healin
gNot
specified
[45108]
Hydropsy
Not
specified
[5]
Leprosy
Not
specified
[28]
Obstructio
nsof
thea
bdom
inaltract
Not
specified
[5]
Purgative
Not
specified
[5]
Regu
latem
enses
Not
specified
[109]
Rheumatism
Not
specified
[5]
Snakea
ndscorpion
bites
Not
specified
[322]
Stom
achpain
Not
specified
[28]
Venerealdiseases
Not
specified
[28]
Wou
nds
Poultic
es[95]
Usedas
bath
[28]
lowast
Garrafadapreparatio
ndo
neby
maceratingplantp
artsin
alcoho
lorh
ydroalcoho
licmediumsin
generalbrandies
20 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative MedicineTa
ble4Ph
armacologicalstu
dies
ofJatro
phagossy
piifolia
Ldescrib
edin
theliterature
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Analgesic
Aeria
lparts
Methano
land
petro
lether
extracts
At100and200m
gkgdayover7
daysbyoralrouteinmiceon
lythe
methano
lextractpresentedsig
nificantanalgesicactiv
ityin
Eddyrsquosho
tplatea
ndtail-flack
mod
els[92]
Fruits
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmicehigh
lysig
nificantly
inhibitedthew
rithing
respon
sesind
uced
byaceticacid
[110]
Leaves
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmicesig
nificantly
inhibited
thew
rithing
respon
sesind
uced
byaceticacid
[111]
Antibacteria
l
Latex
Crud
elatex
At100120583
Lvolumeinh
ibitedin
vitro
Liste
riamonocytogenes
Salm
onellatyhimuriumSalmonellatyphiandStaphylococcus
aureus
[112]
Latex
Not
specified
Presentedbactericidaleffectinvitro
againstShigella
dysenteriaea
ndStaphylococcus
aureuslowast
[113]
Leaves
Fractio
nsobtained
bysequ
entia
lextractionof
the
vegetalm
aterialw
ithpetro
letherbenzenechloroform
aceton
eethano
lmethano
landwater
Petro
lether
fractio
nwas
inactiv
eagainstEscherich
iacoliandBa
cillus
subtilisBe
nzenefractionwas
them
ostactiveagainstb
oth
microorganism
sCh
loroform
andmethano
lfractions
werea
ctive
onlyagainstB
acillus
subtilisAc
eton
eand
ethano
lfractions
were
activ
eonlyagainstE
scheric
hiacoliAq
ueou
sfractionwas
activ
eagainstb
othmicroorganism
salthou
ghto
amuchlesser
degree
than
theo
ther
fractions
[52]
Methano
lchloroform
and
water
extracts
Allextractswerea
ctiveinvitro
againstShigella
dysenteriaelowast
[113]
Petro
lether
andethyl
acetatefractions
from
ethano
ldichloromethane
(11vv)extract
Thep
etrolether
fractio
n(1mgmL)
inhibitedin
vitro
Pseudomonas
aeruginosaStaphylo
coccus
epidermidis
andSalm
onellatyphim
urium
Thee
thylacetatefraction(1mgmL)
was
activ
eagainstStaphylococcus
aureus
[87]
Who
leplant
Jatro
phenon
ePresentedin
vitro
antib
acteria
lactivity
againstStaphylo
coccus
aureus
comparabletopenicillin
[41]
Aeria
lparts
Water
andethylacetate
fractio
nsfro
mmethano
lextract
Both
fractio
nsat1
mgdidno
tprodu
cezoneso
finh
ibition
for
Escherich
iacoliStaphylococcus
aureusSaccharom
yces
cerevisia
enor
Cand
idaalbicans
[114]
Leaves
Chloroform
extract
Presentedantib
acteria
lactivity
againstSalmonellatyphiPseudomonas
aeruginosaand
Staphylococcus
aureus
andantifun
galactivity
against
Cand
idaalbicansD
idno
tprodu
ceinhibitio
nzonesa
gainst
Escherich
iacoliBa
cillussubtilis
Proteusm
irabilisC
orynebacteriu
mdiptheria
eShigelladysenteriaea
ndStreptococcusp
enum
oniae
[50]
Leaves
Dichlorom
ethane
methano
l(11vv)extract
At05and1m
gmLshow
edsig
nificantantibacteria
lactivity
invitro
againstB
acillus
cereus
varm
ycoidesBa
cillusp
umilu
sBa
cillussubtilis
Bordetellabronchise
ptica
MicrococcusluteusStaphylococcus
aureus
Staphylococcus
epidermidis
Klebsiella
pneumoniaeandStreptococcus
faecalisandantifun
galactivity
invitro
againstC
andida
albicans
[88]
Methano
lextract
Presentedantib
acteria
lactivity
againstSalmonellatyphiPseudomonas
aeruginosaand
Staphylococcus
aureus
andantifun
galactivity
against
Cand
idaalbicansD
idno
tprodu
ceinhibitio
nzonesa
gainst
Escherich
iacoliBa
cillussubtilis
Proteusm
irabilisC
orynebacteriu
mdiptheria
eShigelladysenteriaea
ndStreptococcusp
enum
oniae
[50]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 21
Table4Con
tinued
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Antibacteria
land
antifun
gal
Not
specified
Extractsob
tained
bysequ
entia
lextractionof
the
vegetalm
aterialw
ithn-hexanechloroform
aceton
emethano
land
water
n-Hexanee
xtracthadinhibitory
activ
ityin
vitro
againstE
scheric
hia
coliSalm
onellatyphiPseudomonas
aeruginosaB
acillus
cereus
Klebsiella
aerogenesandCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainst
Shiguella
boydiAspergillus
fumiga
tusAspergillus
flavusand
Aspergillus
nigerCh
loroform
extractinh
ibitedin
vitro
Salm
onella
typhiPseudomonas
aeruginosaB
acillus
cereusan
dCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainstEscherich
iacoliStaphylococcus
aureus
Shiguella
boydiAspergillus
fumiga
tusAspergillus
flavusand
Aspergillus
nigerAc
eton
eextractinhibitedin
vitro
Escherich
iacoli
Pseudomonas
aeruginosaStaphylococcusa
ureusKlebsiella
aerogenes
Proteusv
ulgarisan
dCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainst
Salm
onellatyphiAspergillus
fumiga
tusAspergillus
flavusa
ndAspergillus
nigerMethano
lextractinhibitedin
vitro
Escherich
iacoli
Salm
onellatyphiPseudomonas
aeruginosaStaphylococcusa
ureus
Bacilluscereusa
ndCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainst
Aspergillus
fumigatusA
spergillu
sflavusan
dAspergillus
nigerWater
extractw
asactiv
einvitro
againstE
scheric
hiacoliSalm
onellatyphi
Pseudomonas
aeruginosaStaphylococcusa
ureusBa
cilluscereus
Klebsiella
aerogenesProteusv
ulgarisan
dCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainstAspergillus
fumigatusA
spergillu
sflavusand
Aspergillus
niger
[89]
Methano
land
petro
lether
extractsfro
mbark
At200120583
g100120583
Lon
lythem
ethano
lextractshow
edin
vitro
antib
acteria
lactivity
upon
Staphylococcus
aureusStre
ptococcus
pyogenesand
Escherich
iacoliandantifun
galactivity
upon
Aspergillus
nigerCa
ndidaalbicansPenicillium
notatumand
Saccharomyces
cerevisia
e
[115]
Anticho
linesterase
Latex
Lyop
hilized
latex
Inhibitedtim
e-anddo
se-dependentlythea
cetylch
olinesterase
enzymeinnervou
stissue
offre
shwater
airb
reathing
fishCh
anna
marulius
[116]
Leaves
Fractio
nsobtained
bysequ
entia
lextractionof
the
vegetalm
aterialw
ithethyl
acetatea
ndmethano
l
At2m
gmLconcentration
thee
thylacetatea
ndmethano
lfractions
presentedinhibitory
activ
ities
invitro
of71
and100
Them
ethano
lfractio
npresentedIC
50of
005
mgmL
[117]
Antidiarrheal
Fruits
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmiceinhibitedthec
astoro
ilindu
ceddiarrhea
[110]
Leaves
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmiceinhibitedthec
astoro
ilindu
ceddiarrhea
[111]
Antifu
ngal
(antidermatop
hytic
fung
i)Ae
rialp
arts
Water
andethylacetate
fractio
nsfro
mmethano
lextract
Them
inim
alconcentrationprod
ucing75of
inhibitio
nor
high
eragainstM
icrosporuscanis
forb
othfractio
nsw
as1120583
gmLFo
rthe
fung
usMicrosporusg
ypseum
Microsporusfulvuman
dMicrosporus
gallina
eno
neof
thefractionpresentedinhibitory
activ
ity
[114]
22 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative MedicineTa
ble4Con
tinued
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Anti-infl
ammatory
Aeria
lparts
Methano
land
petro
lether
extracts
At100and200m
gkgdayover7
daysbyoralrouteinmiceon
lythe
methano
lextractpresentedsig
nificantanti-infl
ammatoryactiv
ityon
carrageenan-indu
cedpawedem
a[92]
Leaves
Aqueou
sextract
At100and200120583
gmLsig
nificantly
preventedthelysisof
human
red
bloo
dcells
inmem
branes
tabilizationmetho
din
vitro
[118]
Ethano
lextract
At100120583
gmLsig
nificantly
preventedthelysisof
human
redbloo
dcells
inmem
branes
tabilizationmetho
din
vitro
[118]
Methano
lextractandleaf
paste
At500and1000
mgkgbyoralrouteinrats
inhibitedthe
carrageenan-indu
cedpawedem
aAt
50and100m
gkgbyoralroute
inrats
inhibitedthec
ottonpelletind
uced
granulom
aformationin
rats
At05and1m
geartheleafp
asteredu
cedtheinfl
ammation
respon
sein
mou
seeare
demam
odel
[28]
Not
specified
Methano
land
petro
lether
extractsfro
mbark
At200m
gkgbyoralrouteinratsbothextractsredu
cedthe
carrageenan-indu
cedpawedem
a[115]
Antim
alarial
Leaves
Aqueou
sextract
30120583ginhibitedin
vitro
theg
rowth
ofPlasmodium
falciparum
[31]
Dichlorom
ethane
extract
Activ
einvitro
againstP
lasm
odium
falciparumw
ithIC
50of
abou
t35120583gmL
[81]
Antineoplasic
Roots
Ethano
licextractand
jatro
phon
e
Thee
thanolextractas
wellasjatroph
oneexhibitedsig
nificant
inhibitory
activ
ityin
vitro
againstcellsderiv
edfro
mhu
man
carcinom
aofthe
nasoph
aryn
xandlymph
ocyticleuk
emiaP-388and
invivo
againstfou
rstand
ardanim
altumor
syste
ms
[66]
Falodo
neShow
edpo
tent
proliferatio
ninhibitory
activ
ityagainstA
-549
human
cancer
celllin
ewith
IC50of
120120583
gmL
[13]
2120572-H
ydroxyjatro
phon
e2120573
-hydroxy-56-iso
jatro
phon
eand2120573
-hydroxyjatro
phon
editerpenes
isolatedfro
mpetro
lether
extract
Presentedantin
eoplasicactiv
ityup
onP-388lymph
ocyticleuk
emia
testsyste
mbo
thin
vivo
andin
vitro
asw
ellasfor
theE
aglersquos
carcinom
aofthe
nasoph
aryn
xtestsyste
min
vitro
[64]
Not
specified
Abiodo
neNot
specifiedlowast
[73]
Antioxidant
Leaves
Methano
lethylacetateand
aqueou
sextract
Allextractsshow
edsig
nificantantioxidant
activ
ityin
vitro
inDPP
Hfre
eradicalferric
thiocyanateandnitricoxides
caveng
ingmetho
dslowast
[55]
Who
leplant
Petro
letherchloroform
ethylacetateand
n-bu
tano
lextracts
Allextractsshow
edon
lypo
orDPP
Hscavenging
activ
ityTh
etotal
antio
xidant
capacitywas
high
erin
ethylacetateandn-bu
tano
lextracts
having
thep
etrolether
andchloroform
show
ingon
lypo
oractiv
ityTh
elipid
peroxidatio
nwas
inhibitedon
lypartially
bythe
extracts
with
thee
thylacetateb
eing
them
ostactivea
ndthep
etrol
etherb
eing
theleast
[48]
Antisp
asmod
icAe
rialp
arts
Ethano
lextractfractions
andsubfractions
At5001000and
2000
mgkgbyoralrouteinmiceshow
edsig
nificantantisp
asmod
icactiv
ityin
mou
seintestinaltransit
mod
elandat0510
and
20m
gmLinhibitedin
vitro
thea
cetylch
olinea
ndcalcium-in
ducedcontractions
ofiso
lated
ratjeju
numO
nlythe
organicfractionof
thee
xtracthadac
alcium
-antagon
isteffect
whereas
both
chloroform
icandaqueou
sfractions
hadanticho
linergic
effect
[119]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 23Ta
ble4Con
tinued
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Antivira
lAe
rialp
arts
Water
andethylacetate
fractio
nsfro
mmethano
lextract
At110and
100120583
gmLbo
thfractio
nspresented100
ofinhibitio
nof
plaque-fo
rmingabilityof
Sind
bisv
irusintre
atmentp
reinfection
protocol(IC 5
0lt1120583
gmL)w
hilein
treatmentp
ostin
fection
theIC 5
0of
water
fractio
nincreasedto
512andacetatefractionincreasedto
37120583gmLFo
rmurinec
ytom
egaloviru
sIC
50of
17and15
towater
andethylacetatefractio
nswereo
bservedrespectiv
elyintre
atment
preinfectio
nprotocolInthetreatmentp
ostin
fection
howe
verno
inhibitio
nwas
observed
inthismicroorganism
[114]
Not
specified
Methano
lextractfro
mbarks
Partially
activ
eagainstSind
bisv
irusand
herpes
simplex
virus-l
Inactiv
eagainsthu
man
polio
virus
[107]
Bron
chod
ilator
Stem
sAq
ueou
sextract
Thee
xtractwas
inactiv
einbron
chod
ilatora
ctivity
inguinea
pigs
[120]
Con
traceptiv
eLeaves
Ethano
lextract
At450m
gkgdayover2
1daysby
oralroutecaused
anantifertility
activ
ityin
femalem
ice
[121]
Healin
g
Aeria
lparts
Ethano
l70
extract
At1m
Lkg
dosebyintraperito
nealrouteinrats
presentedbeneficial
activ
ityin
healingprocesso
fcolon
icanastomosis
[122]
Aeria
lparts
Ethano
l70
extract
At200m
gkgbyintraperito
nealrouteinrats
favoredtheh
ealin
gprocesso
fgastro
rrhaph
iesa
ndredu
cedthea
cuteinflammatory
reactio
nin
vivo
[123]
Leaves
Hydroethano
lextract
At200m
gkgbyintraperito
nealroutedecreasedtheinfl
ammation
andincreasedvascular
neoformationandcollagendepo
sitionwhen
comparedto
thec
ontro
lgroup
inhealingprocesso
fsutures
perfo
rmed
ontheb
ladd
erof
rats
How
everingeneralno
favorable
healingeffectw
asob
served
[108]
Not
specified
Ethano
licextract
Alth
ough
someimprovem
entcou
ldbe
observed
insuture
healingof
ventralabd
ominalwallofratstreated
with
100m
gkg
ofextract
(intraperito
nealinstillationintraperito
nealcavity)in
generalon
lya
poor
healingactiv
itywas
observed
[124]
Not
specified
At01m
Lvolumeby
topicalapp
lication
thec
rude
extractp
resented
significantd
ifferencesc
oncerningthem
acroscop
icandmicroscop
icaspectso
fhealin
gprocesso
ccurrin
gin
open
skin
lesio
nsin
rats
[125]
Hem
ostatic
Latex
Crud
efresh
latex
Decreased
clotting
andbleeding
timeinhealthysubjects
[101]
Hepatop
rotective
Aeria
lparts
Petro
letherm
ethano
land
water
extracts
At200m
gkgdayover7
daysbyoralrouteinrats
both
extracts
presentedhepatoprotectiv
eactivity
incarbon
tetrachlorideind
uced
liver
damagewith
thep
etrolether
beingthem
ostactivea
ndthe
methano
lbeing
theleast
[126]
Hypotensiv
eand
vasorelaxant
Aeria
lparts
Ethano
licextract
At125and250m
gkgdayover4
weeksby
oralrouteinrats
ina
dose-dependent
mannerredu
cedthes
ystolic
bloo
dpressure
and
prod
uced
acon
centratio
n-depend
entrelaxanteffectin
ratisolated
(ex
vivo)end
otheliu
m-depriv
edmesenteric
artery
precon
tractedwith
norepineph
rineo
rCaC
l 2
[45]
Immun
omod
ulatory
Who
leplant
Petro
lether
extract
At100200and40
0120583gmLincreasedthep
roliferationof
mou
sespleen
cellin
vitro
[127]
Localanesthetic
Not
specified
Methano
land
aqueou
sextracts
Both
extractspresentedsig
nificantlocalanestheticactiv
ityby
plexus
anesthesiain
frogslowast
[128]
24 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table4Con
tinued
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Relaxant
effecto
nuterine
smoo
thmuscle
(tocolytic
activ
ity)
Aeria
lparts
Ethano
licextractand
chloroform
icandaqueou
sfractio
ns
At05and10
mgmLthee
thanolicextractreduced
the
calcium
-evokedcontractile
respon
seof
theu
terin
esmoo
thmuscle
as
wellas
thec
hloroformicfractio
nTh
eaqu
eous
fractio
npresented
onlyslighteffect
[129]
Sedativ
eand
anxiolytic
Fruits
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmicepresentedsedativ
eeffect
intheh
olec
rosstest
At200m
gkgpresented
anxiolyticactiv
ityin
holebo
ardtest
At40
0mgkgpresented
anxiolyticactiv
ityin
elevated
plus-m
azetest
[110]
Leaves
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmicepresentedsedativ
eeffect
intheh
olec
rosstest
At200m
gkgpresented
anxiolyticactiv
ityin
holebo
ardtest
At40
0mgkgpresented
anxiolyticin
elevated
plus-m
azetest
[111]
lowast
Thec
ompletev
ersio
nof
thep
aper
was
notaccessib
leso
theinformationwas
obtained
from
itsabstr
act
IC50con
centratio
nthatinhibits50of
ther
eferredactiv
ity
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 25
about extract preparation and plant part not specified) theauthors also observed an absence of healing action althoughsome histological improvement was shown [125]
However studying the influence of J gossypiifolia on thehealing process of colonic anastomosis in rats Servin et alshowed that the administration of 1mLkg single dose ofthe hydro alcoholic extract from aerial parts has beneficialeffect on the healing process [122] However according tothese authors on the seventh day of the experiment therewas a decrease in the action of the extract suggestingthat the extract in this experiment was less active in laterstages of healing process [122] A plausible hypothesis notraised by the authors could be the fact that the extract wasadministered in a single dose which may not have beensufficient to maintain the effect throughout the time of theexperiment Additionally Vale et al showed that the ethanolicextract from aerial parts of J gossypiifolia at single intraperi-toneal dose of 200mgkg favored the healing process ofgastrorrhaphies and reduced the acute inflammatory reactionin vivo [123]
65 Hemostatic Action The use of J gossypiifolia especiallythe latex is widespread as a hemostatic agent for preventingbleeding disorders The results of whole blood clotting timeusing Lee and White method and bleeding time using Ivyrsquosmethod were significantly reduced when stem latex wasintroduced suggesting procoagulant activity [101] Regardingthe possible mechanism of action based on experimentsthat show the precipitating action of the latex upon bovinealbumin the authors suggest that the latex precipitatesclotting factors thereby bringing the coagulation factors intoclose contact and then the activation of coagulation cascadeleads to the generation of thrombin and formation of aclot takes place in a matter of seconds when compared tothe control experiment which took minutes to completecoagulation [101] It is important to emphasize that to the bestof our knowledge this is the only study performed on humansubjects
66 Anticholinesterase Action Based on the cholinergichypothesis acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are widely usedto treat Alzheimerrsquos disease J gossypiifolia presented animportant anticholinesterase activity since the methanolicextract from leaves showed an IC
50of 005mgmL [117]
Another study showed that the lyophilized latex of theplant was able to inhibit time- and dose-dependently theacetylcholinesterase enzyme in nervous tissue of freshwaterair breathing fish Channa marulius [116]
67 Antioxidant Action The antioxidant activity of extractsfrom J gossypiifoliawas evaluated by Kharat et al [55] In thiswork the high content of phenols tannins and flavonoids inthe leaves prompted the authors to evaluate the antioxidantactivity of the leaves DPPH free radical ferric thiocyanateand nitric oxide scavengingmethods were used to analyze theantioxidant activity in vitro of methanol ethyl acetate andaqueous extracts demonstrating positive resultsThe authorsattributed the free radical scavenging activity to the presence
of flavonoids [55] On the other hand a study showed thatdifferent extracts (petrol ether chloroform ethyl acetate andn-butanol) fromwhole plant of J gossypiifolia had only partialantioxidant activity in DPPH scavenging total antioxidantcapacity and lipid peroxidation tests [48] Among them theethyl acetate extract was the most active which correlatespositively with its higher content of phenolic compounds incomparison with the other extracts [48]
68 Contraceptive Action Based on its popular use J gossypi-ifoliawas assessed for its antifertility activity as an alternativeto oral contraceptive agents J gossypiifolia leaf extract byoral route altered the major hormones involved in estrouscycle regulation indicating its antifertility effect on mice[121] Evaluating other parameters (estrogenic and earlyabortifacient activities) the anti-infertility effect of the extractwas once more demonstrated later [130]
69 Tocolytic Action Based on the ethnopharmacologicalapplication of the plant as tocolytic remedy the effects oncalcium-evoked uterine smooth muscle contraction of theethanolic extract and fractions were evaluated [129] Thecrude extract and to a higher extent the chloroformic frac-tion reduced the calcium-evoked contractile response of theuterine smooth muscle promoting a rightward displacementof calciumcumulative curves aswell as reducing themaximalcontractions [129]
610 Antineoplasic Action One of the most well-knownpharmacological activities of J gossypiifolia is its antineopla-sic action which is frequently associated with the contentof lignoids and terpenoids One of the first reports wasmade by Kupchan et al [66] when the authors found thatthe ethanolic extract from roots as well as the isolatedditerpene jatrophone exhibited significant inhibitory activityin vitro against cells derived from human carcinoma of thenasopharynx and lymphocytic leukemia P-388 and in vivoagainst four standard animal tumor systems such as sarcoma180 Lewis lung carcinoma P-388 lymphocytic leukemiaand Walker 256 intramuscular carcinosarcoma [66] Laterthree new antitumor derivatives of jatrophone were isolatedfrom petrol ether extracts from roots of J gossypiifolia 2120572-hydroxyjatrophone 2120573-hydroxy-56-isojatrophone and 2120573-hydroxyjatrophone [64] Recently two other diterpenes withpotent antineoplasic activity were isolated from J gossypi-ifolia falodone and abiodone Falodone was isolated frommethanol extract from roots and showed potent proliferationinhibitory activity against A-549 human cancer cell line [13]Abiodone a lathyrane diterpenoid compound was isolatedfrom J gossypiifolia and presented potent anticancer activity[73]
611 Local Anesthetic Action The local anesthetic action ofJ gossypiifolia was evaluated by plexus anaesthesia in frogs[128] The authors observed that the aqueous and methanolextract (plant part not specified) presented significant anes-thetic action when compared to control group
26 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
612 Neuropharmacological Action The neuropharmacolog-ical action of the methanol extract of the leaves of J gossypi-ifolia was evaluated by Apu et al [111] The authors observedthat in hole cross test the extract at 200 and 400mgkg byoral route showed significant sedative effect in mice In holeboard test the extract showed highly significant anxiolyticactivity at a dose of 200mgkg whereas the same activity wasobserved at 400mgkg dose in elevated plus-maze test [111]Similar results were observed in the methanolic extract fromfruits [110]
613 Antidiarrheal Action Although it may seem contradic-tory as shown in Table 3 J gossypiifolia species is popularlyused both as purgative and as antidiarrheal remedy Howeverin literature there are interesting results about the antidiar-rheal properties of different extracts of this species
At 200 and 400mgkg oral doses in mice the methanolextract of J gossypiifolia leaves produced highly signifi-cant antidiarrheal activity upon castor oil-induced diarrheadecreasing themean number of stool and total weight of fecaloutput when compared to control group [111] Similar resultswere observed in the methanolic extract from fruits [110]
Aiming to determine the possible action mechanism of Jgossypiifolia aerial parts ethanol extract as antidiarrheal agentSilva et al [119] have investigated the effect of this extracton intestinal transit velocity and on isolated rat jejunumAt 500 1000 and 2000mgkg by oral route in mice theextract showed significant antispasmodic activity in mouseintestinal transit model when compared to control At 0510 and 20mgmL the crude extract inhibited in vitro theacetylcholine and calcium-induced contractions of isolatedrat jejunum The chloroform and aqueous fractions wereobtained and it was observed that only the chloroform frac-tion of the extract had a calcium-antagonist effect whereasboth chloroformic and aqueous fractions had anticholinergiceffect suggesting that the antispasmodic effect of J gossypi-ifolia may be due to a combination of anticholinergic andcalcium-antagonist mechanisms [119]
614 Immunomodulatory Action The immunomodulatoryaction of synthetic lignan compounds was evaluated by theassay of proliferation of mouse spleen cell in vitro andcompared with petrol ether extract of whole plant of Jgossypiifolia since it is a natural source of this kind ofcompound [127] The authors showed that both syntheticand naturally occurring 1-phenylnaphthalene lignans couldpositively modulate the immunity of the host since theysignificantly increased the proliferation of mouse spleen cellin vitro [127]
615 Hepatoprotective Action Despite some studies havingshown the hepatotoxic potential of J gossypiifolia a study wasperformed to analyze the possible hepatoprotective action ofextracts of this plant in carbon tetrachloride-induced liverdamage in rats [126] In fact the petrol ether methanoland water extracts from the aerial parts of J gossypiifoliapresented significant hepatoprotective action in this model
substantially restoring towards normalization the serum lev-els of serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase serum glu-tamate pyruvate transaminase serum alkaline phosphatasetotal bilirubin superoxide dismutase and catalase [126] Theauthors also discuss the close relationship between the hep-atoprotective action observed and the possible antioxidantmechanism present in the extracts
7 Other Actions andBiotechnological Applications
In addition to studies demonstrating scientific evidences ofthe pharmacological properties of J gossypiifolia severalstudies have demonstrated the potential of this species toobtain molecules with various applications thus showing itsmultipurpose character
Among the main applications described the use ofJ gossypiifolia seed oil for biodiesel production could bementioned Jatropha species has drawn the attention ofresearchers in recent years due to its emergence as a highlysuitable feedstock plant for biodiesel production [11] Amongthe species J gossypiifolia J curcas and J pohliana produceseeds with high oil content [11] In a study investigatingthe potential of two plants of the Jatropha genus (includ-ing J gossypiifolia) the authors observed that the studiedphysicochemical properties of the produced biodiesel are inthe acceptable range for use as biodiesel in diesel enginesshowing a promising economic exploitation of these rawmaterials [131]
Studies have shown the potential of the species for thedevelopment of new tools for biochemical analysis A recentstudy showed that the diluted fresh latex J gossypiifolia can beused as precipitating agent for biochemical determination ofproteins in plasma urine and cerebrospinal fluid with valuescomparable to those obtained from the conventional proteinprecipitants sodium tungstate and trichloroacetic acid [24]According to the authors the precipitating potential couldbe related to the capacity of the latex to form clots whenapplied to a bleeding sore or wound when it is used in folkmedicine [24] Another study showed the potentiality of thejuice extracted from the fresh leaves of J gossypiifolia asan anticoagulant for haematological analyses [86] 01mL ofextract per mL of blood proved to be suitable for obtainingplasmas for biochemical analysis comparable with conven-tional anticoagulants [86] However the authors emphasizethat the extract must be purified to remove interferingsubstances for it to be perfectly suitable for biochemicalanalysis [86]
Some studies have demonstrated the potentiality of Jgossypiifolia as a source of pesticide biomolecules Bullang-poti et al [49] isolated ricinine from the ethyl acetate extractfrom senescent leaves the main compound responsible forthe toxicity of the crude extract in Spodoptera exigua larvaethus demonstrating that it could be an alternative choiceto chemical insecticides In another study Bullangpoti etal [132] showed that the ethanol extract of J gossypiifoliain association with the ethanol extract of Melia azedarachwas toxic and inhibited some enzymes from Spodoptera
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 27
frugiperda larvae demonstrating once more the potentialityof the species as insecticide agent Calatayud et al [56]showed the presence of proteins of about 100 kDa with toxicactivity upon Phenacoccus herreni another type of insectIn this work the authors performed a strategy of extrac-tion that eliminated nonprotein compounds being able todemonstrate the potential of the species to obtain insecticidalproteins [56] Leaf extract of J gossypiifolia reduced thefecundity and egg viability against stored product insect pestsTribolium castaneum [133]
The potential molluscicidal activity of J gossypiifolia hasalso been evaluated as an alternative mode of preventionof schistosomiasis Sukumaran et al [134] showed that themethanol and n-butanol extracts from unripened seeds of Jgossypiifoliawas toxic against eggs and adults of two species offreshwater snails Lymnaea luteola and Indoplanorbis exustusThe results indicated that n-butanol extract was the mosteffective and that the eggs were more susceptible than adults[134]
8 Toxicology
Species of Jatropha are notably known for their toxic potential[135 136] This toxicity is related primarily to latex andseeds The latex is released from the aerial parts of theplant by mechanical injury and it is extremely caustic andirritating to skin and mucous membranes The seeds arerich in toxalbumins that cause agglutination and hemolysisto erythrocytes as well as damage to other cell types andcontain a lipoid resin complex that can cause dermatitis[3 12 135] The symptomatology consists in general ofgastrointestinal disorders (abdominal pain nausea vomitingand diarrhea) Additionally the clinical course can bringcardiovascular neurological and renal complications [136]Cases of poisoning in humans usually occur by eating fruitand seeds because of its similarity to edible chestnuts [136]
Some toxicological studies have demonstrated the toxicproperties of J gossypiifolia while others show the absence oftoxicity However it is important to observe the models useddoses administrated and types of extract employed (solventand plant part) among other aspects to make the properconclusions about the toxicity
The study of experimental poisoning in sheep showedthat the intake of fresh plant leaves in a single dose of40 gkg was lethal to these animals [137] The clinical andpathological picture in the experimental sheep was charac-terized by digestive lung and heart disturbances and alsoby slight regressive changes evidenced in hepatic and renalhistological examinations [137] However as observed byMariz et al [7] it is important to note that the medicinaluse of the plant is rarely in natura but instead by differentpreparations such as infusions or decoctions sometimes ofthe dried material which could inactivate the possible toxiccomponents However this is only a hypothesis and so thetoxicity of extracts from leaves cannot be discarded
One of the first studies relating the identification of theconstituents responsible for the toxic effects of the Jatrophaspecies was published by Adolf et al [69] In this work
by a bioguided isolation the irritant polyunsaturated ester12-deoxy-16-hydroxylphorbol was isolated from the etherextract from the seeds of J gossypiifolia by countercurrentchromatography [69] The irritant activity was visualized inmouse ear after 24 h of the application of the fractions andisolated compounds [69]
The in vitro cytotoxicity assay using brine shrimp larvaetest revealed that ethanol and methanol extracts (plant organunspecified) showed low toxicity [138] An earlier studyshowed that thewater and ethyl acetate fraction of amethanolextract from aerial parts of J gossypiifolia did not presenttoxicity against the same organisms [114]
A study performed in Wistar rats evaluated the toxicityof the ethanolic root extract of J gossypiifolia at 10 20 and30mgkg by oral route [139] The authors observed that theextract was toxic to the kidney and caused increased urearetention in the blood as observed by histological studies andbiochemical analysis of blood [139]
A preclinical toxicological assessment of the crudeethanol extract from J gossypiifolia leaves showed that theextract presents relatively low oral acute toxicity in Wistarrats [18 19] Rats treated with single doses of 12ndash50 gkgby oral route were observed for 14 days and the mostimportant signs of toxicity were ptosis reduction of bodyweight and hind limb paralysis Other significant alterationsoccurred only in males treated with 50 gkg dose increasein creatinine aspartate aminotransferase sodium and potas-sium seric levels reduction of urea and albumin leucopeniaand small alteration in color and consistency of visceraThe median lethal dose (LD
50) was higher than 40 gkg
for males and higher than 50 gkg for females [19] In thehistopathological evaluation some alteration was observedin liver and lung only at 50 gkg suggesting the relativelylow toxicity of the extract [18] However in the chronictoxicological study (thirteen weeks of treatment) this extractshowed significant oral chronic toxicity in rats [17] The mostsignificant toxic signs indicated a reduction of the activityin the central nervous system and digestive disturbancesThe histopathological analysis revealed hepatotoxicity andpulmonary damages The lethality was 466 and 133among males and females under the higher tested dose(405mgkg) respectively [17] Based on this Mariz et al [7]discussed that the development of herbal medicine based onthis species needs to prioritize the chemical refinement of thecrude extracts to obtain less toxic fractions which should betested for their safety and therapeutic efficacy
Another study on the other hand evaluating the oralacute toxicity of the aqueous and ethanol extracts from leavesof J gossypiifolia did not show any sign of toxicity in upto 2 gkg in rats enabling the authors to conclude that thisextract could be considered safe [118] This is an interestingresult since in most cases the plant is used popularly as tea(aqueous extract)
The toxicity of the stem latex of J gossypiifoliawas studiedin Wistar rats by applying different doses of crude latex onincised skin daily for 18 days based on the popular useof the latex as hemostatic agent in skin lesions [140] Theauthors observed that the application of the latex did notproduce any significant difference in results of biochemical
28 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
and hematological parameters obtained from the control andexperimental animals leading to the conclusion that the stemlatex has no harmful effects [140]
9 Conclusions
As demonstrated by this review J gossypiifolia presents animportant potential for the generation of pharmacologicalandor biotechnological products based on popular usesand biological studies scientifically showing its propertiesHowever regarding specifically its medicinal propertiesfurther studies are still necessary to assay important folkuses of the species and characterize the major compoundsresponsible for the bioactivityThus studies of bioprospectingcould prioritize this species since many popular uses forvariousmedical purposes are reported demonstrating a greatpotential to originate bioactive molecules with pharmaco-logical relevance Furthermore future phytochemical studiesof this plant are important to obtain the best knowledgeof the chemical composition of different extracts of theplant in order to recognize the really important compoundsin the pharmacological actions aspiring to the chemicalrefinement of the products to eliminate the eventual toxiceffects that could reduce the medicinal value of the speciesIn conclusion the data presented in this review could provideinsights for future research aimed at both ethnopharmaco-logical validation of the popular use of J gossypiifolia andits exploration as a new source of bioactive molecules forherbal drugs andor bioactive natural products for potentialapplication in complementary and alternative medicine
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper
Acknowledgments
The authors thank BNB CNPq and CAPES (Brazil) forthe financial support Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosagives thanks to CNPq for Scholarship in Research Produc-tivity The authors also thank Andrew Alastair Cumming forediting this paper for the English revision
References
[1] G L Webster ldquoClassification of the euphorbiaceaerdquo Annals ofthe Missouri Botanical Garden vol 81 pp 3ndash143 1994
[2] M V Alves ldquoChecklist das especies de Euphorbiaceae Jussocorrentes no semi-arido pernambucano BrasilrdquoActa BotanciaBrasileira vol 12 no 3 pp 485ndash495 1998
[3] C W Sabandar N Ahmat F M Jaafar and I Sahidin ldquoMedic-inal property phytochemistry and pharmacology of severalJatropha species (Euphorbiaceae) a reviewrdquo Phytochemistryvol 85 pp 7ndash29 2013
[4] C K A Leal and M D F Agra ldquoEstudo farmacobotanicocomparativo das folhas de Jatrophamolissima (Pohl) BaillrdquoActaFarmaceutica Bonaerense vol 24 no 1 pp 5ndash13 2005
[5] L C Di Stasi and C A Hiruma-Lima Plantas medicinais naAmazonia e na Mata Atlantica UNESP Sao Paulo Brazil 2ndedition 2002
[6] M D F Agra K N Silva I J L D Basılio P F De Freitasand JM Barbosa-Filho ldquoSurvey ofmedicinal plants used in theregionNortheast of BrazilrdquoBrazilian Journal of Pharmacognosyvol 18 no 3 pp 472ndash508 2008
[7] S R Mariz A C R Borges M F F Melo-Diniz and I AMedeiros ldquoPossibilidades terapeuticas e riscos toxicologicosde Jatropha gossypiifolia L uma revisao narrativardquo RevistaBrasileiraDe PlantasMedicinais vol 12 no 3 pp 346ndash357 2010
[8] I Cordeiro and R Secco ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia L Lista deespecies da flora do Brasilrdquo Jardim Botanico do Rio de JaneirohttpfloradobrasiljbrjgovbrjabotfloradobrasilFB17581
[9] U P de Albuquerque P M de Medeiros A L S de Almeida etal ldquoMedicinal plants of the caatinga (semi-arid) vegetation ofNE Brazil a quantitative approachrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacol-ogy vol 114 no 3 pp 325ndash354 2007
[10] U P Albuquerque L H C Andrade and J Caballero ldquoStruc-ture and floristics of homegardens in Northeastern BrazilrdquoJournal of Arid Environments vol 62 no 3 pp 491ndash506 2005
[11] S A Ceasar and S Ignacimuthu ldquoApplications of biotechnologyand biochemical engineering for the improvement of Jatrophaand Biodiesel a reviewrdquo Renewable and Sustainable EnergyReviews vol 15 no 9 pp 5176ndash5185 2011
[12] U P de Albuquerque J MMonteiro M A Ramos and E L Cde Amorim ldquoMedicinal and magic plants from a public marketin northeastern Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 110no 1 pp 76ndash91 2007
[13] A Falodun Q Sheng-Xiang G Parkinson and S GibbonsldquoIsolation and characterization of a new anticancer diterpenoidfrom Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journalvol 45 no 10 pp 636ndash639 2012
[14] BRASIL ldquoFitoterapia plantas de interesse ao SUSrdquo Braz-ilian Health Ministry httpportalsaudegovbrportalarqu-ivospdfRENISUSpdf
[15] X-P Zhang M-L Zhang X-H Su C-H Huo Y-C Gu andQ-W Shi ldquoChemical constituents of the plants from genusJatrophardquo Chemistry and Biodiversity vol 6 no 12 pp 2166ndash2183 2009
[16] S K Sharma and H Singh ldquoA review on pharmacological sig-nificance of genus Jatropha (Euphorbiaceae)rdquoChinese Journal ofIntegrative Medicine vol 18 no 11 pp 868ndash880 2012
[17] S RMariz G S CerqueiraWCAraujo et al ldquoChronic toxico-logic study of the ethanolic extract of the aerial parts of Jatrophagossypiifolia in ratsrdquoRevista Brasileira de Farmacognosia vol 22no 3 pp 663ndash668 2012
[18] S R Mariz M S T Araujo G S Cerqueira et al ldquoHistopatho-logical evaluation in rats after acute treatment with the ethanolextract from aerial parts of Jatropha gossypiifolia Lrdquo RevistaBrasileira De Farmacognosia vol 18 no 2 pp 213ndash216 2008
[19] S R Mariz G S Cerqueira W C Araujo et al ldquoEstudo toxi-cologico agudo do extrato etanolico de partes aereas de Jatrophagossypiifolia L em ratosrdquo Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosiavol 16 no 3 pp 372ndash378 2006
[20] C Auvin-Guette C Baraguey A Blond J L Pousset andB Bodo ldquoCyclogossine B a cyclic octapeptide from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Journal of Natural Products vol 60 pp 1155ndash11571997
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 29
[21] V S Parvathi B S Jyothi T Lakshmi P S Babu and RKarthikeyan ldquoMorpho-anatomical and physicochemical stud-ies of Jatropha gossypifolia (L)rdquo Der Pharmacia Lettre vol 4no 1 pp 256ndash262 2012
[22] M N S Rios and F Pastore Junior Plantas da Amazonia450 Especies de Uso Geral Universidade de BrasıliamdashBibliotecaCentral Brasılia 2011
[23] S R Mariz Estudo toxicologico pre-clınico de Jatropha gossypi-ifolia L [PhD thesis] Universidade Federal da Paraıba JoaoPessoa Brazil 2007
[24] O G Adeosun T Oduola F A Fagbomedo et al ldquoSuitabilityof stem latex of Jatropha gossypifolia as a protein precipitant forbiochemical analysisrdquo Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistryvol 29 no 2 pp 210ndash212 2014
[25] F O A Ajose ldquoSome Nigerian plants of dermatologic impor-tancerdquo International Journal of Dermatology vol 46 no 1 pp48ndash55 2007
[26] J S Ashidi P J Houghton P J Hylands and T EfferthldquoEthnobotanical survey and cytotoxicity testing of plants ofSouth-western Nigeria used to treat cancer with isolationof cytotoxic constituents from Cajanus cajan Millsp leavesrdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 128 no 2 pp 501ndash512 2010
[27] M Ayyanar and S Ignacimuthu ldquoEthnobotanical survey ofmedicinal plants commonly used by Kani tribals in Tirunelvelihills of Western Ghats Indiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 134 no 3 pp 851ndash864 2011
[28] R Bhagat S D Ambavade A V Misar and D K KulkarnildquoAnti-inflammatory activity of Jatropha gossypifolia L leaves inalbino mice and Wistar ratrdquo Journal of Scientific and IndustrialResearch vol 70 no 4 pp 289ndash292 2011
[29] J H Cano and G Volpato ldquoHerbal mixtures in the traditionalmedicine of Eastern Cubardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol90 no 2-3 pp 293ndash316 2004
[30] F G Coe and G J Anderson ldquoScreening of medicinal plantsused by the Garıfuna of Eastern Nicaragua for bioactive com-poundsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 53 no 1 pp 29ndash501996
[31] MGbeassor Y Kossou K Amegbo C De Souza K Koumagloand A Denke ldquoAntimalarial effects of eight African medicinalplantsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 25 no 1 pp 115ndash1181989
[32] National Center for Biotechnology Information ldquoJatropha gos-sypiifoliardquo Taxonomy Browser httpwwwncbinlmnihgovTaxonomyBrowserwwwtaxcgiid=454931
[33] Tropicos ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia Lrdquo httpwwwtropicosorgNamePrintaspxnameid=12802174amptab=details
[34] The Plant List ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia Lrdquo httpwwwtheplant-listorgtplrecordkew-104621
[35] M S Khyade and N P Vaikos ldquoPharmacognostical andphytochemical evaluation of leaf of Jatropha gossypifolia LrdquoInternational Journal of Research in Ayurveda amp Pharmacy vol2 no 1 pp 177ndash180 2011
[36] D O Aworinde D U Nwoye A A Jayeola A O Olagoke andA A Ogundele ldquoTaxonomic significance of foliar epidermis insome members of euphorbiaceae family in Nigeriardquo ResearchJournal of Botany vol 4 no 1 pp 17ndash28 2009
[37] J D Olowokudejo ldquoComparative epidermal morphology ofWest African species of Jatropha L (Euphorbiaceae)rdquo BotanicalJournal of the Linnean Society vol 111 no 2 pp 139ndash154 1993
[38] B Das and B Venkataiah ldquoA minor coumarino-lignoid fromJatropha gossypifoliardquo Biochemical Systematics and Ecology vol29 no 2 pp 213ndash214 2001
[39] B Das B Venkataiah and A Kashinatham ldquoVenkatasin a newcoumarino-lignoid from Jatropha gossypifoliardquoNatural ProductLetters vol 13 no 4 pp 293ndash297 1999
[40] B Das and B Venkataiah ldquoA rare diterpene from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Biochemical Systematics and Ecology vol 27 no 7pp 759ndash760 1999
[41] N Ravindranath B Venkataiah C Ramesh P Jayaprakash andB Das ldquoJatrophenone a novel macrocyclic bioactive diterpenefrom Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bul-letin vol 51 no 7 pp 870ndash871 2003
[42] B Das and J Banerji ldquoArylnaphthalene lignan from JatrophagossypifoliardquoPhytochemistry vol 27 no 11 pp 3684ndash3686 1988
[43] J Banerji B Das A Chatterjee and J N Shoolery ldquoGadain alignan from Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Phytochemistry vol 23 no10 pp 2323ndash2327 1984
[44] A Chatterjee B Das C Pascard and T Prange ldquoCrystalstructure of a lignan from Jatropha gossypifoliardquoPhytochemistryvol 20 no 8 pp 2047ndash2048 1981
[45] I C Abreu A S S Marinho A M A Paes et al ldquoHypotensiveand vasorelaxant effects of ethanolic extract from Jatrophagossypiifolia L in ratsrdquo Fitoterapia vol 74 no 7-8 pp 650ndash6572003
[46] B Das and R Das ldquoGossypifan a lignan from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Phytochemistry vol 40 no 3 pp 931ndash932 1995
[47] R Das B Das and A Kashinatham ldquoGossypiline a new lignanfrom Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Natural Product Sciences vol 4 no4 pp 238ndash240 1998
[48] D Shahwar S-U Shafiq N Ahmad S Ullah and M A RazaldquoAntioxidant activities of the selected plants from the fam-ily Euphorbiaceae Lauraceae Malvaceae and BalsaminaceaerdquoAfrican Journal of Biotechnology vol 9 no 7 pp 1086ndash10962010
[49] V Bullangpoti N Khumrungsee W Pluempanupat Y Kainohand U Saguanpong ldquoToxicity of ethyl acetate extract andricinine from Jatropha gossypifolia senescent leaves againstSpodoptera exigua Hubner (Lepidoptera Noctuidae)rdquo Journalof Pesticide Science vol 36 no 2 pp 260ndash263 2011
[50] A O Ogundare ldquoAntimicrobial effect of Tithonia diversifoliaand Jatropha gossypifolia leaf extractsrdquo Trends in Applied Sci-ences Research vol 2 no 2 pp 145ndash150 2007
[51] N Nwokocha A Blessing I O Agbagwa and B E OkolildquoComparative phytochemical screening of Jatropha L Speciesin the Niger Deltardquo Research Journal of Phytochemistry vol 5no 2 pp 107ndash114 2011
[52] R Seth and R Sarin ldquoAnalysis of the phytochemical contentand anti-microbial activity of Jatropha gossypifolia Lrdquo Archivesof Applied Science Research vol 2 no 5 pp 285ndash291 2010
[53] S Sankara Subramanian S Nagarajan and N SulochanaldquoFlavonoids of the leaves of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Phytochem-istry vol 10 no 7 p 1690 1971
[54] A C Pilon R L Carneiro F Carnevale Neto V S Bolzaniand I Castro-Gamboa ldquoInterval multivariate curve resolutionin the dereplication of HPLC-DAD data from Jatropha gossypi-foliardquo Phytochemical Analysis vol 24 no 4 pp 401ndash406 2013
[55] A R Kharat A K Dolui and S Das ldquoFree radical scavengingpotential of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Asian Journal of Chemistryvol 23 no 2 pp 799ndash801 2011
[56] P-A Calatayud D F Munera S Calatayud A Valencia-Jimenez and A C Bellotti ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia (Euphor-biaceae) a source of proteins toxic to Phenacoccus herreni(Sternorryncha Pseudococcidae)rdquo Florida Entomologist vol94 no 3 pp 649ndash654 2011
30 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
[57] W F Tinto L M D John W F Reynolds and S McLeanldquoTriterpenoids of Jatropha gossypiifoliardquo Journal of NaturalProducts vol 55 no 6 pp 807ndash809 1992
[58] R Das K Venkateswarlu V Saidi Reddy and B Das ldquo41015840-O-demethyl retrochinensin a minor new lignan from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Indian Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry vol 14no 2 pp 169ndash170 2004
[59] B Das A Kashinatham B Venkataiah K V N S Srinivas GMahender and M R Reddy ldquoCleomiscosin A a coumarino-lignoid from Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Biochemical Systematics andEcology vol 31 no 10 pp 1189ndash1191 2003
[60] B Das and G Anjani ldquoGossypidien a lignan from stems ofJatropha gossypifolliardquo Phytochemistry vol 51 no 1 pp 115ndash1171999
[61] B Das S P Rao and K V Srinivas ldquoIsolation of isogadain fromJatropha gossypifoliardquo Planta Medica vol 62 no 1 article 901996
[62] B Das S P Rao K V N S Srinivas and R Das ldquoJatrodien alignan from stems of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Phytochemistry vol41 no 3 pp 985ndash987 1996
[63] A Chatterjee B Das R Chakrabarti et al ldquoPrasanthaline anew lignan from Jatropha gossypifolia Linnrdquo Indian Journal ofChemistry vol 27 pp 740ndash741 1988
[64] M D Taylor A B Smith III G T Furst et al ldquoNewantileukemic jatrophone derivatives from Jatropha gossypiifoliastructural and stereochemical assignment through nuclearmagnetic resonance Spectroscopyrdquo Journal of the AmericanChemical Society vol 105 no 10 pp 3177ndash3183 1983
[65] K K Purushothaman S Chandrasekharan A F Cameron etal ldquoJatropholones A and B new diterpenoids from the roots ofJatropha gossypiifolia (Euphorbiaceae)mdashcrystal structure anal-ysis of Jatropholone Brdquo Tetrahedron Letters vol 20 no 11 pp979ndash980 1979
[66] S M Kupchan C W Sigel M J Matz J A S Renauld R CHaltiwanger and R F Bryan ldquoJatrophone a novel macrocyclicditerpenoid tumor inhibitor from Jatropha gossypiifoliardquo Jour-nal of the American Chemical Society vol 92 no 14 pp 4476ndash4477 1970
[67] Y R Prasad G S J G Alankararao and P Baby ldquoConstituentsof the seeds of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Fitoterapia vol 64 no 4p 376 1993
[68] O Ogbobe and V Akano ldquoThe physico-chemical properties ofthe seed and seed oil of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Plant Foods forHuman Nutrition vol 43 no 3 pp 197ndash200 1993
[69] W Adolf H J Opferkuch and E Hecker ldquoIrritant phorbolderivatives from four Jatropha speciesrdquo Phytochemistry vol 23no 1 pp 129ndash132 1984
[70] K M Hosamani and K S Katagi ldquoCharacterization andstructure elucidation of 12-hydroxyoctadec-cis-9-enoic acid inJatropha gossypifolia and Hevea brasiliensis seed oils a richsource of hydroxy fatty acidrdquo Chemistry and Physics of Lipidsvol 152 no 1 pp 9ndash12 2008
[71] S F A J Horsten A J J Van Den Berg J J Kettenes-VanDen Bosch B R Leeflang and R P Labadie ldquoCyclogossine Aa novel cyclic heptapeptide isolated from the latex of Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Planta Medica vol 62 no 1 pp 46ndash50 1996
[72] M U Ahmad M R Islam A H Mirza B H Chowdhuryand N Nahar ldquoAlkaloids of Jatropha gossypifolia Linnrdquo IndianJournal of Chemistry B Organic Chemistry Including MedicinalChemistry vol 31 no 1 pp 67ndash69 1992
[73] A Falodun U Kragl S-M T Touem A Villinger T Fahren-waldt and P Langer ldquoA novel anticancer diterpenoid fromJatropha gossypifoliardquo Natural Product Communications vol 7no 2 pp 151ndash152 2012
[74] G D Wadankar S N Malode and S L Sarambekar ldquoTra-ditionally used medicinal plants for ound healing in theWashim district Maharashtra (India)rdquo International Journal ofPharmTech Research vol 3 no 4 pp 2080ndash2084 2011
[75] B Kumar M Vijayakumar R Govindarajan and P Pushpan-gadan ldquoEthnopharmacological approaches to wound healing-Exploring medicinal plants of Indiardquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 114 no 2 pp 103ndash113 2007
[76] K Koudouvo D S Karou K Kokou et al ldquoAn ethnobotanicalstudy of antimalarial plants in Togo Maritime Regionrdquo Journalof Ethnopharmacology vol 134 no 1 pp 183ndash190 2011
[77] M Coelho-Ferreira ldquoMedicinal knowledge and plant utiliza-tion in an Amazonian coastal community ofMaruda Para State(Brazil)rdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 126 no 1 pp 159ndash175 2009
[78] F C S Oliveira R F M Barros and J M Moita Neto ldquoPlan-tas medicinais utilizadas em comunidades rurais de Oeirassemiarido piauienserdquo Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinaisvol 12 no 3 pp 282ndash301 2010
[79] J D F L Santos E Pagani J Ramos and E Rodrigues ldquoObser-vations on the therapeutic practices of riverine communities oftheUnini River AM Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol142 no 2 pp 503ndash515 2012
[80] S L Cartaxo M M de Almeida Souza and U P de Albu-querque ldquoMedicinal plants with bioprospecting potential usedin semi-arid northeastern Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacol-ogy vol 131 no 2 pp 326ndash342 2010
[81] O Jansen L Angenot M Tits et al ldquoEvaluation of 13 selectedmedicinal plants from Burkina Faso for their antiplasmodialpropertiesrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 130 no 1 pp143ndash150 2010
[82] M H Yetein L G Houessou T O Lougbegnon O Teka andB Tente ldquoEthnobotanical study of medicinal plants used for thetreatment of malaria in plateau of Allada Benin (West Africa)rdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 146 no 1 pp 154ndash163 2013
[83] L J Quintans Junior J R G S Almeida J T Lima et al ldquoPlantswith anticonvulsivant propertiesmdasha reviewrdquo Revista Brasileirade Farmacognosia vol 18 pp 798ndash819 2008
[84] A Diallo M S Traore S M Keita et al ldquoManagement ofdiabetes in Guinean traditional medicine an ethnobotanicalinvestigation in the coastal lowlandsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 144 no 2 pp 353ndash361 2012
[85] S O Olabanji A C Adebajo O R Omobuwajo et al ldquoPIXEanalysis of some Nigerian anti-diabetic medicinal plants (II)rdquoNuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B BeamInteractions With Materials and Atoms vol 318 pp 187ndash1902014
[86] T Oduola O G Avwioro and T B Ayanniyi ldquoSuitability ofthe leaf extract of Jatropha gossypifolia as an anticoagulant forbiochemical and haematological analysesrdquo African Journal ofBiotechnology vol 4 no 7 pp 679ndash681 2005
[87] CM Chariandy C E Seaforth R H Phelps G V Pollard andB P S Khambay ldquoScreening of medicinal plants from Trinidadand Tobago for antimicrobial and insecticidal propertiesrdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 64 no 3 pp 265ndash270 1999
[88] V P Kumar N S Chauhan H Padh and M Rajani ldquoSearchfor antibacterial and antifungal agents from selected Indian
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 31
medicinal plantsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 107 no2 pp 182ndash188 2006
[89] R Dabur A Gupta T K Mandal et al ldquoAntimicrobial activityof some medicinal plantsrdquo African Journal of TraditionalComplementary and AlternativeMedicines vol 4 no 3 pp 313ndash318 2007
[90] H C Ong and M Nordiana ldquoMalay ethno-medico botany inMachang Kelantan Malaysiardquo Fitoterapia vol 70 no 5 pp502ndash513 1999
[91] J Sanz-Biset J Campos-de-la-Cruz M A Epiquien-Riveraand S Canigueral ldquoA first survey on the medicinal plants of theChazuta valley (Peruvian Amazon)rdquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 122 no 2 pp 333ndash362 2009
[92] B B Panda K Gaur M L Kori et al ldquoAnti-inflammatoryand analgesic activity of Jatropha gossypifolia in experimentalanimal modelsrdquo Global Journal of Pharmacology vol 3 no 12009
[93] S S Ningthoujam A D Talukdar K S Potsangbam and MD Choudhury ldquoTraditional uses of herbal vapour therapy inManipur North East India an ethnobotanical surveyrdquo Journalof Ethnopharmacology vol 147 no 1 pp 136ndash147 2013
[94] A Asase A A Oteng-Yeboah G T Odamtten and M SJ Simmonds ldquoEthnobotanical study of some Ghanaian anti-malarial plantsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 99 no 2pp 273ndash279 2005
[95] C Lans T Harper K Georges and E Bridgewater ldquoMedicinaland ethnoveterinary remedies of hunters in Trinidadrdquo BMCComplementary and AlternativeMedicine vol 1 article 10 2001
[96] L Rasingam S Jeeva andD Kannan ldquoDental care of Andamanand Nicobar folks medicinal plants use as tooth stickrdquo AsianPacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine vol 2 no 2 pp S1013ndashS1016 2012
[97] P J Houghton and I M Osibogun ldquoFlowering plants usedagainst snakebiterdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 39 no 1pp 1ndash29 1993
[98] M Molander C H Saslis-Lagoudakis A K Jager and NRoslashnsted ldquoCross-cultural comparison of medicinal floras usedagainst snakebitesrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 139 no3 pp 863ndash872 2012
[99] A Jain S S Katewa B L Chaudhary and P Galav ldquoFolk herbalmedicines used in birth control and sexual diseases by tribals ofsouthern Rajasthan Indiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol90 no 1 pp 171ndash177 2004
[100] A Jain S S Katewa P K Galav and P Sharma ldquoMedicinalplant diversity of Sitamata wildlife sanctuary Rajasthan IndiardquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 102 no 2 pp 143ndash157 2005
[101] T Oduola G O Adeosun T A Oduola G O Avwioro andM A Oyeniyi ldquoMechanism of action of Jatropha gossypifoliastem latex as a haemostatic agentrdquo European Journal of GeneralMedicine vol 2 no 4 pp 140ndash143 2005
[102] D Garcia M V Domingues and E Rodrigues ldquoEthnophar-macological survey among migrants living in the SoutheastAtlantic Forest of Diadema Sao Paulo Brazilrdquo Journal ofEthnobiology and Ethnomedicine vol 6 article 29 2010
[103] S S Hebbar V H Harsha V Shripathi and G R HegdeldquoEthnomedicine of Dharwad district in Karnataka Indiamdashplants used in oral health carerdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 94 no 2-3 pp 261ndash266 2004
[104] S B Kosalge and R A Fursule ldquoInvestigation of ethnomedic-inal claims of some plants used by tribals of Satpuda Hills inIndiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 121 no 3 pp 456ndash461 2009
[105] R A Ritter M V B Monteiro F O B Monteiro et al ldquoEth-noveterinary knowledge and practices at Colares island Parastate eastern Amazon Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 144 no 2 pp 346ndash352 2012
[106] S K Dash and S Padhy ldquoReview on ethnomedicines fordiarrhoea diseases from Orissa prevalence versus culturerdquoJournal of Human Ecology vol 20 no 1 pp 59ndash64 2006
[107] R S L Taylor J B Hudson N P Manandhar and G H NTowers ldquoAntiviral activities of medicinal plants of southernNepalrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 53 pp 97ndash104 1996
[108] J M A Maia N G Czeczko J M R Filho et al ldquoEstudoda cicatrizacao de suturas na bexiga urinaria de ratos come sem utilizacao de extrato bruto de Jatropha gossypiifolia Lintraperitonealrdquo Acta Cirurgica Brasileira vol 21 no 2 pp 23ndash30 2006
[109] A L Ososki P Lohr M Reiff et al ldquoEthnobotanical literaturesurvey of medicinal plants in the Dominican Republic used forwomens health conditionsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol79 no 3 pp 285ndash298 2002
[110] A S Apu FHossain F Rizwan et al ldquoStudy of pharmacologicalactivities of methanol extract of Jatropha gossypifolia fruitsrdquoJournal of Basic and Clinical Pharmacy vol 4 no 1 pp 20ndash242013
[111] A S Apu K Ireen S Hossan Bhuyan et al ldquoEvaluation ofanalgesic neuropharmacological and anti-diarrheal potential ofJatropha gossypifolia (Linn) leaves in micerdquo Journal of MedicalSciences vol 12 no 8 pp 274ndash279 2012
[112] F A G Rocha and L I S Dantas ldquoAtividade antimicrobianain vitro do latex do aveloz (Euphorbia tirucalli L) pinhao bravo(Jatrophamollissima L) e pinhao roxo (Jatropha gossypiifolia L)sobre microrganismos patogenicosrdquo Holos vol 25 no 4 2009
[113] O M David and J O Oluyege ldquoIn vitro susceptibility ofselected pathogenic bacteria to leaf extracts and latex of Jatrophagossypiifolia(L) and Jatropha curcas (L)rdquo Biosciences Biotechnol-ogy Research Asia vol 3 no 1 pp 91ndash94 2006
[114] W D MacBae J B Hudson and G H N Towers ldquoStudieson the pharmacological activity of amazonian euphorbiaceaerdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 22 no 2 pp 143ndash172 1988
[115] M C Purohit and R Purohit ldquoEvaluation of antimicrobial andanti-inflammatory activities of bark of Jatropha gossypifoliardquoWorld Journal of Science and Technology vol 1 no 10 pp 1ndash52011
[116] D Singh and A Singh ldquoThe toxicity of four native Indianplants effect on AChE and acidalkaline phosphatase level infish Channa maruliusrdquo Chemosphere vol 60 no 1 pp 135ndash1402005
[117] C M Feitosa R M Freitas N N N Luz M Z B BezerraandM T S Trevisan ldquoAcetylcholinesterase inhibition by somespromising Brazilian medicinal plantsrdquo Brazilian Journal ofBiology vol 71 no 3 pp 783ndash789 2011
[118] Y Nagaharika V Kalyani S Rasheed and R KarthikeyanldquoAnti-inflammatory activity of leaves of Jatropha gossypifolia Lby HRBC membrane stabilization methodrdquo Journal of AcuteDisease vol 2 no 2 pp 156ndash158 2013
[119] S D N Silva I C Abreu S M D F Freire et al ldquoAntispas-modic effect of Jatropha gossypiifolia is mediated through dualblockade of muscarinic receptors and Ca2+ channelsrdquo BrazilianJournal of Pharmacognosy vol 21 no 4 pp 715ndash720 2011
[120] D Carabajal A Casaco L Arruzazabala R Gonzalez andV Fuentes ldquoPharmacological screening of plant decoctionscommonly used in Cuban folk medicinerdquo Journal of Ethnophar-macology vol 33 no 1-2 pp 21ndash24 1991
32 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
[121] S Jain G P Choudhary and D K Jain ldquoPharmacological eval-uation of anti-fertility activity of ethanolic extract of Jatrophagossypifolia leaf in female albino micerdquo Asian Pacific Journal ofTropical Biomedicine vol 2 no 3 pp S1671ndashS1674 2012
[122] S C N Servin O J M Torres J E F Matias et al ldquoAcao doextrato de Jatropha gossypiifolia L (piao roxo) na cicatrizacaode anastomose colonica estudo experimental em ratosrdquo ActaCirurgica Brasileira vol 21 no 3 pp 89ndash96 2006
[123] J R Vale N G Czeczko J U Aquino et al ldquoEstudo compara-tivo da cicatrizacao de gastrorrafias com e sem o uso do extratode Jatropha gossypiifolia L (piao roxo) em ratosrdquoActa CirurgicaBrasileira vol 21 no 3 pp 40ndash48 2006
[124] J U Aquino N G Czeczko O Malafaia et al ldquoAvaliacaofitoterapica da Jatropha gossypiifolia L na cicatrizacao desuturas na parede abdominal ventral de ratosrdquo Acta CirurgicaBrasileira vol 21 no 2 pp 61ndash66 2006
[125] M F D S Santos N G Czeczko P A N Nassif et alldquoAvaliacao do uso do extrato bruto de Jatropha gossypiifolia Lna cicatrizacao de feridas cutaneas em ratosrdquo Acta CirurgicaBrasileira vol 21 no 3 pp 2ndash7 2006
[126] B B Panda K Gaur R K Nema C S Sharma A K Jain andC P Jain ldquoHepatoprotective activity of Jatropha gossypifoliaagainst carbon tetrachloride- induced hepatic injury in ratsrdquoAsian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research vol 2no 1 pp 50ndash54 2009
[127] S S Deo T M Chaudhari and F Inam ldquoEvaluation ofthe immunomodulatory effects of 1-phenylnaphthalene andpericarbonyl lactone lignan compoundsrdquoDer PharmaChemicavol 4 no 2 pp 771ndash776 2012
[128] S K Rasheed S Kunapareddy and R Karthikeyan ldquoLocalanesthetic activity of Jatropha gossypifolia L on frogsrdquo Biomed-ical and Pharmacology Journal vol 5 no 2 pp 395ndash397 2012
[129] AM A Paes A L Camara SM F Freire andMO R BorgesldquoRelaxant effect of Jatropha gossypiifolia L on uterine smoothmusclerdquo International Journal of Phytomedicine vol 4 no 3 pp310ndash313 2012
[130] S J Jain G P Choudhary and D K Jain ldquoPharmacologicalevaluation and antifertility activity of Jatropha gossypifoliain ratsrdquo BioMed Research International vol 2013 Article ID125980 5 pages 2013
[131] J S de Oliveira PM Leite L B de Souza et al ldquoCharacteristicsand composition of Jatropha gossypiifolia and Jatropha curcasL oils and application for biodiesel productionrdquo Biomass andBioenergy vol 33 no 3 pp 449ndash453 2009
[132] V Bullangpoti E Wajnberg P Audant and R FeyereisenldquoAntifeedant activity of Jatropha gossypifolia and Meliaazedarach senescent leaf extracts on Spodoptera frugiperda(Lepidoptera Noctuidae) and their potential use as synergistsrdquoPest Management Science vol 68 no 9 pp 1255ndash1264 2012
[133] S N K JilaniW Islam andM Kamsh ldquoPotential of pyrethroidinsecticides and plant extracts on fecundity and egg viability oftribolium castaneum (Herbst)rdquo Journal of Bio-Science vol 19no 1 pp 95ndash97 2011
[134] D Sukumaran B D Parashar and K M Rao ldquoToxicity of Jat-ropha gossypiifolia and Vaccaria pyramidata against freshwatersnails vectors of animal schistosomiasisrdquo Fitoterapia vol 66 no5 pp 393ndash398 1995
[135] R K Devappa H P S Makkar and K Becker ldquoJatrophatoxicitymdasha reviewrdquo Journal of Toxicology and EnvironmentalHealth B Critical Reviews vol 13 no 6 pp 476ndash507 2010
[136] E P Schenkel M Zannin L A Mentz S A L Bordignonand B Irgang ldquoPlantas toxicasrdquo in Farmacognosia Da Planta
ao Medicamento C M O Simoes E P Schenkel G GosmannJ C P Mello L A Mentz and P R Petrovick Eds pp 959ndash993 Editora da UFRGSUFSC Porto Alegre Brazil 3d edition2007
[137] L I Oliveira F F Jabour V A Nogueira and E M YamasakildquoIntoxicacao experimental com as folhas de Jatropha gossypifo-lia(Euphorbiaceae) em ovinosrdquo Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileiravol 28 no 6 pp 275ndash278 2008
[138] P I A Awachie and F O Ugwu ldquoPreliminary investigationof the antimicrobial and brine shrimp lethality propertiesof some nigerian medicinal plantsrdquo International Journal ofPharmacognosy vol 35 no 5 pp 338ndash343 1997
[139] L J Medubi V O Ukwenya O T Aderinto et al ldquoEffects ofadministration of ethanolic root extract of Jatropha gossypiifoliaand prednisolone on the kidneys of Wistar ratsrdquo ElectronicJournal of Biomedicine vol 2 pp 41ndash48 2010
[140] T Oduola G B Popoola G O Avwioro et al ldquoUse of Jatrophagossypifolia stem latex as a haemostatic agent how safe is itrdquoJournal of Medicinal Plants Reasearch vol 1 no 1 pp 14ndash172007
Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom
Stem CellsInternational
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
MEDIATORSINFLAMMATION
of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Behavioural Neurology
EndocrinologyInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Disease Markers
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
BioMed Research International
OncologyJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
PPAR Research
The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Immunology ResearchHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of
ObesityJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
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Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine
OphthalmologyJournal of
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Diabetes ResearchJournal of
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Research and TreatmentAIDS
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Gastroenterology Research and Practice
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Parkinsonrsquos Disease
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Volume 2014Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 7
Table2Mainiso
latedcompo
unds
from
Jatro
phagossy
piifolia
Ldescrib
edin
theliterature
Classifi
catio
nCom
poun
dPlantp
art
Biologicalactiv
ityRe
ference
Alkaloids
NOC
NO
Rici
nine
Leaves
Insecticideinvitro
[49]
Imidazolea
lkaloid
Not
specified
mdash[72]
Pipe
ridin
e
N H
Not
specified
mdash[72]
41015840-O
-dem
ethylretrochinensin
Stem
smdash
[58]
Ary
lnap
htha
lene
lign
an
OM
e
OM
eOH
OH
OO
Stem
srootsand
seeds
mdash[42]
Cleo
misc
osin
A
OO
O
OM
e
MeO
O
HO
CH2O
H
Stem
smdash
[59]
8 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table2Con
tinued
Classifi
catio
nCom
poun
dPlantp
art
Biologicalactiv
ityRe
ference
Cou
marin-lign
oids
Gad
ain
O OH
OO
O
O
Stem
srootsand
seeds
mdash[43]
Gos
sypi
dien
O OM
eOO
C
COO
Me
O OStem
smdash
[60]
Isog
adai
n
O OH
OO
O
O
Stem
smdash
[61]
Jatro
dien
O OM
eOO
C
MeO
OC
OM
e
OM
e
Stem
smdash
[62]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 9
Table2Con
tinued
Classifi
catio
nCom
poun
dPlantp
art
Biologicalactiv
ityRe
ference
Jatro
phan
OO
H
OM
e
O
O OM
e
Stem
srootsand
seeds
mdash[44]
Pras
anth
alin
e
OAc OAc
O OH
OM
eO
Me
Stem
smdash
[63]
Prop
acin
OM
e
OO
MeO
O
O
Me
HO
Who
leplant
mdash[38]
Venk
atasin
Who
leplant
mdash[39]
O
HO
O
O
2120572-H
ydro
xyja
troph
one
H3C
H3C
CH3
CH3
CH3
Roots
Antileuk
emicin
vitro
andin
vivo
[64]
10 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table2Con
tinued
Classifi
catio
nCom
poun
dPlantp
art
Biologicalactiv
ityRe
ference
O
HO
O
OH
3C
CH3
CH3
CH3
2120573-H
ydro
xy-5
6-is
ojat
roph
one
Roots
Antileuk
emicin
vitro
andin
vivo
[64]
Diterpenes
O
HO
O
OH
3C H3C
CH3
CH3
CH3
2120573-H
ydro
xyja
troph
one
Roots
Antileuk
emicin
vitro
andin
vivo
[64]
Abiodo
neNot
specified
Anticancerinvitro
[73]
Citla
litrio
ne O
OH
OH
O
Roots
mdash[13]
Who
leplant
mdash[40]
Falo
done O
OH
Roots
Anticancerinvitro
[13]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 11
Table2Con
tinued
Classifi
catio
nCom
poun
dPlantp
art
Biologicalactiv
ityRe
ference
Jatro
phen
one
HO
H
O
H AcO
H
HWho
leplant
Antibacteria
linvitro
[41]
OH
O
Jatro
phol
one A
Roots
mdash[65]
Jatro
phol
one B O
H
O
Roots
mdash[65]
Jatro
phon
e
O
OO
Roots
Anticancerinvitro
andin
vivo
[66]
12 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table2Con
tinued
Classifi
catio
nCom
poun
dPlantp
art
Biologicalactiv
ityRe
ference
Esters
OH
HO
O
HO
HOH
OH
12-D
eoxy
-16-
hydr
oxyl
phor
bol
Seeds
Irritanttomou
seear
[69]
Lign
ans
Gos
sypi
fan
MeO
MeO
H
OO
O
O
Aeria
lparts
mdash[46]
Gos
sypi
line
O O
OCO
Me
OCO
Me
H
OO
Aeria
lparts
mdash[47]
Proteins
Cyclo
goss
ine A
Leu 1
Ala
2Th
r 3
Val 7
Gly
6Le
u 5
Trp 4
Latex
mdash[1571]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 13
Table2Con
tinued
Classifi
catio
nCom
poun
dPlantp
art
Biologicalactiv
ityRe
ference
Cyclo
goss
ine B Leu 2
Ala
5A
la6
Gly
1Le
u 4
Leu 8
Trp 3
Ile7
Latex
mdash[1520]
Triterpenes
HO O
H
HO
OH
H
(13120572
14120573
20S
)-2
2425
-Trih
ydro
xyla
nost
a-1
7-d
ien-3
-one
Leaves
mdash[57]
HO O
H
HO
OH
H
(2120572
13120572
14120573
20S
)-2
2425
-Trih
ydro
xyla
nost-
7-en
-3-o
ne
Leaves
mdash[57]
14 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
in different forms of preparation (infusion decoction andmaceration among others) by different routes and forms(oral topical baths etc) The most frequent reports refer toits anti-inflammatory antidiarrheal antiophidian analgesicantipyretic antimicrobial healing antianemic antidiabeticand antihemorrhagic activities among many other examples[3 5 7 9]
Some properties are attributed to specific parts of theplant while others are assigned to different parts Interest-ingly in some cases certain uses may appear contradictorysuch as antidiarrheal and laxative or its use as anticoagulantand antihemorrhagic One hypothesis is that this differencemay be related with the dose used since for example thelaxative effect is an effect commonly related with toxic eventswith this plant
6 Pharmacological Activities
Despite the grand variety of popular uses and the data fromJatropha species J gossypiifolia has been scarcely studiedregarding biological activities (Table 4) Studies showing thebiological potential of aqueous extract are rare so far whichis important to be mentioned since the most popular useof this plant is as a tea (decoction or infusion) Among themain activities that have been studied the antihypertensiveanticancer antimicrobial healing anti-inflammatory andanalgesic activities stand out
61 Antihypertensive Action Based on popular use of teasfrom J gossypiifolia roots and aerial parts the hypotensiveand vasorelaxant effects of the ethanolic extract of aerialparts of the plant were tested by Abreu et al [45] Thestudy revealed that the extract (125 and 250mgkgdayover 4 weeks by oral route in rats) in a dose-dependentmanner produced a reduction of systolic blood pressurein conscious normotensive animals This hypotensive effectcould be attributed to its vasorelaxant action since it pro-duced concentration-dependent relaxant effect in rat isolatedendothelium-deprived mesenteric artery precontracted withnorepinephrine or calcium Moreover it inhibited in aconcentration-dependent and noncompetitive manner thecontractile response induced by norepinephrine or CaCl
2in
the same preparation [45]
62 Antimicrobial Action The antibiotic activity of differ-ent extracts from J gossypiifolia is frequently reported asobserved in Table 4 In general some extent of antibacterialantifungal antiparasitic and antiviral activity was observedThe only report of J gossypiifolia isolated compound withantimicrobial activity is of the macrocyclic diterpene jatro-phenone which presented significant in vitro antibacterialactivity against Staphylococcus aureus [41]
63 Anti-Inflammatory andor Analgesic Action Many imp-ortant popular uses of J gossypiifolia are related to inflamma-tory process Bhagat et al [28] showed that the methanolicextract of leaves of this species has significant systemicacute and chronic anti-inflammatory activity The extract
at 500 and 1000mgkg oral doses was able to inhibit theacute carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats and at 50 and100mgkg oral doses inhibited the chronic cotton pellet-induced granuloma formation in rats Additionally the Jgossypiifolia leaf paste (05 and 1mgear) showed significantreduction in TPA-induced local inflammatory changes inmouse ear edema model [28]
In another study the anti-inflammatory and analgesicproperties of the methanol and petrol ether extracts of aerialparts of J gossypiifolia were demonstrated in mice [92]At 100 and 200mgkgday during 7 days by oral routeonly the methanol extract presented significant analgesicactivity in Eddyrsquos hot plate and tail-flick models and anti-inflammatory activity in carrageenan-induced paw edema[92] The anti-inflammatory activity of the bark from Jgossypiifolia (methanol and petrol ether extracts) was alsodemonstrated in carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats[115]
In a recent study using the in vitro human red bloodcell membrane stabilization method Nagaharika et al [118]suggested that ethanol and water extracts from J gossypiifolialeaves have anti-inflammatory activity According to theauthors since human red blood cell membranes are similarto the lysosomal membrane components the prevention ofhypotonicity-induced membrane lysis of these cells couldbe taken as a measure in estimating the anti-inflammatoryproperty of compounds [118]
The analgesic activity of the methanol extract from theleaves of J gossypiifolia was evaluated in acetic acid-inducedwrithing test in mice where highly significant inhibitionwas seen of 6756 and 6514 at 200 and 400mgkg oraldoses respectively [111] Similar results were observed in themethanolic extract from fruits [110]
64 Healing Action The healing action of the ethanol crudeextract of J gossypiifolia (plant part not specified) wasevaluated in suture healing of ventral abdominal wall ofrats through tensiometric measurement and macro- andmicroscopic aspect of postoperative period The extractwhich was administered by an intraperitoneal instillation of100mgkg single dose in the peritoneal cavity presentedmoreintense adhesion on macroscopic examination and greaterstrain evaluation and vascular neoformation However agreater inflammatory process was also observed and otherhistological parameters were similar to the control groupindicating that in general the extract presented poor woundhealing properties in the used model [124]
Another study evaluated the healing action of thehydroethanolic crude extract from leaves of J gossypiifoliain the healing process of sutures performed on the bladderof rats and similar results were presented although someimprovement might have been observed in some parametersIn general the authors concluded that no favorable heal-ing effect was observed with the administration of singleintraperitoneal dose of J gossypiifolia L [108] In anotherstudy analyzing the morphological aspects of the healingprocess occurring in open skin lesions in rats under topicaladministration of raw extract from J gossypiifolia (details
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 15
Table3Po
pularm
edicinaluses
ofJatro
phagossy
piifolia
Ldescrib
edin
theliterature
Plantp
art
Popu
laru
sePreparationandor
mod
eofu
seRe
ference
Who
leplant
Analgesic(headache)
Leaves
anointed
with
ldquoSebode
Holan
dardquo(muttontallo
w)a
ndheated
inthefi
reareu
sedas
compressfor
headaches
[5]
Analgesic(to
othache)
Not
specified
[3]
Antim
icrobial
Not
specified
[3]
Antipyretic
Decoctio
n[20]
Dyscrasia
Not
specified
[3]
Dysph
onia
Not
specified
[3]
Wou
ndhealing
Not
specified
[7475]
Aeria
lparts
Antianemic(m
alariatre
atment)
Decoctio
nused
byoralroute
[76]
Abscess
Bath
[77]
Alopecia
Ashleaves
[25]
Analgesic(eye
pain)
Not
specified
[78]
Analgesic(headache)
Not
specified
[78]
Analgesic(headachea
ndotitis)
Not
specified
[79]
Analgesic(painin
general)
Decoctio
nor
infusio
n[80]
Analgesic(to
othache)
Decoctio
nor
infusio
n[80]
Antianemic
Decoctio
n[81]
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[82]
Anticancer
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Decoctio
nof
thea
ssociatio
nof
leaves
ofJgossy
piifolia
with
leaves
ofPetiveriaalliaceaandaeria
lpartsof
Stachytarpheta
jamaicensis
byoralroute
[29]
Not
specified
[3]
Anticon
vulsivant
Not
specified
[83]
Antidiabetic
Decoctio
n[8485]
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Antidiarrheal
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Not
specified
[3]
Antihem
orrhagic
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Freshcrushedleaves
areu
sedin
caseso
fcutaneous
andnasalbleeding
[86]
Anti-infectiv
eDecoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Not
specified
[8788]
Anti-infl
ammatory
Not
specified
[78]
Antipyretic
Decoctio
n[81]
ldquoTeardquo
[5]
Not
specified
[88]
Antise
ptic
Bath
prepared
from
theleaves
[5]
Antith
rombo
ticDecoctio
nor
infusio
n[80]
Antiulcerogenic
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Leafjuice
[89]
Boils
Applicationof
thep
ound
edleaves
[90]
16 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative MedicineTa
ble3Con
tinued
Plantp
art
Popu
laru
sePreparationandor
mod
eofu
seRe
ference
Burns
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Usedin
associationwith
seedso
fGossypium
arboreum
sugarhon
eybeeandfato
fram
preparedby
grinding
app
liedtopically
[29]
Con
traceptiv
eand
oxito
toxic
Not
specified
[79]
Depurative
Squeezedthe
juiceo
btainedisdrun
k[91]
Detoxificant
Not
specified
[92]
Eczema
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Emetic
Squeezedthe
juiceo
btainedisdrun
k[91]
Gastro
intestinaldisorders
Not
specified
[79]
Gingivitis
Leafjuice
[89]
Gon
orrhoea
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Healin
gBa
thprepared
from
theleaves
[5]
Decoctio
n[30]
Decoctio
nor
infusio
n[80]
Hem
orrhoids
Usedin
associationwith
leaves
ofNicotia
natabacum
andcopp
ersulphateboiledin
waterand
used
asste
amdirected
atthea
nalregion
[93]
Hem
ostatic
Decoctio
nor
infusio
n[80]
Hepatitis
Not
specified
[12]
Itching
skin
Applicationof
thep
ound
edleaves
[90]
Leaves
Leprosy
Leafjuice
[89]
Malaria
Decoctio
n[81]
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[82]
Usedin
associationwith
leaves
ofAz
adira
chta
indica
andCo
mbretum
spbo
iledforsteam
bathsa
ndby
oralroute
[94]
Usedin
associationwith
leaves
ofCo
mbretum
ghasalenseandwho
leplanto
fOcim
umcanu
mbyoralrouteo
rfor
steam
baths
[94]
Mastitis
Poun
dedleaves
appliedon
swollenbreasts
[90]
Mycosis
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Psycho
activ
eNot
specified
[79]
Purgative
Not
specified
[388]
Rheumatism
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Scabies
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Skin
diseases
Not
specified
[3]
Stom
achic
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Not
specified
[8892]
Syph
ilis
Ash
ofleaves
[25]
Thrush
(oralcandidiasis)
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Treatm
ento
fldquocultu
ralsyn
drom
esrdquoldquoderramerdquo
ldquoquebranterdquoldquoespanterdquo
ldquovento-caıdordquoldquo
panemardquo
ldquodoenca-do-arrdquoldquom
ae-do-corpordquo
Not
specified
[79]
Vaginalinfectio
nSlightlybo
iledused
asvaginalw
ash
[91]
Venerald
iseases
Not
specified
[92]
Verm
ifuge
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Vertigo
Not
specified
[3]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 17
Table3Con
tinued
Plantp
art
Popu
laru
sePreparationandor
mod
eofu
seRe
ference
Wou
ndsa
ndrashes
Bath
oftheleaves
[24]
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Decoctio
nused
asbathsfor
cleaningwou
ndsindo
gs[95]
Wou
nddisin
fectant
Slightlybo
iledused
aswou
ndwash
[91]
Stem
Analgesic(to
othache)
Not
specified
[96]
Antianemic
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[82]
Anticancer
Decoctio
nby
oralor
topicalrou
te[26]
Emmenagogue
Decoctio
nof
barks
[7092]
Malaria
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[82]
Rheumatism
Not
specified
[77]
Thickbloo
dNot
specified
[77]
Roots
Anticancer
Decoctio
nby
oralor
topicalrou
te[26]
Root
bark
used
forc
ancero
fthe
lung
s[73]
Anticon
vulsivant
Not
specified
[83]
Antidiarrheal
Not
specified
[89]
Antim
icrobial
Root
bark
used
inbacterialinfectio
ns[73]
Impo
tence
Decoctio
nof
thea
ssociatio
nof
rootso
fJgossy
piifoliaC
hiococca
albaC
itrus
aurantifoliaD
esmodium
canu
m
RoystonearegiaSenn
aoccid
entalisStachytarphetajamaicensis
and
Waltheriaindica
with
thew
holeplanto
fCom
melina
erectaC
yperus
rotund
usand
sugarby
oralroute
[29]
Leprosy
Not
specified
[392]
Snakebites
Not
specified
[22929798]
Urin
arypain
Not
specified
[92]
Uterusd
iseases
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[99100]
Seeds
Analgesic(bod
ypain)
Not
specified
[101]
Analgesic(headache)
Not
specified
[79]
Antigrip
alUsedin
strong
colds
[5]
Antihem
orrhagic
Not
specified
[9]
Antiulcerogenic
Seed
oil
[3]
Con
traceptiv
eand
oxito
toxic
Not
specified
[79]
Depurative
Not
specified
[91]
Emetic
Not
specified
[7091101]
Gastro
intestinaldisorders
Not
specified
[79]
Leprosy
Seed
oil
[3]
Mycosis
Seed
oil
[3]
Psycho
activ
eNot
specified
[79]
Purgative
Not
specified
[39101102]
Treatm
ento
fldquocultu
ralsyn
drom
esrdquoldquoderramerdquo
ldquoquebranterdquoldquoespanterdquo
ldquovento-caıdordquoldquo
panemardquo
ldquodoenca-do-arrdquoldquom
ae-do-corpordquo
Not
specified
[79]
Vaginalinfectio
nSlightlybo
iledused
asvaginalw
ash
[91]
Wou
ndinfection
Slightlybo
iledused
aswou
ndwash
[91]
18 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table3Con
tinued
Plantp
art
Popu
laru
sePreparationandor
mod
eofu
seRe
ference
Fruits
Analgesic
Massaging
pregnant
wom
enrsquosbellies
with
teao
rgarrafadalowast
whenthey
areinpain
[77]
Analgesic(headache)
Teao
rgarrafadalowast
[77]
Analgesic(to
othache)
Teao
rgarrafadalowast
[77]
Laxativ
eIngestion
innatura
ofthep
owderfruit
[102]
Num
bnessa
fterb
ugsting
sTeao
rgarrafadalowast
[77]
Latex
Alopecia
Not
specified
[25]
Analgesic(eye
pain)
Not
specified
[78]
Analgesic(painin
general)
Drin
kor
massage
thea
ffected
area
with
latex
[80]
Analgesic(to
othache)
Cottonsoaked
with
latexkept
incontactw
iththes
oretoo
th[103]
Drin
kor
massage
thea
ffected
area
with
latex
[80]
Anticancer
Not
specified
[25]
Antihem
orrhagic
Not
specified
[9248695]
Antith
rombo
ticOralrou
te[80]
Antiulcerogenic
Not
specified
[2089]
Biteof
veno
mou
sanimals
Applicationof
fresh
latexatthea
ffected
site
[5]
Diuretic
Afewdrop
soffresh
latex
inwater
[6]
Eczema
Not
specified
[25]
Gingivitis
Not
specified
[89]
Gon
orrhea
Not
specified
[25]
Hem
ostatic
Not
specified
[2580]
Infected
wou
nds
Applicationof
fresh
latex
atthea
ffected
site
[520]
Leprosy
Not
specified
[89]
Mycosis
Not
specified
[25]
Purgative
Afewdrop
soffresh
latexin
water
[6]
Not
specified
[9]
Rheumatism
Not
specified
[25]
Scabies
Not
specified
[25]
Skin
burns
Applicationof
fresh
latex
atthea
ffected
site
[104]
Not
specified
[25]
Stop
ofitching
ofcutsandscratches
Not
specified
[95]
Syph
ilis
Not
specified
[25]
Thrush
(oralcandidiasis)
Not
specified
[25]
Verm
ifuge
Not
specified
[25]
Wou
ndhealing
Applicationof
latexatthea
ffected
site
[5]
Drin
kor
massage
thea
ffected
sitew
ithlatex
[80]
Not
specified
[7475]
Resin
Toothache
Toothp
owder
[27]
Wou
ndsinlip
sand
tong
ueTo
picalapp
lication
[27]
Oil
Arthritis
Appliedlocally
[89]
Purgative
Not
specified
[89]
Skin
disease
Appliedlocally
[89]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 19
Table3Con
tinued
Plantp
art
Popu
laru
sePreparationandor
mod
eofu
seRe
ference
Not
specified
Alopecia
Teaa
ppliedlocally
indo
gs[105]
Analgesic
Not
specified
[13]
Poultic
es[95]
Anticancer
Not
specified
[1366]
Antidiarrheal
Not
specified
[2845106]
Antihypertensive
Not
specified
[45]
Anti-infl
ammatory
Not
specified
[1328]
Antipyretic
Not
specified
[28]
Antise
ptic
Not
specified
[45]
Antiulcerogenic
Not
specified
[28]
Cou
ghsa
ndcolds
Bark
juice(4spoo
nfuls3tim
esad
ay)b
yoralroute
[107]
Detoxication
Not
specified
[28]
Diuretic
Not
specified
[45]
Eczema
Not
specified
[28]
Gum
infection
Not
specified
[28]
Healin
gNot
specified
[45108]
Hydropsy
Not
specified
[5]
Leprosy
Not
specified
[28]
Obstructio
nsof
thea
bdom
inaltract
Not
specified
[5]
Purgative
Not
specified
[5]
Regu
latem
enses
Not
specified
[109]
Rheumatism
Not
specified
[5]
Snakea
ndscorpion
bites
Not
specified
[322]
Stom
achpain
Not
specified
[28]
Venerealdiseases
Not
specified
[28]
Wou
nds
Poultic
es[95]
Usedas
bath
[28]
lowast
Garrafadapreparatio
ndo
neby
maceratingplantp
artsin
alcoho
lorh
ydroalcoho
licmediumsin
generalbrandies
20 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative MedicineTa
ble4Ph
armacologicalstu
dies
ofJatro
phagossy
piifolia
Ldescrib
edin
theliterature
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Analgesic
Aeria
lparts
Methano
land
petro
lether
extracts
At100and200m
gkgdayover7
daysbyoralrouteinmiceon
lythe
methano
lextractpresentedsig
nificantanalgesicactiv
ityin
Eddyrsquosho
tplatea
ndtail-flack
mod
els[92]
Fruits
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmicehigh
lysig
nificantly
inhibitedthew
rithing
respon
sesind
uced
byaceticacid
[110]
Leaves
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmicesig
nificantly
inhibited
thew
rithing
respon
sesind
uced
byaceticacid
[111]
Antibacteria
l
Latex
Crud
elatex
At100120583
Lvolumeinh
ibitedin
vitro
Liste
riamonocytogenes
Salm
onellatyhimuriumSalmonellatyphiandStaphylococcus
aureus
[112]
Latex
Not
specified
Presentedbactericidaleffectinvitro
againstShigella
dysenteriaea
ndStaphylococcus
aureuslowast
[113]
Leaves
Fractio
nsobtained
bysequ
entia
lextractionof
the
vegetalm
aterialw
ithpetro
letherbenzenechloroform
aceton
eethano
lmethano
landwater
Petro
lether
fractio
nwas
inactiv
eagainstEscherich
iacoliandBa
cillus
subtilisBe
nzenefractionwas
them
ostactiveagainstb
oth
microorganism
sCh
loroform
andmethano
lfractions
werea
ctive
onlyagainstB
acillus
subtilisAc
eton
eand
ethano
lfractions
were
activ
eonlyagainstE
scheric
hiacoliAq
ueou
sfractionwas
activ
eagainstb
othmicroorganism
salthou
ghto
amuchlesser
degree
than
theo
ther
fractions
[52]
Methano
lchloroform
and
water
extracts
Allextractswerea
ctiveinvitro
againstShigella
dysenteriaelowast
[113]
Petro
lether
andethyl
acetatefractions
from
ethano
ldichloromethane
(11vv)extract
Thep
etrolether
fractio
n(1mgmL)
inhibitedin
vitro
Pseudomonas
aeruginosaStaphylo
coccus
epidermidis
andSalm
onellatyphim
urium
Thee
thylacetatefraction(1mgmL)
was
activ
eagainstStaphylococcus
aureus
[87]
Who
leplant
Jatro
phenon
ePresentedin
vitro
antib
acteria
lactivity
againstStaphylo
coccus
aureus
comparabletopenicillin
[41]
Aeria
lparts
Water
andethylacetate
fractio
nsfro
mmethano
lextract
Both
fractio
nsat1
mgdidno
tprodu
cezoneso
finh
ibition
for
Escherich
iacoliStaphylococcus
aureusSaccharom
yces
cerevisia
enor
Cand
idaalbicans
[114]
Leaves
Chloroform
extract
Presentedantib
acteria
lactivity
againstSalmonellatyphiPseudomonas
aeruginosaand
Staphylococcus
aureus
andantifun
galactivity
against
Cand
idaalbicansD
idno
tprodu
ceinhibitio
nzonesa
gainst
Escherich
iacoliBa
cillussubtilis
Proteusm
irabilisC
orynebacteriu
mdiptheria
eShigelladysenteriaea
ndStreptococcusp
enum
oniae
[50]
Leaves
Dichlorom
ethane
methano
l(11vv)extract
At05and1m
gmLshow
edsig
nificantantibacteria
lactivity
invitro
againstB
acillus
cereus
varm
ycoidesBa
cillusp
umilu
sBa
cillussubtilis
Bordetellabronchise
ptica
MicrococcusluteusStaphylococcus
aureus
Staphylococcus
epidermidis
Klebsiella
pneumoniaeandStreptococcus
faecalisandantifun
galactivity
invitro
againstC
andida
albicans
[88]
Methano
lextract
Presentedantib
acteria
lactivity
againstSalmonellatyphiPseudomonas
aeruginosaand
Staphylococcus
aureus
andantifun
galactivity
against
Cand
idaalbicansD
idno
tprodu
ceinhibitio
nzonesa
gainst
Escherich
iacoliBa
cillussubtilis
Proteusm
irabilisC
orynebacteriu
mdiptheria
eShigelladysenteriaea
ndStreptococcusp
enum
oniae
[50]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 21
Table4Con
tinued
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Antibacteria
land
antifun
gal
Not
specified
Extractsob
tained
bysequ
entia
lextractionof
the
vegetalm
aterialw
ithn-hexanechloroform
aceton
emethano
land
water
n-Hexanee
xtracthadinhibitory
activ
ityin
vitro
againstE
scheric
hia
coliSalm
onellatyphiPseudomonas
aeruginosaB
acillus
cereus
Klebsiella
aerogenesandCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainst
Shiguella
boydiAspergillus
fumiga
tusAspergillus
flavusand
Aspergillus
nigerCh
loroform
extractinh
ibitedin
vitro
Salm
onella
typhiPseudomonas
aeruginosaB
acillus
cereusan
dCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainstEscherich
iacoliStaphylococcus
aureus
Shiguella
boydiAspergillus
fumiga
tusAspergillus
flavusand
Aspergillus
nigerAc
eton
eextractinhibitedin
vitro
Escherich
iacoli
Pseudomonas
aeruginosaStaphylococcusa
ureusKlebsiella
aerogenes
Proteusv
ulgarisan
dCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainst
Salm
onellatyphiAspergillus
fumiga
tusAspergillus
flavusa
ndAspergillus
nigerMethano
lextractinhibitedin
vitro
Escherich
iacoli
Salm
onellatyphiPseudomonas
aeruginosaStaphylococcusa
ureus
Bacilluscereusa
ndCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainst
Aspergillus
fumigatusA
spergillu
sflavusan
dAspergillus
nigerWater
extractw
asactiv
einvitro
againstE
scheric
hiacoliSalm
onellatyphi
Pseudomonas
aeruginosaStaphylococcusa
ureusBa
cilluscereus
Klebsiella
aerogenesProteusv
ulgarisan
dCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainstAspergillus
fumigatusA
spergillu
sflavusand
Aspergillus
niger
[89]
Methano
land
petro
lether
extractsfro
mbark
At200120583
g100120583
Lon
lythem
ethano
lextractshow
edin
vitro
antib
acteria
lactivity
upon
Staphylococcus
aureusStre
ptococcus
pyogenesand
Escherich
iacoliandantifun
galactivity
upon
Aspergillus
nigerCa
ndidaalbicansPenicillium
notatumand
Saccharomyces
cerevisia
e
[115]
Anticho
linesterase
Latex
Lyop
hilized
latex
Inhibitedtim
e-anddo
se-dependentlythea
cetylch
olinesterase
enzymeinnervou
stissue
offre
shwater
airb
reathing
fishCh
anna
marulius
[116]
Leaves
Fractio
nsobtained
bysequ
entia
lextractionof
the
vegetalm
aterialw
ithethyl
acetatea
ndmethano
l
At2m
gmLconcentration
thee
thylacetatea
ndmethano
lfractions
presentedinhibitory
activ
ities
invitro
of71
and100
Them
ethano
lfractio
npresentedIC
50of
005
mgmL
[117]
Antidiarrheal
Fruits
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmiceinhibitedthec
astoro
ilindu
ceddiarrhea
[110]
Leaves
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmiceinhibitedthec
astoro
ilindu
ceddiarrhea
[111]
Antifu
ngal
(antidermatop
hytic
fung
i)Ae
rialp
arts
Water
andethylacetate
fractio
nsfro
mmethano
lextract
Them
inim
alconcentrationprod
ucing75of
inhibitio
nor
high
eragainstM
icrosporuscanis
forb
othfractio
nsw
as1120583
gmLFo
rthe
fung
usMicrosporusg
ypseum
Microsporusfulvuman
dMicrosporus
gallina
eno
neof
thefractionpresentedinhibitory
activ
ity
[114]
22 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative MedicineTa
ble4Con
tinued
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Anti-infl
ammatory
Aeria
lparts
Methano
land
petro
lether
extracts
At100and200m
gkgdayover7
daysbyoralrouteinmiceon
lythe
methano
lextractpresentedsig
nificantanti-infl
ammatoryactiv
ityon
carrageenan-indu
cedpawedem
a[92]
Leaves
Aqueou
sextract
At100and200120583
gmLsig
nificantly
preventedthelysisof
human
red
bloo
dcells
inmem
branes
tabilizationmetho
din
vitro
[118]
Ethano
lextract
At100120583
gmLsig
nificantly
preventedthelysisof
human
redbloo
dcells
inmem
branes
tabilizationmetho
din
vitro
[118]
Methano
lextractandleaf
paste
At500and1000
mgkgbyoralrouteinrats
inhibitedthe
carrageenan-indu
cedpawedem
aAt
50and100m
gkgbyoralroute
inrats
inhibitedthec
ottonpelletind
uced
granulom
aformationin
rats
At05and1m
geartheleafp
asteredu
cedtheinfl
ammation
respon
sein
mou
seeare
demam
odel
[28]
Not
specified
Methano
land
petro
lether
extractsfro
mbark
At200m
gkgbyoralrouteinratsbothextractsredu
cedthe
carrageenan-indu
cedpawedem
a[115]
Antim
alarial
Leaves
Aqueou
sextract
30120583ginhibitedin
vitro
theg
rowth
ofPlasmodium
falciparum
[31]
Dichlorom
ethane
extract
Activ
einvitro
againstP
lasm
odium
falciparumw
ithIC
50of
abou
t35120583gmL
[81]
Antineoplasic
Roots
Ethano
licextractand
jatro
phon
e
Thee
thanolextractas
wellasjatroph
oneexhibitedsig
nificant
inhibitory
activ
ityin
vitro
againstcellsderiv
edfro
mhu
man
carcinom
aofthe
nasoph
aryn
xandlymph
ocyticleuk
emiaP-388and
invivo
againstfou
rstand
ardanim
altumor
syste
ms
[66]
Falodo
neShow
edpo
tent
proliferatio
ninhibitory
activ
ityagainstA
-549
human
cancer
celllin
ewith
IC50of
120120583
gmL
[13]
2120572-H
ydroxyjatro
phon
e2120573
-hydroxy-56-iso
jatro
phon
eand2120573
-hydroxyjatro
phon
editerpenes
isolatedfro
mpetro
lether
extract
Presentedantin
eoplasicactiv
ityup
onP-388lymph
ocyticleuk
emia
testsyste
mbo
thin
vivo
andin
vitro
asw
ellasfor
theE
aglersquos
carcinom
aofthe
nasoph
aryn
xtestsyste
min
vitro
[64]
Not
specified
Abiodo
neNot
specifiedlowast
[73]
Antioxidant
Leaves
Methano
lethylacetateand
aqueou
sextract
Allextractsshow
edsig
nificantantioxidant
activ
ityin
vitro
inDPP
Hfre
eradicalferric
thiocyanateandnitricoxides
caveng
ingmetho
dslowast
[55]
Who
leplant
Petro
letherchloroform
ethylacetateand
n-bu
tano
lextracts
Allextractsshow
edon
lypo
orDPP
Hscavenging
activ
ityTh
etotal
antio
xidant
capacitywas
high
erin
ethylacetateandn-bu
tano
lextracts
having
thep
etrolether
andchloroform
show
ingon
lypo
oractiv
ityTh
elipid
peroxidatio
nwas
inhibitedon
lypartially
bythe
extracts
with
thee
thylacetateb
eing
them
ostactivea
ndthep
etrol
etherb
eing
theleast
[48]
Antisp
asmod
icAe
rialp
arts
Ethano
lextractfractions
andsubfractions
At5001000and
2000
mgkgbyoralrouteinmiceshow
edsig
nificantantisp
asmod
icactiv
ityin
mou
seintestinaltransit
mod
elandat0510
and
20m
gmLinhibitedin
vitro
thea
cetylch
olinea
ndcalcium-in
ducedcontractions
ofiso
lated
ratjeju
numO
nlythe
organicfractionof
thee
xtracthadac
alcium
-antagon
isteffect
whereas
both
chloroform
icandaqueou
sfractions
hadanticho
linergic
effect
[119]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 23Ta
ble4Con
tinued
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Antivira
lAe
rialp
arts
Water
andethylacetate
fractio
nsfro
mmethano
lextract
At110and
100120583
gmLbo
thfractio
nspresented100
ofinhibitio
nof
plaque-fo
rmingabilityof
Sind
bisv
irusintre
atmentp
reinfection
protocol(IC 5
0lt1120583
gmL)w
hilein
treatmentp
ostin
fection
theIC 5
0of
water
fractio
nincreasedto
512andacetatefractionincreasedto
37120583gmLFo
rmurinec
ytom
egaloviru
sIC
50of
17and15
towater
andethylacetatefractio
nswereo
bservedrespectiv
elyintre
atment
preinfectio
nprotocolInthetreatmentp
ostin
fection
howe
verno
inhibitio
nwas
observed
inthismicroorganism
[114]
Not
specified
Methano
lextractfro
mbarks
Partially
activ
eagainstSind
bisv
irusand
herpes
simplex
virus-l
Inactiv
eagainsthu
man
polio
virus
[107]
Bron
chod
ilator
Stem
sAq
ueou
sextract
Thee
xtractwas
inactiv
einbron
chod
ilatora
ctivity
inguinea
pigs
[120]
Con
traceptiv
eLeaves
Ethano
lextract
At450m
gkgdayover2
1daysby
oralroutecaused
anantifertility
activ
ityin
femalem
ice
[121]
Healin
g
Aeria
lparts
Ethano
l70
extract
At1m
Lkg
dosebyintraperito
nealrouteinrats
presentedbeneficial
activ
ityin
healingprocesso
fcolon
icanastomosis
[122]
Aeria
lparts
Ethano
l70
extract
At200m
gkgbyintraperito
nealrouteinrats
favoredtheh
ealin
gprocesso
fgastro
rrhaph
iesa
ndredu
cedthea
cuteinflammatory
reactio
nin
vivo
[123]
Leaves
Hydroethano
lextract
At200m
gkgbyintraperito
nealroutedecreasedtheinfl
ammation
andincreasedvascular
neoformationandcollagendepo
sitionwhen
comparedto
thec
ontro
lgroup
inhealingprocesso
fsutures
perfo
rmed
ontheb
ladd
erof
rats
How
everingeneralno
favorable
healingeffectw
asob
served
[108]
Not
specified
Ethano
licextract
Alth
ough
someimprovem
entcou
ldbe
observed
insuture
healingof
ventralabd
ominalwallofratstreated
with
100m
gkg
ofextract
(intraperito
nealinstillationintraperito
nealcavity)in
generalon
lya
poor
healingactiv
itywas
observed
[124]
Not
specified
At01m
Lvolumeby
topicalapp
lication
thec
rude
extractp
resented
significantd
ifferencesc
oncerningthem
acroscop
icandmicroscop
icaspectso
fhealin
gprocesso
ccurrin
gin
open
skin
lesio
nsin
rats
[125]
Hem
ostatic
Latex
Crud
efresh
latex
Decreased
clotting
andbleeding
timeinhealthysubjects
[101]
Hepatop
rotective
Aeria
lparts
Petro
letherm
ethano
land
water
extracts
At200m
gkgdayover7
daysbyoralrouteinrats
both
extracts
presentedhepatoprotectiv
eactivity
incarbon
tetrachlorideind
uced
liver
damagewith
thep
etrolether
beingthem
ostactivea
ndthe
methano
lbeing
theleast
[126]
Hypotensiv
eand
vasorelaxant
Aeria
lparts
Ethano
licextract
At125and250m
gkgdayover4
weeksby
oralrouteinrats
ina
dose-dependent
mannerredu
cedthes
ystolic
bloo
dpressure
and
prod
uced
acon
centratio
n-depend
entrelaxanteffectin
ratisolated
(ex
vivo)end
otheliu
m-depriv
edmesenteric
artery
precon
tractedwith
norepineph
rineo
rCaC
l 2
[45]
Immun
omod
ulatory
Who
leplant
Petro
lether
extract
At100200and40
0120583gmLincreasedthep
roliferationof
mou
sespleen
cellin
vitro
[127]
Localanesthetic
Not
specified
Methano
land
aqueou
sextracts
Both
extractspresentedsig
nificantlocalanestheticactiv
ityby
plexus
anesthesiain
frogslowast
[128]
24 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table4Con
tinued
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Relaxant
effecto
nuterine
smoo
thmuscle
(tocolytic
activ
ity)
Aeria
lparts
Ethano
licextractand
chloroform
icandaqueou
sfractio
ns
At05and10
mgmLthee
thanolicextractreduced
the
calcium
-evokedcontractile
respon
seof
theu
terin
esmoo
thmuscle
as
wellas
thec
hloroformicfractio
nTh
eaqu
eous
fractio
npresented
onlyslighteffect
[129]
Sedativ
eand
anxiolytic
Fruits
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmicepresentedsedativ
eeffect
intheh
olec
rosstest
At200m
gkgpresented
anxiolyticactiv
ityin
holebo
ardtest
At40
0mgkgpresented
anxiolyticactiv
ityin
elevated
plus-m
azetest
[110]
Leaves
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmicepresentedsedativ
eeffect
intheh
olec
rosstest
At200m
gkgpresented
anxiolyticactiv
ityin
holebo
ardtest
At40
0mgkgpresented
anxiolyticin
elevated
plus-m
azetest
[111]
lowast
Thec
ompletev
ersio
nof
thep
aper
was
notaccessib
leso
theinformationwas
obtained
from
itsabstr
act
IC50con
centratio
nthatinhibits50of
ther
eferredactiv
ity
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 25
about extract preparation and plant part not specified) theauthors also observed an absence of healing action althoughsome histological improvement was shown [125]
However studying the influence of J gossypiifolia on thehealing process of colonic anastomosis in rats Servin et alshowed that the administration of 1mLkg single dose ofthe hydro alcoholic extract from aerial parts has beneficialeffect on the healing process [122] However according tothese authors on the seventh day of the experiment therewas a decrease in the action of the extract suggestingthat the extract in this experiment was less active in laterstages of healing process [122] A plausible hypothesis notraised by the authors could be the fact that the extract wasadministered in a single dose which may not have beensufficient to maintain the effect throughout the time of theexperiment Additionally Vale et al showed that the ethanolicextract from aerial parts of J gossypiifolia at single intraperi-toneal dose of 200mgkg favored the healing process ofgastrorrhaphies and reduced the acute inflammatory reactionin vivo [123]
65 Hemostatic Action The use of J gossypiifolia especiallythe latex is widespread as a hemostatic agent for preventingbleeding disorders The results of whole blood clotting timeusing Lee and White method and bleeding time using Ivyrsquosmethod were significantly reduced when stem latex wasintroduced suggesting procoagulant activity [101] Regardingthe possible mechanism of action based on experimentsthat show the precipitating action of the latex upon bovinealbumin the authors suggest that the latex precipitatesclotting factors thereby bringing the coagulation factors intoclose contact and then the activation of coagulation cascadeleads to the generation of thrombin and formation of aclot takes place in a matter of seconds when compared tothe control experiment which took minutes to completecoagulation [101] It is important to emphasize that to the bestof our knowledge this is the only study performed on humansubjects
66 Anticholinesterase Action Based on the cholinergichypothesis acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are widely usedto treat Alzheimerrsquos disease J gossypiifolia presented animportant anticholinesterase activity since the methanolicextract from leaves showed an IC
50of 005mgmL [117]
Another study showed that the lyophilized latex of theplant was able to inhibit time- and dose-dependently theacetylcholinesterase enzyme in nervous tissue of freshwaterair breathing fish Channa marulius [116]
67 Antioxidant Action The antioxidant activity of extractsfrom J gossypiifoliawas evaluated by Kharat et al [55] In thiswork the high content of phenols tannins and flavonoids inthe leaves prompted the authors to evaluate the antioxidantactivity of the leaves DPPH free radical ferric thiocyanateand nitric oxide scavengingmethods were used to analyze theantioxidant activity in vitro of methanol ethyl acetate andaqueous extracts demonstrating positive resultsThe authorsattributed the free radical scavenging activity to the presence
of flavonoids [55] On the other hand a study showed thatdifferent extracts (petrol ether chloroform ethyl acetate andn-butanol) fromwhole plant of J gossypiifolia had only partialantioxidant activity in DPPH scavenging total antioxidantcapacity and lipid peroxidation tests [48] Among them theethyl acetate extract was the most active which correlatespositively with its higher content of phenolic compounds incomparison with the other extracts [48]
68 Contraceptive Action Based on its popular use J gossypi-ifoliawas assessed for its antifertility activity as an alternativeto oral contraceptive agents J gossypiifolia leaf extract byoral route altered the major hormones involved in estrouscycle regulation indicating its antifertility effect on mice[121] Evaluating other parameters (estrogenic and earlyabortifacient activities) the anti-infertility effect of the extractwas once more demonstrated later [130]
69 Tocolytic Action Based on the ethnopharmacologicalapplication of the plant as tocolytic remedy the effects oncalcium-evoked uterine smooth muscle contraction of theethanolic extract and fractions were evaluated [129] Thecrude extract and to a higher extent the chloroformic frac-tion reduced the calcium-evoked contractile response of theuterine smooth muscle promoting a rightward displacementof calciumcumulative curves aswell as reducing themaximalcontractions [129]
610 Antineoplasic Action One of the most well-knownpharmacological activities of J gossypiifolia is its antineopla-sic action which is frequently associated with the contentof lignoids and terpenoids One of the first reports wasmade by Kupchan et al [66] when the authors found thatthe ethanolic extract from roots as well as the isolatedditerpene jatrophone exhibited significant inhibitory activityin vitro against cells derived from human carcinoma of thenasopharynx and lymphocytic leukemia P-388 and in vivoagainst four standard animal tumor systems such as sarcoma180 Lewis lung carcinoma P-388 lymphocytic leukemiaand Walker 256 intramuscular carcinosarcoma [66] Laterthree new antitumor derivatives of jatrophone were isolatedfrom petrol ether extracts from roots of J gossypiifolia 2120572-hydroxyjatrophone 2120573-hydroxy-56-isojatrophone and 2120573-hydroxyjatrophone [64] Recently two other diterpenes withpotent antineoplasic activity were isolated from J gossypi-ifolia falodone and abiodone Falodone was isolated frommethanol extract from roots and showed potent proliferationinhibitory activity against A-549 human cancer cell line [13]Abiodone a lathyrane diterpenoid compound was isolatedfrom J gossypiifolia and presented potent anticancer activity[73]
611 Local Anesthetic Action The local anesthetic action ofJ gossypiifolia was evaluated by plexus anaesthesia in frogs[128] The authors observed that the aqueous and methanolextract (plant part not specified) presented significant anes-thetic action when compared to control group
26 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
612 Neuropharmacological Action The neuropharmacolog-ical action of the methanol extract of the leaves of J gossypi-ifolia was evaluated by Apu et al [111] The authors observedthat in hole cross test the extract at 200 and 400mgkg byoral route showed significant sedative effect in mice In holeboard test the extract showed highly significant anxiolyticactivity at a dose of 200mgkg whereas the same activity wasobserved at 400mgkg dose in elevated plus-maze test [111]Similar results were observed in the methanolic extract fromfruits [110]
613 Antidiarrheal Action Although it may seem contradic-tory as shown in Table 3 J gossypiifolia species is popularlyused both as purgative and as antidiarrheal remedy Howeverin literature there are interesting results about the antidiar-rheal properties of different extracts of this species
At 200 and 400mgkg oral doses in mice the methanolextract of J gossypiifolia leaves produced highly signifi-cant antidiarrheal activity upon castor oil-induced diarrheadecreasing themean number of stool and total weight of fecaloutput when compared to control group [111] Similar resultswere observed in the methanolic extract from fruits [110]
Aiming to determine the possible action mechanism of Jgossypiifolia aerial parts ethanol extract as antidiarrheal agentSilva et al [119] have investigated the effect of this extracton intestinal transit velocity and on isolated rat jejunumAt 500 1000 and 2000mgkg by oral route in mice theextract showed significant antispasmodic activity in mouseintestinal transit model when compared to control At 0510 and 20mgmL the crude extract inhibited in vitro theacetylcholine and calcium-induced contractions of isolatedrat jejunum The chloroform and aqueous fractions wereobtained and it was observed that only the chloroform frac-tion of the extract had a calcium-antagonist effect whereasboth chloroformic and aqueous fractions had anticholinergiceffect suggesting that the antispasmodic effect of J gossypi-ifolia may be due to a combination of anticholinergic andcalcium-antagonist mechanisms [119]
614 Immunomodulatory Action The immunomodulatoryaction of synthetic lignan compounds was evaluated by theassay of proliferation of mouse spleen cell in vitro andcompared with petrol ether extract of whole plant of Jgossypiifolia since it is a natural source of this kind ofcompound [127] The authors showed that both syntheticand naturally occurring 1-phenylnaphthalene lignans couldpositively modulate the immunity of the host since theysignificantly increased the proliferation of mouse spleen cellin vitro [127]
615 Hepatoprotective Action Despite some studies havingshown the hepatotoxic potential of J gossypiifolia a study wasperformed to analyze the possible hepatoprotective action ofextracts of this plant in carbon tetrachloride-induced liverdamage in rats [126] In fact the petrol ether methanoland water extracts from the aerial parts of J gossypiifoliapresented significant hepatoprotective action in this model
substantially restoring towards normalization the serum lev-els of serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase serum glu-tamate pyruvate transaminase serum alkaline phosphatasetotal bilirubin superoxide dismutase and catalase [126] Theauthors also discuss the close relationship between the hep-atoprotective action observed and the possible antioxidantmechanism present in the extracts
7 Other Actions andBiotechnological Applications
In addition to studies demonstrating scientific evidences ofthe pharmacological properties of J gossypiifolia severalstudies have demonstrated the potential of this species toobtain molecules with various applications thus showing itsmultipurpose character
Among the main applications described the use ofJ gossypiifolia seed oil for biodiesel production could bementioned Jatropha species has drawn the attention ofresearchers in recent years due to its emergence as a highlysuitable feedstock plant for biodiesel production [11] Amongthe species J gossypiifolia J curcas and J pohliana produceseeds with high oil content [11] In a study investigatingthe potential of two plants of the Jatropha genus (includ-ing J gossypiifolia) the authors observed that the studiedphysicochemical properties of the produced biodiesel are inthe acceptable range for use as biodiesel in diesel enginesshowing a promising economic exploitation of these rawmaterials [131]
Studies have shown the potential of the species for thedevelopment of new tools for biochemical analysis A recentstudy showed that the diluted fresh latex J gossypiifolia can beused as precipitating agent for biochemical determination ofproteins in plasma urine and cerebrospinal fluid with valuescomparable to those obtained from the conventional proteinprecipitants sodium tungstate and trichloroacetic acid [24]According to the authors the precipitating potential couldbe related to the capacity of the latex to form clots whenapplied to a bleeding sore or wound when it is used in folkmedicine [24] Another study showed the potentiality of thejuice extracted from the fresh leaves of J gossypiifolia asan anticoagulant for haematological analyses [86] 01mL ofextract per mL of blood proved to be suitable for obtainingplasmas for biochemical analysis comparable with conven-tional anticoagulants [86] However the authors emphasizethat the extract must be purified to remove interferingsubstances for it to be perfectly suitable for biochemicalanalysis [86]
Some studies have demonstrated the potentiality of Jgossypiifolia as a source of pesticide biomolecules Bullang-poti et al [49] isolated ricinine from the ethyl acetate extractfrom senescent leaves the main compound responsible forthe toxicity of the crude extract in Spodoptera exigua larvaethus demonstrating that it could be an alternative choiceto chemical insecticides In another study Bullangpoti etal [132] showed that the ethanol extract of J gossypiifoliain association with the ethanol extract of Melia azedarachwas toxic and inhibited some enzymes from Spodoptera
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 27
frugiperda larvae demonstrating once more the potentialityof the species as insecticide agent Calatayud et al [56]showed the presence of proteins of about 100 kDa with toxicactivity upon Phenacoccus herreni another type of insectIn this work the authors performed a strategy of extrac-tion that eliminated nonprotein compounds being able todemonstrate the potential of the species to obtain insecticidalproteins [56] Leaf extract of J gossypiifolia reduced thefecundity and egg viability against stored product insect pestsTribolium castaneum [133]
The potential molluscicidal activity of J gossypiifolia hasalso been evaluated as an alternative mode of preventionof schistosomiasis Sukumaran et al [134] showed that themethanol and n-butanol extracts from unripened seeds of Jgossypiifoliawas toxic against eggs and adults of two species offreshwater snails Lymnaea luteola and Indoplanorbis exustusThe results indicated that n-butanol extract was the mosteffective and that the eggs were more susceptible than adults[134]
8 Toxicology
Species of Jatropha are notably known for their toxic potential[135 136] This toxicity is related primarily to latex andseeds The latex is released from the aerial parts of theplant by mechanical injury and it is extremely caustic andirritating to skin and mucous membranes The seeds arerich in toxalbumins that cause agglutination and hemolysisto erythrocytes as well as damage to other cell types andcontain a lipoid resin complex that can cause dermatitis[3 12 135] The symptomatology consists in general ofgastrointestinal disorders (abdominal pain nausea vomitingand diarrhea) Additionally the clinical course can bringcardiovascular neurological and renal complications [136]Cases of poisoning in humans usually occur by eating fruitand seeds because of its similarity to edible chestnuts [136]
Some toxicological studies have demonstrated the toxicproperties of J gossypiifolia while others show the absence oftoxicity However it is important to observe the models useddoses administrated and types of extract employed (solventand plant part) among other aspects to make the properconclusions about the toxicity
The study of experimental poisoning in sheep showedthat the intake of fresh plant leaves in a single dose of40 gkg was lethal to these animals [137] The clinical andpathological picture in the experimental sheep was charac-terized by digestive lung and heart disturbances and alsoby slight regressive changes evidenced in hepatic and renalhistological examinations [137] However as observed byMariz et al [7] it is important to note that the medicinaluse of the plant is rarely in natura but instead by differentpreparations such as infusions or decoctions sometimes ofthe dried material which could inactivate the possible toxiccomponents However this is only a hypothesis and so thetoxicity of extracts from leaves cannot be discarded
One of the first studies relating the identification of theconstituents responsible for the toxic effects of the Jatrophaspecies was published by Adolf et al [69] In this work
by a bioguided isolation the irritant polyunsaturated ester12-deoxy-16-hydroxylphorbol was isolated from the etherextract from the seeds of J gossypiifolia by countercurrentchromatography [69] The irritant activity was visualized inmouse ear after 24 h of the application of the fractions andisolated compounds [69]
The in vitro cytotoxicity assay using brine shrimp larvaetest revealed that ethanol and methanol extracts (plant organunspecified) showed low toxicity [138] An earlier studyshowed that thewater and ethyl acetate fraction of amethanolextract from aerial parts of J gossypiifolia did not presenttoxicity against the same organisms [114]
A study performed in Wistar rats evaluated the toxicityof the ethanolic root extract of J gossypiifolia at 10 20 and30mgkg by oral route [139] The authors observed that theextract was toxic to the kidney and caused increased urearetention in the blood as observed by histological studies andbiochemical analysis of blood [139]
A preclinical toxicological assessment of the crudeethanol extract from J gossypiifolia leaves showed that theextract presents relatively low oral acute toxicity in Wistarrats [18 19] Rats treated with single doses of 12ndash50 gkgby oral route were observed for 14 days and the mostimportant signs of toxicity were ptosis reduction of bodyweight and hind limb paralysis Other significant alterationsoccurred only in males treated with 50 gkg dose increasein creatinine aspartate aminotransferase sodium and potas-sium seric levels reduction of urea and albumin leucopeniaand small alteration in color and consistency of visceraThe median lethal dose (LD
50) was higher than 40 gkg
for males and higher than 50 gkg for females [19] In thehistopathological evaluation some alteration was observedin liver and lung only at 50 gkg suggesting the relativelylow toxicity of the extract [18] However in the chronictoxicological study (thirteen weeks of treatment) this extractshowed significant oral chronic toxicity in rats [17] The mostsignificant toxic signs indicated a reduction of the activityin the central nervous system and digestive disturbancesThe histopathological analysis revealed hepatotoxicity andpulmonary damages The lethality was 466 and 133among males and females under the higher tested dose(405mgkg) respectively [17] Based on this Mariz et al [7]discussed that the development of herbal medicine based onthis species needs to prioritize the chemical refinement of thecrude extracts to obtain less toxic fractions which should betested for their safety and therapeutic efficacy
Another study on the other hand evaluating the oralacute toxicity of the aqueous and ethanol extracts from leavesof J gossypiifolia did not show any sign of toxicity in upto 2 gkg in rats enabling the authors to conclude that thisextract could be considered safe [118] This is an interestingresult since in most cases the plant is used popularly as tea(aqueous extract)
The toxicity of the stem latex of J gossypiifoliawas studiedin Wistar rats by applying different doses of crude latex onincised skin daily for 18 days based on the popular useof the latex as hemostatic agent in skin lesions [140] Theauthors observed that the application of the latex did notproduce any significant difference in results of biochemical
28 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
and hematological parameters obtained from the control andexperimental animals leading to the conclusion that the stemlatex has no harmful effects [140]
9 Conclusions
As demonstrated by this review J gossypiifolia presents animportant potential for the generation of pharmacologicalandor biotechnological products based on popular usesand biological studies scientifically showing its propertiesHowever regarding specifically its medicinal propertiesfurther studies are still necessary to assay important folkuses of the species and characterize the major compoundsresponsible for the bioactivityThus studies of bioprospectingcould prioritize this species since many popular uses forvariousmedical purposes are reported demonstrating a greatpotential to originate bioactive molecules with pharmaco-logical relevance Furthermore future phytochemical studiesof this plant are important to obtain the best knowledgeof the chemical composition of different extracts of theplant in order to recognize the really important compoundsin the pharmacological actions aspiring to the chemicalrefinement of the products to eliminate the eventual toxiceffects that could reduce the medicinal value of the speciesIn conclusion the data presented in this review could provideinsights for future research aimed at both ethnopharmaco-logical validation of the popular use of J gossypiifolia andits exploration as a new source of bioactive molecules forherbal drugs andor bioactive natural products for potentialapplication in complementary and alternative medicine
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper
Acknowledgments
The authors thank BNB CNPq and CAPES (Brazil) forthe financial support Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosagives thanks to CNPq for Scholarship in Research Produc-tivity The authors also thank Andrew Alastair Cumming forediting this paper for the English revision
References
[1] G L Webster ldquoClassification of the euphorbiaceaerdquo Annals ofthe Missouri Botanical Garden vol 81 pp 3ndash143 1994
[2] M V Alves ldquoChecklist das especies de Euphorbiaceae Jussocorrentes no semi-arido pernambucano BrasilrdquoActa BotanciaBrasileira vol 12 no 3 pp 485ndash495 1998
[3] C W Sabandar N Ahmat F M Jaafar and I Sahidin ldquoMedic-inal property phytochemistry and pharmacology of severalJatropha species (Euphorbiaceae) a reviewrdquo Phytochemistryvol 85 pp 7ndash29 2013
[4] C K A Leal and M D F Agra ldquoEstudo farmacobotanicocomparativo das folhas de Jatrophamolissima (Pohl) BaillrdquoActaFarmaceutica Bonaerense vol 24 no 1 pp 5ndash13 2005
[5] L C Di Stasi and C A Hiruma-Lima Plantas medicinais naAmazonia e na Mata Atlantica UNESP Sao Paulo Brazil 2ndedition 2002
[6] M D F Agra K N Silva I J L D Basılio P F De Freitasand JM Barbosa-Filho ldquoSurvey ofmedicinal plants used in theregionNortheast of BrazilrdquoBrazilian Journal of Pharmacognosyvol 18 no 3 pp 472ndash508 2008
[7] S R Mariz A C R Borges M F F Melo-Diniz and I AMedeiros ldquoPossibilidades terapeuticas e riscos toxicologicosde Jatropha gossypiifolia L uma revisao narrativardquo RevistaBrasileiraDe PlantasMedicinais vol 12 no 3 pp 346ndash357 2010
[8] I Cordeiro and R Secco ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia L Lista deespecies da flora do Brasilrdquo Jardim Botanico do Rio de JaneirohttpfloradobrasiljbrjgovbrjabotfloradobrasilFB17581
[9] U P de Albuquerque P M de Medeiros A L S de Almeida etal ldquoMedicinal plants of the caatinga (semi-arid) vegetation ofNE Brazil a quantitative approachrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacol-ogy vol 114 no 3 pp 325ndash354 2007
[10] U P Albuquerque L H C Andrade and J Caballero ldquoStruc-ture and floristics of homegardens in Northeastern BrazilrdquoJournal of Arid Environments vol 62 no 3 pp 491ndash506 2005
[11] S A Ceasar and S Ignacimuthu ldquoApplications of biotechnologyand biochemical engineering for the improvement of Jatrophaand Biodiesel a reviewrdquo Renewable and Sustainable EnergyReviews vol 15 no 9 pp 5176ndash5185 2011
[12] U P de Albuquerque J MMonteiro M A Ramos and E L Cde Amorim ldquoMedicinal and magic plants from a public marketin northeastern Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 110no 1 pp 76ndash91 2007
[13] A Falodun Q Sheng-Xiang G Parkinson and S GibbonsldquoIsolation and characterization of a new anticancer diterpenoidfrom Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journalvol 45 no 10 pp 636ndash639 2012
[14] BRASIL ldquoFitoterapia plantas de interesse ao SUSrdquo Braz-ilian Health Ministry httpportalsaudegovbrportalarqu-ivospdfRENISUSpdf
[15] X-P Zhang M-L Zhang X-H Su C-H Huo Y-C Gu andQ-W Shi ldquoChemical constituents of the plants from genusJatrophardquo Chemistry and Biodiversity vol 6 no 12 pp 2166ndash2183 2009
[16] S K Sharma and H Singh ldquoA review on pharmacological sig-nificance of genus Jatropha (Euphorbiaceae)rdquoChinese Journal ofIntegrative Medicine vol 18 no 11 pp 868ndash880 2012
[17] S RMariz G S CerqueiraWCAraujo et al ldquoChronic toxico-logic study of the ethanolic extract of the aerial parts of Jatrophagossypiifolia in ratsrdquoRevista Brasileira de Farmacognosia vol 22no 3 pp 663ndash668 2012
[18] S R Mariz M S T Araujo G S Cerqueira et al ldquoHistopatho-logical evaluation in rats after acute treatment with the ethanolextract from aerial parts of Jatropha gossypiifolia Lrdquo RevistaBrasileira De Farmacognosia vol 18 no 2 pp 213ndash216 2008
[19] S R Mariz G S Cerqueira W C Araujo et al ldquoEstudo toxi-cologico agudo do extrato etanolico de partes aereas de Jatrophagossypiifolia L em ratosrdquo Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosiavol 16 no 3 pp 372ndash378 2006
[20] C Auvin-Guette C Baraguey A Blond J L Pousset andB Bodo ldquoCyclogossine B a cyclic octapeptide from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Journal of Natural Products vol 60 pp 1155ndash11571997
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 29
[21] V S Parvathi B S Jyothi T Lakshmi P S Babu and RKarthikeyan ldquoMorpho-anatomical and physicochemical stud-ies of Jatropha gossypifolia (L)rdquo Der Pharmacia Lettre vol 4no 1 pp 256ndash262 2012
[22] M N S Rios and F Pastore Junior Plantas da Amazonia450 Especies de Uso Geral Universidade de BrasıliamdashBibliotecaCentral Brasılia 2011
[23] S R Mariz Estudo toxicologico pre-clınico de Jatropha gossypi-ifolia L [PhD thesis] Universidade Federal da Paraıba JoaoPessoa Brazil 2007
[24] O G Adeosun T Oduola F A Fagbomedo et al ldquoSuitabilityof stem latex of Jatropha gossypifolia as a protein precipitant forbiochemical analysisrdquo Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistryvol 29 no 2 pp 210ndash212 2014
[25] F O A Ajose ldquoSome Nigerian plants of dermatologic impor-tancerdquo International Journal of Dermatology vol 46 no 1 pp48ndash55 2007
[26] J S Ashidi P J Houghton P J Hylands and T EfferthldquoEthnobotanical survey and cytotoxicity testing of plants ofSouth-western Nigeria used to treat cancer with isolationof cytotoxic constituents from Cajanus cajan Millsp leavesrdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 128 no 2 pp 501ndash512 2010
[27] M Ayyanar and S Ignacimuthu ldquoEthnobotanical survey ofmedicinal plants commonly used by Kani tribals in Tirunelvelihills of Western Ghats Indiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 134 no 3 pp 851ndash864 2011
[28] R Bhagat S D Ambavade A V Misar and D K KulkarnildquoAnti-inflammatory activity of Jatropha gossypifolia L leaves inalbino mice and Wistar ratrdquo Journal of Scientific and IndustrialResearch vol 70 no 4 pp 289ndash292 2011
[29] J H Cano and G Volpato ldquoHerbal mixtures in the traditionalmedicine of Eastern Cubardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol90 no 2-3 pp 293ndash316 2004
[30] F G Coe and G J Anderson ldquoScreening of medicinal plantsused by the Garıfuna of Eastern Nicaragua for bioactive com-poundsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 53 no 1 pp 29ndash501996
[31] MGbeassor Y Kossou K Amegbo C De Souza K Koumagloand A Denke ldquoAntimalarial effects of eight African medicinalplantsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 25 no 1 pp 115ndash1181989
[32] National Center for Biotechnology Information ldquoJatropha gos-sypiifoliardquo Taxonomy Browser httpwwwncbinlmnihgovTaxonomyBrowserwwwtaxcgiid=454931
[33] Tropicos ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia Lrdquo httpwwwtropicosorgNamePrintaspxnameid=12802174amptab=details
[34] The Plant List ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia Lrdquo httpwwwtheplant-listorgtplrecordkew-104621
[35] M S Khyade and N P Vaikos ldquoPharmacognostical andphytochemical evaluation of leaf of Jatropha gossypifolia LrdquoInternational Journal of Research in Ayurveda amp Pharmacy vol2 no 1 pp 177ndash180 2011
[36] D O Aworinde D U Nwoye A A Jayeola A O Olagoke andA A Ogundele ldquoTaxonomic significance of foliar epidermis insome members of euphorbiaceae family in Nigeriardquo ResearchJournal of Botany vol 4 no 1 pp 17ndash28 2009
[37] J D Olowokudejo ldquoComparative epidermal morphology ofWest African species of Jatropha L (Euphorbiaceae)rdquo BotanicalJournal of the Linnean Society vol 111 no 2 pp 139ndash154 1993
[38] B Das and B Venkataiah ldquoA minor coumarino-lignoid fromJatropha gossypifoliardquo Biochemical Systematics and Ecology vol29 no 2 pp 213ndash214 2001
[39] B Das B Venkataiah and A Kashinatham ldquoVenkatasin a newcoumarino-lignoid from Jatropha gossypifoliardquoNatural ProductLetters vol 13 no 4 pp 293ndash297 1999
[40] B Das and B Venkataiah ldquoA rare diterpene from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Biochemical Systematics and Ecology vol 27 no 7pp 759ndash760 1999
[41] N Ravindranath B Venkataiah C Ramesh P Jayaprakash andB Das ldquoJatrophenone a novel macrocyclic bioactive diterpenefrom Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bul-letin vol 51 no 7 pp 870ndash871 2003
[42] B Das and J Banerji ldquoArylnaphthalene lignan from JatrophagossypifoliardquoPhytochemistry vol 27 no 11 pp 3684ndash3686 1988
[43] J Banerji B Das A Chatterjee and J N Shoolery ldquoGadain alignan from Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Phytochemistry vol 23 no10 pp 2323ndash2327 1984
[44] A Chatterjee B Das C Pascard and T Prange ldquoCrystalstructure of a lignan from Jatropha gossypifoliardquoPhytochemistryvol 20 no 8 pp 2047ndash2048 1981
[45] I C Abreu A S S Marinho A M A Paes et al ldquoHypotensiveand vasorelaxant effects of ethanolic extract from Jatrophagossypiifolia L in ratsrdquo Fitoterapia vol 74 no 7-8 pp 650ndash6572003
[46] B Das and R Das ldquoGossypifan a lignan from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Phytochemistry vol 40 no 3 pp 931ndash932 1995
[47] R Das B Das and A Kashinatham ldquoGossypiline a new lignanfrom Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Natural Product Sciences vol 4 no4 pp 238ndash240 1998
[48] D Shahwar S-U Shafiq N Ahmad S Ullah and M A RazaldquoAntioxidant activities of the selected plants from the fam-ily Euphorbiaceae Lauraceae Malvaceae and BalsaminaceaerdquoAfrican Journal of Biotechnology vol 9 no 7 pp 1086ndash10962010
[49] V Bullangpoti N Khumrungsee W Pluempanupat Y Kainohand U Saguanpong ldquoToxicity of ethyl acetate extract andricinine from Jatropha gossypifolia senescent leaves againstSpodoptera exigua Hubner (Lepidoptera Noctuidae)rdquo Journalof Pesticide Science vol 36 no 2 pp 260ndash263 2011
[50] A O Ogundare ldquoAntimicrobial effect of Tithonia diversifoliaand Jatropha gossypifolia leaf extractsrdquo Trends in Applied Sci-ences Research vol 2 no 2 pp 145ndash150 2007
[51] N Nwokocha A Blessing I O Agbagwa and B E OkolildquoComparative phytochemical screening of Jatropha L Speciesin the Niger Deltardquo Research Journal of Phytochemistry vol 5no 2 pp 107ndash114 2011
[52] R Seth and R Sarin ldquoAnalysis of the phytochemical contentand anti-microbial activity of Jatropha gossypifolia Lrdquo Archivesof Applied Science Research vol 2 no 5 pp 285ndash291 2010
[53] S Sankara Subramanian S Nagarajan and N SulochanaldquoFlavonoids of the leaves of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Phytochem-istry vol 10 no 7 p 1690 1971
[54] A C Pilon R L Carneiro F Carnevale Neto V S Bolzaniand I Castro-Gamboa ldquoInterval multivariate curve resolutionin the dereplication of HPLC-DAD data from Jatropha gossypi-foliardquo Phytochemical Analysis vol 24 no 4 pp 401ndash406 2013
[55] A R Kharat A K Dolui and S Das ldquoFree radical scavengingpotential of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Asian Journal of Chemistryvol 23 no 2 pp 799ndash801 2011
[56] P-A Calatayud D F Munera S Calatayud A Valencia-Jimenez and A C Bellotti ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia (Euphor-biaceae) a source of proteins toxic to Phenacoccus herreni(Sternorryncha Pseudococcidae)rdquo Florida Entomologist vol94 no 3 pp 649ndash654 2011
30 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
[57] W F Tinto L M D John W F Reynolds and S McLeanldquoTriterpenoids of Jatropha gossypiifoliardquo Journal of NaturalProducts vol 55 no 6 pp 807ndash809 1992
[58] R Das K Venkateswarlu V Saidi Reddy and B Das ldquo41015840-O-demethyl retrochinensin a minor new lignan from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Indian Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry vol 14no 2 pp 169ndash170 2004
[59] B Das A Kashinatham B Venkataiah K V N S Srinivas GMahender and M R Reddy ldquoCleomiscosin A a coumarino-lignoid from Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Biochemical Systematics andEcology vol 31 no 10 pp 1189ndash1191 2003
[60] B Das and G Anjani ldquoGossypidien a lignan from stems ofJatropha gossypifolliardquo Phytochemistry vol 51 no 1 pp 115ndash1171999
[61] B Das S P Rao and K V Srinivas ldquoIsolation of isogadain fromJatropha gossypifoliardquo Planta Medica vol 62 no 1 article 901996
[62] B Das S P Rao K V N S Srinivas and R Das ldquoJatrodien alignan from stems of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Phytochemistry vol41 no 3 pp 985ndash987 1996
[63] A Chatterjee B Das R Chakrabarti et al ldquoPrasanthaline anew lignan from Jatropha gossypifolia Linnrdquo Indian Journal ofChemistry vol 27 pp 740ndash741 1988
[64] M D Taylor A B Smith III G T Furst et al ldquoNewantileukemic jatrophone derivatives from Jatropha gossypiifoliastructural and stereochemical assignment through nuclearmagnetic resonance Spectroscopyrdquo Journal of the AmericanChemical Society vol 105 no 10 pp 3177ndash3183 1983
[65] K K Purushothaman S Chandrasekharan A F Cameron etal ldquoJatropholones A and B new diterpenoids from the roots ofJatropha gossypiifolia (Euphorbiaceae)mdashcrystal structure anal-ysis of Jatropholone Brdquo Tetrahedron Letters vol 20 no 11 pp979ndash980 1979
[66] S M Kupchan C W Sigel M J Matz J A S Renauld R CHaltiwanger and R F Bryan ldquoJatrophone a novel macrocyclicditerpenoid tumor inhibitor from Jatropha gossypiifoliardquo Jour-nal of the American Chemical Society vol 92 no 14 pp 4476ndash4477 1970
[67] Y R Prasad G S J G Alankararao and P Baby ldquoConstituentsof the seeds of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Fitoterapia vol 64 no 4p 376 1993
[68] O Ogbobe and V Akano ldquoThe physico-chemical properties ofthe seed and seed oil of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Plant Foods forHuman Nutrition vol 43 no 3 pp 197ndash200 1993
[69] W Adolf H J Opferkuch and E Hecker ldquoIrritant phorbolderivatives from four Jatropha speciesrdquo Phytochemistry vol 23no 1 pp 129ndash132 1984
[70] K M Hosamani and K S Katagi ldquoCharacterization andstructure elucidation of 12-hydroxyoctadec-cis-9-enoic acid inJatropha gossypifolia and Hevea brasiliensis seed oils a richsource of hydroxy fatty acidrdquo Chemistry and Physics of Lipidsvol 152 no 1 pp 9ndash12 2008
[71] S F A J Horsten A J J Van Den Berg J J Kettenes-VanDen Bosch B R Leeflang and R P Labadie ldquoCyclogossine Aa novel cyclic heptapeptide isolated from the latex of Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Planta Medica vol 62 no 1 pp 46ndash50 1996
[72] M U Ahmad M R Islam A H Mirza B H Chowdhuryand N Nahar ldquoAlkaloids of Jatropha gossypifolia Linnrdquo IndianJournal of Chemistry B Organic Chemistry Including MedicinalChemistry vol 31 no 1 pp 67ndash69 1992
[73] A Falodun U Kragl S-M T Touem A Villinger T Fahren-waldt and P Langer ldquoA novel anticancer diterpenoid fromJatropha gossypifoliardquo Natural Product Communications vol 7no 2 pp 151ndash152 2012
[74] G D Wadankar S N Malode and S L Sarambekar ldquoTra-ditionally used medicinal plants for ound healing in theWashim district Maharashtra (India)rdquo International Journal ofPharmTech Research vol 3 no 4 pp 2080ndash2084 2011
[75] B Kumar M Vijayakumar R Govindarajan and P Pushpan-gadan ldquoEthnopharmacological approaches to wound healing-Exploring medicinal plants of Indiardquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 114 no 2 pp 103ndash113 2007
[76] K Koudouvo D S Karou K Kokou et al ldquoAn ethnobotanicalstudy of antimalarial plants in Togo Maritime Regionrdquo Journalof Ethnopharmacology vol 134 no 1 pp 183ndash190 2011
[77] M Coelho-Ferreira ldquoMedicinal knowledge and plant utiliza-tion in an Amazonian coastal community ofMaruda Para State(Brazil)rdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 126 no 1 pp 159ndash175 2009
[78] F C S Oliveira R F M Barros and J M Moita Neto ldquoPlan-tas medicinais utilizadas em comunidades rurais de Oeirassemiarido piauienserdquo Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinaisvol 12 no 3 pp 282ndash301 2010
[79] J D F L Santos E Pagani J Ramos and E Rodrigues ldquoObser-vations on the therapeutic practices of riverine communities oftheUnini River AM Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol142 no 2 pp 503ndash515 2012
[80] S L Cartaxo M M de Almeida Souza and U P de Albu-querque ldquoMedicinal plants with bioprospecting potential usedin semi-arid northeastern Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacol-ogy vol 131 no 2 pp 326ndash342 2010
[81] O Jansen L Angenot M Tits et al ldquoEvaluation of 13 selectedmedicinal plants from Burkina Faso for their antiplasmodialpropertiesrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 130 no 1 pp143ndash150 2010
[82] M H Yetein L G Houessou T O Lougbegnon O Teka andB Tente ldquoEthnobotanical study of medicinal plants used for thetreatment of malaria in plateau of Allada Benin (West Africa)rdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 146 no 1 pp 154ndash163 2013
[83] L J Quintans Junior J R G S Almeida J T Lima et al ldquoPlantswith anticonvulsivant propertiesmdasha reviewrdquo Revista Brasileirade Farmacognosia vol 18 pp 798ndash819 2008
[84] A Diallo M S Traore S M Keita et al ldquoManagement ofdiabetes in Guinean traditional medicine an ethnobotanicalinvestigation in the coastal lowlandsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 144 no 2 pp 353ndash361 2012
[85] S O Olabanji A C Adebajo O R Omobuwajo et al ldquoPIXEanalysis of some Nigerian anti-diabetic medicinal plants (II)rdquoNuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B BeamInteractions With Materials and Atoms vol 318 pp 187ndash1902014
[86] T Oduola O G Avwioro and T B Ayanniyi ldquoSuitability ofthe leaf extract of Jatropha gossypifolia as an anticoagulant forbiochemical and haematological analysesrdquo African Journal ofBiotechnology vol 4 no 7 pp 679ndash681 2005
[87] CM Chariandy C E Seaforth R H Phelps G V Pollard andB P S Khambay ldquoScreening of medicinal plants from Trinidadand Tobago for antimicrobial and insecticidal propertiesrdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 64 no 3 pp 265ndash270 1999
[88] V P Kumar N S Chauhan H Padh and M Rajani ldquoSearchfor antibacterial and antifungal agents from selected Indian
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 31
medicinal plantsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 107 no2 pp 182ndash188 2006
[89] R Dabur A Gupta T K Mandal et al ldquoAntimicrobial activityof some medicinal plantsrdquo African Journal of TraditionalComplementary and AlternativeMedicines vol 4 no 3 pp 313ndash318 2007
[90] H C Ong and M Nordiana ldquoMalay ethno-medico botany inMachang Kelantan Malaysiardquo Fitoterapia vol 70 no 5 pp502ndash513 1999
[91] J Sanz-Biset J Campos-de-la-Cruz M A Epiquien-Riveraand S Canigueral ldquoA first survey on the medicinal plants of theChazuta valley (Peruvian Amazon)rdquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 122 no 2 pp 333ndash362 2009
[92] B B Panda K Gaur M L Kori et al ldquoAnti-inflammatoryand analgesic activity of Jatropha gossypifolia in experimentalanimal modelsrdquo Global Journal of Pharmacology vol 3 no 12009
[93] S S Ningthoujam A D Talukdar K S Potsangbam and MD Choudhury ldquoTraditional uses of herbal vapour therapy inManipur North East India an ethnobotanical surveyrdquo Journalof Ethnopharmacology vol 147 no 1 pp 136ndash147 2013
[94] A Asase A A Oteng-Yeboah G T Odamtten and M SJ Simmonds ldquoEthnobotanical study of some Ghanaian anti-malarial plantsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 99 no 2pp 273ndash279 2005
[95] C Lans T Harper K Georges and E Bridgewater ldquoMedicinaland ethnoveterinary remedies of hunters in Trinidadrdquo BMCComplementary and AlternativeMedicine vol 1 article 10 2001
[96] L Rasingam S Jeeva andD Kannan ldquoDental care of Andamanand Nicobar folks medicinal plants use as tooth stickrdquo AsianPacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine vol 2 no 2 pp S1013ndashS1016 2012
[97] P J Houghton and I M Osibogun ldquoFlowering plants usedagainst snakebiterdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 39 no 1pp 1ndash29 1993
[98] M Molander C H Saslis-Lagoudakis A K Jager and NRoslashnsted ldquoCross-cultural comparison of medicinal floras usedagainst snakebitesrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 139 no3 pp 863ndash872 2012
[99] A Jain S S Katewa B L Chaudhary and P Galav ldquoFolk herbalmedicines used in birth control and sexual diseases by tribals ofsouthern Rajasthan Indiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol90 no 1 pp 171ndash177 2004
[100] A Jain S S Katewa P K Galav and P Sharma ldquoMedicinalplant diversity of Sitamata wildlife sanctuary Rajasthan IndiardquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 102 no 2 pp 143ndash157 2005
[101] T Oduola G O Adeosun T A Oduola G O Avwioro andM A Oyeniyi ldquoMechanism of action of Jatropha gossypifoliastem latex as a haemostatic agentrdquo European Journal of GeneralMedicine vol 2 no 4 pp 140ndash143 2005
[102] D Garcia M V Domingues and E Rodrigues ldquoEthnophar-macological survey among migrants living in the SoutheastAtlantic Forest of Diadema Sao Paulo Brazilrdquo Journal ofEthnobiology and Ethnomedicine vol 6 article 29 2010
[103] S S Hebbar V H Harsha V Shripathi and G R HegdeldquoEthnomedicine of Dharwad district in Karnataka Indiamdashplants used in oral health carerdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 94 no 2-3 pp 261ndash266 2004
[104] S B Kosalge and R A Fursule ldquoInvestigation of ethnomedic-inal claims of some plants used by tribals of Satpuda Hills inIndiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 121 no 3 pp 456ndash461 2009
[105] R A Ritter M V B Monteiro F O B Monteiro et al ldquoEth-noveterinary knowledge and practices at Colares island Parastate eastern Amazon Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 144 no 2 pp 346ndash352 2012
[106] S K Dash and S Padhy ldquoReview on ethnomedicines fordiarrhoea diseases from Orissa prevalence versus culturerdquoJournal of Human Ecology vol 20 no 1 pp 59ndash64 2006
[107] R S L Taylor J B Hudson N P Manandhar and G H NTowers ldquoAntiviral activities of medicinal plants of southernNepalrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 53 pp 97ndash104 1996
[108] J M A Maia N G Czeczko J M R Filho et al ldquoEstudoda cicatrizacao de suturas na bexiga urinaria de ratos come sem utilizacao de extrato bruto de Jatropha gossypiifolia Lintraperitonealrdquo Acta Cirurgica Brasileira vol 21 no 2 pp 23ndash30 2006
[109] A L Ososki P Lohr M Reiff et al ldquoEthnobotanical literaturesurvey of medicinal plants in the Dominican Republic used forwomens health conditionsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol79 no 3 pp 285ndash298 2002
[110] A S Apu FHossain F Rizwan et al ldquoStudy of pharmacologicalactivities of methanol extract of Jatropha gossypifolia fruitsrdquoJournal of Basic and Clinical Pharmacy vol 4 no 1 pp 20ndash242013
[111] A S Apu K Ireen S Hossan Bhuyan et al ldquoEvaluation ofanalgesic neuropharmacological and anti-diarrheal potential ofJatropha gossypifolia (Linn) leaves in micerdquo Journal of MedicalSciences vol 12 no 8 pp 274ndash279 2012
[112] F A G Rocha and L I S Dantas ldquoAtividade antimicrobianain vitro do latex do aveloz (Euphorbia tirucalli L) pinhao bravo(Jatrophamollissima L) e pinhao roxo (Jatropha gossypiifolia L)sobre microrganismos patogenicosrdquo Holos vol 25 no 4 2009
[113] O M David and J O Oluyege ldquoIn vitro susceptibility ofselected pathogenic bacteria to leaf extracts and latex of Jatrophagossypiifolia(L) and Jatropha curcas (L)rdquo Biosciences Biotechnol-ogy Research Asia vol 3 no 1 pp 91ndash94 2006
[114] W D MacBae J B Hudson and G H N Towers ldquoStudieson the pharmacological activity of amazonian euphorbiaceaerdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 22 no 2 pp 143ndash172 1988
[115] M C Purohit and R Purohit ldquoEvaluation of antimicrobial andanti-inflammatory activities of bark of Jatropha gossypifoliardquoWorld Journal of Science and Technology vol 1 no 10 pp 1ndash52011
[116] D Singh and A Singh ldquoThe toxicity of four native Indianplants effect on AChE and acidalkaline phosphatase level infish Channa maruliusrdquo Chemosphere vol 60 no 1 pp 135ndash1402005
[117] C M Feitosa R M Freitas N N N Luz M Z B BezerraandM T S Trevisan ldquoAcetylcholinesterase inhibition by somespromising Brazilian medicinal plantsrdquo Brazilian Journal ofBiology vol 71 no 3 pp 783ndash789 2011
[118] Y Nagaharika V Kalyani S Rasheed and R KarthikeyanldquoAnti-inflammatory activity of leaves of Jatropha gossypifolia Lby HRBC membrane stabilization methodrdquo Journal of AcuteDisease vol 2 no 2 pp 156ndash158 2013
[119] S D N Silva I C Abreu S M D F Freire et al ldquoAntispas-modic effect of Jatropha gossypiifolia is mediated through dualblockade of muscarinic receptors and Ca2+ channelsrdquo BrazilianJournal of Pharmacognosy vol 21 no 4 pp 715ndash720 2011
[120] D Carabajal A Casaco L Arruzazabala R Gonzalez andV Fuentes ldquoPharmacological screening of plant decoctionscommonly used in Cuban folk medicinerdquo Journal of Ethnophar-macology vol 33 no 1-2 pp 21ndash24 1991
32 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
[121] S Jain G P Choudhary and D K Jain ldquoPharmacological eval-uation of anti-fertility activity of ethanolic extract of Jatrophagossypifolia leaf in female albino micerdquo Asian Pacific Journal ofTropical Biomedicine vol 2 no 3 pp S1671ndashS1674 2012
[122] S C N Servin O J M Torres J E F Matias et al ldquoAcao doextrato de Jatropha gossypiifolia L (piao roxo) na cicatrizacaode anastomose colonica estudo experimental em ratosrdquo ActaCirurgica Brasileira vol 21 no 3 pp 89ndash96 2006
[123] J R Vale N G Czeczko J U Aquino et al ldquoEstudo compara-tivo da cicatrizacao de gastrorrafias com e sem o uso do extratode Jatropha gossypiifolia L (piao roxo) em ratosrdquoActa CirurgicaBrasileira vol 21 no 3 pp 40ndash48 2006
[124] J U Aquino N G Czeczko O Malafaia et al ldquoAvaliacaofitoterapica da Jatropha gossypiifolia L na cicatrizacao desuturas na parede abdominal ventral de ratosrdquo Acta CirurgicaBrasileira vol 21 no 2 pp 61ndash66 2006
[125] M F D S Santos N G Czeczko P A N Nassif et alldquoAvaliacao do uso do extrato bruto de Jatropha gossypiifolia Lna cicatrizacao de feridas cutaneas em ratosrdquo Acta CirurgicaBrasileira vol 21 no 3 pp 2ndash7 2006
[126] B B Panda K Gaur R K Nema C S Sharma A K Jain andC P Jain ldquoHepatoprotective activity of Jatropha gossypifoliaagainst carbon tetrachloride- induced hepatic injury in ratsrdquoAsian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research vol 2no 1 pp 50ndash54 2009
[127] S S Deo T M Chaudhari and F Inam ldquoEvaluation ofthe immunomodulatory effects of 1-phenylnaphthalene andpericarbonyl lactone lignan compoundsrdquoDer PharmaChemicavol 4 no 2 pp 771ndash776 2012
[128] S K Rasheed S Kunapareddy and R Karthikeyan ldquoLocalanesthetic activity of Jatropha gossypifolia L on frogsrdquo Biomed-ical and Pharmacology Journal vol 5 no 2 pp 395ndash397 2012
[129] AM A Paes A L Camara SM F Freire andMO R BorgesldquoRelaxant effect of Jatropha gossypiifolia L on uterine smoothmusclerdquo International Journal of Phytomedicine vol 4 no 3 pp310ndash313 2012
[130] S J Jain G P Choudhary and D K Jain ldquoPharmacologicalevaluation and antifertility activity of Jatropha gossypifoliain ratsrdquo BioMed Research International vol 2013 Article ID125980 5 pages 2013
[131] J S de Oliveira PM Leite L B de Souza et al ldquoCharacteristicsand composition of Jatropha gossypiifolia and Jatropha curcasL oils and application for biodiesel productionrdquo Biomass andBioenergy vol 33 no 3 pp 449ndash453 2009
[132] V Bullangpoti E Wajnberg P Audant and R FeyereisenldquoAntifeedant activity of Jatropha gossypifolia and Meliaazedarach senescent leaf extracts on Spodoptera frugiperda(Lepidoptera Noctuidae) and their potential use as synergistsrdquoPest Management Science vol 68 no 9 pp 1255ndash1264 2012
[133] S N K JilaniW Islam andM Kamsh ldquoPotential of pyrethroidinsecticides and plant extracts on fecundity and egg viability oftribolium castaneum (Herbst)rdquo Journal of Bio-Science vol 19no 1 pp 95ndash97 2011
[134] D Sukumaran B D Parashar and K M Rao ldquoToxicity of Jat-ropha gossypiifolia and Vaccaria pyramidata against freshwatersnails vectors of animal schistosomiasisrdquo Fitoterapia vol 66 no5 pp 393ndash398 1995
[135] R K Devappa H P S Makkar and K Becker ldquoJatrophatoxicitymdasha reviewrdquo Journal of Toxicology and EnvironmentalHealth B Critical Reviews vol 13 no 6 pp 476ndash507 2010
[136] E P Schenkel M Zannin L A Mentz S A L Bordignonand B Irgang ldquoPlantas toxicasrdquo in Farmacognosia Da Planta
ao Medicamento C M O Simoes E P Schenkel G GosmannJ C P Mello L A Mentz and P R Petrovick Eds pp 959ndash993 Editora da UFRGSUFSC Porto Alegre Brazil 3d edition2007
[137] L I Oliveira F F Jabour V A Nogueira and E M YamasakildquoIntoxicacao experimental com as folhas de Jatropha gossypifo-lia(Euphorbiaceae) em ovinosrdquo Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileiravol 28 no 6 pp 275ndash278 2008
[138] P I A Awachie and F O Ugwu ldquoPreliminary investigationof the antimicrobial and brine shrimp lethality propertiesof some nigerian medicinal plantsrdquo International Journal ofPharmacognosy vol 35 no 5 pp 338ndash343 1997
[139] L J Medubi V O Ukwenya O T Aderinto et al ldquoEffects ofadministration of ethanolic root extract of Jatropha gossypiifoliaand prednisolone on the kidneys of Wistar ratsrdquo ElectronicJournal of Biomedicine vol 2 pp 41ndash48 2010
[140] T Oduola G B Popoola G O Avwioro et al ldquoUse of Jatrophagossypifolia stem latex as a haemostatic agent how safe is itrdquoJournal of Medicinal Plants Reasearch vol 1 no 1 pp 14ndash172007
Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom
Stem CellsInternational
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
MEDIATORSINFLAMMATION
of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Behavioural Neurology
EndocrinologyInternational Journal of
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Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Disease Markers
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
BioMed Research International
OncologyJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
PPAR Research
The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Immunology ResearchHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of
ObesityJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
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Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine
OphthalmologyJournal of
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Research and TreatmentAIDS
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Gastroenterology Research and Practice
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Parkinsonrsquos Disease
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Volume 2014Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom
8 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table2Con
tinued
Classifi
catio
nCom
poun
dPlantp
art
Biologicalactiv
ityRe
ference
Cou
marin-lign
oids
Gad
ain
O OH
OO
O
O
Stem
srootsand
seeds
mdash[43]
Gos
sypi
dien
O OM
eOO
C
COO
Me
O OStem
smdash
[60]
Isog
adai
n
O OH
OO
O
O
Stem
smdash
[61]
Jatro
dien
O OM
eOO
C
MeO
OC
OM
e
OM
e
Stem
smdash
[62]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 9
Table2Con
tinued
Classifi
catio
nCom
poun
dPlantp
art
Biologicalactiv
ityRe
ference
Jatro
phan
OO
H
OM
e
O
O OM
e
Stem
srootsand
seeds
mdash[44]
Pras
anth
alin
e
OAc OAc
O OH
OM
eO
Me
Stem
smdash
[63]
Prop
acin
OM
e
OO
MeO
O
O
Me
HO
Who
leplant
mdash[38]
Venk
atasin
Who
leplant
mdash[39]
O
HO
O
O
2120572-H
ydro
xyja
troph
one
H3C
H3C
CH3
CH3
CH3
Roots
Antileuk
emicin
vitro
andin
vivo
[64]
10 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table2Con
tinued
Classifi
catio
nCom
poun
dPlantp
art
Biologicalactiv
ityRe
ference
O
HO
O
OH
3C
CH3
CH3
CH3
2120573-H
ydro
xy-5
6-is
ojat
roph
one
Roots
Antileuk
emicin
vitro
andin
vivo
[64]
Diterpenes
O
HO
O
OH
3C H3C
CH3
CH3
CH3
2120573-H
ydro
xyja
troph
one
Roots
Antileuk
emicin
vitro
andin
vivo
[64]
Abiodo
neNot
specified
Anticancerinvitro
[73]
Citla
litrio
ne O
OH
OH
O
Roots
mdash[13]
Who
leplant
mdash[40]
Falo
done O
OH
Roots
Anticancerinvitro
[13]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 11
Table2Con
tinued
Classifi
catio
nCom
poun
dPlantp
art
Biologicalactiv
ityRe
ference
Jatro
phen
one
HO
H
O
H AcO
H
HWho
leplant
Antibacteria
linvitro
[41]
OH
O
Jatro
phol
one A
Roots
mdash[65]
Jatro
phol
one B O
H
O
Roots
mdash[65]
Jatro
phon
e
O
OO
Roots
Anticancerinvitro
andin
vivo
[66]
12 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table2Con
tinued
Classifi
catio
nCom
poun
dPlantp
art
Biologicalactiv
ityRe
ference
Esters
OH
HO
O
HO
HOH
OH
12-D
eoxy
-16-
hydr
oxyl
phor
bol
Seeds
Irritanttomou
seear
[69]
Lign
ans
Gos
sypi
fan
MeO
MeO
H
OO
O
O
Aeria
lparts
mdash[46]
Gos
sypi
line
O O
OCO
Me
OCO
Me
H
OO
Aeria
lparts
mdash[47]
Proteins
Cyclo
goss
ine A
Leu 1
Ala
2Th
r 3
Val 7
Gly
6Le
u 5
Trp 4
Latex
mdash[1571]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 13
Table2Con
tinued
Classifi
catio
nCom
poun
dPlantp
art
Biologicalactiv
ityRe
ference
Cyclo
goss
ine B Leu 2
Ala
5A
la6
Gly
1Le
u 4
Leu 8
Trp 3
Ile7
Latex
mdash[1520]
Triterpenes
HO O
H
HO
OH
H
(13120572
14120573
20S
)-2
2425
-Trih
ydro
xyla
nost
a-1
7-d
ien-3
-one
Leaves
mdash[57]
HO O
H
HO
OH
H
(2120572
13120572
14120573
20S
)-2
2425
-Trih
ydro
xyla
nost-
7-en
-3-o
ne
Leaves
mdash[57]
14 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
in different forms of preparation (infusion decoction andmaceration among others) by different routes and forms(oral topical baths etc) The most frequent reports refer toits anti-inflammatory antidiarrheal antiophidian analgesicantipyretic antimicrobial healing antianemic antidiabeticand antihemorrhagic activities among many other examples[3 5 7 9]
Some properties are attributed to specific parts of theplant while others are assigned to different parts Interest-ingly in some cases certain uses may appear contradictorysuch as antidiarrheal and laxative or its use as anticoagulantand antihemorrhagic One hypothesis is that this differencemay be related with the dose used since for example thelaxative effect is an effect commonly related with toxic eventswith this plant
6 Pharmacological Activities
Despite the grand variety of popular uses and the data fromJatropha species J gossypiifolia has been scarcely studiedregarding biological activities (Table 4) Studies showing thebiological potential of aqueous extract are rare so far whichis important to be mentioned since the most popular useof this plant is as a tea (decoction or infusion) Among themain activities that have been studied the antihypertensiveanticancer antimicrobial healing anti-inflammatory andanalgesic activities stand out
61 Antihypertensive Action Based on popular use of teasfrom J gossypiifolia roots and aerial parts the hypotensiveand vasorelaxant effects of the ethanolic extract of aerialparts of the plant were tested by Abreu et al [45] Thestudy revealed that the extract (125 and 250mgkgdayover 4 weeks by oral route in rats) in a dose-dependentmanner produced a reduction of systolic blood pressurein conscious normotensive animals This hypotensive effectcould be attributed to its vasorelaxant action since it pro-duced concentration-dependent relaxant effect in rat isolatedendothelium-deprived mesenteric artery precontracted withnorepinephrine or calcium Moreover it inhibited in aconcentration-dependent and noncompetitive manner thecontractile response induced by norepinephrine or CaCl
2in
the same preparation [45]
62 Antimicrobial Action The antibiotic activity of differ-ent extracts from J gossypiifolia is frequently reported asobserved in Table 4 In general some extent of antibacterialantifungal antiparasitic and antiviral activity was observedThe only report of J gossypiifolia isolated compound withantimicrobial activity is of the macrocyclic diterpene jatro-phenone which presented significant in vitro antibacterialactivity against Staphylococcus aureus [41]
63 Anti-Inflammatory andor Analgesic Action Many imp-ortant popular uses of J gossypiifolia are related to inflamma-tory process Bhagat et al [28] showed that the methanolicextract of leaves of this species has significant systemicacute and chronic anti-inflammatory activity The extract
at 500 and 1000mgkg oral doses was able to inhibit theacute carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats and at 50 and100mgkg oral doses inhibited the chronic cotton pellet-induced granuloma formation in rats Additionally the Jgossypiifolia leaf paste (05 and 1mgear) showed significantreduction in TPA-induced local inflammatory changes inmouse ear edema model [28]
In another study the anti-inflammatory and analgesicproperties of the methanol and petrol ether extracts of aerialparts of J gossypiifolia were demonstrated in mice [92]At 100 and 200mgkgday during 7 days by oral routeonly the methanol extract presented significant analgesicactivity in Eddyrsquos hot plate and tail-flick models and anti-inflammatory activity in carrageenan-induced paw edema[92] The anti-inflammatory activity of the bark from Jgossypiifolia (methanol and petrol ether extracts) was alsodemonstrated in carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats[115]
In a recent study using the in vitro human red bloodcell membrane stabilization method Nagaharika et al [118]suggested that ethanol and water extracts from J gossypiifolialeaves have anti-inflammatory activity According to theauthors since human red blood cell membranes are similarto the lysosomal membrane components the prevention ofhypotonicity-induced membrane lysis of these cells couldbe taken as a measure in estimating the anti-inflammatoryproperty of compounds [118]
The analgesic activity of the methanol extract from theleaves of J gossypiifolia was evaluated in acetic acid-inducedwrithing test in mice where highly significant inhibitionwas seen of 6756 and 6514 at 200 and 400mgkg oraldoses respectively [111] Similar results were observed in themethanolic extract from fruits [110]
64 Healing Action The healing action of the ethanol crudeextract of J gossypiifolia (plant part not specified) wasevaluated in suture healing of ventral abdominal wall ofrats through tensiometric measurement and macro- andmicroscopic aspect of postoperative period The extractwhich was administered by an intraperitoneal instillation of100mgkg single dose in the peritoneal cavity presentedmoreintense adhesion on macroscopic examination and greaterstrain evaluation and vascular neoformation However agreater inflammatory process was also observed and otherhistological parameters were similar to the control groupindicating that in general the extract presented poor woundhealing properties in the used model [124]
Another study evaluated the healing action of thehydroethanolic crude extract from leaves of J gossypiifoliain the healing process of sutures performed on the bladderof rats and similar results were presented although someimprovement might have been observed in some parametersIn general the authors concluded that no favorable heal-ing effect was observed with the administration of singleintraperitoneal dose of J gossypiifolia L [108] In anotherstudy analyzing the morphological aspects of the healingprocess occurring in open skin lesions in rats under topicaladministration of raw extract from J gossypiifolia (details
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 15
Table3Po
pularm
edicinaluses
ofJatro
phagossy
piifolia
Ldescrib
edin
theliterature
Plantp
art
Popu
laru
sePreparationandor
mod
eofu
seRe
ference
Who
leplant
Analgesic(headache)
Leaves
anointed
with
ldquoSebode
Holan
dardquo(muttontallo
w)a
ndheated
inthefi
reareu
sedas
compressfor
headaches
[5]
Analgesic(to
othache)
Not
specified
[3]
Antim
icrobial
Not
specified
[3]
Antipyretic
Decoctio
n[20]
Dyscrasia
Not
specified
[3]
Dysph
onia
Not
specified
[3]
Wou
ndhealing
Not
specified
[7475]
Aeria
lparts
Antianemic(m
alariatre
atment)
Decoctio
nused
byoralroute
[76]
Abscess
Bath
[77]
Alopecia
Ashleaves
[25]
Analgesic(eye
pain)
Not
specified
[78]
Analgesic(headache)
Not
specified
[78]
Analgesic(headachea
ndotitis)
Not
specified
[79]
Analgesic(painin
general)
Decoctio
nor
infusio
n[80]
Analgesic(to
othache)
Decoctio
nor
infusio
n[80]
Antianemic
Decoctio
n[81]
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[82]
Anticancer
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Decoctio
nof
thea
ssociatio
nof
leaves
ofJgossy
piifolia
with
leaves
ofPetiveriaalliaceaandaeria
lpartsof
Stachytarpheta
jamaicensis
byoralroute
[29]
Not
specified
[3]
Anticon
vulsivant
Not
specified
[83]
Antidiabetic
Decoctio
n[8485]
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Antidiarrheal
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Not
specified
[3]
Antihem
orrhagic
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Freshcrushedleaves
areu
sedin
caseso
fcutaneous
andnasalbleeding
[86]
Anti-infectiv
eDecoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Not
specified
[8788]
Anti-infl
ammatory
Not
specified
[78]
Antipyretic
Decoctio
n[81]
ldquoTeardquo
[5]
Not
specified
[88]
Antise
ptic
Bath
prepared
from
theleaves
[5]
Antith
rombo
ticDecoctio
nor
infusio
n[80]
Antiulcerogenic
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Leafjuice
[89]
Boils
Applicationof
thep
ound
edleaves
[90]
16 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative MedicineTa
ble3Con
tinued
Plantp
art
Popu
laru
sePreparationandor
mod
eofu
seRe
ference
Burns
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Usedin
associationwith
seedso
fGossypium
arboreum
sugarhon
eybeeandfato
fram
preparedby
grinding
app
liedtopically
[29]
Con
traceptiv
eand
oxito
toxic
Not
specified
[79]
Depurative
Squeezedthe
juiceo
btainedisdrun
k[91]
Detoxificant
Not
specified
[92]
Eczema
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Emetic
Squeezedthe
juiceo
btainedisdrun
k[91]
Gastro
intestinaldisorders
Not
specified
[79]
Gingivitis
Leafjuice
[89]
Gon
orrhoea
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Healin
gBa
thprepared
from
theleaves
[5]
Decoctio
n[30]
Decoctio
nor
infusio
n[80]
Hem
orrhoids
Usedin
associationwith
leaves
ofNicotia
natabacum
andcopp
ersulphateboiledin
waterand
used
asste
amdirected
atthea
nalregion
[93]
Hem
ostatic
Decoctio
nor
infusio
n[80]
Hepatitis
Not
specified
[12]
Itching
skin
Applicationof
thep
ound
edleaves
[90]
Leaves
Leprosy
Leafjuice
[89]
Malaria
Decoctio
n[81]
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[82]
Usedin
associationwith
leaves
ofAz
adira
chta
indica
andCo
mbretum
spbo
iledforsteam
bathsa
ndby
oralroute
[94]
Usedin
associationwith
leaves
ofCo
mbretum
ghasalenseandwho
leplanto
fOcim
umcanu
mbyoralrouteo
rfor
steam
baths
[94]
Mastitis
Poun
dedleaves
appliedon
swollenbreasts
[90]
Mycosis
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Psycho
activ
eNot
specified
[79]
Purgative
Not
specified
[388]
Rheumatism
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Scabies
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Skin
diseases
Not
specified
[3]
Stom
achic
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Not
specified
[8892]
Syph
ilis
Ash
ofleaves
[25]
Thrush
(oralcandidiasis)
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Treatm
ento
fldquocultu
ralsyn
drom
esrdquoldquoderramerdquo
ldquoquebranterdquoldquoespanterdquo
ldquovento-caıdordquoldquo
panemardquo
ldquodoenca-do-arrdquoldquom
ae-do-corpordquo
Not
specified
[79]
Vaginalinfectio
nSlightlybo
iledused
asvaginalw
ash
[91]
Venerald
iseases
Not
specified
[92]
Verm
ifuge
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Vertigo
Not
specified
[3]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 17
Table3Con
tinued
Plantp
art
Popu
laru
sePreparationandor
mod
eofu
seRe
ference
Wou
ndsa
ndrashes
Bath
oftheleaves
[24]
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Decoctio
nused
asbathsfor
cleaningwou
ndsindo
gs[95]
Wou
nddisin
fectant
Slightlybo
iledused
aswou
ndwash
[91]
Stem
Analgesic(to
othache)
Not
specified
[96]
Antianemic
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[82]
Anticancer
Decoctio
nby
oralor
topicalrou
te[26]
Emmenagogue
Decoctio
nof
barks
[7092]
Malaria
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[82]
Rheumatism
Not
specified
[77]
Thickbloo
dNot
specified
[77]
Roots
Anticancer
Decoctio
nby
oralor
topicalrou
te[26]
Root
bark
used
forc
ancero
fthe
lung
s[73]
Anticon
vulsivant
Not
specified
[83]
Antidiarrheal
Not
specified
[89]
Antim
icrobial
Root
bark
used
inbacterialinfectio
ns[73]
Impo
tence
Decoctio
nof
thea
ssociatio
nof
rootso
fJgossy
piifoliaC
hiococca
albaC
itrus
aurantifoliaD
esmodium
canu
m
RoystonearegiaSenn
aoccid
entalisStachytarphetajamaicensis
and
Waltheriaindica
with
thew
holeplanto
fCom
melina
erectaC
yperus
rotund
usand
sugarby
oralroute
[29]
Leprosy
Not
specified
[392]
Snakebites
Not
specified
[22929798]
Urin
arypain
Not
specified
[92]
Uterusd
iseases
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[99100]
Seeds
Analgesic(bod
ypain)
Not
specified
[101]
Analgesic(headache)
Not
specified
[79]
Antigrip
alUsedin
strong
colds
[5]
Antihem
orrhagic
Not
specified
[9]
Antiulcerogenic
Seed
oil
[3]
Con
traceptiv
eand
oxito
toxic
Not
specified
[79]
Depurative
Not
specified
[91]
Emetic
Not
specified
[7091101]
Gastro
intestinaldisorders
Not
specified
[79]
Leprosy
Seed
oil
[3]
Mycosis
Seed
oil
[3]
Psycho
activ
eNot
specified
[79]
Purgative
Not
specified
[39101102]
Treatm
ento
fldquocultu
ralsyn
drom
esrdquoldquoderramerdquo
ldquoquebranterdquoldquoespanterdquo
ldquovento-caıdordquoldquo
panemardquo
ldquodoenca-do-arrdquoldquom
ae-do-corpordquo
Not
specified
[79]
Vaginalinfectio
nSlightlybo
iledused
asvaginalw
ash
[91]
Wou
ndinfection
Slightlybo
iledused
aswou
ndwash
[91]
18 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table3Con
tinued
Plantp
art
Popu
laru
sePreparationandor
mod
eofu
seRe
ference
Fruits
Analgesic
Massaging
pregnant
wom
enrsquosbellies
with
teao
rgarrafadalowast
whenthey
areinpain
[77]
Analgesic(headache)
Teao
rgarrafadalowast
[77]
Analgesic(to
othache)
Teao
rgarrafadalowast
[77]
Laxativ
eIngestion
innatura
ofthep
owderfruit
[102]
Num
bnessa
fterb
ugsting
sTeao
rgarrafadalowast
[77]
Latex
Alopecia
Not
specified
[25]
Analgesic(eye
pain)
Not
specified
[78]
Analgesic(painin
general)
Drin
kor
massage
thea
ffected
area
with
latex
[80]
Analgesic(to
othache)
Cottonsoaked
with
latexkept
incontactw
iththes
oretoo
th[103]
Drin
kor
massage
thea
ffected
area
with
latex
[80]
Anticancer
Not
specified
[25]
Antihem
orrhagic
Not
specified
[9248695]
Antith
rombo
ticOralrou
te[80]
Antiulcerogenic
Not
specified
[2089]
Biteof
veno
mou
sanimals
Applicationof
fresh
latexatthea
ffected
site
[5]
Diuretic
Afewdrop
soffresh
latex
inwater
[6]
Eczema
Not
specified
[25]
Gingivitis
Not
specified
[89]
Gon
orrhea
Not
specified
[25]
Hem
ostatic
Not
specified
[2580]
Infected
wou
nds
Applicationof
fresh
latex
atthea
ffected
site
[520]
Leprosy
Not
specified
[89]
Mycosis
Not
specified
[25]
Purgative
Afewdrop
soffresh
latexin
water
[6]
Not
specified
[9]
Rheumatism
Not
specified
[25]
Scabies
Not
specified
[25]
Skin
burns
Applicationof
fresh
latex
atthea
ffected
site
[104]
Not
specified
[25]
Stop
ofitching
ofcutsandscratches
Not
specified
[95]
Syph
ilis
Not
specified
[25]
Thrush
(oralcandidiasis)
Not
specified
[25]
Verm
ifuge
Not
specified
[25]
Wou
ndhealing
Applicationof
latexatthea
ffected
site
[5]
Drin
kor
massage
thea
ffected
sitew
ithlatex
[80]
Not
specified
[7475]
Resin
Toothache
Toothp
owder
[27]
Wou
ndsinlip
sand
tong
ueTo
picalapp
lication
[27]
Oil
Arthritis
Appliedlocally
[89]
Purgative
Not
specified
[89]
Skin
disease
Appliedlocally
[89]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 19
Table3Con
tinued
Plantp
art
Popu
laru
sePreparationandor
mod
eofu
seRe
ference
Not
specified
Alopecia
Teaa
ppliedlocally
indo
gs[105]
Analgesic
Not
specified
[13]
Poultic
es[95]
Anticancer
Not
specified
[1366]
Antidiarrheal
Not
specified
[2845106]
Antihypertensive
Not
specified
[45]
Anti-infl
ammatory
Not
specified
[1328]
Antipyretic
Not
specified
[28]
Antise
ptic
Not
specified
[45]
Antiulcerogenic
Not
specified
[28]
Cou
ghsa
ndcolds
Bark
juice(4spoo
nfuls3tim
esad
ay)b
yoralroute
[107]
Detoxication
Not
specified
[28]
Diuretic
Not
specified
[45]
Eczema
Not
specified
[28]
Gum
infection
Not
specified
[28]
Healin
gNot
specified
[45108]
Hydropsy
Not
specified
[5]
Leprosy
Not
specified
[28]
Obstructio
nsof
thea
bdom
inaltract
Not
specified
[5]
Purgative
Not
specified
[5]
Regu
latem
enses
Not
specified
[109]
Rheumatism
Not
specified
[5]
Snakea
ndscorpion
bites
Not
specified
[322]
Stom
achpain
Not
specified
[28]
Venerealdiseases
Not
specified
[28]
Wou
nds
Poultic
es[95]
Usedas
bath
[28]
lowast
Garrafadapreparatio
ndo
neby
maceratingplantp
artsin
alcoho
lorh
ydroalcoho
licmediumsin
generalbrandies
20 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative MedicineTa
ble4Ph
armacologicalstu
dies
ofJatro
phagossy
piifolia
Ldescrib
edin
theliterature
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Analgesic
Aeria
lparts
Methano
land
petro
lether
extracts
At100and200m
gkgdayover7
daysbyoralrouteinmiceon
lythe
methano
lextractpresentedsig
nificantanalgesicactiv
ityin
Eddyrsquosho
tplatea
ndtail-flack
mod
els[92]
Fruits
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmicehigh
lysig
nificantly
inhibitedthew
rithing
respon
sesind
uced
byaceticacid
[110]
Leaves
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmicesig
nificantly
inhibited
thew
rithing
respon
sesind
uced
byaceticacid
[111]
Antibacteria
l
Latex
Crud
elatex
At100120583
Lvolumeinh
ibitedin
vitro
Liste
riamonocytogenes
Salm
onellatyhimuriumSalmonellatyphiandStaphylococcus
aureus
[112]
Latex
Not
specified
Presentedbactericidaleffectinvitro
againstShigella
dysenteriaea
ndStaphylococcus
aureuslowast
[113]
Leaves
Fractio
nsobtained
bysequ
entia
lextractionof
the
vegetalm
aterialw
ithpetro
letherbenzenechloroform
aceton
eethano
lmethano
landwater
Petro
lether
fractio
nwas
inactiv
eagainstEscherich
iacoliandBa
cillus
subtilisBe
nzenefractionwas
them
ostactiveagainstb
oth
microorganism
sCh
loroform
andmethano
lfractions
werea
ctive
onlyagainstB
acillus
subtilisAc
eton
eand
ethano
lfractions
were
activ
eonlyagainstE
scheric
hiacoliAq
ueou
sfractionwas
activ
eagainstb
othmicroorganism
salthou
ghto
amuchlesser
degree
than
theo
ther
fractions
[52]
Methano
lchloroform
and
water
extracts
Allextractswerea
ctiveinvitro
againstShigella
dysenteriaelowast
[113]
Petro
lether
andethyl
acetatefractions
from
ethano
ldichloromethane
(11vv)extract
Thep
etrolether
fractio
n(1mgmL)
inhibitedin
vitro
Pseudomonas
aeruginosaStaphylo
coccus
epidermidis
andSalm
onellatyphim
urium
Thee
thylacetatefraction(1mgmL)
was
activ
eagainstStaphylococcus
aureus
[87]
Who
leplant
Jatro
phenon
ePresentedin
vitro
antib
acteria
lactivity
againstStaphylo
coccus
aureus
comparabletopenicillin
[41]
Aeria
lparts
Water
andethylacetate
fractio
nsfro
mmethano
lextract
Both
fractio
nsat1
mgdidno
tprodu
cezoneso
finh
ibition
for
Escherich
iacoliStaphylococcus
aureusSaccharom
yces
cerevisia
enor
Cand
idaalbicans
[114]
Leaves
Chloroform
extract
Presentedantib
acteria
lactivity
againstSalmonellatyphiPseudomonas
aeruginosaand
Staphylococcus
aureus
andantifun
galactivity
against
Cand
idaalbicansD
idno
tprodu
ceinhibitio
nzonesa
gainst
Escherich
iacoliBa
cillussubtilis
Proteusm
irabilisC
orynebacteriu
mdiptheria
eShigelladysenteriaea
ndStreptococcusp
enum
oniae
[50]
Leaves
Dichlorom
ethane
methano
l(11vv)extract
At05and1m
gmLshow
edsig
nificantantibacteria
lactivity
invitro
againstB
acillus
cereus
varm
ycoidesBa
cillusp
umilu
sBa
cillussubtilis
Bordetellabronchise
ptica
MicrococcusluteusStaphylococcus
aureus
Staphylococcus
epidermidis
Klebsiella
pneumoniaeandStreptococcus
faecalisandantifun
galactivity
invitro
againstC
andida
albicans
[88]
Methano
lextract
Presentedantib
acteria
lactivity
againstSalmonellatyphiPseudomonas
aeruginosaand
Staphylococcus
aureus
andantifun
galactivity
against
Cand
idaalbicansD
idno
tprodu
ceinhibitio
nzonesa
gainst
Escherich
iacoliBa
cillussubtilis
Proteusm
irabilisC
orynebacteriu
mdiptheria
eShigelladysenteriaea
ndStreptococcusp
enum
oniae
[50]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 21
Table4Con
tinued
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Antibacteria
land
antifun
gal
Not
specified
Extractsob
tained
bysequ
entia
lextractionof
the
vegetalm
aterialw
ithn-hexanechloroform
aceton
emethano
land
water
n-Hexanee
xtracthadinhibitory
activ
ityin
vitro
againstE
scheric
hia
coliSalm
onellatyphiPseudomonas
aeruginosaB
acillus
cereus
Klebsiella
aerogenesandCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainst
Shiguella
boydiAspergillus
fumiga
tusAspergillus
flavusand
Aspergillus
nigerCh
loroform
extractinh
ibitedin
vitro
Salm
onella
typhiPseudomonas
aeruginosaB
acillus
cereusan
dCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainstEscherich
iacoliStaphylococcus
aureus
Shiguella
boydiAspergillus
fumiga
tusAspergillus
flavusand
Aspergillus
nigerAc
eton
eextractinhibitedin
vitro
Escherich
iacoli
Pseudomonas
aeruginosaStaphylococcusa
ureusKlebsiella
aerogenes
Proteusv
ulgarisan
dCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainst
Salm
onellatyphiAspergillus
fumiga
tusAspergillus
flavusa
ndAspergillus
nigerMethano
lextractinhibitedin
vitro
Escherich
iacoli
Salm
onellatyphiPseudomonas
aeruginosaStaphylococcusa
ureus
Bacilluscereusa
ndCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainst
Aspergillus
fumigatusA
spergillu
sflavusan
dAspergillus
nigerWater
extractw
asactiv
einvitro
againstE
scheric
hiacoliSalm
onellatyphi
Pseudomonas
aeruginosaStaphylococcusa
ureusBa
cilluscereus
Klebsiella
aerogenesProteusv
ulgarisan
dCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainstAspergillus
fumigatusA
spergillu
sflavusand
Aspergillus
niger
[89]
Methano
land
petro
lether
extractsfro
mbark
At200120583
g100120583
Lon
lythem
ethano
lextractshow
edin
vitro
antib
acteria
lactivity
upon
Staphylococcus
aureusStre
ptococcus
pyogenesand
Escherich
iacoliandantifun
galactivity
upon
Aspergillus
nigerCa
ndidaalbicansPenicillium
notatumand
Saccharomyces
cerevisia
e
[115]
Anticho
linesterase
Latex
Lyop
hilized
latex
Inhibitedtim
e-anddo
se-dependentlythea
cetylch
olinesterase
enzymeinnervou
stissue
offre
shwater
airb
reathing
fishCh
anna
marulius
[116]
Leaves
Fractio
nsobtained
bysequ
entia
lextractionof
the
vegetalm
aterialw
ithethyl
acetatea
ndmethano
l
At2m
gmLconcentration
thee
thylacetatea
ndmethano
lfractions
presentedinhibitory
activ
ities
invitro
of71
and100
Them
ethano
lfractio
npresentedIC
50of
005
mgmL
[117]
Antidiarrheal
Fruits
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmiceinhibitedthec
astoro
ilindu
ceddiarrhea
[110]
Leaves
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmiceinhibitedthec
astoro
ilindu
ceddiarrhea
[111]
Antifu
ngal
(antidermatop
hytic
fung
i)Ae
rialp
arts
Water
andethylacetate
fractio
nsfro
mmethano
lextract
Them
inim
alconcentrationprod
ucing75of
inhibitio
nor
high
eragainstM
icrosporuscanis
forb
othfractio
nsw
as1120583
gmLFo
rthe
fung
usMicrosporusg
ypseum
Microsporusfulvuman
dMicrosporus
gallina
eno
neof
thefractionpresentedinhibitory
activ
ity
[114]
22 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative MedicineTa
ble4Con
tinued
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Anti-infl
ammatory
Aeria
lparts
Methano
land
petro
lether
extracts
At100and200m
gkgdayover7
daysbyoralrouteinmiceon
lythe
methano
lextractpresentedsig
nificantanti-infl
ammatoryactiv
ityon
carrageenan-indu
cedpawedem
a[92]
Leaves
Aqueou
sextract
At100and200120583
gmLsig
nificantly
preventedthelysisof
human
red
bloo
dcells
inmem
branes
tabilizationmetho
din
vitro
[118]
Ethano
lextract
At100120583
gmLsig
nificantly
preventedthelysisof
human
redbloo
dcells
inmem
branes
tabilizationmetho
din
vitro
[118]
Methano
lextractandleaf
paste
At500and1000
mgkgbyoralrouteinrats
inhibitedthe
carrageenan-indu
cedpawedem
aAt
50and100m
gkgbyoralroute
inrats
inhibitedthec
ottonpelletind
uced
granulom
aformationin
rats
At05and1m
geartheleafp
asteredu
cedtheinfl
ammation
respon
sein
mou
seeare
demam
odel
[28]
Not
specified
Methano
land
petro
lether
extractsfro
mbark
At200m
gkgbyoralrouteinratsbothextractsredu
cedthe
carrageenan-indu
cedpawedem
a[115]
Antim
alarial
Leaves
Aqueou
sextract
30120583ginhibitedin
vitro
theg
rowth
ofPlasmodium
falciparum
[31]
Dichlorom
ethane
extract
Activ
einvitro
againstP
lasm
odium
falciparumw
ithIC
50of
abou
t35120583gmL
[81]
Antineoplasic
Roots
Ethano
licextractand
jatro
phon
e
Thee
thanolextractas
wellasjatroph
oneexhibitedsig
nificant
inhibitory
activ
ityin
vitro
againstcellsderiv
edfro
mhu
man
carcinom
aofthe
nasoph
aryn
xandlymph
ocyticleuk
emiaP-388and
invivo
againstfou
rstand
ardanim
altumor
syste
ms
[66]
Falodo
neShow
edpo
tent
proliferatio
ninhibitory
activ
ityagainstA
-549
human
cancer
celllin
ewith
IC50of
120120583
gmL
[13]
2120572-H
ydroxyjatro
phon
e2120573
-hydroxy-56-iso
jatro
phon
eand2120573
-hydroxyjatro
phon
editerpenes
isolatedfro
mpetro
lether
extract
Presentedantin
eoplasicactiv
ityup
onP-388lymph
ocyticleuk
emia
testsyste
mbo
thin
vivo
andin
vitro
asw
ellasfor
theE
aglersquos
carcinom
aofthe
nasoph
aryn
xtestsyste
min
vitro
[64]
Not
specified
Abiodo
neNot
specifiedlowast
[73]
Antioxidant
Leaves
Methano
lethylacetateand
aqueou
sextract
Allextractsshow
edsig
nificantantioxidant
activ
ityin
vitro
inDPP
Hfre
eradicalferric
thiocyanateandnitricoxides
caveng
ingmetho
dslowast
[55]
Who
leplant
Petro
letherchloroform
ethylacetateand
n-bu
tano
lextracts
Allextractsshow
edon
lypo
orDPP
Hscavenging
activ
ityTh
etotal
antio
xidant
capacitywas
high
erin
ethylacetateandn-bu
tano
lextracts
having
thep
etrolether
andchloroform
show
ingon
lypo
oractiv
ityTh
elipid
peroxidatio
nwas
inhibitedon
lypartially
bythe
extracts
with
thee
thylacetateb
eing
them
ostactivea
ndthep
etrol
etherb
eing
theleast
[48]
Antisp
asmod
icAe
rialp
arts
Ethano
lextractfractions
andsubfractions
At5001000and
2000
mgkgbyoralrouteinmiceshow
edsig
nificantantisp
asmod
icactiv
ityin
mou
seintestinaltransit
mod
elandat0510
and
20m
gmLinhibitedin
vitro
thea
cetylch
olinea
ndcalcium-in
ducedcontractions
ofiso
lated
ratjeju
numO
nlythe
organicfractionof
thee
xtracthadac
alcium
-antagon
isteffect
whereas
both
chloroform
icandaqueou
sfractions
hadanticho
linergic
effect
[119]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 23Ta
ble4Con
tinued
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Antivira
lAe
rialp
arts
Water
andethylacetate
fractio
nsfro
mmethano
lextract
At110and
100120583
gmLbo
thfractio
nspresented100
ofinhibitio
nof
plaque-fo
rmingabilityof
Sind
bisv
irusintre
atmentp
reinfection
protocol(IC 5
0lt1120583
gmL)w
hilein
treatmentp
ostin
fection
theIC 5
0of
water
fractio
nincreasedto
512andacetatefractionincreasedto
37120583gmLFo
rmurinec
ytom
egaloviru
sIC
50of
17and15
towater
andethylacetatefractio
nswereo
bservedrespectiv
elyintre
atment
preinfectio
nprotocolInthetreatmentp
ostin
fection
howe
verno
inhibitio
nwas
observed
inthismicroorganism
[114]
Not
specified
Methano
lextractfro
mbarks
Partially
activ
eagainstSind
bisv
irusand
herpes
simplex
virus-l
Inactiv
eagainsthu
man
polio
virus
[107]
Bron
chod
ilator
Stem
sAq
ueou
sextract
Thee
xtractwas
inactiv
einbron
chod
ilatora
ctivity
inguinea
pigs
[120]
Con
traceptiv
eLeaves
Ethano
lextract
At450m
gkgdayover2
1daysby
oralroutecaused
anantifertility
activ
ityin
femalem
ice
[121]
Healin
g
Aeria
lparts
Ethano
l70
extract
At1m
Lkg
dosebyintraperito
nealrouteinrats
presentedbeneficial
activ
ityin
healingprocesso
fcolon
icanastomosis
[122]
Aeria
lparts
Ethano
l70
extract
At200m
gkgbyintraperito
nealrouteinrats
favoredtheh
ealin
gprocesso
fgastro
rrhaph
iesa
ndredu
cedthea
cuteinflammatory
reactio
nin
vivo
[123]
Leaves
Hydroethano
lextract
At200m
gkgbyintraperito
nealroutedecreasedtheinfl
ammation
andincreasedvascular
neoformationandcollagendepo
sitionwhen
comparedto
thec
ontro
lgroup
inhealingprocesso
fsutures
perfo
rmed
ontheb
ladd
erof
rats
How
everingeneralno
favorable
healingeffectw
asob
served
[108]
Not
specified
Ethano
licextract
Alth
ough
someimprovem
entcou
ldbe
observed
insuture
healingof
ventralabd
ominalwallofratstreated
with
100m
gkg
ofextract
(intraperito
nealinstillationintraperito
nealcavity)in
generalon
lya
poor
healingactiv
itywas
observed
[124]
Not
specified
At01m
Lvolumeby
topicalapp
lication
thec
rude
extractp
resented
significantd
ifferencesc
oncerningthem
acroscop
icandmicroscop
icaspectso
fhealin
gprocesso
ccurrin
gin
open
skin
lesio
nsin
rats
[125]
Hem
ostatic
Latex
Crud
efresh
latex
Decreased
clotting
andbleeding
timeinhealthysubjects
[101]
Hepatop
rotective
Aeria
lparts
Petro
letherm
ethano
land
water
extracts
At200m
gkgdayover7
daysbyoralrouteinrats
both
extracts
presentedhepatoprotectiv
eactivity
incarbon
tetrachlorideind
uced
liver
damagewith
thep
etrolether
beingthem
ostactivea
ndthe
methano
lbeing
theleast
[126]
Hypotensiv
eand
vasorelaxant
Aeria
lparts
Ethano
licextract
At125and250m
gkgdayover4
weeksby
oralrouteinrats
ina
dose-dependent
mannerredu
cedthes
ystolic
bloo
dpressure
and
prod
uced
acon
centratio
n-depend
entrelaxanteffectin
ratisolated
(ex
vivo)end
otheliu
m-depriv
edmesenteric
artery
precon
tractedwith
norepineph
rineo
rCaC
l 2
[45]
Immun
omod
ulatory
Who
leplant
Petro
lether
extract
At100200and40
0120583gmLincreasedthep
roliferationof
mou
sespleen
cellin
vitro
[127]
Localanesthetic
Not
specified
Methano
land
aqueou
sextracts
Both
extractspresentedsig
nificantlocalanestheticactiv
ityby
plexus
anesthesiain
frogslowast
[128]
24 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table4Con
tinued
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Relaxant
effecto
nuterine
smoo
thmuscle
(tocolytic
activ
ity)
Aeria
lparts
Ethano
licextractand
chloroform
icandaqueou
sfractio
ns
At05and10
mgmLthee
thanolicextractreduced
the
calcium
-evokedcontractile
respon
seof
theu
terin
esmoo
thmuscle
as
wellas
thec
hloroformicfractio
nTh
eaqu
eous
fractio
npresented
onlyslighteffect
[129]
Sedativ
eand
anxiolytic
Fruits
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmicepresentedsedativ
eeffect
intheh
olec
rosstest
At200m
gkgpresented
anxiolyticactiv
ityin
holebo
ardtest
At40
0mgkgpresented
anxiolyticactiv
ityin
elevated
plus-m
azetest
[110]
Leaves
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmicepresentedsedativ
eeffect
intheh
olec
rosstest
At200m
gkgpresented
anxiolyticactiv
ityin
holebo
ardtest
At40
0mgkgpresented
anxiolyticin
elevated
plus-m
azetest
[111]
lowast
Thec
ompletev
ersio
nof
thep
aper
was
notaccessib
leso
theinformationwas
obtained
from
itsabstr
act
IC50con
centratio
nthatinhibits50of
ther
eferredactiv
ity
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 25
about extract preparation and plant part not specified) theauthors also observed an absence of healing action althoughsome histological improvement was shown [125]
However studying the influence of J gossypiifolia on thehealing process of colonic anastomosis in rats Servin et alshowed that the administration of 1mLkg single dose ofthe hydro alcoholic extract from aerial parts has beneficialeffect on the healing process [122] However according tothese authors on the seventh day of the experiment therewas a decrease in the action of the extract suggestingthat the extract in this experiment was less active in laterstages of healing process [122] A plausible hypothesis notraised by the authors could be the fact that the extract wasadministered in a single dose which may not have beensufficient to maintain the effect throughout the time of theexperiment Additionally Vale et al showed that the ethanolicextract from aerial parts of J gossypiifolia at single intraperi-toneal dose of 200mgkg favored the healing process ofgastrorrhaphies and reduced the acute inflammatory reactionin vivo [123]
65 Hemostatic Action The use of J gossypiifolia especiallythe latex is widespread as a hemostatic agent for preventingbleeding disorders The results of whole blood clotting timeusing Lee and White method and bleeding time using Ivyrsquosmethod were significantly reduced when stem latex wasintroduced suggesting procoagulant activity [101] Regardingthe possible mechanism of action based on experimentsthat show the precipitating action of the latex upon bovinealbumin the authors suggest that the latex precipitatesclotting factors thereby bringing the coagulation factors intoclose contact and then the activation of coagulation cascadeleads to the generation of thrombin and formation of aclot takes place in a matter of seconds when compared tothe control experiment which took minutes to completecoagulation [101] It is important to emphasize that to the bestof our knowledge this is the only study performed on humansubjects
66 Anticholinesterase Action Based on the cholinergichypothesis acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are widely usedto treat Alzheimerrsquos disease J gossypiifolia presented animportant anticholinesterase activity since the methanolicextract from leaves showed an IC
50of 005mgmL [117]
Another study showed that the lyophilized latex of theplant was able to inhibit time- and dose-dependently theacetylcholinesterase enzyme in nervous tissue of freshwaterair breathing fish Channa marulius [116]
67 Antioxidant Action The antioxidant activity of extractsfrom J gossypiifoliawas evaluated by Kharat et al [55] In thiswork the high content of phenols tannins and flavonoids inthe leaves prompted the authors to evaluate the antioxidantactivity of the leaves DPPH free radical ferric thiocyanateand nitric oxide scavengingmethods were used to analyze theantioxidant activity in vitro of methanol ethyl acetate andaqueous extracts demonstrating positive resultsThe authorsattributed the free radical scavenging activity to the presence
of flavonoids [55] On the other hand a study showed thatdifferent extracts (petrol ether chloroform ethyl acetate andn-butanol) fromwhole plant of J gossypiifolia had only partialantioxidant activity in DPPH scavenging total antioxidantcapacity and lipid peroxidation tests [48] Among them theethyl acetate extract was the most active which correlatespositively with its higher content of phenolic compounds incomparison with the other extracts [48]
68 Contraceptive Action Based on its popular use J gossypi-ifoliawas assessed for its antifertility activity as an alternativeto oral contraceptive agents J gossypiifolia leaf extract byoral route altered the major hormones involved in estrouscycle regulation indicating its antifertility effect on mice[121] Evaluating other parameters (estrogenic and earlyabortifacient activities) the anti-infertility effect of the extractwas once more demonstrated later [130]
69 Tocolytic Action Based on the ethnopharmacologicalapplication of the plant as tocolytic remedy the effects oncalcium-evoked uterine smooth muscle contraction of theethanolic extract and fractions were evaluated [129] Thecrude extract and to a higher extent the chloroformic frac-tion reduced the calcium-evoked contractile response of theuterine smooth muscle promoting a rightward displacementof calciumcumulative curves aswell as reducing themaximalcontractions [129]
610 Antineoplasic Action One of the most well-knownpharmacological activities of J gossypiifolia is its antineopla-sic action which is frequently associated with the contentof lignoids and terpenoids One of the first reports wasmade by Kupchan et al [66] when the authors found thatthe ethanolic extract from roots as well as the isolatedditerpene jatrophone exhibited significant inhibitory activityin vitro against cells derived from human carcinoma of thenasopharynx and lymphocytic leukemia P-388 and in vivoagainst four standard animal tumor systems such as sarcoma180 Lewis lung carcinoma P-388 lymphocytic leukemiaand Walker 256 intramuscular carcinosarcoma [66] Laterthree new antitumor derivatives of jatrophone were isolatedfrom petrol ether extracts from roots of J gossypiifolia 2120572-hydroxyjatrophone 2120573-hydroxy-56-isojatrophone and 2120573-hydroxyjatrophone [64] Recently two other diterpenes withpotent antineoplasic activity were isolated from J gossypi-ifolia falodone and abiodone Falodone was isolated frommethanol extract from roots and showed potent proliferationinhibitory activity against A-549 human cancer cell line [13]Abiodone a lathyrane diterpenoid compound was isolatedfrom J gossypiifolia and presented potent anticancer activity[73]
611 Local Anesthetic Action The local anesthetic action ofJ gossypiifolia was evaluated by plexus anaesthesia in frogs[128] The authors observed that the aqueous and methanolextract (plant part not specified) presented significant anes-thetic action when compared to control group
26 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
612 Neuropharmacological Action The neuropharmacolog-ical action of the methanol extract of the leaves of J gossypi-ifolia was evaluated by Apu et al [111] The authors observedthat in hole cross test the extract at 200 and 400mgkg byoral route showed significant sedative effect in mice In holeboard test the extract showed highly significant anxiolyticactivity at a dose of 200mgkg whereas the same activity wasobserved at 400mgkg dose in elevated plus-maze test [111]Similar results were observed in the methanolic extract fromfruits [110]
613 Antidiarrheal Action Although it may seem contradic-tory as shown in Table 3 J gossypiifolia species is popularlyused both as purgative and as antidiarrheal remedy Howeverin literature there are interesting results about the antidiar-rheal properties of different extracts of this species
At 200 and 400mgkg oral doses in mice the methanolextract of J gossypiifolia leaves produced highly signifi-cant antidiarrheal activity upon castor oil-induced diarrheadecreasing themean number of stool and total weight of fecaloutput when compared to control group [111] Similar resultswere observed in the methanolic extract from fruits [110]
Aiming to determine the possible action mechanism of Jgossypiifolia aerial parts ethanol extract as antidiarrheal agentSilva et al [119] have investigated the effect of this extracton intestinal transit velocity and on isolated rat jejunumAt 500 1000 and 2000mgkg by oral route in mice theextract showed significant antispasmodic activity in mouseintestinal transit model when compared to control At 0510 and 20mgmL the crude extract inhibited in vitro theacetylcholine and calcium-induced contractions of isolatedrat jejunum The chloroform and aqueous fractions wereobtained and it was observed that only the chloroform frac-tion of the extract had a calcium-antagonist effect whereasboth chloroformic and aqueous fractions had anticholinergiceffect suggesting that the antispasmodic effect of J gossypi-ifolia may be due to a combination of anticholinergic andcalcium-antagonist mechanisms [119]
614 Immunomodulatory Action The immunomodulatoryaction of synthetic lignan compounds was evaluated by theassay of proliferation of mouse spleen cell in vitro andcompared with petrol ether extract of whole plant of Jgossypiifolia since it is a natural source of this kind ofcompound [127] The authors showed that both syntheticand naturally occurring 1-phenylnaphthalene lignans couldpositively modulate the immunity of the host since theysignificantly increased the proliferation of mouse spleen cellin vitro [127]
615 Hepatoprotective Action Despite some studies havingshown the hepatotoxic potential of J gossypiifolia a study wasperformed to analyze the possible hepatoprotective action ofextracts of this plant in carbon tetrachloride-induced liverdamage in rats [126] In fact the petrol ether methanoland water extracts from the aerial parts of J gossypiifoliapresented significant hepatoprotective action in this model
substantially restoring towards normalization the serum lev-els of serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase serum glu-tamate pyruvate transaminase serum alkaline phosphatasetotal bilirubin superoxide dismutase and catalase [126] Theauthors also discuss the close relationship between the hep-atoprotective action observed and the possible antioxidantmechanism present in the extracts
7 Other Actions andBiotechnological Applications
In addition to studies demonstrating scientific evidences ofthe pharmacological properties of J gossypiifolia severalstudies have demonstrated the potential of this species toobtain molecules with various applications thus showing itsmultipurpose character
Among the main applications described the use ofJ gossypiifolia seed oil for biodiesel production could bementioned Jatropha species has drawn the attention ofresearchers in recent years due to its emergence as a highlysuitable feedstock plant for biodiesel production [11] Amongthe species J gossypiifolia J curcas and J pohliana produceseeds with high oil content [11] In a study investigatingthe potential of two plants of the Jatropha genus (includ-ing J gossypiifolia) the authors observed that the studiedphysicochemical properties of the produced biodiesel are inthe acceptable range for use as biodiesel in diesel enginesshowing a promising economic exploitation of these rawmaterials [131]
Studies have shown the potential of the species for thedevelopment of new tools for biochemical analysis A recentstudy showed that the diluted fresh latex J gossypiifolia can beused as precipitating agent for biochemical determination ofproteins in plasma urine and cerebrospinal fluid with valuescomparable to those obtained from the conventional proteinprecipitants sodium tungstate and trichloroacetic acid [24]According to the authors the precipitating potential couldbe related to the capacity of the latex to form clots whenapplied to a bleeding sore or wound when it is used in folkmedicine [24] Another study showed the potentiality of thejuice extracted from the fresh leaves of J gossypiifolia asan anticoagulant for haematological analyses [86] 01mL ofextract per mL of blood proved to be suitable for obtainingplasmas for biochemical analysis comparable with conven-tional anticoagulants [86] However the authors emphasizethat the extract must be purified to remove interferingsubstances for it to be perfectly suitable for biochemicalanalysis [86]
Some studies have demonstrated the potentiality of Jgossypiifolia as a source of pesticide biomolecules Bullang-poti et al [49] isolated ricinine from the ethyl acetate extractfrom senescent leaves the main compound responsible forthe toxicity of the crude extract in Spodoptera exigua larvaethus demonstrating that it could be an alternative choiceto chemical insecticides In another study Bullangpoti etal [132] showed that the ethanol extract of J gossypiifoliain association with the ethanol extract of Melia azedarachwas toxic and inhibited some enzymes from Spodoptera
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 27
frugiperda larvae demonstrating once more the potentialityof the species as insecticide agent Calatayud et al [56]showed the presence of proteins of about 100 kDa with toxicactivity upon Phenacoccus herreni another type of insectIn this work the authors performed a strategy of extrac-tion that eliminated nonprotein compounds being able todemonstrate the potential of the species to obtain insecticidalproteins [56] Leaf extract of J gossypiifolia reduced thefecundity and egg viability against stored product insect pestsTribolium castaneum [133]
The potential molluscicidal activity of J gossypiifolia hasalso been evaluated as an alternative mode of preventionof schistosomiasis Sukumaran et al [134] showed that themethanol and n-butanol extracts from unripened seeds of Jgossypiifoliawas toxic against eggs and adults of two species offreshwater snails Lymnaea luteola and Indoplanorbis exustusThe results indicated that n-butanol extract was the mosteffective and that the eggs were more susceptible than adults[134]
8 Toxicology
Species of Jatropha are notably known for their toxic potential[135 136] This toxicity is related primarily to latex andseeds The latex is released from the aerial parts of theplant by mechanical injury and it is extremely caustic andirritating to skin and mucous membranes The seeds arerich in toxalbumins that cause agglutination and hemolysisto erythrocytes as well as damage to other cell types andcontain a lipoid resin complex that can cause dermatitis[3 12 135] The symptomatology consists in general ofgastrointestinal disorders (abdominal pain nausea vomitingand diarrhea) Additionally the clinical course can bringcardiovascular neurological and renal complications [136]Cases of poisoning in humans usually occur by eating fruitand seeds because of its similarity to edible chestnuts [136]
Some toxicological studies have demonstrated the toxicproperties of J gossypiifolia while others show the absence oftoxicity However it is important to observe the models useddoses administrated and types of extract employed (solventand plant part) among other aspects to make the properconclusions about the toxicity
The study of experimental poisoning in sheep showedthat the intake of fresh plant leaves in a single dose of40 gkg was lethal to these animals [137] The clinical andpathological picture in the experimental sheep was charac-terized by digestive lung and heart disturbances and alsoby slight regressive changes evidenced in hepatic and renalhistological examinations [137] However as observed byMariz et al [7] it is important to note that the medicinaluse of the plant is rarely in natura but instead by differentpreparations such as infusions or decoctions sometimes ofthe dried material which could inactivate the possible toxiccomponents However this is only a hypothesis and so thetoxicity of extracts from leaves cannot be discarded
One of the first studies relating the identification of theconstituents responsible for the toxic effects of the Jatrophaspecies was published by Adolf et al [69] In this work
by a bioguided isolation the irritant polyunsaturated ester12-deoxy-16-hydroxylphorbol was isolated from the etherextract from the seeds of J gossypiifolia by countercurrentchromatography [69] The irritant activity was visualized inmouse ear after 24 h of the application of the fractions andisolated compounds [69]
The in vitro cytotoxicity assay using brine shrimp larvaetest revealed that ethanol and methanol extracts (plant organunspecified) showed low toxicity [138] An earlier studyshowed that thewater and ethyl acetate fraction of amethanolextract from aerial parts of J gossypiifolia did not presenttoxicity against the same organisms [114]
A study performed in Wistar rats evaluated the toxicityof the ethanolic root extract of J gossypiifolia at 10 20 and30mgkg by oral route [139] The authors observed that theextract was toxic to the kidney and caused increased urearetention in the blood as observed by histological studies andbiochemical analysis of blood [139]
A preclinical toxicological assessment of the crudeethanol extract from J gossypiifolia leaves showed that theextract presents relatively low oral acute toxicity in Wistarrats [18 19] Rats treated with single doses of 12ndash50 gkgby oral route were observed for 14 days and the mostimportant signs of toxicity were ptosis reduction of bodyweight and hind limb paralysis Other significant alterationsoccurred only in males treated with 50 gkg dose increasein creatinine aspartate aminotransferase sodium and potas-sium seric levels reduction of urea and albumin leucopeniaand small alteration in color and consistency of visceraThe median lethal dose (LD
50) was higher than 40 gkg
for males and higher than 50 gkg for females [19] In thehistopathological evaluation some alteration was observedin liver and lung only at 50 gkg suggesting the relativelylow toxicity of the extract [18] However in the chronictoxicological study (thirteen weeks of treatment) this extractshowed significant oral chronic toxicity in rats [17] The mostsignificant toxic signs indicated a reduction of the activityin the central nervous system and digestive disturbancesThe histopathological analysis revealed hepatotoxicity andpulmonary damages The lethality was 466 and 133among males and females under the higher tested dose(405mgkg) respectively [17] Based on this Mariz et al [7]discussed that the development of herbal medicine based onthis species needs to prioritize the chemical refinement of thecrude extracts to obtain less toxic fractions which should betested for their safety and therapeutic efficacy
Another study on the other hand evaluating the oralacute toxicity of the aqueous and ethanol extracts from leavesof J gossypiifolia did not show any sign of toxicity in upto 2 gkg in rats enabling the authors to conclude that thisextract could be considered safe [118] This is an interestingresult since in most cases the plant is used popularly as tea(aqueous extract)
The toxicity of the stem latex of J gossypiifoliawas studiedin Wistar rats by applying different doses of crude latex onincised skin daily for 18 days based on the popular useof the latex as hemostatic agent in skin lesions [140] Theauthors observed that the application of the latex did notproduce any significant difference in results of biochemical
28 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
and hematological parameters obtained from the control andexperimental animals leading to the conclusion that the stemlatex has no harmful effects [140]
9 Conclusions
As demonstrated by this review J gossypiifolia presents animportant potential for the generation of pharmacologicalandor biotechnological products based on popular usesand biological studies scientifically showing its propertiesHowever regarding specifically its medicinal propertiesfurther studies are still necessary to assay important folkuses of the species and characterize the major compoundsresponsible for the bioactivityThus studies of bioprospectingcould prioritize this species since many popular uses forvariousmedical purposes are reported demonstrating a greatpotential to originate bioactive molecules with pharmaco-logical relevance Furthermore future phytochemical studiesof this plant are important to obtain the best knowledgeof the chemical composition of different extracts of theplant in order to recognize the really important compoundsin the pharmacological actions aspiring to the chemicalrefinement of the products to eliminate the eventual toxiceffects that could reduce the medicinal value of the speciesIn conclusion the data presented in this review could provideinsights for future research aimed at both ethnopharmaco-logical validation of the popular use of J gossypiifolia andits exploration as a new source of bioactive molecules forherbal drugs andor bioactive natural products for potentialapplication in complementary and alternative medicine
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper
Acknowledgments
The authors thank BNB CNPq and CAPES (Brazil) forthe financial support Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosagives thanks to CNPq for Scholarship in Research Produc-tivity The authors also thank Andrew Alastair Cumming forediting this paper for the English revision
References
[1] G L Webster ldquoClassification of the euphorbiaceaerdquo Annals ofthe Missouri Botanical Garden vol 81 pp 3ndash143 1994
[2] M V Alves ldquoChecklist das especies de Euphorbiaceae Jussocorrentes no semi-arido pernambucano BrasilrdquoActa BotanciaBrasileira vol 12 no 3 pp 485ndash495 1998
[3] C W Sabandar N Ahmat F M Jaafar and I Sahidin ldquoMedic-inal property phytochemistry and pharmacology of severalJatropha species (Euphorbiaceae) a reviewrdquo Phytochemistryvol 85 pp 7ndash29 2013
[4] C K A Leal and M D F Agra ldquoEstudo farmacobotanicocomparativo das folhas de Jatrophamolissima (Pohl) BaillrdquoActaFarmaceutica Bonaerense vol 24 no 1 pp 5ndash13 2005
[5] L C Di Stasi and C A Hiruma-Lima Plantas medicinais naAmazonia e na Mata Atlantica UNESP Sao Paulo Brazil 2ndedition 2002
[6] M D F Agra K N Silva I J L D Basılio P F De Freitasand JM Barbosa-Filho ldquoSurvey ofmedicinal plants used in theregionNortheast of BrazilrdquoBrazilian Journal of Pharmacognosyvol 18 no 3 pp 472ndash508 2008
[7] S R Mariz A C R Borges M F F Melo-Diniz and I AMedeiros ldquoPossibilidades terapeuticas e riscos toxicologicosde Jatropha gossypiifolia L uma revisao narrativardquo RevistaBrasileiraDe PlantasMedicinais vol 12 no 3 pp 346ndash357 2010
[8] I Cordeiro and R Secco ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia L Lista deespecies da flora do Brasilrdquo Jardim Botanico do Rio de JaneirohttpfloradobrasiljbrjgovbrjabotfloradobrasilFB17581
[9] U P de Albuquerque P M de Medeiros A L S de Almeida etal ldquoMedicinal plants of the caatinga (semi-arid) vegetation ofNE Brazil a quantitative approachrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacol-ogy vol 114 no 3 pp 325ndash354 2007
[10] U P Albuquerque L H C Andrade and J Caballero ldquoStruc-ture and floristics of homegardens in Northeastern BrazilrdquoJournal of Arid Environments vol 62 no 3 pp 491ndash506 2005
[11] S A Ceasar and S Ignacimuthu ldquoApplications of biotechnologyand biochemical engineering for the improvement of Jatrophaand Biodiesel a reviewrdquo Renewable and Sustainable EnergyReviews vol 15 no 9 pp 5176ndash5185 2011
[12] U P de Albuquerque J MMonteiro M A Ramos and E L Cde Amorim ldquoMedicinal and magic plants from a public marketin northeastern Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 110no 1 pp 76ndash91 2007
[13] A Falodun Q Sheng-Xiang G Parkinson and S GibbonsldquoIsolation and characterization of a new anticancer diterpenoidfrom Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journalvol 45 no 10 pp 636ndash639 2012
[14] BRASIL ldquoFitoterapia plantas de interesse ao SUSrdquo Braz-ilian Health Ministry httpportalsaudegovbrportalarqu-ivospdfRENISUSpdf
[15] X-P Zhang M-L Zhang X-H Su C-H Huo Y-C Gu andQ-W Shi ldquoChemical constituents of the plants from genusJatrophardquo Chemistry and Biodiversity vol 6 no 12 pp 2166ndash2183 2009
[16] S K Sharma and H Singh ldquoA review on pharmacological sig-nificance of genus Jatropha (Euphorbiaceae)rdquoChinese Journal ofIntegrative Medicine vol 18 no 11 pp 868ndash880 2012
[17] S RMariz G S CerqueiraWCAraujo et al ldquoChronic toxico-logic study of the ethanolic extract of the aerial parts of Jatrophagossypiifolia in ratsrdquoRevista Brasileira de Farmacognosia vol 22no 3 pp 663ndash668 2012
[18] S R Mariz M S T Araujo G S Cerqueira et al ldquoHistopatho-logical evaluation in rats after acute treatment with the ethanolextract from aerial parts of Jatropha gossypiifolia Lrdquo RevistaBrasileira De Farmacognosia vol 18 no 2 pp 213ndash216 2008
[19] S R Mariz G S Cerqueira W C Araujo et al ldquoEstudo toxi-cologico agudo do extrato etanolico de partes aereas de Jatrophagossypiifolia L em ratosrdquo Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosiavol 16 no 3 pp 372ndash378 2006
[20] C Auvin-Guette C Baraguey A Blond J L Pousset andB Bodo ldquoCyclogossine B a cyclic octapeptide from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Journal of Natural Products vol 60 pp 1155ndash11571997
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 29
[21] V S Parvathi B S Jyothi T Lakshmi P S Babu and RKarthikeyan ldquoMorpho-anatomical and physicochemical stud-ies of Jatropha gossypifolia (L)rdquo Der Pharmacia Lettre vol 4no 1 pp 256ndash262 2012
[22] M N S Rios and F Pastore Junior Plantas da Amazonia450 Especies de Uso Geral Universidade de BrasıliamdashBibliotecaCentral Brasılia 2011
[23] S R Mariz Estudo toxicologico pre-clınico de Jatropha gossypi-ifolia L [PhD thesis] Universidade Federal da Paraıba JoaoPessoa Brazil 2007
[24] O G Adeosun T Oduola F A Fagbomedo et al ldquoSuitabilityof stem latex of Jatropha gossypifolia as a protein precipitant forbiochemical analysisrdquo Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistryvol 29 no 2 pp 210ndash212 2014
[25] F O A Ajose ldquoSome Nigerian plants of dermatologic impor-tancerdquo International Journal of Dermatology vol 46 no 1 pp48ndash55 2007
[26] J S Ashidi P J Houghton P J Hylands and T EfferthldquoEthnobotanical survey and cytotoxicity testing of plants ofSouth-western Nigeria used to treat cancer with isolationof cytotoxic constituents from Cajanus cajan Millsp leavesrdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 128 no 2 pp 501ndash512 2010
[27] M Ayyanar and S Ignacimuthu ldquoEthnobotanical survey ofmedicinal plants commonly used by Kani tribals in Tirunelvelihills of Western Ghats Indiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 134 no 3 pp 851ndash864 2011
[28] R Bhagat S D Ambavade A V Misar and D K KulkarnildquoAnti-inflammatory activity of Jatropha gossypifolia L leaves inalbino mice and Wistar ratrdquo Journal of Scientific and IndustrialResearch vol 70 no 4 pp 289ndash292 2011
[29] J H Cano and G Volpato ldquoHerbal mixtures in the traditionalmedicine of Eastern Cubardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol90 no 2-3 pp 293ndash316 2004
[30] F G Coe and G J Anderson ldquoScreening of medicinal plantsused by the Garıfuna of Eastern Nicaragua for bioactive com-poundsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 53 no 1 pp 29ndash501996
[31] MGbeassor Y Kossou K Amegbo C De Souza K Koumagloand A Denke ldquoAntimalarial effects of eight African medicinalplantsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 25 no 1 pp 115ndash1181989
[32] National Center for Biotechnology Information ldquoJatropha gos-sypiifoliardquo Taxonomy Browser httpwwwncbinlmnihgovTaxonomyBrowserwwwtaxcgiid=454931
[33] Tropicos ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia Lrdquo httpwwwtropicosorgNamePrintaspxnameid=12802174amptab=details
[34] The Plant List ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia Lrdquo httpwwwtheplant-listorgtplrecordkew-104621
[35] M S Khyade and N P Vaikos ldquoPharmacognostical andphytochemical evaluation of leaf of Jatropha gossypifolia LrdquoInternational Journal of Research in Ayurveda amp Pharmacy vol2 no 1 pp 177ndash180 2011
[36] D O Aworinde D U Nwoye A A Jayeola A O Olagoke andA A Ogundele ldquoTaxonomic significance of foliar epidermis insome members of euphorbiaceae family in Nigeriardquo ResearchJournal of Botany vol 4 no 1 pp 17ndash28 2009
[37] J D Olowokudejo ldquoComparative epidermal morphology ofWest African species of Jatropha L (Euphorbiaceae)rdquo BotanicalJournal of the Linnean Society vol 111 no 2 pp 139ndash154 1993
[38] B Das and B Venkataiah ldquoA minor coumarino-lignoid fromJatropha gossypifoliardquo Biochemical Systematics and Ecology vol29 no 2 pp 213ndash214 2001
[39] B Das B Venkataiah and A Kashinatham ldquoVenkatasin a newcoumarino-lignoid from Jatropha gossypifoliardquoNatural ProductLetters vol 13 no 4 pp 293ndash297 1999
[40] B Das and B Venkataiah ldquoA rare diterpene from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Biochemical Systematics and Ecology vol 27 no 7pp 759ndash760 1999
[41] N Ravindranath B Venkataiah C Ramesh P Jayaprakash andB Das ldquoJatrophenone a novel macrocyclic bioactive diterpenefrom Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bul-letin vol 51 no 7 pp 870ndash871 2003
[42] B Das and J Banerji ldquoArylnaphthalene lignan from JatrophagossypifoliardquoPhytochemistry vol 27 no 11 pp 3684ndash3686 1988
[43] J Banerji B Das A Chatterjee and J N Shoolery ldquoGadain alignan from Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Phytochemistry vol 23 no10 pp 2323ndash2327 1984
[44] A Chatterjee B Das C Pascard and T Prange ldquoCrystalstructure of a lignan from Jatropha gossypifoliardquoPhytochemistryvol 20 no 8 pp 2047ndash2048 1981
[45] I C Abreu A S S Marinho A M A Paes et al ldquoHypotensiveand vasorelaxant effects of ethanolic extract from Jatrophagossypiifolia L in ratsrdquo Fitoterapia vol 74 no 7-8 pp 650ndash6572003
[46] B Das and R Das ldquoGossypifan a lignan from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Phytochemistry vol 40 no 3 pp 931ndash932 1995
[47] R Das B Das and A Kashinatham ldquoGossypiline a new lignanfrom Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Natural Product Sciences vol 4 no4 pp 238ndash240 1998
[48] D Shahwar S-U Shafiq N Ahmad S Ullah and M A RazaldquoAntioxidant activities of the selected plants from the fam-ily Euphorbiaceae Lauraceae Malvaceae and BalsaminaceaerdquoAfrican Journal of Biotechnology vol 9 no 7 pp 1086ndash10962010
[49] V Bullangpoti N Khumrungsee W Pluempanupat Y Kainohand U Saguanpong ldquoToxicity of ethyl acetate extract andricinine from Jatropha gossypifolia senescent leaves againstSpodoptera exigua Hubner (Lepidoptera Noctuidae)rdquo Journalof Pesticide Science vol 36 no 2 pp 260ndash263 2011
[50] A O Ogundare ldquoAntimicrobial effect of Tithonia diversifoliaand Jatropha gossypifolia leaf extractsrdquo Trends in Applied Sci-ences Research vol 2 no 2 pp 145ndash150 2007
[51] N Nwokocha A Blessing I O Agbagwa and B E OkolildquoComparative phytochemical screening of Jatropha L Speciesin the Niger Deltardquo Research Journal of Phytochemistry vol 5no 2 pp 107ndash114 2011
[52] R Seth and R Sarin ldquoAnalysis of the phytochemical contentand anti-microbial activity of Jatropha gossypifolia Lrdquo Archivesof Applied Science Research vol 2 no 5 pp 285ndash291 2010
[53] S Sankara Subramanian S Nagarajan and N SulochanaldquoFlavonoids of the leaves of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Phytochem-istry vol 10 no 7 p 1690 1971
[54] A C Pilon R L Carneiro F Carnevale Neto V S Bolzaniand I Castro-Gamboa ldquoInterval multivariate curve resolutionin the dereplication of HPLC-DAD data from Jatropha gossypi-foliardquo Phytochemical Analysis vol 24 no 4 pp 401ndash406 2013
[55] A R Kharat A K Dolui and S Das ldquoFree radical scavengingpotential of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Asian Journal of Chemistryvol 23 no 2 pp 799ndash801 2011
[56] P-A Calatayud D F Munera S Calatayud A Valencia-Jimenez and A C Bellotti ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia (Euphor-biaceae) a source of proteins toxic to Phenacoccus herreni(Sternorryncha Pseudococcidae)rdquo Florida Entomologist vol94 no 3 pp 649ndash654 2011
30 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
[57] W F Tinto L M D John W F Reynolds and S McLeanldquoTriterpenoids of Jatropha gossypiifoliardquo Journal of NaturalProducts vol 55 no 6 pp 807ndash809 1992
[58] R Das K Venkateswarlu V Saidi Reddy and B Das ldquo41015840-O-demethyl retrochinensin a minor new lignan from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Indian Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry vol 14no 2 pp 169ndash170 2004
[59] B Das A Kashinatham B Venkataiah K V N S Srinivas GMahender and M R Reddy ldquoCleomiscosin A a coumarino-lignoid from Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Biochemical Systematics andEcology vol 31 no 10 pp 1189ndash1191 2003
[60] B Das and G Anjani ldquoGossypidien a lignan from stems ofJatropha gossypifolliardquo Phytochemistry vol 51 no 1 pp 115ndash1171999
[61] B Das S P Rao and K V Srinivas ldquoIsolation of isogadain fromJatropha gossypifoliardquo Planta Medica vol 62 no 1 article 901996
[62] B Das S P Rao K V N S Srinivas and R Das ldquoJatrodien alignan from stems of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Phytochemistry vol41 no 3 pp 985ndash987 1996
[63] A Chatterjee B Das R Chakrabarti et al ldquoPrasanthaline anew lignan from Jatropha gossypifolia Linnrdquo Indian Journal ofChemistry vol 27 pp 740ndash741 1988
[64] M D Taylor A B Smith III G T Furst et al ldquoNewantileukemic jatrophone derivatives from Jatropha gossypiifoliastructural and stereochemical assignment through nuclearmagnetic resonance Spectroscopyrdquo Journal of the AmericanChemical Society vol 105 no 10 pp 3177ndash3183 1983
[65] K K Purushothaman S Chandrasekharan A F Cameron etal ldquoJatropholones A and B new diterpenoids from the roots ofJatropha gossypiifolia (Euphorbiaceae)mdashcrystal structure anal-ysis of Jatropholone Brdquo Tetrahedron Letters vol 20 no 11 pp979ndash980 1979
[66] S M Kupchan C W Sigel M J Matz J A S Renauld R CHaltiwanger and R F Bryan ldquoJatrophone a novel macrocyclicditerpenoid tumor inhibitor from Jatropha gossypiifoliardquo Jour-nal of the American Chemical Society vol 92 no 14 pp 4476ndash4477 1970
[67] Y R Prasad G S J G Alankararao and P Baby ldquoConstituentsof the seeds of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Fitoterapia vol 64 no 4p 376 1993
[68] O Ogbobe and V Akano ldquoThe physico-chemical properties ofthe seed and seed oil of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Plant Foods forHuman Nutrition vol 43 no 3 pp 197ndash200 1993
[69] W Adolf H J Opferkuch and E Hecker ldquoIrritant phorbolderivatives from four Jatropha speciesrdquo Phytochemistry vol 23no 1 pp 129ndash132 1984
[70] K M Hosamani and K S Katagi ldquoCharacterization andstructure elucidation of 12-hydroxyoctadec-cis-9-enoic acid inJatropha gossypifolia and Hevea brasiliensis seed oils a richsource of hydroxy fatty acidrdquo Chemistry and Physics of Lipidsvol 152 no 1 pp 9ndash12 2008
[71] S F A J Horsten A J J Van Den Berg J J Kettenes-VanDen Bosch B R Leeflang and R P Labadie ldquoCyclogossine Aa novel cyclic heptapeptide isolated from the latex of Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Planta Medica vol 62 no 1 pp 46ndash50 1996
[72] M U Ahmad M R Islam A H Mirza B H Chowdhuryand N Nahar ldquoAlkaloids of Jatropha gossypifolia Linnrdquo IndianJournal of Chemistry B Organic Chemistry Including MedicinalChemistry vol 31 no 1 pp 67ndash69 1992
[73] A Falodun U Kragl S-M T Touem A Villinger T Fahren-waldt and P Langer ldquoA novel anticancer diterpenoid fromJatropha gossypifoliardquo Natural Product Communications vol 7no 2 pp 151ndash152 2012
[74] G D Wadankar S N Malode and S L Sarambekar ldquoTra-ditionally used medicinal plants for ound healing in theWashim district Maharashtra (India)rdquo International Journal ofPharmTech Research vol 3 no 4 pp 2080ndash2084 2011
[75] B Kumar M Vijayakumar R Govindarajan and P Pushpan-gadan ldquoEthnopharmacological approaches to wound healing-Exploring medicinal plants of Indiardquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 114 no 2 pp 103ndash113 2007
[76] K Koudouvo D S Karou K Kokou et al ldquoAn ethnobotanicalstudy of antimalarial plants in Togo Maritime Regionrdquo Journalof Ethnopharmacology vol 134 no 1 pp 183ndash190 2011
[77] M Coelho-Ferreira ldquoMedicinal knowledge and plant utiliza-tion in an Amazonian coastal community ofMaruda Para State(Brazil)rdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 126 no 1 pp 159ndash175 2009
[78] F C S Oliveira R F M Barros and J M Moita Neto ldquoPlan-tas medicinais utilizadas em comunidades rurais de Oeirassemiarido piauienserdquo Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinaisvol 12 no 3 pp 282ndash301 2010
[79] J D F L Santos E Pagani J Ramos and E Rodrigues ldquoObser-vations on the therapeutic practices of riverine communities oftheUnini River AM Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol142 no 2 pp 503ndash515 2012
[80] S L Cartaxo M M de Almeida Souza and U P de Albu-querque ldquoMedicinal plants with bioprospecting potential usedin semi-arid northeastern Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacol-ogy vol 131 no 2 pp 326ndash342 2010
[81] O Jansen L Angenot M Tits et al ldquoEvaluation of 13 selectedmedicinal plants from Burkina Faso for their antiplasmodialpropertiesrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 130 no 1 pp143ndash150 2010
[82] M H Yetein L G Houessou T O Lougbegnon O Teka andB Tente ldquoEthnobotanical study of medicinal plants used for thetreatment of malaria in plateau of Allada Benin (West Africa)rdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 146 no 1 pp 154ndash163 2013
[83] L J Quintans Junior J R G S Almeida J T Lima et al ldquoPlantswith anticonvulsivant propertiesmdasha reviewrdquo Revista Brasileirade Farmacognosia vol 18 pp 798ndash819 2008
[84] A Diallo M S Traore S M Keita et al ldquoManagement ofdiabetes in Guinean traditional medicine an ethnobotanicalinvestigation in the coastal lowlandsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 144 no 2 pp 353ndash361 2012
[85] S O Olabanji A C Adebajo O R Omobuwajo et al ldquoPIXEanalysis of some Nigerian anti-diabetic medicinal plants (II)rdquoNuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B BeamInteractions With Materials and Atoms vol 318 pp 187ndash1902014
[86] T Oduola O G Avwioro and T B Ayanniyi ldquoSuitability ofthe leaf extract of Jatropha gossypifolia as an anticoagulant forbiochemical and haematological analysesrdquo African Journal ofBiotechnology vol 4 no 7 pp 679ndash681 2005
[87] CM Chariandy C E Seaforth R H Phelps G V Pollard andB P S Khambay ldquoScreening of medicinal plants from Trinidadand Tobago for antimicrobial and insecticidal propertiesrdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 64 no 3 pp 265ndash270 1999
[88] V P Kumar N S Chauhan H Padh and M Rajani ldquoSearchfor antibacterial and antifungal agents from selected Indian
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 31
medicinal plantsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 107 no2 pp 182ndash188 2006
[89] R Dabur A Gupta T K Mandal et al ldquoAntimicrobial activityof some medicinal plantsrdquo African Journal of TraditionalComplementary and AlternativeMedicines vol 4 no 3 pp 313ndash318 2007
[90] H C Ong and M Nordiana ldquoMalay ethno-medico botany inMachang Kelantan Malaysiardquo Fitoterapia vol 70 no 5 pp502ndash513 1999
[91] J Sanz-Biset J Campos-de-la-Cruz M A Epiquien-Riveraand S Canigueral ldquoA first survey on the medicinal plants of theChazuta valley (Peruvian Amazon)rdquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 122 no 2 pp 333ndash362 2009
[92] B B Panda K Gaur M L Kori et al ldquoAnti-inflammatoryand analgesic activity of Jatropha gossypifolia in experimentalanimal modelsrdquo Global Journal of Pharmacology vol 3 no 12009
[93] S S Ningthoujam A D Talukdar K S Potsangbam and MD Choudhury ldquoTraditional uses of herbal vapour therapy inManipur North East India an ethnobotanical surveyrdquo Journalof Ethnopharmacology vol 147 no 1 pp 136ndash147 2013
[94] A Asase A A Oteng-Yeboah G T Odamtten and M SJ Simmonds ldquoEthnobotanical study of some Ghanaian anti-malarial plantsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 99 no 2pp 273ndash279 2005
[95] C Lans T Harper K Georges and E Bridgewater ldquoMedicinaland ethnoveterinary remedies of hunters in Trinidadrdquo BMCComplementary and AlternativeMedicine vol 1 article 10 2001
[96] L Rasingam S Jeeva andD Kannan ldquoDental care of Andamanand Nicobar folks medicinal plants use as tooth stickrdquo AsianPacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine vol 2 no 2 pp S1013ndashS1016 2012
[97] P J Houghton and I M Osibogun ldquoFlowering plants usedagainst snakebiterdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 39 no 1pp 1ndash29 1993
[98] M Molander C H Saslis-Lagoudakis A K Jager and NRoslashnsted ldquoCross-cultural comparison of medicinal floras usedagainst snakebitesrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 139 no3 pp 863ndash872 2012
[99] A Jain S S Katewa B L Chaudhary and P Galav ldquoFolk herbalmedicines used in birth control and sexual diseases by tribals ofsouthern Rajasthan Indiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol90 no 1 pp 171ndash177 2004
[100] A Jain S S Katewa P K Galav and P Sharma ldquoMedicinalplant diversity of Sitamata wildlife sanctuary Rajasthan IndiardquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 102 no 2 pp 143ndash157 2005
[101] T Oduola G O Adeosun T A Oduola G O Avwioro andM A Oyeniyi ldquoMechanism of action of Jatropha gossypifoliastem latex as a haemostatic agentrdquo European Journal of GeneralMedicine vol 2 no 4 pp 140ndash143 2005
[102] D Garcia M V Domingues and E Rodrigues ldquoEthnophar-macological survey among migrants living in the SoutheastAtlantic Forest of Diadema Sao Paulo Brazilrdquo Journal ofEthnobiology and Ethnomedicine vol 6 article 29 2010
[103] S S Hebbar V H Harsha V Shripathi and G R HegdeldquoEthnomedicine of Dharwad district in Karnataka Indiamdashplants used in oral health carerdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 94 no 2-3 pp 261ndash266 2004
[104] S B Kosalge and R A Fursule ldquoInvestigation of ethnomedic-inal claims of some plants used by tribals of Satpuda Hills inIndiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 121 no 3 pp 456ndash461 2009
[105] R A Ritter M V B Monteiro F O B Monteiro et al ldquoEth-noveterinary knowledge and practices at Colares island Parastate eastern Amazon Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 144 no 2 pp 346ndash352 2012
[106] S K Dash and S Padhy ldquoReview on ethnomedicines fordiarrhoea diseases from Orissa prevalence versus culturerdquoJournal of Human Ecology vol 20 no 1 pp 59ndash64 2006
[107] R S L Taylor J B Hudson N P Manandhar and G H NTowers ldquoAntiviral activities of medicinal plants of southernNepalrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 53 pp 97ndash104 1996
[108] J M A Maia N G Czeczko J M R Filho et al ldquoEstudoda cicatrizacao de suturas na bexiga urinaria de ratos come sem utilizacao de extrato bruto de Jatropha gossypiifolia Lintraperitonealrdquo Acta Cirurgica Brasileira vol 21 no 2 pp 23ndash30 2006
[109] A L Ososki P Lohr M Reiff et al ldquoEthnobotanical literaturesurvey of medicinal plants in the Dominican Republic used forwomens health conditionsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol79 no 3 pp 285ndash298 2002
[110] A S Apu FHossain F Rizwan et al ldquoStudy of pharmacologicalactivities of methanol extract of Jatropha gossypifolia fruitsrdquoJournal of Basic and Clinical Pharmacy vol 4 no 1 pp 20ndash242013
[111] A S Apu K Ireen S Hossan Bhuyan et al ldquoEvaluation ofanalgesic neuropharmacological and anti-diarrheal potential ofJatropha gossypifolia (Linn) leaves in micerdquo Journal of MedicalSciences vol 12 no 8 pp 274ndash279 2012
[112] F A G Rocha and L I S Dantas ldquoAtividade antimicrobianain vitro do latex do aveloz (Euphorbia tirucalli L) pinhao bravo(Jatrophamollissima L) e pinhao roxo (Jatropha gossypiifolia L)sobre microrganismos patogenicosrdquo Holos vol 25 no 4 2009
[113] O M David and J O Oluyege ldquoIn vitro susceptibility ofselected pathogenic bacteria to leaf extracts and latex of Jatrophagossypiifolia(L) and Jatropha curcas (L)rdquo Biosciences Biotechnol-ogy Research Asia vol 3 no 1 pp 91ndash94 2006
[114] W D MacBae J B Hudson and G H N Towers ldquoStudieson the pharmacological activity of amazonian euphorbiaceaerdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 22 no 2 pp 143ndash172 1988
[115] M C Purohit and R Purohit ldquoEvaluation of antimicrobial andanti-inflammatory activities of bark of Jatropha gossypifoliardquoWorld Journal of Science and Technology vol 1 no 10 pp 1ndash52011
[116] D Singh and A Singh ldquoThe toxicity of four native Indianplants effect on AChE and acidalkaline phosphatase level infish Channa maruliusrdquo Chemosphere vol 60 no 1 pp 135ndash1402005
[117] C M Feitosa R M Freitas N N N Luz M Z B BezerraandM T S Trevisan ldquoAcetylcholinesterase inhibition by somespromising Brazilian medicinal plantsrdquo Brazilian Journal ofBiology vol 71 no 3 pp 783ndash789 2011
[118] Y Nagaharika V Kalyani S Rasheed and R KarthikeyanldquoAnti-inflammatory activity of leaves of Jatropha gossypifolia Lby HRBC membrane stabilization methodrdquo Journal of AcuteDisease vol 2 no 2 pp 156ndash158 2013
[119] S D N Silva I C Abreu S M D F Freire et al ldquoAntispas-modic effect of Jatropha gossypiifolia is mediated through dualblockade of muscarinic receptors and Ca2+ channelsrdquo BrazilianJournal of Pharmacognosy vol 21 no 4 pp 715ndash720 2011
[120] D Carabajal A Casaco L Arruzazabala R Gonzalez andV Fuentes ldquoPharmacological screening of plant decoctionscommonly used in Cuban folk medicinerdquo Journal of Ethnophar-macology vol 33 no 1-2 pp 21ndash24 1991
32 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
[121] S Jain G P Choudhary and D K Jain ldquoPharmacological eval-uation of anti-fertility activity of ethanolic extract of Jatrophagossypifolia leaf in female albino micerdquo Asian Pacific Journal ofTropical Biomedicine vol 2 no 3 pp S1671ndashS1674 2012
[122] S C N Servin O J M Torres J E F Matias et al ldquoAcao doextrato de Jatropha gossypiifolia L (piao roxo) na cicatrizacaode anastomose colonica estudo experimental em ratosrdquo ActaCirurgica Brasileira vol 21 no 3 pp 89ndash96 2006
[123] J R Vale N G Czeczko J U Aquino et al ldquoEstudo compara-tivo da cicatrizacao de gastrorrafias com e sem o uso do extratode Jatropha gossypiifolia L (piao roxo) em ratosrdquoActa CirurgicaBrasileira vol 21 no 3 pp 40ndash48 2006
[124] J U Aquino N G Czeczko O Malafaia et al ldquoAvaliacaofitoterapica da Jatropha gossypiifolia L na cicatrizacao desuturas na parede abdominal ventral de ratosrdquo Acta CirurgicaBrasileira vol 21 no 2 pp 61ndash66 2006
[125] M F D S Santos N G Czeczko P A N Nassif et alldquoAvaliacao do uso do extrato bruto de Jatropha gossypiifolia Lna cicatrizacao de feridas cutaneas em ratosrdquo Acta CirurgicaBrasileira vol 21 no 3 pp 2ndash7 2006
[126] B B Panda K Gaur R K Nema C S Sharma A K Jain andC P Jain ldquoHepatoprotective activity of Jatropha gossypifoliaagainst carbon tetrachloride- induced hepatic injury in ratsrdquoAsian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research vol 2no 1 pp 50ndash54 2009
[127] S S Deo T M Chaudhari and F Inam ldquoEvaluation ofthe immunomodulatory effects of 1-phenylnaphthalene andpericarbonyl lactone lignan compoundsrdquoDer PharmaChemicavol 4 no 2 pp 771ndash776 2012
[128] S K Rasheed S Kunapareddy and R Karthikeyan ldquoLocalanesthetic activity of Jatropha gossypifolia L on frogsrdquo Biomed-ical and Pharmacology Journal vol 5 no 2 pp 395ndash397 2012
[129] AM A Paes A L Camara SM F Freire andMO R BorgesldquoRelaxant effect of Jatropha gossypiifolia L on uterine smoothmusclerdquo International Journal of Phytomedicine vol 4 no 3 pp310ndash313 2012
[130] S J Jain G P Choudhary and D K Jain ldquoPharmacologicalevaluation and antifertility activity of Jatropha gossypifoliain ratsrdquo BioMed Research International vol 2013 Article ID125980 5 pages 2013
[131] J S de Oliveira PM Leite L B de Souza et al ldquoCharacteristicsand composition of Jatropha gossypiifolia and Jatropha curcasL oils and application for biodiesel productionrdquo Biomass andBioenergy vol 33 no 3 pp 449ndash453 2009
[132] V Bullangpoti E Wajnberg P Audant and R FeyereisenldquoAntifeedant activity of Jatropha gossypifolia and Meliaazedarach senescent leaf extracts on Spodoptera frugiperda(Lepidoptera Noctuidae) and their potential use as synergistsrdquoPest Management Science vol 68 no 9 pp 1255ndash1264 2012
[133] S N K JilaniW Islam andM Kamsh ldquoPotential of pyrethroidinsecticides and plant extracts on fecundity and egg viability oftribolium castaneum (Herbst)rdquo Journal of Bio-Science vol 19no 1 pp 95ndash97 2011
[134] D Sukumaran B D Parashar and K M Rao ldquoToxicity of Jat-ropha gossypiifolia and Vaccaria pyramidata against freshwatersnails vectors of animal schistosomiasisrdquo Fitoterapia vol 66 no5 pp 393ndash398 1995
[135] R K Devappa H P S Makkar and K Becker ldquoJatrophatoxicitymdasha reviewrdquo Journal of Toxicology and EnvironmentalHealth B Critical Reviews vol 13 no 6 pp 476ndash507 2010
[136] E P Schenkel M Zannin L A Mentz S A L Bordignonand B Irgang ldquoPlantas toxicasrdquo in Farmacognosia Da Planta
ao Medicamento C M O Simoes E P Schenkel G GosmannJ C P Mello L A Mentz and P R Petrovick Eds pp 959ndash993 Editora da UFRGSUFSC Porto Alegre Brazil 3d edition2007
[137] L I Oliveira F F Jabour V A Nogueira and E M YamasakildquoIntoxicacao experimental com as folhas de Jatropha gossypifo-lia(Euphorbiaceae) em ovinosrdquo Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileiravol 28 no 6 pp 275ndash278 2008
[138] P I A Awachie and F O Ugwu ldquoPreliminary investigationof the antimicrobial and brine shrimp lethality propertiesof some nigerian medicinal plantsrdquo International Journal ofPharmacognosy vol 35 no 5 pp 338ndash343 1997
[139] L J Medubi V O Ukwenya O T Aderinto et al ldquoEffects ofadministration of ethanolic root extract of Jatropha gossypiifoliaand prednisolone on the kidneys of Wistar ratsrdquo ElectronicJournal of Biomedicine vol 2 pp 41ndash48 2010
[140] T Oduola G B Popoola G O Avwioro et al ldquoUse of Jatrophagossypifolia stem latex as a haemostatic agent how safe is itrdquoJournal of Medicinal Plants Reasearch vol 1 no 1 pp 14ndash172007
Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom
Stem CellsInternational
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
MEDIATORSINFLAMMATION
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Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Behavioural Neurology
EndocrinologyInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Disease Markers
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
BioMed Research International
OncologyJournal of
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Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
PPAR Research
The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Immunology ResearchHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of
ObesityJournal of
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Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine
OphthalmologyJournal of
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Diabetes ResearchJournal of
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Research and TreatmentAIDS
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Gastroenterology Research and Practice
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Parkinsonrsquos Disease
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Volume 2014Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 9
Table2Con
tinued
Classifi
catio
nCom
poun
dPlantp
art
Biologicalactiv
ityRe
ference
Jatro
phan
OO
H
OM
e
O
O OM
e
Stem
srootsand
seeds
mdash[44]
Pras
anth
alin
e
OAc OAc
O OH
OM
eO
Me
Stem
smdash
[63]
Prop
acin
OM
e
OO
MeO
O
O
Me
HO
Who
leplant
mdash[38]
Venk
atasin
Who
leplant
mdash[39]
O
HO
O
O
2120572-H
ydro
xyja
troph
one
H3C
H3C
CH3
CH3
CH3
Roots
Antileuk
emicin
vitro
andin
vivo
[64]
10 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table2Con
tinued
Classifi
catio
nCom
poun
dPlantp
art
Biologicalactiv
ityRe
ference
O
HO
O
OH
3C
CH3
CH3
CH3
2120573-H
ydro
xy-5
6-is
ojat
roph
one
Roots
Antileuk
emicin
vitro
andin
vivo
[64]
Diterpenes
O
HO
O
OH
3C H3C
CH3
CH3
CH3
2120573-H
ydro
xyja
troph
one
Roots
Antileuk
emicin
vitro
andin
vivo
[64]
Abiodo
neNot
specified
Anticancerinvitro
[73]
Citla
litrio
ne O
OH
OH
O
Roots
mdash[13]
Who
leplant
mdash[40]
Falo
done O
OH
Roots
Anticancerinvitro
[13]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 11
Table2Con
tinued
Classifi
catio
nCom
poun
dPlantp
art
Biologicalactiv
ityRe
ference
Jatro
phen
one
HO
H
O
H AcO
H
HWho
leplant
Antibacteria
linvitro
[41]
OH
O
Jatro
phol
one A
Roots
mdash[65]
Jatro
phol
one B O
H
O
Roots
mdash[65]
Jatro
phon
e
O
OO
Roots
Anticancerinvitro
andin
vivo
[66]
12 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table2Con
tinued
Classifi
catio
nCom
poun
dPlantp
art
Biologicalactiv
ityRe
ference
Esters
OH
HO
O
HO
HOH
OH
12-D
eoxy
-16-
hydr
oxyl
phor
bol
Seeds
Irritanttomou
seear
[69]
Lign
ans
Gos
sypi
fan
MeO
MeO
H
OO
O
O
Aeria
lparts
mdash[46]
Gos
sypi
line
O O
OCO
Me
OCO
Me
H
OO
Aeria
lparts
mdash[47]
Proteins
Cyclo
goss
ine A
Leu 1
Ala
2Th
r 3
Val 7
Gly
6Le
u 5
Trp 4
Latex
mdash[1571]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 13
Table2Con
tinued
Classifi
catio
nCom
poun
dPlantp
art
Biologicalactiv
ityRe
ference
Cyclo
goss
ine B Leu 2
Ala
5A
la6
Gly
1Le
u 4
Leu 8
Trp 3
Ile7
Latex
mdash[1520]
Triterpenes
HO O
H
HO
OH
H
(13120572
14120573
20S
)-2
2425
-Trih
ydro
xyla
nost
a-1
7-d
ien-3
-one
Leaves
mdash[57]
HO O
H
HO
OH
H
(2120572
13120572
14120573
20S
)-2
2425
-Trih
ydro
xyla
nost-
7-en
-3-o
ne
Leaves
mdash[57]
14 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
in different forms of preparation (infusion decoction andmaceration among others) by different routes and forms(oral topical baths etc) The most frequent reports refer toits anti-inflammatory antidiarrheal antiophidian analgesicantipyretic antimicrobial healing antianemic antidiabeticand antihemorrhagic activities among many other examples[3 5 7 9]
Some properties are attributed to specific parts of theplant while others are assigned to different parts Interest-ingly in some cases certain uses may appear contradictorysuch as antidiarrheal and laxative or its use as anticoagulantand antihemorrhagic One hypothesis is that this differencemay be related with the dose used since for example thelaxative effect is an effect commonly related with toxic eventswith this plant
6 Pharmacological Activities
Despite the grand variety of popular uses and the data fromJatropha species J gossypiifolia has been scarcely studiedregarding biological activities (Table 4) Studies showing thebiological potential of aqueous extract are rare so far whichis important to be mentioned since the most popular useof this plant is as a tea (decoction or infusion) Among themain activities that have been studied the antihypertensiveanticancer antimicrobial healing anti-inflammatory andanalgesic activities stand out
61 Antihypertensive Action Based on popular use of teasfrom J gossypiifolia roots and aerial parts the hypotensiveand vasorelaxant effects of the ethanolic extract of aerialparts of the plant were tested by Abreu et al [45] Thestudy revealed that the extract (125 and 250mgkgdayover 4 weeks by oral route in rats) in a dose-dependentmanner produced a reduction of systolic blood pressurein conscious normotensive animals This hypotensive effectcould be attributed to its vasorelaxant action since it pro-duced concentration-dependent relaxant effect in rat isolatedendothelium-deprived mesenteric artery precontracted withnorepinephrine or calcium Moreover it inhibited in aconcentration-dependent and noncompetitive manner thecontractile response induced by norepinephrine or CaCl
2in
the same preparation [45]
62 Antimicrobial Action The antibiotic activity of differ-ent extracts from J gossypiifolia is frequently reported asobserved in Table 4 In general some extent of antibacterialantifungal antiparasitic and antiviral activity was observedThe only report of J gossypiifolia isolated compound withantimicrobial activity is of the macrocyclic diterpene jatro-phenone which presented significant in vitro antibacterialactivity against Staphylococcus aureus [41]
63 Anti-Inflammatory andor Analgesic Action Many imp-ortant popular uses of J gossypiifolia are related to inflamma-tory process Bhagat et al [28] showed that the methanolicextract of leaves of this species has significant systemicacute and chronic anti-inflammatory activity The extract
at 500 and 1000mgkg oral doses was able to inhibit theacute carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats and at 50 and100mgkg oral doses inhibited the chronic cotton pellet-induced granuloma formation in rats Additionally the Jgossypiifolia leaf paste (05 and 1mgear) showed significantreduction in TPA-induced local inflammatory changes inmouse ear edema model [28]
In another study the anti-inflammatory and analgesicproperties of the methanol and petrol ether extracts of aerialparts of J gossypiifolia were demonstrated in mice [92]At 100 and 200mgkgday during 7 days by oral routeonly the methanol extract presented significant analgesicactivity in Eddyrsquos hot plate and tail-flick models and anti-inflammatory activity in carrageenan-induced paw edema[92] The anti-inflammatory activity of the bark from Jgossypiifolia (methanol and petrol ether extracts) was alsodemonstrated in carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats[115]
In a recent study using the in vitro human red bloodcell membrane stabilization method Nagaharika et al [118]suggested that ethanol and water extracts from J gossypiifolialeaves have anti-inflammatory activity According to theauthors since human red blood cell membranes are similarto the lysosomal membrane components the prevention ofhypotonicity-induced membrane lysis of these cells couldbe taken as a measure in estimating the anti-inflammatoryproperty of compounds [118]
The analgesic activity of the methanol extract from theleaves of J gossypiifolia was evaluated in acetic acid-inducedwrithing test in mice where highly significant inhibitionwas seen of 6756 and 6514 at 200 and 400mgkg oraldoses respectively [111] Similar results were observed in themethanolic extract from fruits [110]
64 Healing Action The healing action of the ethanol crudeextract of J gossypiifolia (plant part not specified) wasevaluated in suture healing of ventral abdominal wall ofrats through tensiometric measurement and macro- andmicroscopic aspect of postoperative period The extractwhich was administered by an intraperitoneal instillation of100mgkg single dose in the peritoneal cavity presentedmoreintense adhesion on macroscopic examination and greaterstrain evaluation and vascular neoformation However agreater inflammatory process was also observed and otherhistological parameters were similar to the control groupindicating that in general the extract presented poor woundhealing properties in the used model [124]
Another study evaluated the healing action of thehydroethanolic crude extract from leaves of J gossypiifoliain the healing process of sutures performed on the bladderof rats and similar results were presented although someimprovement might have been observed in some parametersIn general the authors concluded that no favorable heal-ing effect was observed with the administration of singleintraperitoneal dose of J gossypiifolia L [108] In anotherstudy analyzing the morphological aspects of the healingprocess occurring in open skin lesions in rats under topicaladministration of raw extract from J gossypiifolia (details
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 15
Table3Po
pularm
edicinaluses
ofJatro
phagossy
piifolia
Ldescrib
edin
theliterature
Plantp
art
Popu
laru
sePreparationandor
mod
eofu
seRe
ference
Who
leplant
Analgesic(headache)
Leaves
anointed
with
ldquoSebode
Holan
dardquo(muttontallo
w)a
ndheated
inthefi
reareu
sedas
compressfor
headaches
[5]
Analgesic(to
othache)
Not
specified
[3]
Antim
icrobial
Not
specified
[3]
Antipyretic
Decoctio
n[20]
Dyscrasia
Not
specified
[3]
Dysph
onia
Not
specified
[3]
Wou
ndhealing
Not
specified
[7475]
Aeria
lparts
Antianemic(m
alariatre
atment)
Decoctio
nused
byoralroute
[76]
Abscess
Bath
[77]
Alopecia
Ashleaves
[25]
Analgesic(eye
pain)
Not
specified
[78]
Analgesic(headache)
Not
specified
[78]
Analgesic(headachea
ndotitis)
Not
specified
[79]
Analgesic(painin
general)
Decoctio
nor
infusio
n[80]
Analgesic(to
othache)
Decoctio
nor
infusio
n[80]
Antianemic
Decoctio
n[81]
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[82]
Anticancer
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Decoctio
nof
thea
ssociatio
nof
leaves
ofJgossy
piifolia
with
leaves
ofPetiveriaalliaceaandaeria
lpartsof
Stachytarpheta
jamaicensis
byoralroute
[29]
Not
specified
[3]
Anticon
vulsivant
Not
specified
[83]
Antidiabetic
Decoctio
n[8485]
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Antidiarrheal
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Not
specified
[3]
Antihem
orrhagic
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Freshcrushedleaves
areu
sedin
caseso
fcutaneous
andnasalbleeding
[86]
Anti-infectiv
eDecoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Not
specified
[8788]
Anti-infl
ammatory
Not
specified
[78]
Antipyretic
Decoctio
n[81]
ldquoTeardquo
[5]
Not
specified
[88]
Antise
ptic
Bath
prepared
from
theleaves
[5]
Antith
rombo
ticDecoctio
nor
infusio
n[80]
Antiulcerogenic
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Leafjuice
[89]
Boils
Applicationof
thep
ound
edleaves
[90]
16 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative MedicineTa
ble3Con
tinued
Plantp
art
Popu
laru
sePreparationandor
mod
eofu
seRe
ference
Burns
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Usedin
associationwith
seedso
fGossypium
arboreum
sugarhon
eybeeandfato
fram
preparedby
grinding
app
liedtopically
[29]
Con
traceptiv
eand
oxito
toxic
Not
specified
[79]
Depurative
Squeezedthe
juiceo
btainedisdrun
k[91]
Detoxificant
Not
specified
[92]
Eczema
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Emetic
Squeezedthe
juiceo
btainedisdrun
k[91]
Gastro
intestinaldisorders
Not
specified
[79]
Gingivitis
Leafjuice
[89]
Gon
orrhoea
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Healin
gBa
thprepared
from
theleaves
[5]
Decoctio
n[30]
Decoctio
nor
infusio
n[80]
Hem
orrhoids
Usedin
associationwith
leaves
ofNicotia
natabacum
andcopp
ersulphateboiledin
waterand
used
asste
amdirected
atthea
nalregion
[93]
Hem
ostatic
Decoctio
nor
infusio
n[80]
Hepatitis
Not
specified
[12]
Itching
skin
Applicationof
thep
ound
edleaves
[90]
Leaves
Leprosy
Leafjuice
[89]
Malaria
Decoctio
n[81]
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[82]
Usedin
associationwith
leaves
ofAz
adira
chta
indica
andCo
mbretum
spbo
iledforsteam
bathsa
ndby
oralroute
[94]
Usedin
associationwith
leaves
ofCo
mbretum
ghasalenseandwho
leplanto
fOcim
umcanu
mbyoralrouteo
rfor
steam
baths
[94]
Mastitis
Poun
dedleaves
appliedon
swollenbreasts
[90]
Mycosis
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Psycho
activ
eNot
specified
[79]
Purgative
Not
specified
[388]
Rheumatism
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Scabies
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Skin
diseases
Not
specified
[3]
Stom
achic
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Not
specified
[8892]
Syph
ilis
Ash
ofleaves
[25]
Thrush
(oralcandidiasis)
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Treatm
ento
fldquocultu
ralsyn
drom
esrdquoldquoderramerdquo
ldquoquebranterdquoldquoespanterdquo
ldquovento-caıdordquoldquo
panemardquo
ldquodoenca-do-arrdquoldquom
ae-do-corpordquo
Not
specified
[79]
Vaginalinfectio
nSlightlybo
iledused
asvaginalw
ash
[91]
Venerald
iseases
Not
specified
[92]
Verm
ifuge
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Vertigo
Not
specified
[3]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 17
Table3Con
tinued
Plantp
art
Popu
laru
sePreparationandor
mod
eofu
seRe
ference
Wou
ndsa
ndrashes
Bath
oftheleaves
[24]
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Decoctio
nused
asbathsfor
cleaningwou
ndsindo
gs[95]
Wou
nddisin
fectant
Slightlybo
iledused
aswou
ndwash
[91]
Stem
Analgesic(to
othache)
Not
specified
[96]
Antianemic
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[82]
Anticancer
Decoctio
nby
oralor
topicalrou
te[26]
Emmenagogue
Decoctio
nof
barks
[7092]
Malaria
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[82]
Rheumatism
Not
specified
[77]
Thickbloo
dNot
specified
[77]
Roots
Anticancer
Decoctio
nby
oralor
topicalrou
te[26]
Root
bark
used
forc
ancero
fthe
lung
s[73]
Anticon
vulsivant
Not
specified
[83]
Antidiarrheal
Not
specified
[89]
Antim
icrobial
Root
bark
used
inbacterialinfectio
ns[73]
Impo
tence
Decoctio
nof
thea
ssociatio
nof
rootso
fJgossy
piifoliaC
hiococca
albaC
itrus
aurantifoliaD
esmodium
canu
m
RoystonearegiaSenn
aoccid
entalisStachytarphetajamaicensis
and
Waltheriaindica
with
thew
holeplanto
fCom
melina
erectaC
yperus
rotund
usand
sugarby
oralroute
[29]
Leprosy
Not
specified
[392]
Snakebites
Not
specified
[22929798]
Urin
arypain
Not
specified
[92]
Uterusd
iseases
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[99100]
Seeds
Analgesic(bod
ypain)
Not
specified
[101]
Analgesic(headache)
Not
specified
[79]
Antigrip
alUsedin
strong
colds
[5]
Antihem
orrhagic
Not
specified
[9]
Antiulcerogenic
Seed
oil
[3]
Con
traceptiv
eand
oxito
toxic
Not
specified
[79]
Depurative
Not
specified
[91]
Emetic
Not
specified
[7091101]
Gastro
intestinaldisorders
Not
specified
[79]
Leprosy
Seed
oil
[3]
Mycosis
Seed
oil
[3]
Psycho
activ
eNot
specified
[79]
Purgative
Not
specified
[39101102]
Treatm
ento
fldquocultu
ralsyn
drom
esrdquoldquoderramerdquo
ldquoquebranterdquoldquoespanterdquo
ldquovento-caıdordquoldquo
panemardquo
ldquodoenca-do-arrdquoldquom
ae-do-corpordquo
Not
specified
[79]
Vaginalinfectio
nSlightlybo
iledused
asvaginalw
ash
[91]
Wou
ndinfection
Slightlybo
iledused
aswou
ndwash
[91]
18 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table3Con
tinued
Plantp
art
Popu
laru
sePreparationandor
mod
eofu
seRe
ference
Fruits
Analgesic
Massaging
pregnant
wom
enrsquosbellies
with
teao
rgarrafadalowast
whenthey
areinpain
[77]
Analgesic(headache)
Teao
rgarrafadalowast
[77]
Analgesic(to
othache)
Teao
rgarrafadalowast
[77]
Laxativ
eIngestion
innatura
ofthep
owderfruit
[102]
Num
bnessa
fterb
ugsting
sTeao
rgarrafadalowast
[77]
Latex
Alopecia
Not
specified
[25]
Analgesic(eye
pain)
Not
specified
[78]
Analgesic(painin
general)
Drin
kor
massage
thea
ffected
area
with
latex
[80]
Analgesic(to
othache)
Cottonsoaked
with
latexkept
incontactw
iththes
oretoo
th[103]
Drin
kor
massage
thea
ffected
area
with
latex
[80]
Anticancer
Not
specified
[25]
Antihem
orrhagic
Not
specified
[9248695]
Antith
rombo
ticOralrou
te[80]
Antiulcerogenic
Not
specified
[2089]
Biteof
veno
mou
sanimals
Applicationof
fresh
latexatthea
ffected
site
[5]
Diuretic
Afewdrop
soffresh
latex
inwater
[6]
Eczema
Not
specified
[25]
Gingivitis
Not
specified
[89]
Gon
orrhea
Not
specified
[25]
Hem
ostatic
Not
specified
[2580]
Infected
wou
nds
Applicationof
fresh
latex
atthea
ffected
site
[520]
Leprosy
Not
specified
[89]
Mycosis
Not
specified
[25]
Purgative
Afewdrop
soffresh
latexin
water
[6]
Not
specified
[9]
Rheumatism
Not
specified
[25]
Scabies
Not
specified
[25]
Skin
burns
Applicationof
fresh
latex
atthea
ffected
site
[104]
Not
specified
[25]
Stop
ofitching
ofcutsandscratches
Not
specified
[95]
Syph
ilis
Not
specified
[25]
Thrush
(oralcandidiasis)
Not
specified
[25]
Verm
ifuge
Not
specified
[25]
Wou
ndhealing
Applicationof
latexatthea
ffected
site
[5]
Drin
kor
massage
thea
ffected
sitew
ithlatex
[80]
Not
specified
[7475]
Resin
Toothache
Toothp
owder
[27]
Wou
ndsinlip
sand
tong
ueTo
picalapp
lication
[27]
Oil
Arthritis
Appliedlocally
[89]
Purgative
Not
specified
[89]
Skin
disease
Appliedlocally
[89]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 19
Table3Con
tinued
Plantp
art
Popu
laru
sePreparationandor
mod
eofu
seRe
ference
Not
specified
Alopecia
Teaa
ppliedlocally
indo
gs[105]
Analgesic
Not
specified
[13]
Poultic
es[95]
Anticancer
Not
specified
[1366]
Antidiarrheal
Not
specified
[2845106]
Antihypertensive
Not
specified
[45]
Anti-infl
ammatory
Not
specified
[1328]
Antipyretic
Not
specified
[28]
Antise
ptic
Not
specified
[45]
Antiulcerogenic
Not
specified
[28]
Cou
ghsa
ndcolds
Bark
juice(4spoo
nfuls3tim
esad
ay)b
yoralroute
[107]
Detoxication
Not
specified
[28]
Diuretic
Not
specified
[45]
Eczema
Not
specified
[28]
Gum
infection
Not
specified
[28]
Healin
gNot
specified
[45108]
Hydropsy
Not
specified
[5]
Leprosy
Not
specified
[28]
Obstructio
nsof
thea
bdom
inaltract
Not
specified
[5]
Purgative
Not
specified
[5]
Regu
latem
enses
Not
specified
[109]
Rheumatism
Not
specified
[5]
Snakea
ndscorpion
bites
Not
specified
[322]
Stom
achpain
Not
specified
[28]
Venerealdiseases
Not
specified
[28]
Wou
nds
Poultic
es[95]
Usedas
bath
[28]
lowast
Garrafadapreparatio
ndo
neby
maceratingplantp
artsin
alcoho
lorh
ydroalcoho
licmediumsin
generalbrandies
20 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative MedicineTa
ble4Ph
armacologicalstu
dies
ofJatro
phagossy
piifolia
Ldescrib
edin
theliterature
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Analgesic
Aeria
lparts
Methano
land
petro
lether
extracts
At100and200m
gkgdayover7
daysbyoralrouteinmiceon
lythe
methano
lextractpresentedsig
nificantanalgesicactiv
ityin
Eddyrsquosho
tplatea
ndtail-flack
mod
els[92]
Fruits
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmicehigh
lysig
nificantly
inhibitedthew
rithing
respon
sesind
uced
byaceticacid
[110]
Leaves
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmicesig
nificantly
inhibited
thew
rithing
respon
sesind
uced
byaceticacid
[111]
Antibacteria
l
Latex
Crud
elatex
At100120583
Lvolumeinh
ibitedin
vitro
Liste
riamonocytogenes
Salm
onellatyhimuriumSalmonellatyphiandStaphylococcus
aureus
[112]
Latex
Not
specified
Presentedbactericidaleffectinvitro
againstShigella
dysenteriaea
ndStaphylococcus
aureuslowast
[113]
Leaves
Fractio
nsobtained
bysequ
entia
lextractionof
the
vegetalm
aterialw
ithpetro
letherbenzenechloroform
aceton
eethano
lmethano
landwater
Petro
lether
fractio
nwas
inactiv
eagainstEscherich
iacoliandBa
cillus
subtilisBe
nzenefractionwas
them
ostactiveagainstb
oth
microorganism
sCh
loroform
andmethano
lfractions
werea
ctive
onlyagainstB
acillus
subtilisAc
eton
eand
ethano
lfractions
were
activ
eonlyagainstE
scheric
hiacoliAq
ueou
sfractionwas
activ
eagainstb
othmicroorganism
salthou
ghto
amuchlesser
degree
than
theo
ther
fractions
[52]
Methano
lchloroform
and
water
extracts
Allextractswerea
ctiveinvitro
againstShigella
dysenteriaelowast
[113]
Petro
lether
andethyl
acetatefractions
from
ethano
ldichloromethane
(11vv)extract
Thep
etrolether
fractio
n(1mgmL)
inhibitedin
vitro
Pseudomonas
aeruginosaStaphylo
coccus
epidermidis
andSalm
onellatyphim
urium
Thee
thylacetatefraction(1mgmL)
was
activ
eagainstStaphylococcus
aureus
[87]
Who
leplant
Jatro
phenon
ePresentedin
vitro
antib
acteria
lactivity
againstStaphylo
coccus
aureus
comparabletopenicillin
[41]
Aeria
lparts
Water
andethylacetate
fractio
nsfro
mmethano
lextract
Both
fractio
nsat1
mgdidno
tprodu
cezoneso
finh
ibition
for
Escherich
iacoliStaphylococcus
aureusSaccharom
yces
cerevisia
enor
Cand
idaalbicans
[114]
Leaves
Chloroform
extract
Presentedantib
acteria
lactivity
againstSalmonellatyphiPseudomonas
aeruginosaand
Staphylococcus
aureus
andantifun
galactivity
against
Cand
idaalbicansD
idno
tprodu
ceinhibitio
nzonesa
gainst
Escherich
iacoliBa
cillussubtilis
Proteusm
irabilisC
orynebacteriu
mdiptheria
eShigelladysenteriaea
ndStreptococcusp
enum
oniae
[50]
Leaves
Dichlorom
ethane
methano
l(11vv)extract
At05and1m
gmLshow
edsig
nificantantibacteria
lactivity
invitro
againstB
acillus
cereus
varm
ycoidesBa
cillusp
umilu
sBa
cillussubtilis
Bordetellabronchise
ptica
MicrococcusluteusStaphylococcus
aureus
Staphylococcus
epidermidis
Klebsiella
pneumoniaeandStreptococcus
faecalisandantifun
galactivity
invitro
againstC
andida
albicans
[88]
Methano
lextract
Presentedantib
acteria
lactivity
againstSalmonellatyphiPseudomonas
aeruginosaand
Staphylococcus
aureus
andantifun
galactivity
against
Cand
idaalbicansD
idno
tprodu
ceinhibitio
nzonesa
gainst
Escherich
iacoliBa
cillussubtilis
Proteusm
irabilisC
orynebacteriu
mdiptheria
eShigelladysenteriaea
ndStreptococcusp
enum
oniae
[50]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 21
Table4Con
tinued
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Antibacteria
land
antifun
gal
Not
specified
Extractsob
tained
bysequ
entia
lextractionof
the
vegetalm
aterialw
ithn-hexanechloroform
aceton
emethano
land
water
n-Hexanee
xtracthadinhibitory
activ
ityin
vitro
againstE
scheric
hia
coliSalm
onellatyphiPseudomonas
aeruginosaB
acillus
cereus
Klebsiella
aerogenesandCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainst
Shiguella
boydiAspergillus
fumiga
tusAspergillus
flavusand
Aspergillus
nigerCh
loroform
extractinh
ibitedin
vitro
Salm
onella
typhiPseudomonas
aeruginosaB
acillus
cereusan
dCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainstEscherich
iacoliStaphylococcus
aureus
Shiguella
boydiAspergillus
fumiga
tusAspergillus
flavusand
Aspergillus
nigerAc
eton
eextractinhibitedin
vitro
Escherich
iacoli
Pseudomonas
aeruginosaStaphylococcusa
ureusKlebsiella
aerogenes
Proteusv
ulgarisan
dCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainst
Salm
onellatyphiAspergillus
fumiga
tusAspergillus
flavusa
ndAspergillus
nigerMethano
lextractinhibitedin
vitro
Escherich
iacoli
Salm
onellatyphiPseudomonas
aeruginosaStaphylococcusa
ureus
Bacilluscereusa
ndCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainst
Aspergillus
fumigatusA
spergillu
sflavusan
dAspergillus
nigerWater
extractw
asactiv
einvitro
againstE
scheric
hiacoliSalm
onellatyphi
Pseudomonas
aeruginosaStaphylococcusa
ureusBa
cilluscereus
Klebsiella
aerogenesProteusv
ulgarisan
dCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainstAspergillus
fumigatusA
spergillu
sflavusand
Aspergillus
niger
[89]
Methano
land
petro
lether
extractsfro
mbark
At200120583
g100120583
Lon
lythem
ethano
lextractshow
edin
vitro
antib
acteria
lactivity
upon
Staphylococcus
aureusStre
ptococcus
pyogenesand
Escherich
iacoliandantifun
galactivity
upon
Aspergillus
nigerCa
ndidaalbicansPenicillium
notatumand
Saccharomyces
cerevisia
e
[115]
Anticho
linesterase
Latex
Lyop
hilized
latex
Inhibitedtim
e-anddo
se-dependentlythea
cetylch
olinesterase
enzymeinnervou
stissue
offre
shwater
airb
reathing
fishCh
anna
marulius
[116]
Leaves
Fractio
nsobtained
bysequ
entia
lextractionof
the
vegetalm
aterialw
ithethyl
acetatea
ndmethano
l
At2m
gmLconcentration
thee
thylacetatea
ndmethano
lfractions
presentedinhibitory
activ
ities
invitro
of71
and100
Them
ethano
lfractio
npresentedIC
50of
005
mgmL
[117]
Antidiarrheal
Fruits
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmiceinhibitedthec
astoro
ilindu
ceddiarrhea
[110]
Leaves
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmiceinhibitedthec
astoro
ilindu
ceddiarrhea
[111]
Antifu
ngal
(antidermatop
hytic
fung
i)Ae
rialp
arts
Water
andethylacetate
fractio
nsfro
mmethano
lextract
Them
inim
alconcentrationprod
ucing75of
inhibitio
nor
high
eragainstM
icrosporuscanis
forb
othfractio
nsw
as1120583
gmLFo
rthe
fung
usMicrosporusg
ypseum
Microsporusfulvuman
dMicrosporus
gallina
eno
neof
thefractionpresentedinhibitory
activ
ity
[114]
22 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative MedicineTa
ble4Con
tinued
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Anti-infl
ammatory
Aeria
lparts
Methano
land
petro
lether
extracts
At100and200m
gkgdayover7
daysbyoralrouteinmiceon
lythe
methano
lextractpresentedsig
nificantanti-infl
ammatoryactiv
ityon
carrageenan-indu
cedpawedem
a[92]
Leaves
Aqueou
sextract
At100and200120583
gmLsig
nificantly
preventedthelysisof
human
red
bloo
dcells
inmem
branes
tabilizationmetho
din
vitro
[118]
Ethano
lextract
At100120583
gmLsig
nificantly
preventedthelysisof
human
redbloo
dcells
inmem
branes
tabilizationmetho
din
vitro
[118]
Methano
lextractandleaf
paste
At500and1000
mgkgbyoralrouteinrats
inhibitedthe
carrageenan-indu
cedpawedem
aAt
50and100m
gkgbyoralroute
inrats
inhibitedthec
ottonpelletind
uced
granulom
aformationin
rats
At05and1m
geartheleafp
asteredu
cedtheinfl
ammation
respon
sein
mou
seeare
demam
odel
[28]
Not
specified
Methano
land
petro
lether
extractsfro
mbark
At200m
gkgbyoralrouteinratsbothextractsredu
cedthe
carrageenan-indu
cedpawedem
a[115]
Antim
alarial
Leaves
Aqueou
sextract
30120583ginhibitedin
vitro
theg
rowth
ofPlasmodium
falciparum
[31]
Dichlorom
ethane
extract
Activ
einvitro
againstP
lasm
odium
falciparumw
ithIC
50of
abou
t35120583gmL
[81]
Antineoplasic
Roots
Ethano
licextractand
jatro
phon
e
Thee
thanolextractas
wellasjatroph
oneexhibitedsig
nificant
inhibitory
activ
ityin
vitro
againstcellsderiv
edfro
mhu
man
carcinom
aofthe
nasoph
aryn
xandlymph
ocyticleuk
emiaP-388and
invivo
againstfou
rstand
ardanim
altumor
syste
ms
[66]
Falodo
neShow
edpo
tent
proliferatio
ninhibitory
activ
ityagainstA
-549
human
cancer
celllin
ewith
IC50of
120120583
gmL
[13]
2120572-H
ydroxyjatro
phon
e2120573
-hydroxy-56-iso
jatro
phon
eand2120573
-hydroxyjatro
phon
editerpenes
isolatedfro
mpetro
lether
extract
Presentedantin
eoplasicactiv
ityup
onP-388lymph
ocyticleuk
emia
testsyste
mbo
thin
vivo
andin
vitro
asw
ellasfor
theE
aglersquos
carcinom
aofthe
nasoph
aryn
xtestsyste
min
vitro
[64]
Not
specified
Abiodo
neNot
specifiedlowast
[73]
Antioxidant
Leaves
Methano
lethylacetateand
aqueou
sextract
Allextractsshow
edsig
nificantantioxidant
activ
ityin
vitro
inDPP
Hfre
eradicalferric
thiocyanateandnitricoxides
caveng
ingmetho
dslowast
[55]
Who
leplant
Petro
letherchloroform
ethylacetateand
n-bu
tano
lextracts
Allextractsshow
edon
lypo
orDPP
Hscavenging
activ
ityTh
etotal
antio
xidant
capacitywas
high
erin
ethylacetateandn-bu
tano
lextracts
having
thep
etrolether
andchloroform
show
ingon
lypo
oractiv
ityTh
elipid
peroxidatio
nwas
inhibitedon
lypartially
bythe
extracts
with
thee
thylacetateb
eing
them
ostactivea
ndthep
etrol
etherb
eing
theleast
[48]
Antisp
asmod
icAe
rialp
arts
Ethano
lextractfractions
andsubfractions
At5001000and
2000
mgkgbyoralrouteinmiceshow
edsig
nificantantisp
asmod
icactiv
ityin
mou
seintestinaltransit
mod
elandat0510
and
20m
gmLinhibitedin
vitro
thea
cetylch
olinea
ndcalcium-in
ducedcontractions
ofiso
lated
ratjeju
numO
nlythe
organicfractionof
thee
xtracthadac
alcium
-antagon
isteffect
whereas
both
chloroform
icandaqueou
sfractions
hadanticho
linergic
effect
[119]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 23Ta
ble4Con
tinued
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Antivira
lAe
rialp
arts
Water
andethylacetate
fractio
nsfro
mmethano
lextract
At110and
100120583
gmLbo
thfractio
nspresented100
ofinhibitio
nof
plaque-fo
rmingabilityof
Sind
bisv
irusintre
atmentp
reinfection
protocol(IC 5
0lt1120583
gmL)w
hilein
treatmentp
ostin
fection
theIC 5
0of
water
fractio
nincreasedto
512andacetatefractionincreasedto
37120583gmLFo
rmurinec
ytom
egaloviru
sIC
50of
17and15
towater
andethylacetatefractio
nswereo
bservedrespectiv
elyintre
atment
preinfectio
nprotocolInthetreatmentp
ostin
fection
howe
verno
inhibitio
nwas
observed
inthismicroorganism
[114]
Not
specified
Methano
lextractfro
mbarks
Partially
activ
eagainstSind
bisv
irusand
herpes
simplex
virus-l
Inactiv
eagainsthu
man
polio
virus
[107]
Bron
chod
ilator
Stem
sAq
ueou
sextract
Thee
xtractwas
inactiv
einbron
chod
ilatora
ctivity
inguinea
pigs
[120]
Con
traceptiv
eLeaves
Ethano
lextract
At450m
gkgdayover2
1daysby
oralroutecaused
anantifertility
activ
ityin
femalem
ice
[121]
Healin
g
Aeria
lparts
Ethano
l70
extract
At1m
Lkg
dosebyintraperito
nealrouteinrats
presentedbeneficial
activ
ityin
healingprocesso
fcolon
icanastomosis
[122]
Aeria
lparts
Ethano
l70
extract
At200m
gkgbyintraperito
nealrouteinrats
favoredtheh
ealin
gprocesso
fgastro
rrhaph
iesa
ndredu
cedthea
cuteinflammatory
reactio
nin
vivo
[123]
Leaves
Hydroethano
lextract
At200m
gkgbyintraperito
nealroutedecreasedtheinfl
ammation
andincreasedvascular
neoformationandcollagendepo
sitionwhen
comparedto
thec
ontro
lgroup
inhealingprocesso
fsutures
perfo
rmed
ontheb
ladd
erof
rats
How
everingeneralno
favorable
healingeffectw
asob
served
[108]
Not
specified
Ethano
licextract
Alth
ough
someimprovem
entcou
ldbe
observed
insuture
healingof
ventralabd
ominalwallofratstreated
with
100m
gkg
ofextract
(intraperito
nealinstillationintraperito
nealcavity)in
generalon
lya
poor
healingactiv
itywas
observed
[124]
Not
specified
At01m
Lvolumeby
topicalapp
lication
thec
rude
extractp
resented
significantd
ifferencesc
oncerningthem
acroscop
icandmicroscop
icaspectso
fhealin
gprocesso
ccurrin
gin
open
skin
lesio
nsin
rats
[125]
Hem
ostatic
Latex
Crud
efresh
latex
Decreased
clotting
andbleeding
timeinhealthysubjects
[101]
Hepatop
rotective
Aeria
lparts
Petro
letherm
ethano
land
water
extracts
At200m
gkgdayover7
daysbyoralrouteinrats
both
extracts
presentedhepatoprotectiv
eactivity
incarbon
tetrachlorideind
uced
liver
damagewith
thep
etrolether
beingthem
ostactivea
ndthe
methano
lbeing
theleast
[126]
Hypotensiv
eand
vasorelaxant
Aeria
lparts
Ethano
licextract
At125and250m
gkgdayover4
weeksby
oralrouteinrats
ina
dose-dependent
mannerredu
cedthes
ystolic
bloo
dpressure
and
prod
uced
acon
centratio
n-depend
entrelaxanteffectin
ratisolated
(ex
vivo)end
otheliu
m-depriv
edmesenteric
artery
precon
tractedwith
norepineph
rineo
rCaC
l 2
[45]
Immun
omod
ulatory
Who
leplant
Petro
lether
extract
At100200and40
0120583gmLincreasedthep
roliferationof
mou
sespleen
cellin
vitro
[127]
Localanesthetic
Not
specified
Methano
land
aqueou
sextracts
Both
extractspresentedsig
nificantlocalanestheticactiv
ityby
plexus
anesthesiain
frogslowast
[128]
24 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table4Con
tinued
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Relaxant
effecto
nuterine
smoo
thmuscle
(tocolytic
activ
ity)
Aeria
lparts
Ethano
licextractand
chloroform
icandaqueou
sfractio
ns
At05and10
mgmLthee
thanolicextractreduced
the
calcium
-evokedcontractile
respon
seof
theu
terin
esmoo
thmuscle
as
wellas
thec
hloroformicfractio
nTh
eaqu
eous
fractio
npresented
onlyslighteffect
[129]
Sedativ
eand
anxiolytic
Fruits
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmicepresentedsedativ
eeffect
intheh
olec
rosstest
At200m
gkgpresented
anxiolyticactiv
ityin
holebo
ardtest
At40
0mgkgpresented
anxiolyticactiv
ityin
elevated
plus-m
azetest
[110]
Leaves
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmicepresentedsedativ
eeffect
intheh
olec
rosstest
At200m
gkgpresented
anxiolyticactiv
ityin
holebo
ardtest
At40
0mgkgpresented
anxiolyticin
elevated
plus-m
azetest
[111]
lowast
Thec
ompletev
ersio
nof
thep
aper
was
notaccessib
leso
theinformationwas
obtained
from
itsabstr
act
IC50con
centratio
nthatinhibits50of
ther
eferredactiv
ity
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 25
about extract preparation and plant part not specified) theauthors also observed an absence of healing action althoughsome histological improvement was shown [125]
However studying the influence of J gossypiifolia on thehealing process of colonic anastomosis in rats Servin et alshowed that the administration of 1mLkg single dose ofthe hydro alcoholic extract from aerial parts has beneficialeffect on the healing process [122] However according tothese authors on the seventh day of the experiment therewas a decrease in the action of the extract suggestingthat the extract in this experiment was less active in laterstages of healing process [122] A plausible hypothesis notraised by the authors could be the fact that the extract wasadministered in a single dose which may not have beensufficient to maintain the effect throughout the time of theexperiment Additionally Vale et al showed that the ethanolicextract from aerial parts of J gossypiifolia at single intraperi-toneal dose of 200mgkg favored the healing process ofgastrorrhaphies and reduced the acute inflammatory reactionin vivo [123]
65 Hemostatic Action The use of J gossypiifolia especiallythe latex is widespread as a hemostatic agent for preventingbleeding disorders The results of whole blood clotting timeusing Lee and White method and bleeding time using Ivyrsquosmethod were significantly reduced when stem latex wasintroduced suggesting procoagulant activity [101] Regardingthe possible mechanism of action based on experimentsthat show the precipitating action of the latex upon bovinealbumin the authors suggest that the latex precipitatesclotting factors thereby bringing the coagulation factors intoclose contact and then the activation of coagulation cascadeleads to the generation of thrombin and formation of aclot takes place in a matter of seconds when compared tothe control experiment which took minutes to completecoagulation [101] It is important to emphasize that to the bestof our knowledge this is the only study performed on humansubjects
66 Anticholinesterase Action Based on the cholinergichypothesis acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are widely usedto treat Alzheimerrsquos disease J gossypiifolia presented animportant anticholinesterase activity since the methanolicextract from leaves showed an IC
50of 005mgmL [117]
Another study showed that the lyophilized latex of theplant was able to inhibit time- and dose-dependently theacetylcholinesterase enzyme in nervous tissue of freshwaterair breathing fish Channa marulius [116]
67 Antioxidant Action The antioxidant activity of extractsfrom J gossypiifoliawas evaluated by Kharat et al [55] In thiswork the high content of phenols tannins and flavonoids inthe leaves prompted the authors to evaluate the antioxidantactivity of the leaves DPPH free radical ferric thiocyanateand nitric oxide scavengingmethods were used to analyze theantioxidant activity in vitro of methanol ethyl acetate andaqueous extracts demonstrating positive resultsThe authorsattributed the free radical scavenging activity to the presence
of flavonoids [55] On the other hand a study showed thatdifferent extracts (petrol ether chloroform ethyl acetate andn-butanol) fromwhole plant of J gossypiifolia had only partialantioxidant activity in DPPH scavenging total antioxidantcapacity and lipid peroxidation tests [48] Among them theethyl acetate extract was the most active which correlatespositively with its higher content of phenolic compounds incomparison with the other extracts [48]
68 Contraceptive Action Based on its popular use J gossypi-ifoliawas assessed for its antifertility activity as an alternativeto oral contraceptive agents J gossypiifolia leaf extract byoral route altered the major hormones involved in estrouscycle regulation indicating its antifertility effect on mice[121] Evaluating other parameters (estrogenic and earlyabortifacient activities) the anti-infertility effect of the extractwas once more demonstrated later [130]
69 Tocolytic Action Based on the ethnopharmacologicalapplication of the plant as tocolytic remedy the effects oncalcium-evoked uterine smooth muscle contraction of theethanolic extract and fractions were evaluated [129] Thecrude extract and to a higher extent the chloroformic frac-tion reduced the calcium-evoked contractile response of theuterine smooth muscle promoting a rightward displacementof calciumcumulative curves aswell as reducing themaximalcontractions [129]
610 Antineoplasic Action One of the most well-knownpharmacological activities of J gossypiifolia is its antineopla-sic action which is frequently associated with the contentof lignoids and terpenoids One of the first reports wasmade by Kupchan et al [66] when the authors found thatthe ethanolic extract from roots as well as the isolatedditerpene jatrophone exhibited significant inhibitory activityin vitro against cells derived from human carcinoma of thenasopharynx and lymphocytic leukemia P-388 and in vivoagainst four standard animal tumor systems such as sarcoma180 Lewis lung carcinoma P-388 lymphocytic leukemiaand Walker 256 intramuscular carcinosarcoma [66] Laterthree new antitumor derivatives of jatrophone were isolatedfrom petrol ether extracts from roots of J gossypiifolia 2120572-hydroxyjatrophone 2120573-hydroxy-56-isojatrophone and 2120573-hydroxyjatrophone [64] Recently two other diterpenes withpotent antineoplasic activity were isolated from J gossypi-ifolia falodone and abiodone Falodone was isolated frommethanol extract from roots and showed potent proliferationinhibitory activity against A-549 human cancer cell line [13]Abiodone a lathyrane diterpenoid compound was isolatedfrom J gossypiifolia and presented potent anticancer activity[73]
611 Local Anesthetic Action The local anesthetic action ofJ gossypiifolia was evaluated by plexus anaesthesia in frogs[128] The authors observed that the aqueous and methanolextract (plant part not specified) presented significant anes-thetic action when compared to control group
26 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
612 Neuropharmacological Action The neuropharmacolog-ical action of the methanol extract of the leaves of J gossypi-ifolia was evaluated by Apu et al [111] The authors observedthat in hole cross test the extract at 200 and 400mgkg byoral route showed significant sedative effect in mice In holeboard test the extract showed highly significant anxiolyticactivity at a dose of 200mgkg whereas the same activity wasobserved at 400mgkg dose in elevated plus-maze test [111]Similar results were observed in the methanolic extract fromfruits [110]
613 Antidiarrheal Action Although it may seem contradic-tory as shown in Table 3 J gossypiifolia species is popularlyused both as purgative and as antidiarrheal remedy Howeverin literature there are interesting results about the antidiar-rheal properties of different extracts of this species
At 200 and 400mgkg oral doses in mice the methanolextract of J gossypiifolia leaves produced highly signifi-cant antidiarrheal activity upon castor oil-induced diarrheadecreasing themean number of stool and total weight of fecaloutput when compared to control group [111] Similar resultswere observed in the methanolic extract from fruits [110]
Aiming to determine the possible action mechanism of Jgossypiifolia aerial parts ethanol extract as antidiarrheal agentSilva et al [119] have investigated the effect of this extracton intestinal transit velocity and on isolated rat jejunumAt 500 1000 and 2000mgkg by oral route in mice theextract showed significant antispasmodic activity in mouseintestinal transit model when compared to control At 0510 and 20mgmL the crude extract inhibited in vitro theacetylcholine and calcium-induced contractions of isolatedrat jejunum The chloroform and aqueous fractions wereobtained and it was observed that only the chloroform frac-tion of the extract had a calcium-antagonist effect whereasboth chloroformic and aqueous fractions had anticholinergiceffect suggesting that the antispasmodic effect of J gossypi-ifolia may be due to a combination of anticholinergic andcalcium-antagonist mechanisms [119]
614 Immunomodulatory Action The immunomodulatoryaction of synthetic lignan compounds was evaluated by theassay of proliferation of mouse spleen cell in vitro andcompared with petrol ether extract of whole plant of Jgossypiifolia since it is a natural source of this kind ofcompound [127] The authors showed that both syntheticand naturally occurring 1-phenylnaphthalene lignans couldpositively modulate the immunity of the host since theysignificantly increased the proliferation of mouse spleen cellin vitro [127]
615 Hepatoprotective Action Despite some studies havingshown the hepatotoxic potential of J gossypiifolia a study wasperformed to analyze the possible hepatoprotective action ofextracts of this plant in carbon tetrachloride-induced liverdamage in rats [126] In fact the petrol ether methanoland water extracts from the aerial parts of J gossypiifoliapresented significant hepatoprotective action in this model
substantially restoring towards normalization the serum lev-els of serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase serum glu-tamate pyruvate transaminase serum alkaline phosphatasetotal bilirubin superoxide dismutase and catalase [126] Theauthors also discuss the close relationship between the hep-atoprotective action observed and the possible antioxidantmechanism present in the extracts
7 Other Actions andBiotechnological Applications
In addition to studies demonstrating scientific evidences ofthe pharmacological properties of J gossypiifolia severalstudies have demonstrated the potential of this species toobtain molecules with various applications thus showing itsmultipurpose character
Among the main applications described the use ofJ gossypiifolia seed oil for biodiesel production could bementioned Jatropha species has drawn the attention ofresearchers in recent years due to its emergence as a highlysuitable feedstock plant for biodiesel production [11] Amongthe species J gossypiifolia J curcas and J pohliana produceseeds with high oil content [11] In a study investigatingthe potential of two plants of the Jatropha genus (includ-ing J gossypiifolia) the authors observed that the studiedphysicochemical properties of the produced biodiesel are inthe acceptable range for use as biodiesel in diesel enginesshowing a promising economic exploitation of these rawmaterials [131]
Studies have shown the potential of the species for thedevelopment of new tools for biochemical analysis A recentstudy showed that the diluted fresh latex J gossypiifolia can beused as precipitating agent for biochemical determination ofproteins in plasma urine and cerebrospinal fluid with valuescomparable to those obtained from the conventional proteinprecipitants sodium tungstate and trichloroacetic acid [24]According to the authors the precipitating potential couldbe related to the capacity of the latex to form clots whenapplied to a bleeding sore or wound when it is used in folkmedicine [24] Another study showed the potentiality of thejuice extracted from the fresh leaves of J gossypiifolia asan anticoagulant for haematological analyses [86] 01mL ofextract per mL of blood proved to be suitable for obtainingplasmas for biochemical analysis comparable with conven-tional anticoagulants [86] However the authors emphasizethat the extract must be purified to remove interferingsubstances for it to be perfectly suitable for biochemicalanalysis [86]
Some studies have demonstrated the potentiality of Jgossypiifolia as a source of pesticide biomolecules Bullang-poti et al [49] isolated ricinine from the ethyl acetate extractfrom senescent leaves the main compound responsible forthe toxicity of the crude extract in Spodoptera exigua larvaethus demonstrating that it could be an alternative choiceto chemical insecticides In another study Bullangpoti etal [132] showed that the ethanol extract of J gossypiifoliain association with the ethanol extract of Melia azedarachwas toxic and inhibited some enzymes from Spodoptera
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 27
frugiperda larvae demonstrating once more the potentialityof the species as insecticide agent Calatayud et al [56]showed the presence of proteins of about 100 kDa with toxicactivity upon Phenacoccus herreni another type of insectIn this work the authors performed a strategy of extrac-tion that eliminated nonprotein compounds being able todemonstrate the potential of the species to obtain insecticidalproteins [56] Leaf extract of J gossypiifolia reduced thefecundity and egg viability against stored product insect pestsTribolium castaneum [133]
The potential molluscicidal activity of J gossypiifolia hasalso been evaluated as an alternative mode of preventionof schistosomiasis Sukumaran et al [134] showed that themethanol and n-butanol extracts from unripened seeds of Jgossypiifoliawas toxic against eggs and adults of two species offreshwater snails Lymnaea luteola and Indoplanorbis exustusThe results indicated that n-butanol extract was the mosteffective and that the eggs were more susceptible than adults[134]
8 Toxicology
Species of Jatropha are notably known for their toxic potential[135 136] This toxicity is related primarily to latex andseeds The latex is released from the aerial parts of theplant by mechanical injury and it is extremely caustic andirritating to skin and mucous membranes The seeds arerich in toxalbumins that cause agglutination and hemolysisto erythrocytes as well as damage to other cell types andcontain a lipoid resin complex that can cause dermatitis[3 12 135] The symptomatology consists in general ofgastrointestinal disorders (abdominal pain nausea vomitingand diarrhea) Additionally the clinical course can bringcardiovascular neurological and renal complications [136]Cases of poisoning in humans usually occur by eating fruitand seeds because of its similarity to edible chestnuts [136]
Some toxicological studies have demonstrated the toxicproperties of J gossypiifolia while others show the absence oftoxicity However it is important to observe the models useddoses administrated and types of extract employed (solventand plant part) among other aspects to make the properconclusions about the toxicity
The study of experimental poisoning in sheep showedthat the intake of fresh plant leaves in a single dose of40 gkg was lethal to these animals [137] The clinical andpathological picture in the experimental sheep was charac-terized by digestive lung and heart disturbances and alsoby slight regressive changes evidenced in hepatic and renalhistological examinations [137] However as observed byMariz et al [7] it is important to note that the medicinaluse of the plant is rarely in natura but instead by differentpreparations such as infusions or decoctions sometimes ofthe dried material which could inactivate the possible toxiccomponents However this is only a hypothesis and so thetoxicity of extracts from leaves cannot be discarded
One of the first studies relating the identification of theconstituents responsible for the toxic effects of the Jatrophaspecies was published by Adolf et al [69] In this work
by a bioguided isolation the irritant polyunsaturated ester12-deoxy-16-hydroxylphorbol was isolated from the etherextract from the seeds of J gossypiifolia by countercurrentchromatography [69] The irritant activity was visualized inmouse ear after 24 h of the application of the fractions andisolated compounds [69]
The in vitro cytotoxicity assay using brine shrimp larvaetest revealed that ethanol and methanol extracts (plant organunspecified) showed low toxicity [138] An earlier studyshowed that thewater and ethyl acetate fraction of amethanolextract from aerial parts of J gossypiifolia did not presenttoxicity against the same organisms [114]
A study performed in Wistar rats evaluated the toxicityof the ethanolic root extract of J gossypiifolia at 10 20 and30mgkg by oral route [139] The authors observed that theextract was toxic to the kidney and caused increased urearetention in the blood as observed by histological studies andbiochemical analysis of blood [139]
A preclinical toxicological assessment of the crudeethanol extract from J gossypiifolia leaves showed that theextract presents relatively low oral acute toxicity in Wistarrats [18 19] Rats treated with single doses of 12ndash50 gkgby oral route were observed for 14 days and the mostimportant signs of toxicity were ptosis reduction of bodyweight and hind limb paralysis Other significant alterationsoccurred only in males treated with 50 gkg dose increasein creatinine aspartate aminotransferase sodium and potas-sium seric levels reduction of urea and albumin leucopeniaand small alteration in color and consistency of visceraThe median lethal dose (LD
50) was higher than 40 gkg
for males and higher than 50 gkg for females [19] In thehistopathological evaluation some alteration was observedin liver and lung only at 50 gkg suggesting the relativelylow toxicity of the extract [18] However in the chronictoxicological study (thirteen weeks of treatment) this extractshowed significant oral chronic toxicity in rats [17] The mostsignificant toxic signs indicated a reduction of the activityin the central nervous system and digestive disturbancesThe histopathological analysis revealed hepatotoxicity andpulmonary damages The lethality was 466 and 133among males and females under the higher tested dose(405mgkg) respectively [17] Based on this Mariz et al [7]discussed that the development of herbal medicine based onthis species needs to prioritize the chemical refinement of thecrude extracts to obtain less toxic fractions which should betested for their safety and therapeutic efficacy
Another study on the other hand evaluating the oralacute toxicity of the aqueous and ethanol extracts from leavesof J gossypiifolia did not show any sign of toxicity in upto 2 gkg in rats enabling the authors to conclude that thisextract could be considered safe [118] This is an interestingresult since in most cases the plant is used popularly as tea(aqueous extract)
The toxicity of the stem latex of J gossypiifoliawas studiedin Wistar rats by applying different doses of crude latex onincised skin daily for 18 days based on the popular useof the latex as hemostatic agent in skin lesions [140] Theauthors observed that the application of the latex did notproduce any significant difference in results of biochemical
28 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
and hematological parameters obtained from the control andexperimental animals leading to the conclusion that the stemlatex has no harmful effects [140]
9 Conclusions
As demonstrated by this review J gossypiifolia presents animportant potential for the generation of pharmacologicalandor biotechnological products based on popular usesand biological studies scientifically showing its propertiesHowever regarding specifically its medicinal propertiesfurther studies are still necessary to assay important folkuses of the species and characterize the major compoundsresponsible for the bioactivityThus studies of bioprospectingcould prioritize this species since many popular uses forvariousmedical purposes are reported demonstrating a greatpotential to originate bioactive molecules with pharmaco-logical relevance Furthermore future phytochemical studiesof this plant are important to obtain the best knowledgeof the chemical composition of different extracts of theplant in order to recognize the really important compoundsin the pharmacological actions aspiring to the chemicalrefinement of the products to eliminate the eventual toxiceffects that could reduce the medicinal value of the speciesIn conclusion the data presented in this review could provideinsights for future research aimed at both ethnopharmaco-logical validation of the popular use of J gossypiifolia andits exploration as a new source of bioactive molecules forherbal drugs andor bioactive natural products for potentialapplication in complementary and alternative medicine
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper
Acknowledgments
The authors thank BNB CNPq and CAPES (Brazil) forthe financial support Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosagives thanks to CNPq for Scholarship in Research Produc-tivity The authors also thank Andrew Alastair Cumming forediting this paper for the English revision
References
[1] G L Webster ldquoClassification of the euphorbiaceaerdquo Annals ofthe Missouri Botanical Garden vol 81 pp 3ndash143 1994
[2] M V Alves ldquoChecklist das especies de Euphorbiaceae Jussocorrentes no semi-arido pernambucano BrasilrdquoActa BotanciaBrasileira vol 12 no 3 pp 485ndash495 1998
[3] C W Sabandar N Ahmat F M Jaafar and I Sahidin ldquoMedic-inal property phytochemistry and pharmacology of severalJatropha species (Euphorbiaceae) a reviewrdquo Phytochemistryvol 85 pp 7ndash29 2013
[4] C K A Leal and M D F Agra ldquoEstudo farmacobotanicocomparativo das folhas de Jatrophamolissima (Pohl) BaillrdquoActaFarmaceutica Bonaerense vol 24 no 1 pp 5ndash13 2005
[5] L C Di Stasi and C A Hiruma-Lima Plantas medicinais naAmazonia e na Mata Atlantica UNESP Sao Paulo Brazil 2ndedition 2002
[6] M D F Agra K N Silva I J L D Basılio P F De Freitasand JM Barbosa-Filho ldquoSurvey ofmedicinal plants used in theregionNortheast of BrazilrdquoBrazilian Journal of Pharmacognosyvol 18 no 3 pp 472ndash508 2008
[7] S R Mariz A C R Borges M F F Melo-Diniz and I AMedeiros ldquoPossibilidades terapeuticas e riscos toxicologicosde Jatropha gossypiifolia L uma revisao narrativardquo RevistaBrasileiraDe PlantasMedicinais vol 12 no 3 pp 346ndash357 2010
[8] I Cordeiro and R Secco ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia L Lista deespecies da flora do Brasilrdquo Jardim Botanico do Rio de JaneirohttpfloradobrasiljbrjgovbrjabotfloradobrasilFB17581
[9] U P de Albuquerque P M de Medeiros A L S de Almeida etal ldquoMedicinal plants of the caatinga (semi-arid) vegetation ofNE Brazil a quantitative approachrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacol-ogy vol 114 no 3 pp 325ndash354 2007
[10] U P Albuquerque L H C Andrade and J Caballero ldquoStruc-ture and floristics of homegardens in Northeastern BrazilrdquoJournal of Arid Environments vol 62 no 3 pp 491ndash506 2005
[11] S A Ceasar and S Ignacimuthu ldquoApplications of biotechnologyand biochemical engineering for the improvement of Jatrophaand Biodiesel a reviewrdquo Renewable and Sustainable EnergyReviews vol 15 no 9 pp 5176ndash5185 2011
[12] U P de Albuquerque J MMonteiro M A Ramos and E L Cde Amorim ldquoMedicinal and magic plants from a public marketin northeastern Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 110no 1 pp 76ndash91 2007
[13] A Falodun Q Sheng-Xiang G Parkinson and S GibbonsldquoIsolation and characterization of a new anticancer diterpenoidfrom Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journalvol 45 no 10 pp 636ndash639 2012
[14] BRASIL ldquoFitoterapia plantas de interesse ao SUSrdquo Braz-ilian Health Ministry httpportalsaudegovbrportalarqu-ivospdfRENISUSpdf
[15] X-P Zhang M-L Zhang X-H Su C-H Huo Y-C Gu andQ-W Shi ldquoChemical constituents of the plants from genusJatrophardquo Chemistry and Biodiversity vol 6 no 12 pp 2166ndash2183 2009
[16] S K Sharma and H Singh ldquoA review on pharmacological sig-nificance of genus Jatropha (Euphorbiaceae)rdquoChinese Journal ofIntegrative Medicine vol 18 no 11 pp 868ndash880 2012
[17] S RMariz G S CerqueiraWCAraujo et al ldquoChronic toxico-logic study of the ethanolic extract of the aerial parts of Jatrophagossypiifolia in ratsrdquoRevista Brasileira de Farmacognosia vol 22no 3 pp 663ndash668 2012
[18] S R Mariz M S T Araujo G S Cerqueira et al ldquoHistopatho-logical evaluation in rats after acute treatment with the ethanolextract from aerial parts of Jatropha gossypiifolia Lrdquo RevistaBrasileira De Farmacognosia vol 18 no 2 pp 213ndash216 2008
[19] S R Mariz G S Cerqueira W C Araujo et al ldquoEstudo toxi-cologico agudo do extrato etanolico de partes aereas de Jatrophagossypiifolia L em ratosrdquo Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosiavol 16 no 3 pp 372ndash378 2006
[20] C Auvin-Guette C Baraguey A Blond J L Pousset andB Bodo ldquoCyclogossine B a cyclic octapeptide from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Journal of Natural Products vol 60 pp 1155ndash11571997
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 29
[21] V S Parvathi B S Jyothi T Lakshmi P S Babu and RKarthikeyan ldquoMorpho-anatomical and physicochemical stud-ies of Jatropha gossypifolia (L)rdquo Der Pharmacia Lettre vol 4no 1 pp 256ndash262 2012
[22] M N S Rios and F Pastore Junior Plantas da Amazonia450 Especies de Uso Geral Universidade de BrasıliamdashBibliotecaCentral Brasılia 2011
[23] S R Mariz Estudo toxicologico pre-clınico de Jatropha gossypi-ifolia L [PhD thesis] Universidade Federal da Paraıba JoaoPessoa Brazil 2007
[24] O G Adeosun T Oduola F A Fagbomedo et al ldquoSuitabilityof stem latex of Jatropha gossypifolia as a protein precipitant forbiochemical analysisrdquo Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistryvol 29 no 2 pp 210ndash212 2014
[25] F O A Ajose ldquoSome Nigerian plants of dermatologic impor-tancerdquo International Journal of Dermatology vol 46 no 1 pp48ndash55 2007
[26] J S Ashidi P J Houghton P J Hylands and T EfferthldquoEthnobotanical survey and cytotoxicity testing of plants ofSouth-western Nigeria used to treat cancer with isolationof cytotoxic constituents from Cajanus cajan Millsp leavesrdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 128 no 2 pp 501ndash512 2010
[27] M Ayyanar and S Ignacimuthu ldquoEthnobotanical survey ofmedicinal plants commonly used by Kani tribals in Tirunelvelihills of Western Ghats Indiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 134 no 3 pp 851ndash864 2011
[28] R Bhagat S D Ambavade A V Misar and D K KulkarnildquoAnti-inflammatory activity of Jatropha gossypifolia L leaves inalbino mice and Wistar ratrdquo Journal of Scientific and IndustrialResearch vol 70 no 4 pp 289ndash292 2011
[29] J H Cano and G Volpato ldquoHerbal mixtures in the traditionalmedicine of Eastern Cubardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol90 no 2-3 pp 293ndash316 2004
[30] F G Coe and G J Anderson ldquoScreening of medicinal plantsused by the Garıfuna of Eastern Nicaragua for bioactive com-poundsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 53 no 1 pp 29ndash501996
[31] MGbeassor Y Kossou K Amegbo C De Souza K Koumagloand A Denke ldquoAntimalarial effects of eight African medicinalplantsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 25 no 1 pp 115ndash1181989
[32] National Center for Biotechnology Information ldquoJatropha gos-sypiifoliardquo Taxonomy Browser httpwwwncbinlmnihgovTaxonomyBrowserwwwtaxcgiid=454931
[33] Tropicos ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia Lrdquo httpwwwtropicosorgNamePrintaspxnameid=12802174amptab=details
[34] The Plant List ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia Lrdquo httpwwwtheplant-listorgtplrecordkew-104621
[35] M S Khyade and N P Vaikos ldquoPharmacognostical andphytochemical evaluation of leaf of Jatropha gossypifolia LrdquoInternational Journal of Research in Ayurveda amp Pharmacy vol2 no 1 pp 177ndash180 2011
[36] D O Aworinde D U Nwoye A A Jayeola A O Olagoke andA A Ogundele ldquoTaxonomic significance of foliar epidermis insome members of euphorbiaceae family in Nigeriardquo ResearchJournal of Botany vol 4 no 1 pp 17ndash28 2009
[37] J D Olowokudejo ldquoComparative epidermal morphology ofWest African species of Jatropha L (Euphorbiaceae)rdquo BotanicalJournal of the Linnean Society vol 111 no 2 pp 139ndash154 1993
[38] B Das and B Venkataiah ldquoA minor coumarino-lignoid fromJatropha gossypifoliardquo Biochemical Systematics and Ecology vol29 no 2 pp 213ndash214 2001
[39] B Das B Venkataiah and A Kashinatham ldquoVenkatasin a newcoumarino-lignoid from Jatropha gossypifoliardquoNatural ProductLetters vol 13 no 4 pp 293ndash297 1999
[40] B Das and B Venkataiah ldquoA rare diterpene from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Biochemical Systematics and Ecology vol 27 no 7pp 759ndash760 1999
[41] N Ravindranath B Venkataiah C Ramesh P Jayaprakash andB Das ldquoJatrophenone a novel macrocyclic bioactive diterpenefrom Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bul-letin vol 51 no 7 pp 870ndash871 2003
[42] B Das and J Banerji ldquoArylnaphthalene lignan from JatrophagossypifoliardquoPhytochemistry vol 27 no 11 pp 3684ndash3686 1988
[43] J Banerji B Das A Chatterjee and J N Shoolery ldquoGadain alignan from Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Phytochemistry vol 23 no10 pp 2323ndash2327 1984
[44] A Chatterjee B Das C Pascard and T Prange ldquoCrystalstructure of a lignan from Jatropha gossypifoliardquoPhytochemistryvol 20 no 8 pp 2047ndash2048 1981
[45] I C Abreu A S S Marinho A M A Paes et al ldquoHypotensiveand vasorelaxant effects of ethanolic extract from Jatrophagossypiifolia L in ratsrdquo Fitoterapia vol 74 no 7-8 pp 650ndash6572003
[46] B Das and R Das ldquoGossypifan a lignan from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Phytochemistry vol 40 no 3 pp 931ndash932 1995
[47] R Das B Das and A Kashinatham ldquoGossypiline a new lignanfrom Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Natural Product Sciences vol 4 no4 pp 238ndash240 1998
[48] D Shahwar S-U Shafiq N Ahmad S Ullah and M A RazaldquoAntioxidant activities of the selected plants from the fam-ily Euphorbiaceae Lauraceae Malvaceae and BalsaminaceaerdquoAfrican Journal of Biotechnology vol 9 no 7 pp 1086ndash10962010
[49] V Bullangpoti N Khumrungsee W Pluempanupat Y Kainohand U Saguanpong ldquoToxicity of ethyl acetate extract andricinine from Jatropha gossypifolia senescent leaves againstSpodoptera exigua Hubner (Lepidoptera Noctuidae)rdquo Journalof Pesticide Science vol 36 no 2 pp 260ndash263 2011
[50] A O Ogundare ldquoAntimicrobial effect of Tithonia diversifoliaand Jatropha gossypifolia leaf extractsrdquo Trends in Applied Sci-ences Research vol 2 no 2 pp 145ndash150 2007
[51] N Nwokocha A Blessing I O Agbagwa and B E OkolildquoComparative phytochemical screening of Jatropha L Speciesin the Niger Deltardquo Research Journal of Phytochemistry vol 5no 2 pp 107ndash114 2011
[52] R Seth and R Sarin ldquoAnalysis of the phytochemical contentand anti-microbial activity of Jatropha gossypifolia Lrdquo Archivesof Applied Science Research vol 2 no 5 pp 285ndash291 2010
[53] S Sankara Subramanian S Nagarajan and N SulochanaldquoFlavonoids of the leaves of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Phytochem-istry vol 10 no 7 p 1690 1971
[54] A C Pilon R L Carneiro F Carnevale Neto V S Bolzaniand I Castro-Gamboa ldquoInterval multivariate curve resolutionin the dereplication of HPLC-DAD data from Jatropha gossypi-foliardquo Phytochemical Analysis vol 24 no 4 pp 401ndash406 2013
[55] A R Kharat A K Dolui and S Das ldquoFree radical scavengingpotential of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Asian Journal of Chemistryvol 23 no 2 pp 799ndash801 2011
[56] P-A Calatayud D F Munera S Calatayud A Valencia-Jimenez and A C Bellotti ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia (Euphor-biaceae) a source of proteins toxic to Phenacoccus herreni(Sternorryncha Pseudococcidae)rdquo Florida Entomologist vol94 no 3 pp 649ndash654 2011
30 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
[57] W F Tinto L M D John W F Reynolds and S McLeanldquoTriterpenoids of Jatropha gossypiifoliardquo Journal of NaturalProducts vol 55 no 6 pp 807ndash809 1992
[58] R Das K Venkateswarlu V Saidi Reddy and B Das ldquo41015840-O-demethyl retrochinensin a minor new lignan from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Indian Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry vol 14no 2 pp 169ndash170 2004
[59] B Das A Kashinatham B Venkataiah K V N S Srinivas GMahender and M R Reddy ldquoCleomiscosin A a coumarino-lignoid from Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Biochemical Systematics andEcology vol 31 no 10 pp 1189ndash1191 2003
[60] B Das and G Anjani ldquoGossypidien a lignan from stems ofJatropha gossypifolliardquo Phytochemistry vol 51 no 1 pp 115ndash1171999
[61] B Das S P Rao and K V Srinivas ldquoIsolation of isogadain fromJatropha gossypifoliardquo Planta Medica vol 62 no 1 article 901996
[62] B Das S P Rao K V N S Srinivas and R Das ldquoJatrodien alignan from stems of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Phytochemistry vol41 no 3 pp 985ndash987 1996
[63] A Chatterjee B Das R Chakrabarti et al ldquoPrasanthaline anew lignan from Jatropha gossypifolia Linnrdquo Indian Journal ofChemistry vol 27 pp 740ndash741 1988
[64] M D Taylor A B Smith III G T Furst et al ldquoNewantileukemic jatrophone derivatives from Jatropha gossypiifoliastructural and stereochemical assignment through nuclearmagnetic resonance Spectroscopyrdquo Journal of the AmericanChemical Society vol 105 no 10 pp 3177ndash3183 1983
[65] K K Purushothaman S Chandrasekharan A F Cameron etal ldquoJatropholones A and B new diterpenoids from the roots ofJatropha gossypiifolia (Euphorbiaceae)mdashcrystal structure anal-ysis of Jatropholone Brdquo Tetrahedron Letters vol 20 no 11 pp979ndash980 1979
[66] S M Kupchan C W Sigel M J Matz J A S Renauld R CHaltiwanger and R F Bryan ldquoJatrophone a novel macrocyclicditerpenoid tumor inhibitor from Jatropha gossypiifoliardquo Jour-nal of the American Chemical Society vol 92 no 14 pp 4476ndash4477 1970
[67] Y R Prasad G S J G Alankararao and P Baby ldquoConstituentsof the seeds of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Fitoterapia vol 64 no 4p 376 1993
[68] O Ogbobe and V Akano ldquoThe physico-chemical properties ofthe seed and seed oil of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Plant Foods forHuman Nutrition vol 43 no 3 pp 197ndash200 1993
[69] W Adolf H J Opferkuch and E Hecker ldquoIrritant phorbolderivatives from four Jatropha speciesrdquo Phytochemistry vol 23no 1 pp 129ndash132 1984
[70] K M Hosamani and K S Katagi ldquoCharacterization andstructure elucidation of 12-hydroxyoctadec-cis-9-enoic acid inJatropha gossypifolia and Hevea brasiliensis seed oils a richsource of hydroxy fatty acidrdquo Chemistry and Physics of Lipidsvol 152 no 1 pp 9ndash12 2008
[71] S F A J Horsten A J J Van Den Berg J J Kettenes-VanDen Bosch B R Leeflang and R P Labadie ldquoCyclogossine Aa novel cyclic heptapeptide isolated from the latex of Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Planta Medica vol 62 no 1 pp 46ndash50 1996
[72] M U Ahmad M R Islam A H Mirza B H Chowdhuryand N Nahar ldquoAlkaloids of Jatropha gossypifolia Linnrdquo IndianJournal of Chemistry B Organic Chemistry Including MedicinalChemistry vol 31 no 1 pp 67ndash69 1992
[73] A Falodun U Kragl S-M T Touem A Villinger T Fahren-waldt and P Langer ldquoA novel anticancer diterpenoid fromJatropha gossypifoliardquo Natural Product Communications vol 7no 2 pp 151ndash152 2012
[74] G D Wadankar S N Malode and S L Sarambekar ldquoTra-ditionally used medicinal plants for ound healing in theWashim district Maharashtra (India)rdquo International Journal ofPharmTech Research vol 3 no 4 pp 2080ndash2084 2011
[75] B Kumar M Vijayakumar R Govindarajan and P Pushpan-gadan ldquoEthnopharmacological approaches to wound healing-Exploring medicinal plants of Indiardquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 114 no 2 pp 103ndash113 2007
[76] K Koudouvo D S Karou K Kokou et al ldquoAn ethnobotanicalstudy of antimalarial plants in Togo Maritime Regionrdquo Journalof Ethnopharmacology vol 134 no 1 pp 183ndash190 2011
[77] M Coelho-Ferreira ldquoMedicinal knowledge and plant utiliza-tion in an Amazonian coastal community ofMaruda Para State(Brazil)rdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 126 no 1 pp 159ndash175 2009
[78] F C S Oliveira R F M Barros and J M Moita Neto ldquoPlan-tas medicinais utilizadas em comunidades rurais de Oeirassemiarido piauienserdquo Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinaisvol 12 no 3 pp 282ndash301 2010
[79] J D F L Santos E Pagani J Ramos and E Rodrigues ldquoObser-vations on the therapeutic practices of riverine communities oftheUnini River AM Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol142 no 2 pp 503ndash515 2012
[80] S L Cartaxo M M de Almeida Souza and U P de Albu-querque ldquoMedicinal plants with bioprospecting potential usedin semi-arid northeastern Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacol-ogy vol 131 no 2 pp 326ndash342 2010
[81] O Jansen L Angenot M Tits et al ldquoEvaluation of 13 selectedmedicinal plants from Burkina Faso for their antiplasmodialpropertiesrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 130 no 1 pp143ndash150 2010
[82] M H Yetein L G Houessou T O Lougbegnon O Teka andB Tente ldquoEthnobotanical study of medicinal plants used for thetreatment of malaria in plateau of Allada Benin (West Africa)rdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 146 no 1 pp 154ndash163 2013
[83] L J Quintans Junior J R G S Almeida J T Lima et al ldquoPlantswith anticonvulsivant propertiesmdasha reviewrdquo Revista Brasileirade Farmacognosia vol 18 pp 798ndash819 2008
[84] A Diallo M S Traore S M Keita et al ldquoManagement ofdiabetes in Guinean traditional medicine an ethnobotanicalinvestigation in the coastal lowlandsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 144 no 2 pp 353ndash361 2012
[85] S O Olabanji A C Adebajo O R Omobuwajo et al ldquoPIXEanalysis of some Nigerian anti-diabetic medicinal plants (II)rdquoNuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B BeamInteractions With Materials and Atoms vol 318 pp 187ndash1902014
[86] T Oduola O G Avwioro and T B Ayanniyi ldquoSuitability ofthe leaf extract of Jatropha gossypifolia as an anticoagulant forbiochemical and haematological analysesrdquo African Journal ofBiotechnology vol 4 no 7 pp 679ndash681 2005
[87] CM Chariandy C E Seaforth R H Phelps G V Pollard andB P S Khambay ldquoScreening of medicinal plants from Trinidadand Tobago for antimicrobial and insecticidal propertiesrdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 64 no 3 pp 265ndash270 1999
[88] V P Kumar N S Chauhan H Padh and M Rajani ldquoSearchfor antibacterial and antifungal agents from selected Indian
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 31
medicinal plantsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 107 no2 pp 182ndash188 2006
[89] R Dabur A Gupta T K Mandal et al ldquoAntimicrobial activityof some medicinal plantsrdquo African Journal of TraditionalComplementary and AlternativeMedicines vol 4 no 3 pp 313ndash318 2007
[90] H C Ong and M Nordiana ldquoMalay ethno-medico botany inMachang Kelantan Malaysiardquo Fitoterapia vol 70 no 5 pp502ndash513 1999
[91] J Sanz-Biset J Campos-de-la-Cruz M A Epiquien-Riveraand S Canigueral ldquoA first survey on the medicinal plants of theChazuta valley (Peruvian Amazon)rdquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 122 no 2 pp 333ndash362 2009
[92] B B Panda K Gaur M L Kori et al ldquoAnti-inflammatoryand analgesic activity of Jatropha gossypifolia in experimentalanimal modelsrdquo Global Journal of Pharmacology vol 3 no 12009
[93] S S Ningthoujam A D Talukdar K S Potsangbam and MD Choudhury ldquoTraditional uses of herbal vapour therapy inManipur North East India an ethnobotanical surveyrdquo Journalof Ethnopharmacology vol 147 no 1 pp 136ndash147 2013
[94] A Asase A A Oteng-Yeboah G T Odamtten and M SJ Simmonds ldquoEthnobotanical study of some Ghanaian anti-malarial plantsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 99 no 2pp 273ndash279 2005
[95] C Lans T Harper K Georges and E Bridgewater ldquoMedicinaland ethnoveterinary remedies of hunters in Trinidadrdquo BMCComplementary and AlternativeMedicine vol 1 article 10 2001
[96] L Rasingam S Jeeva andD Kannan ldquoDental care of Andamanand Nicobar folks medicinal plants use as tooth stickrdquo AsianPacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine vol 2 no 2 pp S1013ndashS1016 2012
[97] P J Houghton and I M Osibogun ldquoFlowering plants usedagainst snakebiterdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 39 no 1pp 1ndash29 1993
[98] M Molander C H Saslis-Lagoudakis A K Jager and NRoslashnsted ldquoCross-cultural comparison of medicinal floras usedagainst snakebitesrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 139 no3 pp 863ndash872 2012
[99] A Jain S S Katewa B L Chaudhary and P Galav ldquoFolk herbalmedicines used in birth control and sexual diseases by tribals ofsouthern Rajasthan Indiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol90 no 1 pp 171ndash177 2004
[100] A Jain S S Katewa P K Galav and P Sharma ldquoMedicinalplant diversity of Sitamata wildlife sanctuary Rajasthan IndiardquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 102 no 2 pp 143ndash157 2005
[101] T Oduola G O Adeosun T A Oduola G O Avwioro andM A Oyeniyi ldquoMechanism of action of Jatropha gossypifoliastem latex as a haemostatic agentrdquo European Journal of GeneralMedicine vol 2 no 4 pp 140ndash143 2005
[102] D Garcia M V Domingues and E Rodrigues ldquoEthnophar-macological survey among migrants living in the SoutheastAtlantic Forest of Diadema Sao Paulo Brazilrdquo Journal ofEthnobiology and Ethnomedicine vol 6 article 29 2010
[103] S S Hebbar V H Harsha V Shripathi and G R HegdeldquoEthnomedicine of Dharwad district in Karnataka Indiamdashplants used in oral health carerdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 94 no 2-3 pp 261ndash266 2004
[104] S B Kosalge and R A Fursule ldquoInvestigation of ethnomedic-inal claims of some plants used by tribals of Satpuda Hills inIndiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 121 no 3 pp 456ndash461 2009
[105] R A Ritter M V B Monteiro F O B Monteiro et al ldquoEth-noveterinary knowledge and practices at Colares island Parastate eastern Amazon Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 144 no 2 pp 346ndash352 2012
[106] S K Dash and S Padhy ldquoReview on ethnomedicines fordiarrhoea diseases from Orissa prevalence versus culturerdquoJournal of Human Ecology vol 20 no 1 pp 59ndash64 2006
[107] R S L Taylor J B Hudson N P Manandhar and G H NTowers ldquoAntiviral activities of medicinal plants of southernNepalrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 53 pp 97ndash104 1996
[108] J M A Maia N G Czeczko J M R Filho et al ldquoEstudoda cicatrizacao de suturas na bexiga urinaria de ratos come sem utilizacao de extrato bruto de Jatropha gossypiifolia Lintraperitonealrdquo Acta Cirurgica Brasileira vol 21 no 2 pp 23ndash30 2006
[109] A L Ososki P Lohr M Reiff et al ldquoEthnobotanical literaturesurvey of medicinal plants in the Dominican Republic used forwomens health conditionsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol79 no 3 pp 285ndash298 2002
[110] A S Apu FHossain F Rizwan et al ldquoStudy of pharmacologicalactivities of methanol extract of Jatropha gossypifolia fruitsrdquoJournal of Basic and Clinical Pharmacy vol 4 no 1 pp 20ndash242013
[111] A S Apu K Ireen S Hossan Bhuyan et al ldquoEvaluation ofanalgesic neuropharmacological and anti-diarrheal potential ofJatropha gossypifolia (Linn) leaves in micerdquo Journal of MedicalSciences vol 12 no 8 pp 274ndash279 2012
[112] F A G Rocha and L I S Dantas ldquoAtividade antimicrobianain vitro do latex do aveloz (Euphorbia tirucalli L) pinhao bravo(Jatrophamollissima L) e pinhao roxo (Jatropha gossypiifolia L)sobre microrganismos patogenicosrdquo Holos vol 25 no 4 2009
[113] O M David and J O Oluyege ldquoIn vitro susceptibility ofselected pathogenic bacteria to leaf extracts and latex of Jatrophagossypiifolia(L) and Jatropha curcas (L)rdquo Biosciences Biotechnol-ogy Research Asia vol 3 no 1 pp 91ndash94 2006
[114] W D MacBae J B Hudson and G H N Towers ldquoStudieson the pharmacological activity of amazonian euphorbiaceaerdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 22 no 2 pp 143ndash172 1988
[115] M C Purohit and R Purohit ldquoEvaluation of antimicrobial andanti-inflammatory activities of bark of Jatropha gossypifoliardquoWorld Journal of Science and Technology vol 1 no 10 pp 1ndash52011
[116] D Singh and A Singh ldquoThe toxicity of four native Indianplants effect on AChE and acidalkaline phosphatase level infish Channa maruliusrdquo Chemosphere vol 60 no 1 pp 135ndash1402005
[117] C M Feitosa R M Freitas N N N Luz M Z B BezerraandM T S Trevisan ldquoAcetylcholinesterase inhibition by somespromising Brazilian medicinal plantsrdquo Brazilian Journal ofBiology vol 71 no 3 pp 783ndash789 2011
[118] Y Nagaharika V Kalyani S Rasheed and R KarthikeyanldquoAnti-inflammatory activity of leaves of Jatropha gossypifolia Lby HRBC membrane stabilization methodrdquo Journal of AcuteDisease vol 2 no 2 pp 156ndash158 2013
[119] S D N Silva I C Abreu S M D F Freire et al ldquoAntispas-modic effect of Jatropha gossypiifolia is mediated through dualblockade of muscarinic receptors and Ca2+ channelsrdquo BrazilianJournal of Pharmacognosy vol 21 no 4 pp 715ndash720 2011
[120] D Carabajal A Casaco L Arruzazabala R Gonzalez andV Fuentes ldquoPharmacological screening of plant decoctionscommonly used in Cuban folk medicinerdquo Journal of Ethnophar-macology vol 33 no 1-2 pp 21ndash24 1991
32 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
[121] S Jain G P Choudhary and D K Jain ldquoPharmacological eval-uation of anti-fertility activity of ethanolic extract of Jatrophagossypifolia leaf in female albino micerdquo Asian Pacific Journal ofTropical Biomedicine vol 2 no 3 pp S1671ndashS1674 2012
[122] S C N Servin O J M Torres J E F Matias et al ldquoAcao doextrato de Jatropha gossypiifolia L (piao roxo) na cicatrizacaode anastomose colonica estudo experimental em ratosrdquo ActaCirurgica Brasileira vol 21 no 3 pp 89ndash96 2006
[123] J R Vale N G Czeczko J U Aquino et al ldquoEstudo compara-tivo da cicatrizacao de gastrorrafias com e sem o uso do extratode Jatropha gossypiifolia L (piao roxo) em ratosrdquoActa CirurgicaBrasileira vol 21 no 3 pp 40ndash48 2006
[124] J U Aquino N G Czeczko O Malafaia et al ldquoAvaliacaofitoterapica da Jatropha gossypiifolia L na cicatrizacao desuturas na parede abdominal ventral de ratosrdquo Acta CirurgicaBrasileira vol 21 no 2 pp 61ndash66 2006
[125] M F D S Santos N G Czeczko P A N Nassif et alldquoAvaliacao do uso do extrato bruto de Jatropha gossypiifolia Lna cicatrizacao de feridas cutaneas em ratosrdquo Acta CirurgicaBrasileira vol 21 no 3 pp 2ndash7 2006
[126] B B Panda K Gaur R K Nema C S Sharma A K Jain andC P Jain ldquoHepatoprotective activity of Jatropha gossypifoliaagainst carbon tetrachloride- induced hepatic injury in ratsrdquoAsian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research vol 2no 1 pp 50ndash54 2009
[127] S S Deo T M Chaudhari and F Inam ldquoEvaluation ofthe immunomodulatory effects of 1-phenylnaphthalene andpericarbonyl lactone lignan compoundsrdquoDer PharmaChemicavol 4 no 2 pp 771ndash776 2012
[128] S K Rasheed S Kunapareddy and R Karthikeyan ldquoLocalanesthetic activity of Jatropha gossypifolia L on frogsrdquo Biomed-ical and Pharmacology Journal vol 5 no 2 pp 395ndash397 2012
[129] AM A Paes A L Camara SM F Freire andMO R BorgesldquoRelaxant effect of Jatropha gossypiifolia L on uterine smoothmusclerdquo International Journal of Phytomedicine vol 4 no 3 pp310ndash313 2012
[130] S J Jain G P Choudhary and D K Jain ldquoPharmacologicalevaluation and antifertility activity of Jatropha gossypifoliain ratsrdquo BioMed Research International vol 2013 Article ID125980 5 pages 2013
[131] J S de Oliveira PM Leite L B de Souza et al ldquoCharacteristicsand composition of Jatropha gossypiifolia and Jatropha curcasL oils and application for biodiesel productionrdquo Biomass andBioenergy vol 33 no 3 pp 449ndash453 2009
[132] V Bullangpoti E Wajnberg P Audant and R FeyereisenldquoAntifeedant activity of Jatropha gossypifolia and Meliaazedarach senescent leaf extracts on Spodoptera frugiperda(Lepidoptera Noctuidae) and their potential use as synergistsrdquoPest Management Science vol 68 no 9 pp 1255ndash1264 2012
[133] S N K JilaniW Islam andM Kamsh ldquoPotential of pyrethroidinsecticides and plant extracts on fecundity and egg viability oftribolium castaneum (Herbst)rdquo Journal of Bio-Science vol 19no 1 pp 95ndash97 2011
[134] D Sukumaran B D Parashar and K M Rao ldquoToxicity of Jat-ropha gossypiifolia and Vaccaria pyramidata against freshwatersnails vectors of animal schistosomiasisrdquo Fitoterapia vol 66 no5 pp 393ndash398 1995
[135] R K Devappa H P S Makkar and K Becker ldquoJatrophatoxicitymdasha reviewrdquo Journal of Toxicology and EnvironmentalHealth B Critical Reviews vol 13 no 6 pp 476ndash507 2010
[136] E P Schenkel M Zannin L A Mentz S A L Bordignonand B Irgang ldquoPlantas toxicasrdquo in Farmacognosia Da Planta
ao Medicamento C M O Simoes E P Schenkel G GosmannJ C P Mello L A Mentz and P R Petrovick Eds pp 959ndash993 Editora da UFRGSUFSC Porto Alegre Brazil 3d edition2007
[137] L I Oliveira F F Jabour V A Nogueira and E M YamasakildquoIntoxicacao experimental com as folhas de Jatropha gossypifo-lia(Euphorbiaceae) em ovinosrdquo Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileiravol 28 no 6 pp 275ndash278 2008
[138] P I A Awachie and F O Ugwu ldquoPreliminary investigationof the antimicrobial and brine shrimp lethality propertiesof some nigerian medicinal plantsrdquo International Journal ofPharmacognosy vol 35 no 5 pp 338ndash343 1997
[139] L J Medubi V O Ukwenya O T Aderinto et al ldquoEffects ofadministration of ethanolic root extract of Jatropha gossypiifoliaand prednisolone on the kidneys of Wistar ratsrdquo ElectronicJournal of Biomedicine vol 2 pp 41ndash48 2010
[140] T Oduola G B Popoola G O Avwioro et al ldquoUse of Jatrophagossypifolia stem latex as a haemostatic agent how safe is itrdquoJournal of Medicinal Plants Reasearch vol 1 no 1 pp 14ndash172007
Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom
Stem CellsInternational
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
MEDIATORSINFLAMMATION
of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Behavioural Neurology
EndocrinologyInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Disease Markers
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
BioMed Research International
OncologyJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
PPAR Research
The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Immunology ResearchHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of
ObesityJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine
OphthalmologyJournal of
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Diabetes ResearchJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Research and TreatmentAIDS
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Gastroenterology Research and Practice
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Parkinsonrsquos Disease
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Volume 2014Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom
10 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table2Con
tinued
Classifi
catio
nCom
poun
dPlantp
art
Biologicalactiv
ityRe
ference
O
HO
O
OH
3C
CH3
CH3
CH3
2120573-H
ydro
xy-5
6-is
ojat
roph
one
Roots
Antileuk
emicin
vitro
andin
vivo
[64]
Diterpenes
O
HO
O
OH
3C H3C
CH3
CH3
CH3
2120573-H
ydro
xyja
troph
one
Roots
Antileuk
emicin
vitro
andin
vivo
[64]
Abiodo
neNot
specified
Anticancerinvitro
[73]
Citla
litrio
ne O
OH
OH
O
Roots
mdash[13]
Who
leplant
mdash[40]
Falo
done O
OH
Roots
Anticancerinvitro
[13]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 11
Table2Con
tinued
Classifi
catio
nCom
poun
dPlantp
art
Biologicalactiv
ityRe
ference
Jatro
phen
one
HO
H
O
H AcO
H
HWho
leplant
Antibacteria
linvitro
[41]
OH
O
Jatro
phol
one A
Roots
mdash[65]
Jatro
phol
one B O
H
O
Roots
mdash[65]
Jatro
phon
e
O
OO
Roots
Anticancerinvitro
andin
vivo
[66]
12 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table2Con
tinued
Classifi
catio
nCom
poun
dPlantp
art
Biologicalactiv
ityRe
ference
Esters
OH
HO
O
HO
HOH
OH
12-D
eoxy
-16-
hydr
oxyl
phor
bol
Seeds
Irritanttomou
seear
[69]
Lign
ans
Gos
sypi
fan
MeO
MeO
H
OO
O
O
Aeria
lparts
mdash[46]
Gos
sypi
line
O O
OCO
Me
OCO
Me
H
OO
Aeria
lparts
mdash[47]
Proteins
Cyclo
goss
ine A
Leu 1
Ala
2Th
r 3
Val 7
Gly
6Le
u 5
Trp 4
Latex
mdash[1571]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 13
Table2Con
tinued
Classifi
catio
nCom
poun
dPlantp
art
Biologicalactiv
ityRe
ference
Cyclo
goss
ine B Leu 2
Ala
5A
la6
Gly
1Le
u 4
Leu 8
Trp 3
Ile7
Latex
mdash[1520]
Triterpenes
HO O
H
HO
OH
H
(13120572
14120573
20S
)-2
2425
-Trih
ydro
xyla
nost
a-1
7-d
ien-3
-one
Leaves
mdash[57]
HO O
H
HO
OH
H
(2120572
13120572
14120573
20S
)-2
2425
-Trih
ydro
xyla
nost-
7-en
-3-o
ne
Leaves
mdash[57]
14 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
in different forms of preparation (infusion decoction andmaceration among others) by different routes and forms(oral topical baths etc) The most frequent reports refer toits anti-inflammatory antidiarrheal antiophidian analgesicantipyretic antimicrobial healing antianemic antidiabeticand antihemorrhagic activities among many other examples[3 5 7 9]
Some properties are attributed to specific parts of theplant while others are assigned to different parts Interest-ingly in some cases certain uses may appear contradictorysuch as antidiarrheal and laxative or its use as anticoagulantand antihemorrhagic One hypothesis is that this differencemay be related with the dose used since for example thelaxative effect is an effect commonly related with toxic eventswith this plant
6 Pharmacological Activities
Despite the grand variety of popular uses and the data fromJatropha species J gossypiifolia has been scarcely studiedregarding biological activities (Table 4) Studies showing thebiological potential of aqueous extract are rare so far whichis important to be mentioned since the most popular useof this plant is as a tea (decoction or infusion) Among themain activities that have been studied the antihypertensiveanticancer antimicrobial healing anti-inflammatory andanalgesic activities stand out
61 Antihypertensive Action Based on popular use of teasfrom J gossypiifolia roots and aerial parts the hypotensiveand vasorelaxant effects of the ethanolic extract of aerialparts of the plant were tested by Abreu et al [45] Thestudy revealed that the extract (125 and 250mgkgdayover 4 weeks by oral route in rats) in a dose-dependentmanner produced a reduction of systolic blood pressurein conscious normotensive animals This hypotensive effectcould be attributed to its vasorelaxant action since it pro-duced concentration-dependent relaxant effect in rat isolatedendothelium-deprived mesenteric artery precontracted withnorepinephrine or calcium Moreover it inhibited in aconcentration-dependent and noncompetitive manner thecontractile response induced by norepinephrine or CaCl
2in
the same preparation [45]
62 Antimicrobial Action The antibiotic activity of differ-ent extracts from J gossypiifolia is frequently reported asobserved in Table 4 In general some extent of antibacterialantifungal antiparasitic and antiviral activity was observedThe only report of J gossypiifolia isolated compound withantimicrobial activity is of the macrocyclic diterpene jatro-phenone which presented significant in vitro antibacterialactivity against Staphylococcus aureus [41]
63 Anti-Inflammatory andor Analgesic Action Many imp-ortant popular uses of J gossypiifolia are related to inflamma-tory process Bhagat et al [28] showed that the methanolicextract of leaves of this species has significant systemicacute and chronic anti-inflammatory activity The extract
at 500 and 1000mgkg oral doses was able to inhibit theacute carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats and at 50 and100mgkg oral doses inhibited the chronic cotton pellet-induced granuloma formation in rats Additionally the Jgossypiifolia leaf paste (05 and 1mgear) showed significantreduction in TPA-induced local inflammatory changes inmouse ear edema model [28]
In another study the anti-inflammatory and analgesicproperties of the methanol and petrol ether extracts of aerialparts of J gossypiifolia were demonstrated in mice [92]At 100 and 200mgkgday during 7 days by oral routeonly the methanol extract presented significant analgesicactivity in Eddyrsquos hot plate and tail-flick models and anti-inflammatory activity in carrageenan-induced paw edema[92] The anti-inflammatory activity of the bark from Jgossypiifolia (methanol and petrol ether extracts) was alsodemonstrated in carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats[115]
In a recent study using the in vitro human red bloodcell membrane stabilization method Nagaharika et al [118]suggested that ethanol and water extracts from J gossypiifolialeaves have anti-inflammatory activity According to theauthors since human red blood cell membranes are similarto the lysosomal membrane components the prevention ofhypotonicity-induced membrane lysis of these cells couldbe taken as a measure in estimating the anti-inflammatoryproperty of compounds [118]
The analgesic activity of the methanol extract from theleaves of J gossypiifolia was evaluated in acetic acid-inducedwrithing test in mice where highly significant inhibitionwas seen of 6756 and 6514 at 200 and 400mgkg oraldoses respectively [111] Similar results were observed in themethanolic extract from fruits [110]
64 Healing Action The healing action of the ethanol crudeextract of J gossypiifolia (plant part not specified) wasevaluated in suture healing of ventral abdominal wall ofrats through tensiometric measurement and macro- andmicroscopic aspect of postoperative period The extractwhich was administered by an intraperitoneal instillation of100mgkg single dose in the peritoneal cavity presentedmoreintense adhesion on macroscopic examination and greaterstrain evaluation and vascular neoformation However agreater inflammatory process was also observed and otherhistological parameters were similar to the control groupindicating that in general the extract presented poor woundhealing properties in the used model [124]
Another study evaluated the healing action of thehydroethanolic crude extract from leaves of J gossypiifoliain the healing process of sutures performed on the bladderof rats and similar results were presented although someimprovement might have been observed in some parametersIn general the authors concluded that no favorable heal-ing effect was observed with the administration of singleintraperitoneal dose of J gossypiifolia L [108] In anotherstudy analyzing the morphological aspects of the healingprocess occurring in open skin lesions in rats under topicaladministration of raw extract from J gossypiifolia (details
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 15
Table3Po
pularm
edicinaluses
ofJatro
phagossy
piifolia
Ldescrib
edin
theliterature
Plantp
art
Popu
laru
sePreparationandor
mod
eofu
seRe
ference
Who
leplant
Analgesic(headache)
Leaves
anointed
with
ldquoSebode
Holan
dardquo(muttontallo
w)a
ndheated
inthefi
reareu
sedas
compressfor
headaches
[5]
Analgesic(to
othache)
Not
specified
[3]
Antim
icrobial
Not
specified
[3]
Antipyretic
Decoctio
n[20]
Dyscrasia
Not
specified
[3]
Dysph
onia
Not
specified
[3]
Wou
ndhealing
Not
specified
[7475]
Aeria
lparts
Antianemic(m
alariatre
atment)
Decoctio
nused
byoralroute
[76]
Abscess
Bath
[77]
Alopecia
Ashleaves
[25]
Analgesic(eye
pain)
Not
specified
[78]
Analgesic(headache)
Not
specified
[78]
Analgesic(headachea
ndotitis)
Not
specified
[79]
Analgesic(painin
general)
Decoctio
nor
infusio
n[80]
Analgesic(to
othache)
Decoctio
nor
infusio
n[80]
Antianemic
Decoctio
n[81]
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[82]
Anticancer
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Decoctio
nof
thea
ssociatio
nof
leaves
ofJgossy
piifolia
with
leaves
ofPetiveriaalliaceaandaeria
lpartsof
Stachytarpheta
jamaicensis
byoralroute
[29]
Not
specified
[3]
Anticon
vulsivant
Not
specified
[83]
Antidiabetic
Decoctio
n[8485]
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Antidiarrheal
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Not
specified
[3]
Antihem
orrhagic
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Freshcrushedleaves
areu
sedin
caseso
fcutaneous
andnasalbleeding
[86]
Anti-infectiv
eDecoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Not
specified
[8788]
Anti-infl
ammatory
Not
specified
[78]
Antipyretic
Decoctio
n[81]
ldquoTeardquo
[5]
Not
specified
[88]
Antise
ptic
Bath
prepared
from
theleaves
[5]
Antith
rombo
ticDecoctio
nor
infusio
n[80]
Antiulcerogenic
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Leafjuice
[89]
Boils
Applicationof
thep
ound
edleaves
[90]
16 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative MedicineTa
ble3Con
tinued
Plantp
art
Popu
laru
sePreparationandor
mod
eofu
seRe
ference
Burns
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Usedin
associationwith
seedso
fGossypium
arboreum
sugarhon
eybeeandfato
fram
preparedby
grinding
app
liedtopically
[29]
Con
traceptiv
eand
oxito
toxic
Not
specified
[79]
Depurative
Squeezedthe
juiceo
btainedisdrun
k[91]
Detoxificant
Not
specified
[92]
Eczema
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Emetic
Squeezedthe
juiceo
btainedisdrun
k[91]
Gastro
intestinaldisorders
Not
specified
[79]
Gingivitis
Leafjuice
[89]
Gon
orrhoea
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Healin
gBa
thprepared
from
theleaves
[5]
Decoctio
n[30]
Decoctio
nor
infusio
n[80]
Hem
orrhoids
Usedin
associationwith
leaves
ofNicotia
natabacum
andcopp
ersulphateboiledin
waterand
used
asste
amdirected
atthea
nalregion
[93]
Hem
ostatic
Decoctio
nor
infusio
n[80]
Hepatitis
Not
specified
[12]
Itching
skin
Applicationof
thep
ound
edleaves
[90]
Leaves
Leprosy
Leafjuice
[89]
Malaria
Decoctio
n[81]
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[82]
Usedin
associationwith
leaves
ofAz
adira
chta
indica
andCo
mbretum
spbo
iledforsteam
bathsa
ndby
oralroute
[94]
Usedin
associationwith
leaves
ofCo
mbretum
ghasalenseandwho
leplanto
fOcim
umcanu
mbyoralrouteo
rfor
steam
baths
[94]
Mastitis
Poun
dedleaves
appliedon
swollenbreasts
[90]
Mycosis
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Psycho
activ
eNot
specified
[79]
Purgative
Not
specified
[388]
Rheumatism
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Scabies
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Skin
diseases
Not
specified
[3]
Stom
achic
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Not
specified
[8892]
Syph
ilis
Ash
ofleaves
[25]
Thrush
(oralcandidiasis)
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Treatm
ento
fldquocultu
ralsyn
drom
esrdquoldquoderramerdquo
ldquoquebranterdquoldquoespanterdquo
ldquovento-caıdordquoldquo
panemardquo
ldquodoenca-do-arrdquoldquom
ae-do-corpordquo
Not
specified
[79]
Vaginalinfectio
nSlightlybo
iledused
asvaginalw
ash
[91]
Venerald
iseases
Not
specified
[92]
Verm
ifuge
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Vertigo
Not
specified
[3]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 17
Table3Con
tinued
Plantp
art
Popu
laru
sePreparationandor
mod
eofu
seRe
ference
Wou
ndsa
ndrashes
Bath
oftheleaves
[24]
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Decoctio
nused
asbathsfor
cleaningwou
ndsindo
gs[95]
Wou
nddisin
fectant
Slightlybo
iledused
aswou
ndwash
[91]
Stem
Analgesic(to
othache)
Not
specified
[96]
Antianemic
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[82]
Anticancer
Decoctio
nby
oralor
topicalrou
te[26]
Emmenagogue
Decoctio
nof
barks
[7092]
Malaria
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[82]
Rheumatism
Not
specified
[77]
Thickbloo
dNot
specified
[77]
Roots
Anticancer
Decoctio
nby
oralor
topicalrou
te[26]
Root
bark
used
forc
ancero
fthe
lung
s[73]
Anticon
vulsivant
Not
specified
[83]
Antidiarrheal
Not
specified
[89]
Antim
icrobial
Root
bark
used
inbacterialinfectio
ns[73]
Impo
tence
Decoctio
nof
thea
ssociatio
nof
rootso
fJgossy
piifoliaC
hiococca
albaC
itrus
aurantifoliaD
esmodium
canu
m
RoystonearegiaSenn
aoccid
entalisStachytarphetajamaicensis
and
Waltheriaindica
with
thew
holeplanto
fCom
melina
erectaC
yperus
rotund
usand
sugarby
oralroute
[29]
Leprosy
Not
specified
[392]
Snakebites
Not
specified
[22929798]
Urin
arypain
Not
specified
[92]
Uterusd
iseases
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[99100]
Seeds
Analgesic(bod
ypain)
Not
specified
[101]
Analgesic(headache)
Not
specified
[79]
Antigrip
alUsedin
strong
colds
[5]
Antihem
orrhagic
Not
specified
[9]
Antiulcerogenic
Seed
oil
[3]
Con
traceptiv
eand
oxito
toxic
Not
specified
[79]
Depurative
Not
specified
[91]
Emetic
Not
specified
[7091101]
Gastro
intestinaldisorders
Not
specified
[79]
Leprosy
Seed
oil
[3]
Mycosis
Seed
oil
[3]
Psycho
activ
eNot
specified
[79]
Purgative
Not
specified
[39101102]
Treatm
ento
fldquocultu
ralsyn
drom
esrdquoldquoderramerdquo
ldquoquebranterdquoldquoespanterdquo
ldquovento-caıdordquoldquo
panemardquo
ldquodoenca-do-arrdquoldquom
ae-do-corpordquo
Not
specified
[79]
Vaginalinfectio
nSlightlybo
iledused
asvaginalw
ash
[91]
Wou
ndinfection
Slightlybo
iledused
aswou
ndwash
[91]
18 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table3Con
tinued
Plantp
art
Popu
laru
sePreparationandor
mod
eofu
seRe
ference
Fruits
Analgesic
Massaging
pregnant
wom
enrsquosbellies
with
teao
rgarrafadalowast
whenthey
areinpain
[77]
Analgesic(headache)
Teao
rgarrafadalowast
[77]
Analgesic(to
othache)
Teao
rgarrafadalowast
[77]
Laxativ
eIngestion
innatura
ofthep
owderfruit
[102]
Num
bnessa
fterb
ugsting
sTeao
rgarrafadalowast
[77]
Latex
Alopecia
Not
specified
[25]
Analgesic(eye
pain)
Not
specified
[78]
Analgesic(painin
general)
Drin
kor
massage
thea
ffected
area
with
latex
[80]
Analgesic(to
othache)
Cottonsoaked
with
latexkept
incontactw
iththes
oretoo
th[103]
Drin
kor
massage
thea
ffected
area
with
latex
[80]
Anticancer
Not
specified
[25]
Antihem
orrhagic
Not
specified
[9248695]
Antith
rombo
ticOralrou
te[80]
Antiulcerogenic
Not
specified
[2089]
Biteof
veno
mou
sanimals
Applicationof
fresh
latexatthea
ffected
site
[5]
Diuretic
Afewdrop
soffresh
latex
inwater
[6]
Eczema
Not
specified
[25]
Gingivitis
Not
specified
[89]
Gon
orrhea
Not
specified
[25]
Hem
ostatic
Not
specified
[2580]
Infected
wou
nds
Applicationof
fresh
latex
atthea
ffected
site
[520]
Leprosy
Not
specified
[89]
Mycosis
Not
specified
[25]
Purgative
Afewdrop
soffresh
latexin
water
[6]
Not
specified
[9]
Rheumatism
Not
specified
[25]
Scabies
Not
specified
[25]
Skin
burns
Applicationof
fresh
latex
atthea
ffected
site
[104]
Not
specified
[25]
Stop
ofitching
ofcutsandscratches
Not
specified
[95]
Syph
ilis
Not
specified
[25]
Thrush
(oralcandidiasis)
Not
specified
[25]
Verm
ifuge
Not
specified
[25]
Wou
ndhealing
Applicationof
latexatthea
ffected
site
[5]
Drin
kor
massage
thea
ffected
sitew
ithlatex
[80]
Not
specified
[7475]
Resin
Toothache
Toothp
owder
[27]
Wou
ndsinlip
sand
tong
ueTo
picalapp
lication
[27]
Oil
Arthritis
Appliedlocally
[89]
Purgative
Not
specified
[89]
Skin
disease
Appliedlocally
[89]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 19
Table3Con
tinued
Plantp
art
Popu
laru
sePreparationandor
mod
eofu
seRe
ference
Not
specified
Alopecia
Teaa
ppliedlocally
indo
gs[105]
Analgesic
Not
specified
[13]
Poultic
es[95]
Anticancer
Not
specified
[1366]
Antidiarrheal
Not
specified
[2845106]
Antihypertensive
Not
specified
[45]
Anti-infl
ammatory
Not
specified
[1328]
Antipyretic
Not
specified
[28]
Antise
ptic
Not
specified
[45]
Antiulcerogenic
Not
specified
[28]
Cou
ghsa
ndcolds
Bark
juice(4spoo
nfuls3tim
esad
ay)b
yoralroute
[107]
Detoxication
Not
specified
[28]
Diuretic
Not
specified
[45]
Eczema
Not
specified
[28]
Gum
infection
Not
specified
[28]
Healin
gNot
specified
[45108]
Hydropsy
Not
specified
[5]
Leprosy
Not
specified
[28]
Obstructio
nsof
thea
bdom
inaltract
Not
specified
[5]
Purgative
Not
specified
[5]
Regu
latem
enses
Not
specified
[109]
Rheumatism
Not
specified
[5]
Snakea
ndscorpion
bites
Not
specified
[322]
Stom
achpain
Not
specified
[28]
Venerealdiseases
Not
specified
[28]
Wou
nds
Poultic
es[95]
Usedas
bath
[28]
lowast
Garrafadapreparatio
ndo
neby
maceratingplantp
artsin
alcoho
lorh
ydroalcoho
licmediumsin
generalbrandies
20 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative MedicineTa
ble4Ph
armacologicalstu
dies
ofJatro
phagossy
piifolia
Ldescrib
edin
theliterature
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Analgesic
Aeria
lparts
Methano
land
petro
lether
extracts
At100and200m
gkgdayover7
daysbyoralrouteinmiceon
lythe
methano
lextractpresentedsig
nificantanalgesicactiv
ityin
Eddyrsquosho
tplatea
ndtail-flack
mod
els[92]
Fruits
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmicehigh
lysig
nificantly
inhibitedthew
rithing
respon
sesind
uced
byaceticacid
[110]
Leaves
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmicesig
nificantly
inhibited
thew
rithing
respon
sesind
uced
byaceticacid
[111]
Antibacteria
l
Latex
Crud
elatex
At100120583
Lvolumeinh
ibitedin
vitro
Liste
riamonocytogenes
Salm
onellatyhimuriumSalmonellatyphiandStaphylococcus
aureus
[112]
Latex
Not
specified
Presentedbactericidaleffectinvitro
againstShigella
dysenteriaea
ndStaphylococcus
aureuslowast
[113]
Leaves
Fractio
nsobtained
bysequ
entia
lextractionof
the
vegetalm
aterialw
ithpetro
letherbenzenechloroform
aceton
eethano
lmethano
landwater
Petro
lether
fractio
nwas
inactiv
eagainstEscherich
iacoliandBa
cillus
subtilisBe
nzenefractionwas
them
ostactiveagainstb
oth
microorganism
sCh
loroform
andmethano
lfractions
werea
ctive
onlyagainstB
acillus
subtilisAc
eton
eand
ethano
lfractions
were
activ
eonlyagainstE
scheric
hiacoliAq
ueou
sfractionwas
activ
eagainstb
othmicroorganism
salthou
ghto
amuchlesser
degree
than
theo
ther
fractions
[52]
Methano
lchloroform
and
water
extracts
Allextractswerea
ctiveinvitro
againstShigella
dysenteriaelowast
[113]
Petro
lether
andethyl
acetatefractions
from
ethano
ldichloromethane
(11vv)extract
Thep
etrolether
fractio
n(1mgmL)
inhibitedin
vitro
Pseudomonas
aeruginosaStaphylo
coccus
epidermidis
andSalm
onellatyphim
urium
Thee
thylacetatefraction(1mgmL)
was
activ
eagainstStaphylococcus
aureus
[87]
Who
leplant
Jatro
phenon
ePresentedin
vitro
antib
acteria
lactivity
againstStaphylo
coccus
aureus
comparabletopenicillin
[41]
Aeria
lparts
Water
andethylacetate
fractio
nsfro
mmethano
lextract
Both
fractio
nsat1
mgdidno
tprodu
cezoneso
finh
ibition
for
Escherich
iacoliStaphylococcus
aureusSaccharom
yces
cerevisia
enor
Cand
idaalbicans
[114]
Leaves
Chloroform
extract
Presentedantib
acteria
lactivity
againstSalmonellatyphiPseudomonas
aeruginosaand
Staphylococcus
aureus
andantifun
galactivity
against
Cand
idaalbicansD
idno
tprodu
ceinhibitio
nzonesa
gainst
Escherich
iacoliBa
cillussubtilis
Proteusm
irabilisC
orynebacteriu
mdiptheria
eShigelladysenteriaea
ndStreptococcusp
enum
oniae
[50]
Leaves
Dichlorom
ethane
methano
l(11vv)extract
At05and1m
gmLshow
edsig
nificantantibacteria
lactivity
invitro
againstB
acillus
cereus
varm
ycoidesBa
cillusp
umilu
sBa
cillussubtilis
Bordetellabronchise
ptica
MicrococcusluteusStaphylococcus
aureus
Staphylococcus
epidermidis
Klebsiella
pneumoniaeandStreptococcus
faecalisandantifun
galactivity
invitro
againstC
andida
albicans
[88]
Methano
lextract
Presentedantib
acteria
lactivity
againstSalmonellatyphiPseudomonas
aeruginosaand
Staphylococcus
aureus
andantifun
galactivity
against
Cand
idaalbicansD
idno
tprodu
ceinhibitio
nzonesa
gainst
Escherich
iacoliBa
cillussubtilis
Proteusm
irabilisC
orynebacteriu
mdiptheria
eShigelladysenteriaea
ndStreptococcusp
enum
oniae
[50]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 21
Table4Con
tinued
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Antibacteria
land
antifun
gal
Not
specified
Extractsob
tained
bysequ
entia
lextractionof
the
vegetalm
aterialw
ithn-hexanechloroform
aceton
emethano
land
water
n-Hexanee
xtracthadinhibitory
activ
ityin
vitro
againstE
scheric
hia
coliSalm
onellatyphiPseudomonas
aeruginosaB
acillus
cereus
Klebsiella
aerogenesandCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainst
Shiguella
boydiAspergillus
fumiga
tusAspergillus
flavusand
Aspergillus
nigerCh
loroform
extractinh
ibitedin
vitro
Salm
onella
typhiPseudomonas
aeruginosaB
acillus
cereusan
dCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainstEscherich
iacoliStaphylococcus
aureus
Shiguella
boydiAspergillus
fumiga
tusAspergillus
flavusand
Aspergillus
nigerAc
eton
eextractinhibitedin
vitro
Escherich
iacoli
Pseudomonas
aeruginosaStaphylococcusa
ureusKlebsiella
aerogenes
Proteusv
ulgarisan
dCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainst
Salm
onellatyphiAspergillus
fumiga
tusAspergillus
flavusa
ndAspergillus
nigerMethano
lextractinhibitedin
vitro
Escherich
iacoli
Salm
onellatyphiPseudomonas
aeruginosaStaphylococcusa
ureus
Bacilluscereusa
ndCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainst
Aspergillus
fumigatusA
spergillu
sflavusan
dAspergillus
nigerWater
extractw
asactiv
einvitro
againstE
scheric
hiacoliSalm
onellatyphi
Pseudomonas
aeruginosaStaphylococcusa
ureusBa
cilluscereus
Klebsiella
aerogenesProteusv
ulgarisan
dCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainstAspergillus
fumigatusA
spergillu
sflavusand
Aspergillus
niger
[89]
Methano
land
petro
lether
extractsfro
mbark
At200120583
g100120583
Lon
lythem
ethano
lextractshow
edin
vitro
antib
acteria
lactivity
upon
Staphylococcus
aureusStre
ptococcus
pyogenesand
Escherich
iacoliandantifun
galactivity
upon
Aspergillus
nigerCa
ndidaalbicansPenicillium
notatumand
Saccharomyces
cerevisia
e
[115]
Anticho
linesterase
Latex
Lyop
hilized
latex
Inhibitedtim
e-anddo
se-dependentlythea
cetylch
olinesterase
enzymeinnervou
stissue
offre
shwater
airb
reathing
fishCh
anna
marulius
[116]
Leaves
Fractio
nsobtained
bysequ
entia
lextractionof
the
vegetalm
aterialw
ithethyl
acetatea
ndmethano
l
At2m
gmLconcentration
thee
thylacetatea
ndmethano
lfractions
presentedinhibitory
activ
ities
invitro
of71
and100
Them
ethano
lfractio
npresentedIC
50of
005
mgmL
[117]
Antidiarrheal
Fruits
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmiceinhibitedthec
astoro
ilindu
ceddiarrhea
[110]
Leaves
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmiceinhibitedthec
astoro
ilindu
ceddiarrhea
[111]
Antifu
ngal
(antidermatop
hytic
fung
i)Ae
rialp
arts
Water
andethylacetate
fractio
nsfro
mmethano
lextract
Them
inim
alconcentrationprod
ucing75of
inhibitio
nor
high
eragainstM
icrosporuscanis
forb
othfractio
nsw
as1120583
gmLFo
rthe
fung
usMicrosporusg
ypseum
Microsporusfulvuman
dMicrosporus
gallina
eno
neof
thefractionpresentedinhibitory
activ
ity
[114]
22 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative MedicineTa
ble4Con
tinued
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Anti-infl
ammatory
Aeria
lparts
Methano
land
petro
lether
extracts
At100and200m
gkgdayover7
daysbyoralrouteinmiceon
lythe
methano
lextractpresentedsig
nificantanti-infl
ammatoryactiv
ityon
carrageenan-indu
cedpawedem
a[92]
Leaves
Aqueou
sextract
At100and200120583
gmLsig
nificantly
preventedthelysisof
human
red
bloo
dcells
inmem
branes
tabilizationmetho
din
vitro
[118]
Ethano
lextract
At100120583
gmLsig
nificantly
preventedthelysisof
human
redbloo
dcells
inmem
branes
tabilizationmetho
din
vitro
[118]
Methano
lextractandleaf
paste
At500and1000
mgkgbyoralrouteinrats
inhibitedthe
carrageenan-indu
cedpawedem
aAt
50and100m
gkgbyoralroute
inrats
inhibitedthec
ottonpelletind
uced
granulom
aformationin
rats
At05and1m
geartheleafp
asteredu
cedtheinfl
ammation
respon
sein
mou
seeare
demam
odel
[28]
Not
specified
Methano
land
petro
lether
extractsfro
mbark
At200m
gkgbyoralrouteinratsbothextractsredu
cedthe
carrageenan-indu
cedpawedem
a[115]
Antim
alarial
Leaves
Aqueou
sextract
30120583ginhibitedin
vitro
theg
rowth
ofPlasmodium
falciparum
[31]
Dichlorom
ethane
extract
Activ
einvitro
againstP
lasm
odium
falciparumw
ithIC
50of
abou
t35120583gmL
[81]
Antineoplasic
Roots
Ethano
licextractand
jatro
phon
e
Thee
thanolextractas
wellasjatroph
oneexhibitedsig
nificant
inhibitory
activ
ityin
vitro
againstcellsderiv
edfro
mhu
man
carcinom
aofthe
nasoph
aryn
xandlymph
ocyticleuk
emiaP-388and
invivo
againstfou
rstand
ardanim
altumor
syste
ms
[66]
Falodo
neShow
edpo
tent
proliferatio
ninhibitory
activ
ityagainstA
-549
human
cancer
celllin
ewith
IC50of
120120583
gmL
[13]
2120572-H
ydroxyjatro
phon
e2120573
-hydroxy-56-iso
jatro
phon
eand2120573
-hydroxyjatro
phon
editerpenes
isolatedfro
mpetro
lether
extract
Presentedantin
eoplasicactiv
ityup
onP-388lymph
ocyticleuk
emia
testsyste
mbo
thin
vivo
andin
vitro
asw
ellasfor
theE
aglersquos
carcinom
aofthe
nasoph
aryn
xtestsyste
min
vitro
[64]
Not
specified
Abiodo
neNot
specifiedlowast
[73]
Antioxidant
Leaves
Methano
lethylacetateand
aqueou
sextract
Allextractsshow
edsig
nificantantioxidant
activ
ityin
vitro
inDPP
Hfre
eradicalferric
thiocyanateandnitricoxides
caveng
ingmetho
dslowast
[55]
Who
leplant
Petro
letherchloroform
ethylacetateand
n-bu
tano
lextracts
Allextractsshow
edon
lypo
orDPP
Hscavenging
activ
ityTh
etotal
antio
xidant
capacitywas
high
erin
ethylacetateandn-bu
tano
lextracts
having
thep
etrolether
andchloroform
show
ingon
lypo
oractiv
ityTh
elipid
peroxidatio
nwas
inhibitedon
lypartially
bythe
extracts
with
thee
thylacetateb
eing
them
ostactivea
ndthep
etrol
etherb
eing
theleast
[48]
Antisp
asmod
icAe
rialp
arts
Ethano
lextractfractions
andsubfractions
At5001000and
2000
mgkgbyoralrouteinmiceshow
edsig
nificantantisp
asmod
icactiv
ityin
mou
seintestinaltransit
mod
elandat0510
and
20m
gmLinhibitedin
vitro
thea
cetylch
olinea
ndcalcium-in
ducedcontractions
ofiso
lated
ratjeju
numO
nlythe
organicfractionof
thee
xtracthadac
alcium
-antagon
isteffect
whereas
both
chloroform
icandaqueou
sfractions
hadanticho
linergic
effect
[119]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 23Ta
ble4Con
tinued
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Antivira
lAe
rialp
arts
Water
andethylacetate
fractio
nsfro
mmethano
lextract
At110and
100120583
gmLbo
thfractio
nspresented100
ofinhibitio
nof
plaque-fo
rmingabilityof
Sind
bisv
irusintre
atmentp
reinfection
protocol(IC 5
0lt1120583
gmL)w
hilein
treatmentp
ostin
fection
theIC 5
0of
water
fractio
nincreasedto
512andacetatefractionincreasedto
37120583gmLFo
rmurinec
ytom
egaloviru
sIC
50of
17and15
towater
andethylacetatefractio
nswereo
bservedrespectiv
elyintre
atment
preinfectio
nprotocolInthetreatmentp
ostin
fection
howe
verno
inhibitio
nwas
observed
inthismicroorganism
[114]
Not
specified
Methano
lextractfro
mbarks
Partially
activ
eagainstSind
bisv
irusand
herpes
simplex
virus-l
Inactiv
eagainsthu
man
polio
virus
[107]
Bron
chod
ilator
Stem
sAq
ueou
sextract
Thee
xtractwas
inactiv
einbron
chod
ilatora
ctivity
inguinea
pigs
[120]
Con
traceptiv
eLeaves
Ethano
lextract
At450m
gkgdayover2
1daysby
oralroutecaused
anantifertility
activ
ityin
femalem
ice
[121]
Healin
g
Aeria
lparts
Ethano
l70
extract
At1m
Lkg
dosebyintraperito
nealrouteinrats
presentedbeneficial
activ
ityin
healingprocesso
fcolon
icanastomosis
[122]
Aeria
lparts
Ethano
l70
extract
At200m
gkgbyintraperito
nealrouteinrats
favoredtheh
ealin
gprocesso
fgastro
rrhaph
iesa
ndredu
cedthea
cuteinflammatory
reactio
nin
vivo
[123]
Leaves
Hydroethano
lextract
At200m
gkgbyintraperito
nealroutedecreasedtheinfl
ammation
andincreasedvascular
neoformationandcollagendepo
sitionwhen
comparedto
thec
ontro
lgroup
inhealingprocesso
fsutures
perfo
rmed
ontheb
ladd
erof
rats
How
everingeneralno
favorable
healingeffectw
asob
served
[108]
Not
specified
Ethano
licextract
Alth
ough
someimprovem
entcou
ldbe
observed
insuture
healingof
ventralabd
ominalwallofratstreated
with
100m
gkg
ofextract
(intraperito
nealinstillationintraperito
nealcavity)in
generalon
lya
poor
healingactiv
itywas
observed
[124]
Not
specified
At01m
Lvolumeby
topicalapp
lication
thec
rude
extractp
resented
significantd
ifferencesc
oncerningthem
acroscop
icandmicroscop
icaspectso
fhealin
gprocesso
ccurrin
gin
open
skin
lesio
nsin
rats
[125]
Hem
ostatic
Latex
Crud
efresh
latex
Decreased
clotting
andbleeding
timeinhealthysubjects
[101]
Hepatop
rotective
Aeria
lparts
Petro
letherm
ethano
land
water
extracts
At200m
gkgdayover7
daysbyoralrouteinrats
both
extracts
presentedhepatoprotectiv
eactivity
incarbon
tetrachlorideind
uced
liver
damagewith
thep
etrolether
beingthem
ostactivea
ndthe
methano
lbeing
theleast
[126]
Hypotensiv
eand
vasorelaxant
Aeria
lparts
Ethano
licextract
At125and250m
gkgdayover4
weeksby
oralrouteinrats
ina
dose-dependent
mannerredu
cedthes
ystolic
bloo
dpressure
and
prod
uced
acon
centratio
n-depend
entrelaxanteffectin
ratisolated
(ex
vivo)end
otheliu
m-depriv
edmesenteric
artery
precon
tractedwith
norepineph
rineo
rCaC
l 2
[45]
Immun
omod
ulatory
Who
leplant
Petro
lether
extract
At100200and40
0120583gmLincreasedthep
roliferationof
mou
sespleen
cellin
vitro
[127]
Localanesthetic
Not
specified
Methano
land
aqueou
sextracts
Both
extractspresentedsig
nificantlocalanestheticactiv
ityby
plexus
anesthesiain
frogslowast
[128]
24 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table4Con
tinued
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Relaxant
effecto
nuterine
smoo
thmuscle
(tocolytic
activ
ity)
Aeria
lparts
Ethano
licextractand
chloroform
icandaqueou
sfractio
ns
At05and10
mgmLthee
thanolicextractreduced
the
calcium
-evokedcontractile
respon
seof
theu
terin
esmoo
thmuscle
as
wellas
thec
hloroformicfractio
nTh
eaqu
eous
fractio
npresented
onlyslighteffect
[129]
Sedativ
eand
anxiolytic
Fruits
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmicepresentedsedativ
eeffect
intheh
olec
rosstest
At200m
gkgpresented
anxiolyticactiv
ityin
holebo
ardtest
At40
0mgkgpresented
anxiolyticactiv
ityin
elevated
plus-m
azetest
[110]
Leaves
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmicepresentedsedativ
eeffect
intheh
olec
rosstest
At200m
gkgpresented
anxiolyticactiv
ityin
holebo
ardtest
At40
0mgkgpresented
anxiolyticin
elevated
plus-m
azetest
[111]
lowast
Thec
ompletev
ersio
nof
thep
aper
was
notaccessib
leso
theinformationwas
obtained
from
itsabstr
act
IC50con
centratio
nthatinhibits50of
ther
eferredactiv
ity
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 25
about extract preparation and plant part not specified) theauthors also observed an absence of healing action althoughsome histological improvement was shown [125]
However studying the influence of J gossypiifolia on thehealing process of colonic anastomosis in rats Servin et alshowed that the administration of 1mLkg single dose ofthe hydro alcoholic extract from aerial parts has beneficialeffect on the healing process [122] However according tothese authors on the seventh day of the experiment therewas a decrease in the action of the extract suggestingthat the extract in this experiment was less active in laterstages of healing process [122] A plausible hypothesis notraised by the authors could be the fact that the extract wasadministered in a single dose which may not have beensufficient to maintain the effect throughout the time of theexperiment Additionally Vale et al showed that the ethanolicextract from aerial parts of J gossypiifolia at single intraperi-toneal dose of 200mgkg favored the healing process ofgastrorrhaphies and reduced the acute inflammatory reactionin vivo [123]
65 Hemostatic Action The use of J gossypiifolia especiallythe latex is widespread as a hemostatic agent for preventingbleeding disorders The results of whole blood clotting timeusing Lee and White method and bleeding time using Ivyrsquosmethod were significantly reduced when stem latex wasintroduced suggesting procoagulant activity [101] Regardingthe possible mechanism of action based on experimentsthat show the precipitating action of the latex upon bovinealbumin the authors suggest that the latex precipitatesclotting factors thereby bringing the coagulation factors intoclose contact and then the activation of coagulation cascadeleads to the generation of thrombin and formation of aclot takes place in a matter of seconds when compared tothe control experiment which took minutes to completecoagulation [101] It is important to emphasize that to the bestof our knowledge this is the only study performed on humansubjects
66 Anticholinesterase Action Based on the cholinergichypothesis acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are widely usedto treat Alzheimerrsquos disease J gossypiifolia presented animportant anticholinesterase activity since the methanolicextract from leaves showed an IC
50of 005mgmL [117]
Another study showed that the lyophilized latex of theplant was able to inhibit time- and dose-dependently theacetylcholinesterase enzyme in nervous tissue of freshwaterair breathing fish Channa marulius [116]
67 Antioxidant Action The antioxidant activity of extractsfrom J gossypiifoliawas evaluated by Kharat et al [55] In thiswork the high content of phenols tannins and flavonoids inthe leaves prompted the authors to evaluate the antioxidantactivity of the leaves DPPH free radical ferric thiocyanateand nitric oxide scavengingmethods were used to analyze theantioxidant activity in vitro of methanol ethyl acetate andaqueous extracts demonstrating positive resultsThe authorsattributed the free radical scavenging activity to the presence
of flavonoids [55] On the other hand a study showed thatdifferent extracts (petrol ether chloroform ethyl acetate andn-butanol) fromwhole plant of J gossypiifolia had only partialantioxidant activity in DPPH scavenging total antioxidantcapacity and lipid peroxidation tests [48] Among them theethyl acetate extract was the most active which correlatespositively with its higher content of phenolic compounds incomparison with the other extracts [48]
68 Contraceptive Action Based on its popular use J gossypi-ifoliawas assessed for its antifertility activity as an alternativeto oral contraceptive agents J gossypiifolia leaf extract byoral route altered the major hormones involved in estrouscycle regulation indicating its antifertility effect on mice[121] Evaluating other parameters (estrogenic and earlyabortifacient activities) the anti-infertility effect of the extractwas once more demonstrated later [130]
69 Tocolytic Action Based on the ethnopharmacologicalapplication of the plant as tocolytic remedy the effects oncalcium-evoked uterine smooth muscle contraction of theethanolic extract and fractions were evaluated [129] Thecrude extract and to a higher extent the chloroformic frac-tion reduced the calcium-evoked contractile response of theuterine smooth muscle promoting a rightward displacementof calciumcumulative curves aswell as reducing themaximalcontractions [129]
610 Antineoplasic Action One of the most well-knownpharmacological activities of J gossypiifolia is its antineopla-sic action which is frequently associated with the contentof lignoids and terpenoids One of the first reports wasmade by Kupchan et al [66] when the authors found thatthe ethanolic extract from roots as well as the isolatedditerpene jatrophone exhibited significant inhibitory activityin vitro against cells derived from human carcinoma of thenasopharynx and lymphocytic leukemia P-388 and in vivoagainst four standard animal tumor systems such as sarcoma180 Lewis lung carcinoma P-388 lymphocytic leukemiaand Walker 256 intramuscular carcinosarcoma [66] Laterthree new antitumor derivatives of jatrophone were isolatedfrom petrol ether extracts from roots of J gossypiifolia 2120572-hydroxyjatrophone 2120573-hydroxy-56-isojatrophone and 2120573-hydroxyjatrophone [64] Recently two other diterpenes withpotent antineoplasic activity were isolated from J gossypi-ifolia falodone and abiodone Falodone was isolated frommethanol extract from roots and showed potent proliferationinhibitory activity against A-549 human cancer cell line [13]Abiodone a lathyrane diterpenoid compound was isolatedfrom J gossypiifolia and presented potent anticancer activity[73]
611 Local Anesthetic Action The local anesthetic action ofJ gossypiifolia was evaluated by plexus anaesthesia in frogs[128] The authors observed that the aqueous and methanolextract (plant part not specified) presented significant anes-thetic action when compared to control group
26 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
612 Neuropharmacological Action The neuropharmacolog-ical action of the methanol extract of the leaves of J gossypi-ifolia was evaluated by Apu et al [111] The authors observedthat in hole cross test the extract at 200 and 400mgkg byoral route showed significant sedative effect in mice In holeboard test the extract showed highly significant anxiolyticactivity at a dose of 200mgkg whereas the same activity wasobserved at 400mgkg dose in elevated plus-maze test [111]Similar results were observed in the methanolic extract fromfruits [110]
613 Antidiarrheal Action Although it may seem contradic-tory as shown in Table 3 J gossypiifolia species is popularlyused both as purgative and as antidiarrheal remedy Howeverin literature there are interesting results about the antidiar-rheal properties of different extracts of this species
At 200 and 400mgkg oral doses in mice the methanolextract of J gossypiifolia leaves produced highly signifi-cant antidiarrheal activity upon castor oil-induced diarrheadecreasing themean number of stool and total weight of fecaloutput when compared to control group [111] Similar resultswere observed in the methanolic extract from fruits [110]
Aiming to determine the possible action mechanism of Jgossypiifolia aerial parts ethanol extract as antidiarrheal agentSilva et al [119] have investigated the effect of this extracton intestinal transit velocity and on isolated rat jejunumAt 500 1000 and 2000mgkg by oral route in mice theextract showed significant antispasmodic activity in mouseintestinal transit model when compared to control At 0510 and 20mgmL the crude extract inhibited in vitro theacetylcholine and calcium-induced contractions of isolatedrat jejunum The chloroform and aqueous fractions wereobtained and it was observed that only the chloroform frac-tion of the extract had a calcium-antagonist effect whereasboth chloroformic and aqueous fractions had anticholinergiceffect suggesting that the antispasmodic effect of J gossypi-ifolia may be due to a combination of anticholinergic andcalcium-antagonist mechanisms [119]
614 Immunomodulatory Action The immunomodulatoryaction of synthetic lignan compounds was evaluated by theassay of proliferation of mouse spleen cell in vitro andcompared with petrol ether extract of whole plant of Jgossypiifolia since it is a natural source of this kind ofcompound [127] The authors showed that both syntheticand naturally occurring 1-phenylnaphthalene lignans couldpositively modulate the immunity of the host since theysignificantly increased the proliferation of mouse spleen cellin vitro [127]
615 Hepatoprotective Action Despite some studies havingshown the hepatotoxic potential of J gossypiifolia a study wasperformed to analyze the possible hepatoprotective action ofextracts of this plant in carbon tetrachloride-induced liverdamage in rats [126] In fact the petrol ether methanoland water extracts from the aerial parts of J gossypiifoliapresented significant hepatoprotective action in this model
substantially restoring towards normalization the serum lev-els of serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase serum glu-tamate pyruvate transaminase serum alkaline phosphatasetotal bilirubin superoxide dismutase and catalase [126] Theauthors also discuss the close relationship between the hep-atoprotective action observed and the possible antioxidantmechanism present in the extracts
7 Other Actions andBiotechnological Applications
In addition to studies demonstrating scientific evidences ofthe pharmacological properties of J gossypiifolia severalstudies have demonstrated the potential of this species toobtain molecules with various applications thus showing itsmultipurpose character
Among the main applications described the use ofJ gossypiifolia seed oil for biodiesel production could bementioned Jatropha species has drawn the attention ofresearchers in recent years due to its emergence as a highlysuitable feedstock plant for biodiesel production [11] Amongthe species J gossypiifolia J curcas and J pohliana produceseeds with high oil content [11] In a study investigatingthe potential of two plants of the Jatropha genus (includ-ing J gossypiifolia) the authors observed that the studiedphysicochemical properties of the produced biodiesel are inthe acceptable range for use as biodiesel in diesel enginesshowing a promising economic exploitation of these rawmaterials [131]
Studies have shown the potential of the species for thedevelopment of new tools for biochemical analysis A recentstudy showed that the diluted fresh latex J gossypiifolia can beused as precipitating agent for biochemical determination ofproteins in plasma urine and cerebrospinal fluid with valuescomparable to those obtained from the conventional proteinprecipitants sodium tungstate and trichloroacetic acid [24]According to the authors the precipitating potential couldbe related to the capacity of the latex to form clots whenapplied to a bleeding sore or wound when it is used in folkmedicine [24] Another study showed the potentiality of thejuice extracted from the fresh leaves of J gossypiifolia asan anticoagulant for haematological analyses [86] 01mL ofextract per mL of blood proved to be suitable for obtainingplasmas for biochemical analysis comparable with conven-tional anticoagulants [86] However the authors emphasizethat the extract must be purified to remove interferingsubstances for it to be perfectly suitable for biochemicalanalysis [86]
Some studies have demonstrated the potentiality of Jgossypiifolia as a source of pesticide biomolecules Bullang-poti et al [49] isolated ricinine from the ethyl acetate extractfrom senescent leaves the main compound responsible forthe toxicity of the crude extract in Spodoptera exigua larvaethus demonstrating that it could be an alternative choiceto chemical insecticides In another study Bullangpoti etal [132] showed that the ethanol extract of J gossypiifoliain association with the ethanol extract of Melia azedarachwas toxic and inhibited some enzymes from Spodoptera
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 27
frugiperda larvae demonstrating once more the potentialityof the species as insecticide agent Calatayud et al [56]showed the presence of proteins of about 100 kDa with toxicactivity upon Phenacoccus herreni another type of insectIn this work the authors performed a strategy of extrac-tion that eliminated nonprotein compounds being able todemonstrate the potential of the species to obtain insecticidalproteins [56] Leaf extract of J gossypiifolia reduced thefecundity and egg viability against stored product insect pestsTribolium castaneum [133]
The potential molluscicidal activity of J gossypiifolia hasalso been evaluated as an alternative mode of preventionof schistosomiasis Sukumaran et al [134] showed that themethanol and n-butanol extracts from unripened seeds of Jgossypiifoliawas toxic against eggs and adults of two species offreshwater snails Lymnaea luteola and Indoplanorbis exustusThe results indicated that n-butanol extract was the mosteffective and that the eggs were more susceptible than adults[134]
8 Toxicology
Species of Jatropha are notably known for their toxic potential[135 136] This toxicity is related primarily to latex andseeds The latex is released from the aerial parts of theplant by mechanical injury and it is extremely caustic andirritating to skin and mucous membranes The seeds arerich in toxalbumins that cause agglutination and hemolysisto erythrocytes as well as damage to other cell types andcontain a lipoid resin complex that can cause dermatitis[3 12 135] The symptomatology consists in general ofgastrointestinal disorders (abdominal pain nausea vomitingand diarrhea) Additionally the clinical course can bringcardiovascular neurological and renal complications [136]Cases of poisoning in humans usually occur by eating fruitand seeds because of its similarity to edible chestnuts [136]
Some toxicological studies have demonstrated the toxicproperties of J gossypiifolia while others show the absence oftoxicity However it is important to observe the models useddoses administrated and types of extract employed (solventand plant part) among other aspects to make the properconclusions about the toxicity
The study of experimental poisoning in sheep showedthat the intake of fresh plant leaves in a single dose of40 gkg was lethal to these animals [137] The clinical andpathological picture in the experimental sheep was charac-terized by digestive lung and heart disturbances and alsoby slight regressive changes evidenced in hepatic and renalhistological examinations [137] However as observed byMariz et al [7] it is important to note that the medicinaluse of the plant is rarely in natura but instead by differentpreparations such as infusions or decoctions sometimes ofthe dried material which could inactivate the possible toxiccomponents However this is only a hypothesis and so thetoxicity of extracts from leaves cannot be discarded
One of the first studies relating the identification of theconstituents responsible for the toxic effects of the Jatrophaspecies was published by Adolf et al [69] In this work
by a bioguided isolation the irritant polyunsaturated ester12-deoxy-16-hydroxylphorbol was isolated from the etherextract from the seeds of J gossypiifolia by countercurrentchromatography [69] The irritant activity was visualized inmouse ear after 24 h of the application of the fractions andisolated compounds [69]
The in vitro cytotoxicity assay using brine shrimp larvaetest revealed that ethanol and methanol extracts (plant organunspecified) showed low toxicity [138] An earlier studyshowed that thewater and ethyl acetate fraction of amethanolextract from aerial parts of J gossypiifolia did not presenttoxicity against the same organisms [114]
A study performed in Wistar rats evaluated the toxicityof the ethanolic root extract of J gossypiifolia at 10 20 and30mgkg by oral route [139] The authors observed that theextract was toxic to the kidney and caused increased urearetention in the blood as observed by histological studies andbiochemical analysis of blood [139]
A preclinical toxicological assessment of the crudeethanol extract from J gossypiifolia leaves showed that theextract presents relatively low oral acute toxicity in Wistarrats [18 19] Rats treated with single doses of 12ndash50 gkgby oral route were observed for 14 days and the mostimportant signs of toxicity were ptosis reduction of bodyweight and hind limb paralysis Other significant alterationsoccurred only in males treated with 50 gkg dose increasein creatinine aspartate aminotransferase sodium and potas-sium seric levels reduction of urea and albumin leucopeniaand small alteration in color and consistency of visceraThe median lethal dose (LD
50) was higher than 40 gkg
for males and higher than 50 gkg for females [19] In thehistopathological evaluation some alteration was observedin liver and lung only at 50 gkg suggesting the relativelylow toxicity of the extract [18] However in the chronictoxicological study (thirteen weeks of treatment) this extractshowed significant oral chronic toxicity in rats [17] The mostsignificant toxic signs indicated a reduction of the activityin the central nervous system and digestive disturbancesThe histopathological analysis revealed hepatotoxicity andpulmonary damages The lethality was 466 and 133among males and females under the higher tested dose(405mgkg) respectively [17] Based on this Mariz et al [7]discussed that the development of herbal medicine based onthis species needs to prioritize the chemical refinement of thecrude extracts to obtain less toxic fractions which should betested for their safety and therapeutic efficacy
Another study on the other hand evaluating the oralacute toxicity of the aqueous and ethanol extracts from leavesof J gossypiifolia did not show any sign of toxicity in upto 2 gkg in rats enabling the authors to conclude that thisextract could be considered safe [118] This is an interestingresult since in most cases the plant is used popularly as tea(aqueous extract)
The toxicity of the stem latex of J gossypiifoliawas studiedin Wistar rats by applying different doses of crude latex onincised skin daily for 18 days based on the popular useof the latex as hemostatic agent in skin lesions [140] Theauthors observed that the application of the latex did notproduce any significant difference in results of biochemical
28 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
and hematological parameters obtained from the control andexperimental animals leading to the conclusion that the stemlatex has no harmful effects [140]
9 Conclusions
As demonstrated by this review J gossypiifolia presents animportant potential for the generation of pharmacologicalandor biotechnological products based on popular usesand biological studies scientifically showing its propertiesHowever regarding specifically its medicinal propertiesfurther studies are still necessary to assay important folkuses of the species and characterize the major compoundsresponsible for the bioactivityThus studies of bioprospectingcould prioritize this species since many popular uses forvariousmedical purposes are reported demonstrating a greatpotential to originate bioactive molecules with pharmaco-logical relevance Furthermore future phytochemical studiesof this plant are important to obtain the best knowledgeof the chemical composition of different extracts of theplant in order to recognize the really important compoundsin the pharmacological actions aspiring to the chemicalrefinement of the products to eliminate the eventual toxiceffects that could reduce the medicinal value of the speciesIn conclusion the data presented in this review could provideinsights for future research aimed at both ethnopharmaco-logical validation of the popular use of J gossypiifolia andits exploration as a new source of bioactive molecules forherbal drugs andor bioactive natural products for potentialapplication in complementary and alternative medicine
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper
Acknowledgments
The authors thank BNB CNPq and CAPES (Brazil) forthe financial support Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosagives thanks to CNPq for Scholarship in Research Produc-tivity The authors also thank Andrew Alastair Cumming forediting this paper for the English revision
References
[1] G L Webster ldquoClassification of the euphorbiaceaerdquo Annals ofthe Missouri Botanical Garden vol 81 pp 3ndash143 1994
[2] M V Alves ldquoChecklist das especies de Euphorbiaceae Jussocorrentes no semi-arido pernambucano BrasilrdquoActa BotanciaBrasileira vol 12 no 3 pp 485ndash495 1998
[3] C W Sabandar N Ahmat F M Jaafar and I Sahidin ldquoMedic-inal property phytochemistry and pharmacology of severalJatropha species (Euphorbiaceae) a reviewrdquo Phytochemistryvol 85 pp 7ndash29 2013
[4] C K A Leal and M D F Agra ldquoEstudo farmacobotanicocomparativo das folhas de Jatrophamolissima (Pohl) BaillrdquoActaFarmaceutica Bonaerense vol 24 no 1 pp 5ndash13 2005
[5] L C Di Stasi and C A Hiruma-Lima Plantas medicinais naAmazonia e na Mata Atlantica UNESP Sao Paulo Brazil 2ndedition 2002
[6] M D F Agra K N Silva I J L D Basılio P F De Freitasand JM Barbosa-Filho ldquoSurvey ofmedicinal plants used in theregionNortheast of BrazilrdquoBrazilian Journal of Pharmacognosyvol 18 no 3 pp 472ndash508 2008
[7] S R Mariz A C R Borges M F F Melo-Diniz and I AMedeiros ldquoPossibilidades terapeuticas e riscos toxicologicosde Jatropha gossypiifolia L uma revisao narrativardquo RevistaBrasileiraDe PlantasMedicinais vol 12 no 3 pp 346ndash357 2010
[8] I Cordeiro and R Secco ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia L Lista deespecies da flora do Brasilrdquo Jardim Botanico do Rio de JaneirohttpfloradobrasiljbrjgovbrjabotfloradobrasilFB17581
[9] U P de Albuquerque P M de Medeiros A L S de Almeida etal ldquoMedicinal plants of the caatinga (semi-arid) vegetation ofNE Brazil a quantitative approachrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacol-ogy vol 114 no 3 pp 325ndash354 2007
[10] U P Albuquerque L H C Andrade and J Caballero ldquoStruc-ture and floristics of homegardens in Northeastern BrazilrdquoJournal of Arid Environments vol 62 no 3 pp 491ndash506 2005
[11] S A Ceasar and S Ignacimuthu ldquoApplications of biotechnologyand biochemical engineering for the improvement of Jatrophaand Biodiesel a reviewrdquo Renewable and Sustainable EnergyReviews vol 15 no 9 pp 5176ndash5185 2011
[12] U P de Albuquerque J MMonteiro M A Ramos and E L Cde Amorim ldquoMedicinal and magic plants from a public marketin northeastern Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 110no 1 pp 76ndash91 2007
[13] A Falodun Q Sheng-Xiang G Parkinson and S GibbonsldquoIsolation and characterization of a new anticancer diterpenoidfrom Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journalvol 45 no 10 pp 636ndash639 2012
[14] BRASIL ldquoFitoterapia plantas de interesse ao SUSrdquo Braz-ilian Health Ministry httpportalsaudegovbrportalarqu-ivospdfRENISUSpdf
[15] X-P Zhang M-L Zhang X-H Su C-H Huo Y-C Gu andQ-W Shi ldquoChemical constituents of the plants from genusJatrophardquo Chemistry and Biodiversity vol 6 no 12 pp 2166ndash2183 2009
[16] S K Sharma and H Singh ldquoA review on pharmacological sig-nificance of genus Jatropha (Euphorbiaceae)rdquoChinese Journal ofIntegrative Medicine vol 18 no 11 pp 868ndash880 2012
[17] S RMariz G S CerqueiraWCAraujo et al ldquoChronic toxico-logic study of the ethanolic extract of the aerial parts of Jatrophagossypiifolia in ratsrdquoRevista Brasileira de Farmacognosia vol 22no 3 pp 663ndash668 2012
[18] S R Mariz M S T Araujo G S Cerqueira et al ldquoHistopatho-logical evaluation in rats after acute treatment with the ethanolextract from aerial parts of Jatropha gossypiifolia Lrdquo RevistaBrasileira De Farmacognosia vol 18 no 2 pp 213ndash216 2008
[19] S R Mariz G S Cerqueira W C Araujo et al ldquoEstudo toxi-cologico agudo do extrato etanolico de partes aereas de Jatrophagossypiifolia L em ratosrdquo Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosiavol 16 no 3 pp 372ndash378 2006
[20] C Auvin-Guette C Baraguey A Blond J L Pousset andB Bodo ldquoCyclogossine B a cyclic octapeptide from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Journal of Natural Products vol 60 pp 1155ndash11571997
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 29
[21] V S Parvathi B S Jyothi T Lakshmi P S Babu and RKarthikeyan ldquoMorpho-anatomical and physicochemical stud-ies of Jatropha gossypifolia (L)rdquo Der Pharmacia Lettre vol 4no 1 pp 256ndash262 2012
[22] M N S Rios and F Pastore Junior Plantas da Amazonia450 Especies de Uso Geral Universidade de BrasıliamdashBibliotecaCentral Brasılia 2011
[23] S R Mariz Estudo toxicologico pre-clınico de Jatropha gossypi-ifolia L [PhD thesis] Universidade Federal da Paraıba JoaoPessoa Brazil 2007
[24] O G Adeosun T Oduola F A Fagbomedo et al ldquoSuitabilityof stem latex of Jatropha gossypifolia as a protein precipitant forbiochemical analysisrdquo Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistryvol 29 no 2 pp 210ndash212 2014
[25] F O A Ajose ldquoSome Nigerian plants of dermatologic impor-tancerdquo International Journal of Dermatology vol 46 no 1 pp48ndash55 2007
[26] J S Ashidi P J Houghton P J Hylands and T EfferthldquoEthnobotanical survey and cytotoxicity testing of plants ofSouth-western Nigeria used to treat cancer with isolationof cytotoxic constituents from Cajanus cajan Millsp leavesrdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 128 no 2 pp 501ndash512 2010
[27] M Ayyanar and S Ignacimuthu ldquoEthnobotanical survey ofmedicinal plants commonly used by Kani tribals in Tirunelvelihills of Western Ghats Indiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 134 no 3 pp 851ndash864 2011
[28] R Bhagat S D Ambavade A V Misar and D K KulkarnildquoAnti-inflammatory activity of Jatropha gossypifolia L leaves inalbino mice and Wistar ratrdquo Journal of Scientific and IndustrialResearch vol 70 no 4 pp 289ndash292 2011
[29] J H Cano and G Volpato ldquoHerbal mixtures in the traditionalmedicine of Eastern Cubardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol90 no 2-3 pp 293ndash316 2004
[30] F G Coe and G J Anderson ldquoScreening of medicinal plantsused by the Garıfuna of Eastern Nicaragua for bioactive com-poundsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 53 no 1 pp 29ndash501996
[31] MGbeassor Y Kossou K Amegbo C De Souza K Koumagloand A Denke ldquoAntimalarial effects of eight African medicinalplantsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 25 no 1 pp 115ndash1181989
[32] National Center for Biotechnology Information ldquoJatropha gos-sypiifoliardquo Taxonomy Browser httpwwwncbinlmnihgovTaxonomyBrowserwwwtaxcgiid=454931
[33] Tropicos ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia Lrdquo httpwwwtropicosorgNamePrintaspxnameid=12802174amptab=details
[34] The Plant List ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia Lrdquo httpwwwtheplant-listorgtplrecordkew-104621
[35] M S Khyade and N P Vaikos ldquoPharmacognostical andphytochemical evaluation of leaf of Jatropha gossypifolia LrdquoInternational Journal of Research in Ayurveda amp Pharmacy vol2 no 1 pp 177ndash180 2011
[36] D O Aworinde D U Nwoye A A Jayeola A O Olagoke andA A Ogundele ldquoTaxonomic significance of foliar epidermis insome members of euphorbiaceae family in Nigeriardquo ResearchJournal of Botany vol 4 no 1 pp 17ndash28 2009
[37] J D Olowokudejo ldquoComparative epidermal morphology ofWest African species of Jatropha L (Euphorbiaceae)rdquo BotanicalJournal of the Linnean Society vol 111 no 2 pp 139ndash154 1993
[38] B Das and B Venkataiah ldquoA minor coumarino-lignoid fromJatropha gossypifoliardquo Biochemical Systematics and Ecology vol29 no 2 pp 213ndash214 2001
[39] B Das B Venkataiah and A Kashinatham ldquoVenkatasin a newcoumarino-lignoid from Jatropha gossypifoliardquoNatural ProductLetters vol 13 no 4 pp 293ndash297 1999
[40] B Das and B Venkataiah ldquoA rare diterpene from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Biochemical Systematics and Ecology vol 27 no 7pp 759ndash760 1999
[41] N Ravindranath B Venkataiah C Ramesh P Jayaprakash andB Das ldquoJatrophenone a novel macrocyclic bioactive diterpenefrom Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bul-letin vol 51 no 7 pp 870ndash871 2003
[42] B Das and J Banerji ldquoArylnaphthalene lignan from JatrophagossypifoliardquoPhytochemistry vol 27 no 11 pp 3684ndash3686 1988
[43] J Banerji B Das A Chatterjee and J N Shoolery ldquoGadain alignan from Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Phytochemistry vol 23 no10 pp 2323ndash2327 1984
[44] A Chatterjee B Das C Pascard and T Prange ldquoCrystalstructure of a lignan from Jatropha gossypifoliardquoPhytochemistryvol 20 no 8 pp 2047ndash2048 1981
[45] I C Abreu A S S Marinho A M A Paes et al ldquoHypotensiveand vasorelaxant effects of ethanolic extract from Jatrophagossypiifolia L in ratsrdquo Fitoterapia vol 74 no 7-8 pp 650ndash6572003
[46] B Das and R Das ldquoGossypifan a lignan from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Phytochemistry vol 40 no 3 pp 931ndash932 1995
[47] R Das B Das and A Kashinatham ldquoGossypiline a new lignanfrom Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Natural Product Sciences vol 4 no4 pp 238ndash240 1998
[48] D Shahwar S-U Shafiq N Ahmad S Ullah and M A RazaldquoAntioxidant activities of the selected plants from the fam-ily Euphorbiaceae Lauraceae Malvaceae and BalsaminaceaerdquoAfrican Journal of Biotechnology vol 9 no 7 pp 1086ndash10962010
[49] V Bullangpoti N Khumrungsee W Pluempanupat Y Kainohand U Saguanpong ldquoToxicity of ethyl acetate extract andricinine from Jatropha gossypifolia senescent leaves againstSpodoptera exigua Hubner (Lepidoptera Noctuidae)rdquo Journalof Pesticide Science vol 36 no 2 pp 260ndash263 2011
[50] A O Ogundare ldquoAntimicrobial effect of Tithonia diversifoliaand Jatropha gossypifolia leaf extractsrdquo Trends in Applied Sci-ences Research vol 2 no 2 pp 145ndash150 2007
[51] N Nwokocha A Blessing I O Agbagwa and B E OkolildquoComparative phytochemical screening of Jatropha L Speciesin the Niger Deltardquo Research Journal of Phytochemistry vol 5no 2 pp 107ndash114 2011
[52] R Seth and R Sarin ldquoAnalysis of the phytochemical contentand anti-microbial activity of Jatropha gossypifolia Lrdquo Archivesof Applied Science Research vol 2 no 5 pp 285ndash291 2010
[53] S Sankara Subramanian S Nagarajan and N SulochanaldquoFlavonoids of the leaves of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Phytochem-istry vol 10 no 7 p 1690 1971
[54] A C Pilon R L Carneiro F Carnevale Neto V S Bolzaniand I Castro-Gamboa ldquoInterval multivariate curve resolutionin the dereplication of HPLC-DAD data from Jatropha gossypi-foliardquo Phytochemical Analysis vol 24 no 4 pp 401ndash406 2013
[55] A R Kharat A K Dolui and S Das ldquoFree radical scavengingpotential of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Asian Journal of Chemistryvol 23 no 2 pp 799ndash801 2011
[56] P-A Calatayud D F Munera S Calatayud A Valencia-Jimenez and A C Bellotti ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia (Euphor-biaceae) a source of proteins toxic to Phenacoccus herreni(Sternorryncha Pseudococcidae)rdquo Florida Entomologist vol94 no 3 pp 649ndash654 2011
30 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
[57] W F Tinto L M D John W F Reynolds and S McLeanldquoTriterpenoids of Jatropha gossypiifoliardquo Journal of NaturalProducts vol 55 no 6 pp 807ndash809 1992
[58] R Das K Venkateswarlu V Saidi Reddy and B Das ldquo41015840-O-demethyl retrochinensin a minor new lignan from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Indian Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry vol 14no 2 pp 169ndash170 2004
[59] B Das A Kashinatham B Venkataiah K V N S Srinivas GMahender and M R Reddy ldquoCleomiscosin A a coumarino-lignoid from Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Biochemical Systematics andEcology vol 31 no 10 pp 1189ndash1191 2003
[60] B Das and G Anjani ldquoGossypidien a lignan from stems ofJatropha gossypifolliardquo Phytochemistry vol 51 no 1 pp 115ndash1171999
[61] B Das S P Rao and K V Srinivas ldquoIsolation of isogadain fromJatropha gossypifoliardquo Planta Medica vol 62 no 1 article 901996
[62] B Das S P Rao K V N S Srinivas and R Das ldquoJatrodien alignan from stems of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Phytochemistry vol41 no 3 pp 985ndash987 1996
[63] A Chatterjee B Das R Chakrabarti et al ldquoPrasanthaline anew lignan from Jatropha gossypifolia Linnrdquo Indian Journal ofChemistry vol 27 pp 740ndash741 1988
[64] M D Taylor A B Smith III G T Furst et al ldquoNewantileukemic jatrophone derivatives from Jatropha gossypiifoliastructural and stereochemical assignment through nuclearmagnetic resonance Spectroscopyrdquo Journal of the AmericanChemical Society vol 105 no 10 pp 3177ndash3183 1983
[65] K K Purushothaman S Chandrasekharan A F Cameron etal ldquoJatropholones A and B new diterpenoids from the roots ofJatropha gossypiifolia (Euphorbiaceae)mdashcrystal structure anal-ysis of Jatropholone Brdquo Tetrahedron Letters vol 20 no 11 pp979ndash980 1979
[66] S M Kupchan C W Sigel M J Matz J A S Renauld R CHaltiwanger and R F Bryan ldquoJatrophone a novel macrocyclicditerpenoid tumor inhibitor from Jatropha gossypiifoliardquo Jour-nal of the American Chemical Society vol 92 no 14 pp 4476ndash4477 1970
[67] Y R Prasad G S J G Alankararao and P Baby ldquoConstituentsof the seeds of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Fitoterapia vol 64 no 4p 376 1993
[68] O Ogbobe and V Akano ldquoThe physico-chemical properties ofthe seed and seed oil of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Plant Foods forHuman Nutrition vol 43 no 3 pp 197ndash200 1993
[69] W Adolf H J Opferkuch and E Hecker ldquoIrritant phorbolderivatives from four Jatropha speciesrdquo Phytochemistry vol 23no 1 pp 129ndash132 1984
[70] K M Hosamani and K S Katagi ldquoCharacterization andstructure elucidation of 12-hydroxyoctadec-cis-9-enoic acid inJatropha gossypifolia and Hevea brasiliensis seed oils a richsource of hydroxy fatty acidrdquo Chemistry and Physics of Lipidsvol 152 no 1 pp 9ndash12 2008
[71] S F A J Horsten A J J Van Den Berg J J Kettenes-VanDen Bosch B R Leeflang and R P Labadie ldquoCyclogossine Aa novel cyclic heptapeptide isolated from the latex of Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Planta Medica vol 62 no 1 pp 46ndash50 1996
[72] M U Ahmad M R Islam A H Mirza B H Chowdhuryand N Nahar ldquoAlkaloids of Jatropha gossypifolia Linnrdquo IndianJournal of Chemistry B Organic Chemistry Including MedicinalChemistry vol 31 no 1 pp 67ndash69 1992
[73] A Falodun U Kragl S-M T Touem A Villinger T Fahren-waldt and P Langer ldquoA novel anticancer diterpenoid fromJatropha gossypifoliardquo Natural Product Communications vol 7no 2 pp 151ndash152 2012
[74] G D Wadankar S N Malode and S L Sarambekar ldquoTra-ditionally used medicinal plants for ound healing in theWashim district Maharashtra (India)rdquo International Journal ofPharmTech Research vol 3 no 4 pp 2080ndash2084 2011
[75] B Kumar M Vijayakumar R Govindarajan and P Pushpan-gadan ldquoEthnopharmacological approaches to wound healing-Exploring medicinal plants of Indiardquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 114 no 2 pp 103ndash113 2007
[76] K Koudouvo D S Karou K Kokou et al ldquoAn ethnobotanicalstudy of antimalarial plants in Togo Maritime Regionrdquo Journalof Ethnopharmacology vol 134 no 1 pp 183ndash190 2011
[77] M Coelho-Ferreira ldquoMedicinal knowledge and plant utiliza-tion in an Amazonian coastal community ofMaruda Para State(Brazil)rdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 126 no 1 pp 159ndash175 2009
[78] F C S Oliveira R F M Barros and J M Moita Neto ldquoPlan-tas medicinais utilizadas em comunidades rurais de Oeirassemiarido piauienserdquo Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinaisvol 12 no 3 pp 282ndash301 2010
[79] J D F L Santos E Pagani J Ramos and E Rodrigues ldquoObser-vations on the therapeutic practices of riverine communities oftheUnini River AM Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol142 no 2 pp 503ndash515 2012
[80] S L Cartaxo M M de Almeida Souza and U P de Albu-querque ldquoMedicinal plants with bioprospecting potential usedin semi-arid northeastern Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacol-ogy vol 131 no 2 pp 326ndash342 2010
[81] O Jansen L Angenot M Tits et al ldquoEvaluation of 13 selectedmedicinal plants from Burkina Faso for their antiplasmodialpropertiesrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 130 no 1 pp143ndash150 2010
[82] M H Yetein L G Houessou T O Lougbegnon O Teka andB Tente ldquoEthnobotanical study of medicinal plants used for thetreatment of malaria in plateau of Allada Benin (West Africa)rdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 146 no 1 pp 154ndash163 2013
[83] L J Quintans Junior J R G S Almeida J T Lima et al ldquoPlantswith anticonvulsivant propertiesmdasha reviewrdquo Revista Brasileirade Farmacognosia vol 18 pp 798ndash819 2008
[84] A Diallo M S Traore S M Keita et al ldquoManagement ofdiabetes in Guinean traditional medicine an ethnobotanicalinvestigation in the coastal lowlandsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 144 no 2 pp 353ndash361 2012
[85] S O Olabanji A C Adebajo O R Omobuwajo et al ldquoPIXEanalysis of some Nigerian anti-diabetic medicinal plants (II)rdquoNuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B BeamInteractions With Materials and Atoms vol 318 pp 187ndash1902014
[86] T Oduola O G Avwioro and T B Ayanniyi ldquoSuitability ofthe leaf extract of Jatropha gossypifolia as an anticoagulant forbiochemical and haematological analysesrdquo African Journal ofBiotechnology vol 4 no 7 pp 679ndash681 2005
[87] CM Chariandy C E Seaforth R H Phelps G V Pollard andB P S Khambay ldquoScreening of medicinal plants from Trinidadand Tobago for antimicrobial and insecticidal propertiesrdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 64 no 3 pp 265ndash270 1999
[88] V P Kumar N S Chauhan H Padh and M Rajani ldquoSearchfor antibacterial and antifungal agents from selected Indian
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 31
medicinal plantsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 107 no2 pp 182ndash188 2006
[89] R Dabur A Gupta T K Mandal et al ldquoAntimicrobial activityof some medicinal plantsrdquo African Journal of TraditionalComplementary and AlternativeMedicines vol 4 no 3 pp 313ndash318 2007
[90] H C Ong and M Nordiana ldquoMalay ethno-medico botany inMachang Kelantan Malaysiardquo Fitoterapia vol 70 no 5 pp502ndash513 1999
[91] J Sanz-Biset J Campos-de-la-Cruz M A Epiquien-Riveraand S Canigueral ldquoA first survey on the medicinal plants of theChazuta valley (Peruvian Amazon)rdquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 122 no 2 pp 333ndash362 2009
[92] B B Panda K Gaur M L Kori et al ldquoAnti-inflammatoryand analgesic activity of Jatropha gossypifolia in experimentalanimal modelsrdquo Global Journal of Pharmacology vol 3 no 12009
[93] S S Ningthoujam A D Talukdar K S Potsangbam and MD Choudhury ldquoTraditional uses of herbal vapour therapy inManipur North East India an ethnobotanical surveyrdquo Journalof Ethnopharmacology vol 147 no 1 pp 136ndash147 2013
[94] A Asase A A Oteng-Yeboah G T Odamtten and M SJ Simmonds ldquoEthnobotanical study of some Ghanaian anti-malarial plantsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 99 no 2pp 273ndash279 2005
[95] C Lans T Harper K Georges and E Bridgewater ldquoMedicinaland ethnoveterinary remedies of hunters in Trinidadrdquo BMCComplementary and AlternativeMedicine vol 1 article 10 2001
[96] L Rasingam S Jeeva andD Kannan ldquoDental care of Andamanand Nicobar folks medicinal plants use as tooth stickrdquo AsianPacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine vol 2 no 2 pp S1013ndashS1016 2012
[97] P J Houghton and I M Osibogun ldquoFlowering plants usedagainst snakebiterdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 39 no 1pp 1ndash29 1993
[98] M Molander C H Saslis-Lagoudakis A K Jager and NRoslashnsted ldquoCross-cultural comparison of medicinal floras usedagainst snakebitesrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 139 no3 pp 863ndash872 2012
[99] A Jain S S Katewa B L Chaudhary and P Galav ldquoFolk herbalmedicines used in birth control and sexual diseases by tribals ofsouthern Rajasthan Indiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol90 no 1 pp 171ndash177 2004
[100] A Jain S S Katewa P K Galav and P Sharma ldquoMedicinalplant diversity of Sitamata wildlife sanctuary Rajasthan IndiardquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 102 no 2 pp 143ndash157 2005
[101] T Oduola G O Adeosun T A Oduola G O Avwioro andM A Oyeniyi ldquoMechanism of action of Jatropha gossypifoliastem latex as a haemostatic agentrdquo European Journal of GeneralMedicine vol 2 no 4 pp 140ndash143 2005
[102] D Garcia M V Domingues and E Rodrigues ldquoEthnophar-macological survey among migrants living in the SoutheastAtlantic Forest of Diadema Sao Paulo Brazilrdquo Journal ofEthnobiology and Ethnomedicine vol 6 article 29 2010
[103] S S Hebbar V H Harsha V Shripathi and G R HegdeldquoEthnomedicine of Dharwad district in Karnataka Indiamdashplants used in oral health carerdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 94 no 2-3 pp 261ndash266 2004
[104] S B Kosalge and R A Fursule ldquoInvestigation of ethnomedic-inal claims of some plants used by tribals of Satpuda Hills inIndiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 121 no 3 pp 456ndash461 2009
[105] R A Ritter M V B Monteiro F O B Monteiro et al ldquoEth-noveterinary knowledge and practices at Colares island Parastate eastern Amazon Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 144 no 2 pp 346ndash352 2012
[106] S K Dash and S Padhy ldquoReview on ethnomedicines fordiarrhoea diseases from Orissa prevalence versus culturerdquoJournal of Human Ecology vol 20 no 1 pp 59ndash64 2006
[107] R S L Taylor J B Hudson N P Manandhar and G H NTowers ldquoAntiviral activities of medicinal plants of southernNepalrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 53 pp 97ndash104 1996
[108] J M A Maia N G Czeczko J M R Filho et al ldquoEstudoda cicatrizacao de suturas na bexiga urinaria de ratos come sem utilizacao de extrato bruto de Jatropha gossypiifolia Lintraperitonealrdquo Acta Cirurgica Brasileira vol 21 no 2 pp 23ndash30 2006
[109] A L Ososki P Lohr M Reiff et al ldquoEthnobotanical literaturesurvey of medicinal plants in the Dominican Republic used forwomens health conditionsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol79 no 3 pp 285ndash298 2002
[110] A S Apu FHossain F Rizwan et al ldquoStudy of pharmacologicalactivities of methanol extract of Jatropha gossypifolia fruitsrdquoJournal of Basic and Clinical Pharmacy vol 4 no 1 pp 20ndash242013
[111] A S Apu K Ireen S Hossan Bhuyan et al ldquoEvaluation ofanalgesic neuropharmacological and anti-diarrheal potential ofJatropha gossypifolia (Linn) leaves in micerdquo Journal of MedicalSciences vol 12 no 8 pp 274ndash279 2012
[112] F A G Rocha and L I S Dantas ldquoAtividade antimicrobianain vitro do latex do aveloz (Euphorbia tirucalli L) pinhao bravo(Jatrophamollissima L) e pinhao roxo (Jatropha gossypiifolia L)sobre microrganismos patogenicosrdquo Holos vol 25 no 4 2009
[113] O M David and J O Oluyege ldquoIn vitro susceptibility ofselected pathogenic bacteria to leaf extracts and latex of Jatrophagossypiifolia(L) and Jatropha curcas (L)rdquo Biosciences Biotechnol-ogy Research Asia vol 3 no 1 pp 91ndash94 2006
[114] W D MacBae J B Hudson and G H N Towers ldquoStudieson the pharmacological activity of amazonian euphorbiaceaerdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 22 no 2 pp 143ndash172 1988
[115] M C Purohit and R Purohit ldquoEvaluation of antimicrobial andanti-inflammatory activities of bark of Jatropha gossypifoliardquoWorld Journal of Science and Technology vol 1 no 10 pp 1ndash52011
[116] D Singh and A Singh ldquoThe toxicity of four native Indianplants effect on AChE and acidalkaline phosphatase level infish Channa maruliusrdquo Chemosphere vol 60 no 1 pp 135ndash1402005
[117] C M Feitosa R M Freitas N N N Luz M Z B BezerraandM T S Trevisan ldquoAcetylcholinesterase inhibition by somespromising Brazilian medicinal plantsrdquo Brazilian Journal ofBiology vol 71 no 3 pp 783ndash789 2011
[118] Y Nagaharika V Kalyani S Rasheed and R KarthikeyanldquoAnti-inflammatory activity of leaves of Jatropha gossypifolia Lby HRBC membrane stabilization methodrdquo Journal of AcuteDisease vol 2 no 2 pp 156ndash158 2013
[119] S D N Silva I C Abreu S M D F Freire et al ldquoAntispas-modic effect of Jatropha gossypiifolia is mediated through dualblockade of muscarinic receptors and Ca2+ channelsrdquo BrazilianJournal of Pharmacognosy vol 21 no 4 pp 715ndash720 2011
[120] D Carabajal A Casaco L Arruzazabala R Gonzalez andV Fuentes ldquoPharmacological screening of plant decoctionscommonly used in Cuban folk medicinerdquo Journal of Ethnophar-macology vol 33 no 1-2 pp 21ndash24 1991
32 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
[121] S Jain G P Choudhary and D K Jain ldquoPharmacological eval-uation of anti-fertility activity of ethanolic extract of Jatrophagossypifolia leaf in female albino micerdquo Asian Pacific Journal ofTropical Biomedicine vol 2 no 3 pp S1671ndashS1674 2012
[122] S C N Servin O J M Torres J E F Matias et al ldquoAcao doextrato de Jatropha gossypiifolia L (piao roxo) na cicatrizacaode anastomose colonica estudo experimental em ratosrdquo ActaCirurgica Brasileira vol 21 no 3 pp 89ndash96 2006
[123] J R Vale N G Czeczko J U Aquino et al ldquoEstudo compara-tivo da cicatrizacao de gastrorrafias com e sem o uso do extratode Jatropha gossypiifolia L (piao roxo) em ratosrdquoActa CirurgicaBrasileira vol 21 no 3 pp 40ndash48 2006
[124] J U Aquino N G Czeczko O Malafaia et al ldquoAvaliacaofitoterapica da Jatropha gossypiifolia L na cicatrizacao desuturas na parede abdominal ventral de ratosrdquo Acta CirurgicaBrasileira vol 21 no 2 pp 61ndash66 2006
[125] M F D S Santos N G Czeczko P A N Nassif et alldquoAvaliacao do uso do extrato bruto de Jatropha gossypiifolia Lna cicatrizacao de feridas cutaneas em ratosrdquo Acta CirurgicaBrasileira vol 21 no 3 pp 2ndash7 2006
[126] B B Panda K Gaur R K Nema C S Sharma A K Jain andC P Jain ldquoHepatoprotective activity of Jatropha gossypifoliaagainst carbon tetrachloride- induced hepatic injury in ratsrdquoAsian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research vol 2no 1 pp 50ndash54 2009
[127] S S Deo T M Chaudhari and F Inam ldquoEvaluation ofthe immunomodulatory effects of 1-phenylnaphthalene andpericarbonyl lactone lignan compoundsrdquoDer PharmaChemicavol 4 no 2 pp 771ndash776 2012
[128] S K Rasheed S Kunapareddy and R Karthikeyan ldquoLocalanesthetic activity of Jatropha gossypifolia L on frogsrdquo Biomed-ical and Pharmacology Journal vol 5 no 2 pp 395ndash397 2012
[129] AM A Paes A L Camara SM F Freire andMO R BorgesldquoRelaxant effect of Jatropha gossypiifolia L on uterine smoothmusclerdquo International Journal of Phytomedicine vol 4 no 3 pp310ndash313 2012
[130] S J Jain G P Choudhary and D K Jain ldquoPharmacologicalevaluation and antifertility activity of Jatropha gossypifoliain ratsrdquo BioMed Research International vol 2013 Article ID125980 5 pages 2013
[131] J S de Oliveira PM Leite L B de Souza et al ldquoCharacteristicsand composition of Jatropha gossypiifolia and Jatropha curcasL oils and application for biodiesel productionrdquo Biomass andBioenergy vol 33 no 3 pp 449ndash453 2009
[132] V Bullangpoti E Wajnberg P Audant and R FeyereisenldquoAntifeedant activity of Jatropha gossypifolia and Meliaazedarach senescent leaf extracts on Spodoptera frugiperda(Lepidoptera Noctuidae) and their potential use as synergistsrdquoPest Management Science vol 68 no 9 pp 1255ndash1264 2012
[133] S N K JilaniW Islam andM Kamsh ldquoPotential of pyrethroidinsecticides and plant extracts on fecundity and egg viability oftribolium castaneum (Herbst)rdquo Journal of Bio-Science vol 19no 1 pp 95ndash97 2011
[134] D Sukumaran B D Parashar and K M Rao ldquoToxicity of Jat-ropha gossypiifolia and Vaccaria pyramidata against freshwatersnails vectors of animal schistosomiasisrdquo Fitoterapia vol 66 no5 pp 393ndash398 1995
[135] R K Devappa H P S Makkar and K Becker ldquoJatrophatoxicitymdasha reviewrdquo Journal of Toxicology and EnvironmentalHealth B Critical Reviews vol 13 no 6 pp 476ndash507 2010
[136] E P Schenkel M Zannin L A Mentz S A L Bordignonand B Irgang ldquoPlantas toxicasrdquo in Farmacognosia Da Planta
ao Medicamento C M O Simoes E P Schenkel G GosmannJ C P Mello L A Mentz and P R Petrovick Eds pp 959ndash993 Editora da UFRGSUFSC Porto Alegre Brazil 3d edition2007
[137] L I Oliveira F F Jabour V A Nogueira and E M YamasakildquoIntoxicacao experimental com as folhas de Jatropha gossypifo-lia(Euphorbiaceae) em ovinosrdquo Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileiravol 28 no 6 pp 275ndash278 2008
[138] P I A Awachie and F O Ugwu ldquoPreliminary investigationof the antimicrobial and brine shrimp lethality propertiesof some nigerian medicinal plantsrdquo International Journal ofPharmacognosy vol 35 no 5 pp 338ndash343 1997
[139] L J Medubi V O Ukwenya O T Aderinto et al ldquoEffects ofadministration of ethanolic root extract of Jatropha gossypiifoliaand prednisolone on the kidneys of Wistar ratsrdquo ElectronicJournal of Biomedicine vol 2 pp 41ndash48 2010
[140] T Oduola G B Popoola G O Avwioro et al ldquoUse of Jatrophagossypifolia stem latex as a haemostatic agent how safe is itrdquoJournal of Medicinal Plants Reasearch vol 1 no 1 pp 14ndash172007
Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom
Stem CellsInternational
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
MEDIATORSINFLAMMATION
of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Behavioural Neurology
EndocrinologyInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Disease Markers
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
BioMed Research International
OncologyJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
PPAR Research
The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Immunology ResearchHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of
ObesityJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine
OphthalmologyJournal of
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Diabetes ResearchJournal of
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Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Research and TreatmentAIDS
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Gastroenterology Research and Practice
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Parkinsonrsquos Disease
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Volume 2014Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 11
Table2Con
tinued
Classifi
catio
nCom
poun
dPlantp
art
Biologicalactiv
ityRe
ference
Jatro
phen
one
HO
H
O
H AcO
H
HWho
leplant
Antibacteria
linvitro
[41]
OH
O
Jatro
phol
one A
Roots
mdash[65]
Jatro
phol
one B O
H
O
Roots
mdash[65]
Jatro
phon
e
O
OO
Roots
Anticancerinvitro
andin
vivo
[66]
12 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table2Con
tinued
Classifi
catio
nCom
poun
dPlantp
art
Biologicalactiv
ityRe
ference
Esters
OH
HO
O
HO
HOH
OH
12-D
eoxy
-16-
hydr
oxyl
phor
bol
Seeds
Irritanttomou
seear
[69]
Lign
ans
Gos
sypi
fan
MeO
MeO
H
OO
O
O
Aeria
lparts
mdash[46]
Gos
sypi
line
O O
OCO
Me
OCO
Me
H
OO
Aeria
lparts
mdash[47]
Proteins
Cyclo
goss
ine A
Leu 1
Ala
2Th
r 3
Val 7
Gly
6Le
u 5
Trp 4
Latex
mdash[1571]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 13
Table2Con
tinued
Classifi
catio
nCom
poun
dPlantp
art
Biologicalactiv
ityRe
ference
Cyclo
goss
ine B Leu 2
Ala
5A
la6
Gly
1Le
u 4
Leu 8
Trp 3
Ile7
Latex
mdash[1520]
Triterpenes
HO O
H
HO
OH
H
(13120572
14120573
20S
)-2
2425
-Trih
ydro
xyla
nost
a-1
7-d
ien-3
-one
Leaves
mdash[57]
HO O
H
HO
OH
H
(2120572
13120572
14120573
20S
)-2
2425
-Trih
ydro
xyla
nost-
7-en
-3-o
ne
Leaves
mdash[57]
14 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
in different forms of preparation (infusion decoction andmaceration among others) by different routes and forms(oral topical baths etc) The most frequent reports refer toits anti-inflammatory antidiarrheal antiophidian analgesicantipyretic antimicrobial healing antianemic antidiabeticand antihemorrhagic activities among many other examples[3 5 7 9]
Some properties are attributed to specific parts of theplant while others are assigned to different parts Interest-ingly in some cases certain uses may appear contradictorysuch as antidiarrheal and laxative or its use as anticoagulantand antihemorrhagic One hypothesis is that this differencemay be related with the dose used since for example thelaxative effect is an effect commonly related with toxic eventswith this plant
6 Pharmacological Activities
Despite the grand variety of popular uses and the data fromJatropha species J gossypiifolia has been scarcely studiedregarding biological activities (Table 4) Studies showing thebiological potential of aqueous extract are rare so far whichis important to be mentioned since the most popular useof this plant is as a tea (decoction or infusion) Among themain activities that have been studied the antihypertensiveanticancer antimicrobial healing anti-inflammatory andanalgesic activities stand out
61 Antihypertensive Action Based on popular use of teasfrom J gossypiifolia roots and aerial parts the hypotensiveand vasorelaxant effects of the ethanolic extract of aerialparts of the plant were tested by Abreu et al [45] Thestudy revealed that the extract (125 and 250mgkgdayover 4 weeks by oral route in rats) in a dose-dependentmanner produced a reduction of systolic blood pressurein conscious normotensive animals This hypotensive effectcould be attributed to its vasorelaxant action since it pro-duced concentration-dependent relaxant effect in rat isolatedendothelium-deprived mesenteric artery precontracted withnorepinephrine or calcium Moreover it inhibited in aconcentration-dependent and noncompetitive manner thecontractile response induced by norepinephrine or CaCl
2in
the same preparation [45]
62 Antimicrobial Action The antibiotic activity of differ-ent extracts from J gossypiifolia is frequently reported asobserved in Table 4 In general some extent of antibacterialantifungal antiparasitic and antiviral activity was observedThe only report of J gossypiifolia isolated compound withantimicrobial activity is of the macrocyclic diterpene jatro-phenone which presented significant in vitro antibacterialactivity against Staphylococcus aureus [41]
63 Anti-Inflammatory andor Analgesic Action Many imp-ortant popular uses of J gossypiifolia are related to inflamma-tory process Bhagat et al [28] showed that the methanolicextract of leaves of this species has significant systemicacute and chronic anti-inflammatory activity The extract
at 500 and 1000mgkg oral doses was able to inhibit theacute carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats and at 50 and100mgkg oral doses inhibited the chronic cotton pellet-induced granuloma formation in rats Additionally the Jgossypiifolia leaf paste (05 and 1mgear) showed significantreduction in TPA-induced local inflammatory changes inmouse ear edema model [28]
In another study the anti-inflammatory and analgesicproperties of the methanol and petrol ether extracts of aerialparts of J gossypiifolia were demonstrated in mice [92]At 100 and 200mgkgday during 7 days by oral routeonly the methanol extract presented significant analgesicactivity in Eddyrsquos hot plate and tail-flick models and anti-inflammatory activity in carrageenan-induced paw edema[92] The anti-inflammatory activity of the bark from Jgossypiifolia (methanol and petrol ether extracts) was alsodemonstrated in carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats[115]
In a recent study using the in vitro human red bloodcell membrane stabilization method Nagaharika et al [118]suggested that ethanol and water extracts from J gossypiifolialeaves have anti-inflammatory activity According to theauthors since human red blood cell membranes are similarto the lysosomal membrane components the prevention ofhypotonicity-induced membrane lysis of these cells couldbe taken as a measure in estimating the anti-inflammatoryproperty of compounds [118]
The analgesic activity of the methanol extract from theleaves of J gossypiifolia was evaluated in acetic acid-inducedwrithing test in mice where highly significant inhibitionwas seen of 6756 and 6514 at 200 and 400mgkg oraldoses respectively [111] Similar results were observed in themethanolic extract from fruits [110]
64 Healing Action The healing action of the ethanol crudeextract of J gossypiifolia (plant part not specified) wasevaluated in suture healing of ventral abdominal wall ofrats through tensiometric measurement and macro- andmicroscopic aspect of postoperative period The extractwhich was administered by an intraperitoneal instillation of100mgkg single dose in the peritoneal cavity presentedmoreintense adhesion on macroscopic examination and greaterstrain evaluation and vascular neoformation However agreater inflammatory process was also observed and otherhistological parameters were similar to the control groupindicating that in general the extract presented poor woundhealing properties in the used model [124]
Another study evaluated the healing action of thehydroethanolic crude extract from leaves of J gossypiifoliain the healing process of sutures performed on the bladderof rats and similar results were presented although someimprovement might have been observed in some parametersIn general the authors concluded that no favorable heal-ing effect was observed with the administration of singleintraperitoneal dose of J gossypiifolia L [108] In anotherstudy analyzing the morphological aspects of the healingprocess occurring in open skin lesions in rats under topicaladministration of raw extract from J gossypiifolia (details
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 15
Table3Po
pularm
edicinaluses
ofJatro
phagossy
piifolia
Ldescrib
edin
theliterature
Plantp
art
Popu
laru
sePreparationandor
mod
eofu
seRe
ference
Who
leplant
Analgesic(headache)
Leaves
anointed
with
ldquoSebode
Holan
dardquo(muttontallo
w)a
ndheated
inthefi
reareu
sedas
compressfor
headaches
[5]
Analgesic(to
othache)
Not
specified
[3]
Antim
icrobial
Not
specified
[3]
Antipyretic
Decoctio
n[20]
Dyscrasia
Not
specified
[3]
Dysph
onia
Not
specified
[3]
Wou
ndhealing
Not
specified
[7475]
Aeria
lparts
Antianemic(m
alariatre
atment)
Decoctio
nused
byoralroute
[76]
Abscess
Bath
[77]
Alopecia
Ashleaves
[25]
Analgesic(eye
pain)
Not
specified
[78]
Analgesic(headache)
Not
specified
[78]
Analgesic(headachea
ndotitis)
Not
specified
[79]
Analgesic(painin
general)
Decoctio
nor
infusio
n[80]
Analgesic(to
othache)
Decoctio
nor
infusio
n[80]
Antianemic
Decoctio
n[81]
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[82]
Anticancer
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Decoctio
nof
thea
ssociatio
nof
leaves
ofJgossy
piifolia
with
leaves
ofPetiveriaalliaceaandaeria
lpartsof
Stachytarpheta
jamaicensis
byoralroute
[29]
Not
specified
[3]
Anticon
vulsivant
Not
specified
[83]
Antidiabetic
Decoctio
n[8485]
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Antidiarrheal
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Not
specified
[3]
Antihem
orrhagic
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Freshcrushedleaves
areu
sedin
caseso
fcutaneous
andnasalbleeding
[86]
Anti-infectiv
eDecoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Not
specified
[8788]
Anti-infl
ammatory
Not
specified
[78]
Antipyretic
Decoctio
n[81]
ldquoTeardquo
[5]
Not
specified
[88]
Antise
ptic
Bath
prepared
from
theleaves
[5]
Antith
rombo
ticDecoctio
nor
infusio
n[80]
Antiulcerogenic
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Leafjuice
[89]
Boils
Applicationof
thep
ound
edleaves
[90]
16 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative MedicineTa
ble3Con
tinued
Plantp
art
Popu
laru
sePreparationandor
mod
eofu
seRe
ference
Burns
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Usedin
associationwith
seedso
fGossypium
arboreum
sugarhon
eybeeandfato
fram
preparedby
grinding
app
liedtopically
[29]
Con
traceptiv
eand
oxito
toxic
Not
specified
[79]
Depurative
Squeezedthe
juiceo
btainedisdrun
k[91]
Detoxificant
Not
specified
[92]
Eczema
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Emetic
Squeezedthe
juiceo
btainedisdrun
k[91]
Gastro
intestinaldisorders
Not
specified
[79]
Gingivitis
Leafjuice
[89]
Gon
orrhoea
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Healin
gBa
thprepared
from
theleaves
[5]
Decoctio
n[30]
Decoctio
nor
infusio
n[80]
Hem
orrhoids
Usedin
associationwith
leaves
ofNicotia
natabacum
andcopp
ersulphateboiledin
waterand
used
asste
amdirected
atthea
nalregion
[93]
Hem
ostatic
Decoctio
nor
infusio
n[80]
Hepatitis
Not
specified
[12]
Itching
skin
Applicationof
thep
ound
edleaves
[90]
Leaves
Leprosy
Leafjuice
[89]
Malaria
Decoctio
n[81]
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[82]
Usedin
associationwith
leaves
ofAz
adira
chta
indica
andCo
mbretum
spbo
iledforsteam
bathsa
ndby
oralroute
[94]
Usedin
associationwith
leaves
ofCo
mbretum
ghasalenseandwho
leplanto
fOcim
umcanu
mbyoralrouteo
rfor
steam
baths
[94]
Mastitis
Poun
dedleaves
appliedon
swollenbreasts
[90]
Mycosis
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Psycho
activ
eNot
specified
[79]
Purgative
Not
specified
[388]
Rheumatism
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Scabies
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Skin
diseases
Not
specified
[3]
Stom
achic
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Not
specified
[8892]
Syph
ilis
Ash
ofleaves
[25]
Thrush
(oralcandidiasis)
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Treatm
ento
fldquocultu
ralsyn
drom
esrdquoldquoderramerdquo
ldquoquebranterdquoldquoespanterdquo
ldquovento-caıdordquoldquo
panemardquo
ldquodoenca-do-arrdquoldquom
ae-do-corpordquo
Not
specified
[79]
Vaginalinfectio
nSlightlybo
iledused
asvaginalw
ash
[91]
Venerald
iseases
Not
specified
[92]
Verm
ifuge
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Vertigo
Not
specified
[3]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 17
Table3Con
tinued
Plantp
art
Popu
laru
sePreparationandor
mod
eofu
seRe
ference
Wou
ndsa
ndrashes
Bath
oftheleaves
[24]
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Decoctio
nused
asbathsfor
cleaningwou
ndsindo
gs[95]
Wou
nddisin
fectant
Slightlybo
iledused
aswou
ndwash
[91]
Stem
Analgesic(to
othache)
Not
specified
[96]
Antianemic
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[82]
Anticancer
Decoctio
nby
oralor
topicalrou
te[26]
Emmenagogue
Decoctio
nof
barks
[7092]
Malaria
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[82]
Rheumatism
Not
specified
[77]
Thickbloo
dNot
specified
[77]
Roots
Anticancer
Decoctio
nby
oralor
topicalrou
te[26]
Root
bark
used
forc
ancero
fthe
lung
s[73]
Anticon
vulsivant
Not
specified
[83]
Antidiarrheal
Not
specified
[89]
Antim
icrobial
Root
bark
used
inbacterialinfectio
ns[73]
Impo
tence
Decoctio
nof
thea
ssociatio
nof
rootso
fJgossy
piifoliaC
hiococca
albaC
itrus
aurantifoliaD
esmodium
canu
m
RoystonearegiaSenn
aoccid
entalisStachytarphetajamaicensis
and
Waltheriaindica
with
thew
holeplanto
fCom
melina
erectaC
yperus
rotund
usand
sugarby
oralroute
[29]
Leprosy
Not
specified
[392]
Snakebites
Not
specified
[22929798]
Urin
arypain
Not
specified
[92]
Uterusd
iseases
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[99100]
Seeds
Analgesic(bod
ypain)
Not
specified
[101]
Analgesic(headache)
Not
specified
[79]
Antigrip
alUsedin
strong
colds
[5]
Antihem
orrhagic
Not
specified
[9]
Antiulcerogenic
Seed
oil
[3]
Con
traceptiv
eand
oxito
toxic
Not
specified
[79]
Depurative
Not
specified
[91]
Emetic
Not
specified
[7091101]
Gastro
intestinaldisorders
Not
specified
[79]
Leprosy
Seed
oil
[3]
Mycosis
Seed
oil
[3]
Psycho
activ
eNot
specified
[79]
Purgative
Not
specified
[39101102]
Treatm
ento
fldquocultu
ralsyn
drom
esrdquoldquoderramerdquo
ldquoquebranterdquoldquoespanterdquo
ldquovento-caıdordquoldquo
panemardquo
ldquodoenca-do-arrdquoldquom
ae-do-corpordquo
Not
specified
[79]
Vaginalinfectio
nSlightlybo
iledused
asvaginalw
ash
[91]
Wou
ndinfection
Slightlybo
iledused
aswou
ndwash
[91]
18 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table3Con
tinued
Plantp
art
Popu
laru
sePreparationandor
mod
eofu
seRe
ference
Fruits
Analgesic
Massaging
pregnant
wom
enrsquosbellies
with
teao
rgarrafadalowast
whenthey
areinpain
[77]
Analgesic(headache)
Teao
rgarrafadalowast
[77]
Analgesic(to
othache)
Teao
rgarrafadalowast
[77]
Laxativ
eIngestion
innatura
ofthep
owderfruit
[102]
Num
bnessa
fterb
ugsting
sTeao
rgarrafadalowast
[77]
Latex
Alopecia
Not
specified
[25]
Analgesic(eye
pain)
Not
specified
[78]
Analgesic(painin
general)
Drin
kor
massage
thea
ffected
area
with
latex
[80]
Analgesic(to
othache)
Cottonsoaked
with
latexkept
incontactw
iththes
oretoo
th[103]
Drin
kor
massage
thea
ffected
area
with
latex
[80]
Anticancer
Not
specified
[25]
Antihem
orrhagic
Not
specified
[9248695]
Antith
rombo
ticOralrou
te[80]
Antiulcerogenic
Not
specified
[2089]
Biteof
veno
mou
sanimals
Applicationof
fresh
latexatthea
ffected
site
[5]
Diuretic
Afewdrop
soffresh
latex
inwater
[6]
Eczema
Not
specified
[25]
Gingivitis
Not
specified
[89]
Gon
orrhea
Not
specified
[25]
Hem
ostatic
Not
specified
[2580]
Infected
wou
nds
Applicationof
fresh
latex
atthea
ffected
site
[520]
Leprosy
Not
specified
[89]
Mycosis
Not
specified
[25]
Purgative
Afewdrop
soffresh
latexin
water
[6]
Not
specified
[9]
Rheumatism
Not
specified
[25]
Scabies
Not
specified
[25]
Skin
burns
Applicationof
fresh
latex
atthea
ffected
site
[104]
Not
specified
[25]
Stop
ofitching
ofcutsandscratches
Not
specified
[95]
Syph
ilis
Not
specified
[25]
Thrush
(oralcandidiasis)
Not
specified
[25]
Verm
ifuge
Not
specified
[25]
Wou
ndhealing
Applicationof
latexatthea
ffected
site
[5]
Drin
kor
massage
thea
ffected
sitew
ithlatex
[80]
Not
specified
[7475]
Resin
Toothache
Toothp
owder
[27]
Wou
ndsinlip
sand
tong
ueTo
picalapp
lication
[27]
Oil
Arthritis
Appliedlocally
[89]
Purgative
Not
specified
[89]
Skin
disease
Appliedlocally
[89]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 19
Table3Con
tinued
Plantp
art
Popu
laru
sePreparationandor
mod
eofu
seRe
ference
Not
specified
Alopecia
Teaa
ppliedlocally
indo
gs[105]
Analgesic
Not
specified
[13]
Poultic
es[95]
Anticancer
Not
specified
[1366]
Antidiarrheal
Not
specified
[2845106]
Antihypertensive
Not
specified
[45]
Anti-infl
ammatory
Not
specified
[1328]
Antipyretic
Not
specified
[28]
Antise
ptic
Not
specified
[45]
Antiulcerogenic
Not
specified
[28]
Cou
ghsa
ndcolds
Bark
juice(4spoo
nfuls3tim
esad
ay)b
yoralroute
[107]
Detoxication
Not
specified
[28]
Diuretic
Not
specified
[45]
Eczema
Not
specified
[28]
Gum
infection
Not
specified
[28]
Healin
gNot
specified
[45108]
Hydropsy
Not
specified
[5]
Leprosy
Not
specified
[28]
Obstructio
nsof
thea
bdom
inaltract
Not
specified
[5]
Purgative
Not
specified
[5]
Regu
latem
enses
Not
specified
[109]
Rheumatism
Not
specified
[5]
Snakea
ndscorpion
bites
Not
specified
[322]
Stom
achpain
Not
specified
[28]
Venerealdiseases
Not
specified
[28]
Wou
nds
Poultic
es[95]
Usedas
bath
[28]
lowast
Garrafadapreparatio
ndo
neby
maceratingplantp
artsin
alcoho
lorh
ydroalcoho
licmediumsin
generalbrandies
20 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative MedicineTa
ble4Ph
armacologicalstu
dies
ofJatro
phagossy
piifolia
Ldescrib
edin
theliterature
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Analgesic
Aeria
lparts
Methano
land
petro
lether
extracts
At100and200m
gkgdayover7
daysbyoralrouteinmiceon
lythe
methano
lextractpresentedsig
nificantanalgesicactiv
ityin
Eddyrsquosho
tplatea
ndtail-flack
mod
els[92]
Fruits
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmicehigh
lysig
nificantly
inhibitedthew
rithing
respon
sesind
uced
byaceticacid
[110]
Leaves
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmicesig
nificantly
inhibited
thew
rithing
respon
sesind
uced
byaceticacid
[111]
Antibacteria
l
Latex
Crud
elatex
At100120583
Lvolumeinh
ibitedin
vitro
Liste
riamonocytogenes
Salm
onellatyhimuriumSalmonellatyphiandStaphylococcus
aureus
[112]
Latex
Not
specified
Presentedbactericidaleffectinvitro
againstShigella
dysenteriaea
ndStaphylococcus
aureuslowast
[113]
Leaves
Fractio
nsobtained
bysequ
entia
lextractionof
the
vegetalm
aterialw
ithpetro
letherbenzenechloroform
aceton
eethano
lmethano
landwater
Petro
lether
fractio
nwas
inactiv
eagainstEscherich
iacoliandBa
cillus
subtilisBe
nzenefractionwas
them
ostactiveagainstb
oth
microorganism
sCh
loroform
andmethano
lfractions
werea
ctive
onlyagainstB
acillus
subtilisAc
eton
eand
ethano
lfractions
were
activ
eonlyagainstE
scheric
hiacoliAq
ueou
sfractionwas
activ
eagainstb
othmicroorganism
salthou
ghto
amuchlesser
degree
than
theo
ther
fractions
[52]
Methano
lchloroform
and
water
extracts
Allextractswerea
ctiveinvitro
againstShigella
dysenteriaelowast
[113]
Petro
lether
andethyl
acetatefractions
from
ethano
ldichloromethane
(11vv)extract
Thep
etrolether
fractio
n(1mgmL)
inhibitedin
vitro
Pseudomonas
aeruginosaStaphylo
coccus
epidermidis
andSalm
onellatyphim
urium
Thee
thylacetatefraction(1mgmL)
was
activ
eagainstStaphylococcus
aureus
[87]
Who
leplant
Jatro
phenon
ePresentedin
vitro
antib
acteria
lactivity
againstStaphylo
coccus
aureus
comparabletopenicillin
[41]
Aeria
lparts
Water
andethylacetate
fractio
nsfro
mmethano
lextract
Both
fractio
nsat1
mgdidno
tprodu
cezoneso
finh
ibition
for
Escherich
iacoliStaphylococcus
aureusSaccharom
yces
cerevisia
enor
Cand
idaalbicans
[114]
Leaves
Chloroform
extract
Presentedantib
acteria
lactivity
againstSalmonellatyphiPseudomonas
aeruginosaand
Staphylococcus
aureus
andantifun
galactivity
against
Cand
idaalbicansD
idno
tprodu
ceinhibitio
nzonesa
gainst
Escherich
iacoliBa
cillussubtilis
Proteusm
irabilisC
orynebacteriu
mdiptheria
eShigelladysenteriaea
ndStreptococcusp
enum
oniae
[50]
Leaves
Dichlorom
ethane
methano
l(11vv)extract
At05and1m
gmLshow
edsig
nificantantibacteria
lactivity
invitro
againstB
acillus
cereus
varm
ycoidesBa
cillusp
umilu
sBa
cillussubtilis
Bordetellabronchise
ptica
MicrococcusluteusStaphylococcus
aureus
Staphylococcus
epidermidis
Klebsiella
pneumoniaeandStreptococcus
faecalisandantifun
galactivity
invitro
againstC
andida
albicans
[88]
Methano
lextract
Presentedantib
acteria
lactivity
againstSalmonellatyphiPseudomonas
aeruginosaand
Staphylococcus
aureus
andantifun
galactivity
against
Cand
idaalbicansD
idno
tprodu
ceinhibitio
nzonesa
gainst
Escherich
iacoliBa
cillussubtilis
Proteusm
irabilisC
orynebacteriu
mdiptheria
eShigelladysenteriaea
ndStreptococcusp
enum
oniae
[50]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 21
Table4Con
tinued
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Antibacteria
land
antifun
gal
Not
specified
Extractsob
tained
bysequ
entia
lextractionof
the
vegetalm
aterialw
ithn-hexanechloroform
aceton
emethano
land
water
n-Hexanee
xtracthadinhibitory
activ
ityin
vitro
againstE
scheric
hia
coliSalm
onellatyphiPseudomonas
aeruginosaB
acillus
cereus
Klebsiella
aerogenesandCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainst
Shiguella
boydiAspergillus
fumiga
tusAspergillus
flavusand
Aspergillus
nigerCh
loroform
extractinh
ibitedin
vitro
Salm
onella
typhiPseudomonas
aeruginosaB
acillus
cereusan
dCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainstEscherich
iacoliStaphylococcus
aureus
Shiguella
boydiAspergillus
fumiga
tusAspergillus
flavusand
Aspergillus
nigerAc
eton
eextractinhibitedin
vitro
Escherich
iacoli
Pseudomonas
aeruginosaStaphylococcusa
ureusKlebsiella
aerogenes
Proteusv
ulgarisan
dCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainst
Salm
onellatyphiAspergillus
fumiga
tusAspergillus
flavusa
ndAspergillus
nigerMethano
lextractinhibitedin
vitro
Escherich
iacoli
Salm
onellatyphiPseudomonas
aeruginosaStaphylococcusa
ureus
Bacilluscereusa
ndCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainst
Aspergillus
fumigatusA
spergillu
sflavusan
dAspergillus
nigerWater
extractw
asactiv
einvitro
againstE
scheric
hiacoliSalm
onellatyphi
Pseudomonas
aeruginosaStaphylococcusa
ureusBa
cilluscereus
Klebsiella
aerogenesProteusv
ulgarisan
dCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainstAspergillus
fumigatusA
spergillu
sflavusand
Aspergillus
niger
[89]
Methano
land
petro
lether
extractsfro
mbark
At200120583
g100120583
Lon
lythem
ethano
lextractshow
edin
vitro
antib
acteria
lactivity
upon
Staphylococcus
aureusStre
ptococcus
pyogenesand
Escherich
iacoliandantifun
galactivity
upon
Aspergillus
nigerCa
ndidaalbicansPenicillium
notatumand
Saccharomyces
cerevisia
e
[115]
Anticho
linesterase
Latex
Lyop
hilized
latex
Inhibitedtim
e-anddo
se-dependentlythea
cetylch
olinesterase
enzymeinnervou
stissue
offre
shwater
airb
reathing
fishCh
anna
marulius
[116]
Leaves
Fractio
nsobtained
bysequ
entia
lextractionof
the
vegetalm
aterialw
ithethyl
acetatea
ndmethano
l
At2m
gmLconcentration
thee
thylacetatea
ndmethano
lfractions
presentedinhibitory
activ
ities
invitro
of71
and100
Them
ethano
lfractio
npresentedIC
50of
005
mgmL
[117]
Antidiarrheal
Fruits
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmiceinhibitedthec
astoro
ilindu
ceddiarrhea
[110]
Leaves
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmiceinhibitedthec
astoro
ilindu
ceddiarrhea
[111]
Antifu
ngal
(antidermatop
hytic
fung
i)Ae
rialp
arts
Water
andethylacetate
fractio
nsfro
mmethano
lextract
Them
inim
alconcentrationprod
ucing75of
inhibitio
nor
high
eragainstM
icrosporuscanis
forb
othfractio
nsw
as1120583
gmLFo
rthe
fung
usMicrosporusg
ypseum
Microsporusfulvuman
dMicrosporus
gallina
eno
neof
thefractionpresentedinhibitory
activ
ity
[114]
22 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative MedicineTa
ble4Con
tinued
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Anti-infl
ammatory
Aeria
lparts
Methano
land
petro
lether
extracts
At100and200m
gkgdayover7
daysbyoralrouteinmiceon
lythe
methano
lextractpresentedsig
nificantanti-infl
ammatoryactiv
ityon
carrageenan-indu
cedpawedem
a[92]
Leaves
Aqueou
sextract
At100and200120583
gmLsig
nificantly
preventedthelysisof
human
red
bloo
dcells
inmem
branes
tabilizationmetho
din
vitro
[118]
Ethano
lextract
At100120583
gmLsig
nificantly
preventedthelysisof
human
redbloo
dcells
inmem
branes
tabilizationmetho
din
vitro
[118]
Methano
lextractandleaf
paste
At500and1000
mgkgbyoralrouteinrats
inhibitedthe
carrageenan-indu
cedpawedem
aAt
50and100m
gkgbyoralroute
inrats
inhibitedthec
ottonpelletind
uced
granulom
aformationin
rats
At05and1m
geartheleafp
asteredu
cedtheinfl
ammation
respon
sein
mou
seeare
demam
odel
[28]
Not
specified
Methano
land
petro
lether
extractsfro
mbark
At200m
gkgbyoralrouteinratsbothextractsredu
cedthe
carrageenan-indu
cedpawedem
a[115]
Antim
alarial
Leaves
Aqueou
sextract
30120583ginhibitedin
vitro
theg
rowth
ofPlasmodium
falciparum
[31]
Dichlorom
ethane
extract
Activ
einvitro
againstP
lasm
odium
falciparumw
ithIC
50of
abou
t35120583gmL
[81]
Antineoplasic
Roots
Ethano
licextractand
jatro
phon
e
Thee
thanolextractas
wellasjatroph
oneexhibitedsig
nificant
inhibitory
activ
ityin
vitro
againstcellsderiv
edfro
mhu
man
carcinom
aofthe
nasoph
aryn
xandlymph
ocyticleuk
emiaP-388and
invivo
againstfou
rstand
ardanim
altumor
syste
ms
[66]
Falodo
neShow
edpo
tent
proliferatio
ninhibitory
activ
ityagainstA
-549
human
cancer
celllin
ewith
IC50of
120120583
gmL
[13]
2120572-H
ydroxyjatro
phon
e2120573
-hydroxy-56-iso
jatro
phon
eand2120573
-hydroxyjatro
phon
editerpenes
isolatedfro
mpetro
lether
extract
Presentedantin
eoplasicactiv
ityup
onP-388lymph
ocyticleuk
emia
testsyste
mbo
thin
vivo
andin
vitro
asw
ellasfor
theE
aglersquos
carcinom
aofthe
nasoph
aryn
xtestsyste
min
vitro
[64]
Not
specified
Abiodo
neNot
specifiedlowast
[73]
Antioxidant
Leaves
Methano
lethylacetateand
aqueou
sextract
Allextractsshow
edsig
nificantantioxidant
activ
ityin
vitro
inDPP
Hfre
eradicalferric
thiocyanateandnitricoxides
caveng
ingmetho
dslowast
[55]
Who
leplant
Petro
letherchloroform
ethylacetateand
n-bu
tano
lextracts
Allextractsshow
edon
lypo
orDPP
Hscavenging
activ
ityTh
etotal
antio
xidant
capacitywas
high
erin
ethylacetateandn-bu
tano
lextracts
having
thep
etrolether
andchloroform
show
ingon
lypo
oractiv
ityTh
elipid
peroxidatio
nwas
inhibitedon
lypartially
bythe
extracts
with
thee
thylacetateb
eing
them
ostactivea
ndthep
etrol
etherb
eing
theleast
[48]
Antisp
asmod
icAe
rialp
arts
Ethano
lextractfractions
andsubfractions
At5001000and
2000
mgkgbyoralrouteinmiceshow
edsig
nificantantisp
asmod
icactiv
ityin
mou
seintestinaltransit
mod
elandat0510
and
20m
gmLinhibitedin
vitro
thea
cetylch
olinea
ndcalcium-in
ducedcontractions
ofiso
lated
ratjeju
numO
nlythe
organicfractionof
thee
xtracthadac
alcium
-antagon
isteffect
whereas
both
chloroform
icandaqueou
sfractions
hadanticho
linergic
effect
[119]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 23Ta
ble4Con
tinued
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Antivira
lAe
rialp
arts
Water
andethylacetate
fractio
nsfro
mmethano
lextract
At110and
100120583
gmLbo
thfractio
nspresented100
ofinhibitio
nof
plaque-fo
rmingabilityof
Sind
bisv
irusintre
atmentp
reinfection
protocol(IC 5
0lt1120583
gmL)w
hilein
treatmentp
ostin
fection
theIC 5
0of
water
fractio
nincreasedto
512andacetatefractionincreasedto
37120583gmLFo
rmurinec
ytom
egaloviru
sIC
50of
17and15
towater
andethylacetatefractio
nswereo
bservedrespectiv
elyintre
atment
preinfectio
nprotocolInthetreatmentp
ostin
fection
howe
verno
inhibitio
nwas
observed
inthismicroorganism
[114]
Not
specified
Methano
lextractfro
mbarks
Partially
activ
eagainstSind
bisv
irusand
herpes
simplex
virus-l
Inactiv
eagainsthu
man
polio
virus
[107]
Bron
chod
ilator
Stem
sAq
ueou
sextract
Thee
xtractwas
inactiv
einbron
chod
ilatora
ctivity
inguinea
pigs
[120]
Con
traceptiv
eLeaves
Ethano
lextract
At450m
gkgdayover2
1daysby
oralroutecaused
anantifertility
activ
ityin
femalem
ice
[121]
Healin
g
Aeria
lparts
Ethano
l70
extract
At1m
Lkg
dosebyintraperito
nealrouteinrats
presentedbeneficial
activ
ityin
healingprocesso
fcolon
icanastomosis
[122]
Aeria
lparts
Ethano
l70
extract
At200m
gkgbyintraperito
nealrouteinrats
favoredtheh
ealin
gprocesso
fgastro
rrhaph
iesa
ndredu
cedthea
cuteinflammatory
reactio
nin
vivo
[123]
Leaves
Hydroethano
lextract
At200m
gkgbyintraperito
nealroutedecreasedtheinfl
ammation
andincreasedvascular
neoformationandcollagendepo
sitionwhen
comparedto
thec
ontro
lgroup
inhealingprocesso
fsutures
perfo
rmed
ontheb
ladd
erof
rats
How
everingeneralno
favorable
healingeffectw
asob
served
[108]
Not
specified
Ethano
licextract
Alth
ough
someimprovem
entcou
ldbe
observed
insuture
healingof
ventralabd
ominalwallofratstreated
with
100m
gkg
ofextract
(intraperito
nealinstillationintraperito
nealcavity)in
generalon
lya
poor
healingactiv
itywas
observed
[124]
Not
specified
At01m
Lvolumeby
topicalapp
lication
thec
rude
extractp
resented
significantd
ifferencesc
oncerningthem
acroscop
icandmicroscop
icaspectso
fhealin
gprocesso
ccurrin
gin
open
skin
lesio
nsin
rats
[125]
Hem
ostatic
Latex
Crud
efresh
latex
Decreased
clotting
andbleeding
timeinhealthysubjects
[101]
Hepatop
rotective
Aeria
lparts
Petro
letherm
ethano
land
water
extracts
At200m
gkgdayover7
daysbyoralrouteinrats
both
extracts
presentedhepatoprotectiv
eactivity
incarbon
tetrachlorideind
uced
liver
damagewith
thep
etrolether
beingthem
ostactivea
ndthe
methano
lbeing
theleast
[126]
Hypotensiv
eand
vasorelaxant
Aeria
lparts
Ethano
licextract
At125and250m
gkgdayover4
weeksby
oralrouteinrats
ina
dose-dependent
mannerredu
cedthes
ystolic
bloo
dpressure
and
prod
uced
acon
centratio
n-depend
entrelaxanteffectin
ratisolated
(ex
vivo)end
otheliu
m-depriv
edmesenteric
artery
precon
tractedwith
norepineph
rineo
rCaC
l 2
[45]
Immun
omod
ulatory
Who
leplant
Petro
lether
extract
At100200and40
0120583gmLincreasedthep
roliferationof
mou
sespleen
cellin
vitro
[127]
Localanesthetic
Not
specified
Methano
land
aqueou
sextracts
Both
extractspresentedsig
nificantlocalanestheticactiv
ityby
plexus
anesthesiain
frogslowast
[128]
24 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table4Con
tinued
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Relaxant
effecto
nuterine
smoo
thmuscle
(tocolytic
activ
ity)
Aeria
lparts
Ethano
licextractand
chloroform
icandaqueou
sfractio
ns
At05and10
mgmLthee
thanolicextractreduced
the
calcium
-evokedcontractile
respon
seof
theu
terin
esmoo
thmuscle
as
wellas
thec
hloroformicfractio
nTh
eaqu
eous
fractio
npresented
onlyslighteffect
[129]
Sedativ
eand
anxiolytic
Fruits
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmicepresentedsedativ
eeffect
intheh
olec
rosstest
At200m
gkgpresented
anxiolyticactiv
ityin
holebo
ardtest
At40
0mgkgpresented
anxiolyticactiv
ityin
elevated
plus-m
azetest
[110]
Leaves
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmicepresentedsedativ
eeffect
intheh
olec
rosstest
At200m
gkgpresented
anxiolyticactiv
ityin
holebo
ardtest
At40
0mgkgpresented
anxiolyticin
elevated
plus-m
azetest
[111]
lowast
Thec
ompletev
ersio
nof
thep
aper
was
notaccessib
leso
theinformationwas
obtained
from
itsabstr
act
IC50con
centratio
nthatinhibits50of
ther
eferredactiv
ity
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 25
about extract preparation and plant part not specified) theauthors also observed an absence of healing action althoughsome histological improvement was shown [125]
However studying the influence of J gossypiifolia on thehealing process of colonic anastomosis in rats Servin et alshowed that the administration of 1mLkg single dose ofthe hydro alcoholic extract from aerial parts has beneficialeffect on the healing process [122] However according tothese authors on the seventh day of the experiment therewas a decrease in the action of the extract suggestingthat the extract in this experiment was less active in laterstages of healing process [122] A plausible hypothesis notraised by the authors could be the fact that the extract wasadministered in a single dose which may not have beensufficient to maintain the effect throughout the time of theexperiment Additionally Vale et al showed that the ethanolicextract from aerial parts of J gossypiifolia at single intraperi-toneal dose of 200mgkg favored the healing process ofgastrorrhaphies and reduced the acute inflammatory reactionin vivo [123]
65 Hemostatic Action The use of J gossypiifolia especiallythe latex is widespread as a hemostatic agent for preventingbleeding disorders The results of whole blood clotting timeusing Lee and White method and bleeding time using Ivyrsquosmethod were significantly reduced when stem latex wasintroduced suggesting procoagulant activity [101] Regardingthe possible mechanism of action based on experimentsthat show the precipitating action of the latex upon bovinealbumin the authors suggest that the latex precipitatesclotting factors thereby bringing the coagulation factors intoclose contact and then the activation of coagulation cascadeleads to the generation of thrombin and formation of aclot takes place in a matter of seconds when compared tothe control experiment which took minutes to completecoagulation [101] It is important to emphasize that to the bestof our knowledge this is the only study performed on humansubjects
66 Anticholinesterase Action Based on the cholinergichypothesis acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are widely usedto treat Alzheimerrsquos disease J gossypiifolia presented animportant anticholinesterase activity since the methanolicextract from leaves showed an IC
50of 005mgmL [117]
Another study showed that the lyophilized latex of theplant was able to inhibit time- and dose-dependently theacetylcholinesterase enzyme in nervous tissue of freshwaterair breathing fish Channa marulius [116]
67 Antioxidant Action The antioxidant activity of extractsfrom J gossypiifoliawas evaluated by Kharat et al [55] In thiswork the high content of phenols tannins and flavonoids inthe leaves prompted the authors to evaluate the antioxidantactivity of the leaves DPPH free radical ferric thiocyanateand nitric oxide scavengingmethods were used to analyze theantioxidant activity in vitro of methanol ethyl acetate andaqueous extracts demonstrating positive resultsThe authorsattributed the free radical scavenging activity to the presence
of flavonoids [55] On the other hand a study showed thatdifferent extracts (petrol ether chloroform ethyl acetate andn-butanol) fromwhole plant of J gossypiifolia had only partialantioxidant activity in DPPH scavenging total antioxidantcapacity and lipid peroxidation tests [48] Among them theethyl acetate extract was the most active which correlatespositively with its higher content of phenolic compounds incomparison with the other extracts [48]
68 Contraceptive Action Based on its popular use J gossypi-ifoliawas assessed for its antifertility activity as an alternativeto oral contraceptive agents J gossypiifolia leaf extract byoral route altered the major hormones involved in estrouscycle regulation indicating its antifertility effect on mice[121] Evaluating other parameters (estrogenic and earlyabortifacient activities) the anti-infertility effect of the extractwas once more demonstrated later [130]
69 Tocolytic Action Based on the ethnopharmacologicalapplication of the plant as tocolytic remedy the effects oncalcium-evoked uterine smooth muscle contraction of theethanolic extract and fractions were evaluated [129] Thecrude extract and to a higher extent the chloroformic frac-tion reduced the calcium-evoked contractile response of theuterine smooth muscle promoting a rightward displacementof calciumcumulative curves aswell as reducing themaximalcontractions [129]
610 Antineoplasic Action One of the most well-knownpharmacological activities of J gossypiifolia is its antineopla-sic action which is frequently associated with the contentof lignoids and terpenoids One of the first reports wasmade by Kupchan et al [66] when the authors found thatthe ethanolic extract from roots as well as the isolatedditerpene jatrophone exhibited significant inhibitory activityin vitro against cells derived from human carcinoma of thenasopharynx and lymphocytic leukemia P-388 and in vivoagainst four standard animal tumor systems such as sarcoma180 Lewis lung carcinoma P-388 lymphocytic leukemiaand Walker 256 intramuscular carcinosarcoma [66] Laterthree new antitumor derivatives of jatrophone were isolatedfrom petrol ether extracts from roots of J gossypiifolia 2120572-hydroxyjatrophone 2120573-hydroxy-56-isojatrophone and 2120573-hydroxyjatrophone [64] Recently two other diterpenes withpotent antineoplasic activity were isolated from J gossypi-ifolia falodone and abiodone Falodone was isolated frommethanol extract from roots and showed potent proliferationinhibitory activity against A-549 human cancer cell line [13]Abiodone a lathyrane diterpenoid compound was isolatedfrom J gossypiifolia and presented potent anticancer activity[73]
611 Local Anesthetic Action The local anesthetic action ofJ gossypiifolia was evaluated by plexus anaesthesia in frogs[128] The authors observed that the aqueous and methanolextract (plant part not specified) presented significant anes-thetic action when compared to control group
26 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
612 Neuropharmacological Action The neuropharmacolog-ical action of the methanol extract of the leaves of J gossypi-ifolia was evaluated by Apu et al [111] The authors observedthat in hole cross test the extract at 200 and 400mgkg byoral route showed significant sedative effect in mice In holeboard test the extract showed highly significant anxiolyticactivity at a dose of 200mgkg whereas the same activity wasobserved at 400mgkg dose in elevated plus-maze test [111]Similar results were observed in the methanolic extract fromfruits [110]
613 Antidiarrheal Action Although it may seem contradic-tory as shown in Table 3 J gossypiifolia species is popularlyused both as purgative and as antidiarrheal remedy Howeverin literature there are interesting results about the antidiar-rheal properties of different extracts of this species
At 200 and 400mgkg oral doses in mice the methanolextract of J gossypiifolia leaves produced highly signifi-cant antidiarrheal activity upon castor oil-induced diarrheadecreasing themean number of stool and total weight of fecaloutput when compared to control group [111] Similar resultswere observed in the methanolic extract from fruits [110]
Aiming to determine the possible action mechanism of Jgossypiifolia aerial parts ethanol extract as antidiarrheal agentSilva et al [119] have investigated the effect of this extracton intestinal transit velocity and on isolated rat jejunumAt 500 1000 and 2000mgkg by oral route in mice theextract showed significant antispasmodic activity in mouseintestinal transit model when compared to control At 0510 and 20mgmL the crude extract inhibited in vitro theacetylcholine and calcium-induced contractions of isolatedrat jejunum The chloroform and aqueous fractions wereobtained and it was observed that only the chloroform frac-tion of the extract had a calcium-antagonist effect whereasboth chloroformic and aqueous fractions had anticholinergiceffect suggesting that the antispasmodic effect of J gossypi-ifolia may be due to a combination of anticholinergic andcalcium-antagonist mechanisms [119]
614 Immunomodulatory Action The immunomodulatoryaction of synthetic lignan compounds was evaluated by theassay of proliferation of mouse spleen cell in vitro andcompared with petrol ether extract of whole plant of Jgossypiifolia since it is a natural source of this kind ofcompound [127] The authors showed that both syntheticand naturally occurring 1-phenylnaphthalene lignans couldpositively modulate the immunity of the host since theysignificantly increased the proliferation of mouse spleen cellin vitro [127]
615 Hepatoprotective Action Despite some studies havingshown the hepatotoxic potential of J gossypiifolia a study wasperformed to analyze the possible hepatoprotective action ofextracts of this plant in carbon tetrachloride-induced liverdamage in rats [126] In fact the petrol ether methanoland water extracts from the aerial parts of J gossypiifoliapresented significant hepatoprotective action in this model
substantially restoring towards normalization the serum lev-els of serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase serum glu-tamate pyruvate transaminase serum alkaline phosphatasetotal bilirubin superoxide dismutase and catalase [126] Theauthors also discuss the close relationship between the hep-atoprotective action observed and the possible antioxidantmechanism present in the extracts
7 Other Actions andBiotechnological Applications
In addition to studies demonstrating scientific evidences ofthe pharmacological properties of J gossypiifolia severalstudies have demonstrated the potential of this species toobtain molecules with various applications thus showing itsmultipurpose character
Among the main applications described the use ofJ gossypiifolia seed oil for biodiesel production could bementioned Jatropha species has drawn the attention ofresearchers in recent years due to its emergence as a highlysuitable feedstock plant for biodiesel production [11] Amongthe species J gossypiifolia J curcas and J pohliana produceseeds with high oil content [11] In a study investigatingthe potential of two plants of the Jatropha genus (includ-ing J gossypiifolia) the authors observed that the studiedphysicochemical properties of the produced biodiesel are inthe acceptable range for use as biodiesel in diesel enginesshowing a promising economic exploitation of these rawmaterials [131]
Studies have shown the potential of the species for thedevelopment of new tools for biochemical analysis A recentstudy showed that the diluted fresh latex J gossypiifolia can beused as precipitating agent for biochemical determination ofproteins in plasma urine and cerebrospinal fluid with valuescomparable to those obtained from the conventional proteinprecipitants sodium tungstate and trichloroacetic acid [24]According to the authors the precipitating potential couldbe related to the capacity of the latex to form clots whenapplied to a bleeding sore or wound when it is used in folkmedicine [24] Another study showed the potentiality of thejuice extracted from the fresh leaves of J gossypiifolia asan anticoagulant for haematological analyses [86] 01mL ofextract per mL of blood proved to be suitable for obtainingplasmas for biochemical analysis comparable with conven-tional anticoagulants [86] However the authors emphasizethat the extract must be purified to remove interferingsubstances for it to be perfectly suitable for biochemicalanalysis [86]
Some studies have demonstrated the potentiality of Jgossypiifolia as a source of pesticide biomolecules Bullang-poti et al [49] isolated ricinine from the ethyl acetate extractfrom senescent leaves the main compound responsible forthe toxicity of the crude extract in Spodoptera exigua larvaethus demonstrating that it could be an alternative choiceto chemical insecticides In another study Bullangpoti etal [132] showed that the ethanol extract of J gossypiifoliain association with the ethanol extract of Melia azedarachwas toxic and inhibited some enzymes from Spodoptera
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 27
frugiperda larvae demonstrating once more the potentialityof the species as insecticide agent Calatayud et al [56]showed the presence of proteins of about 100 kDa with toxicactivity upon Phenacoccus herreni another type of insectIn this work the authors performed a strategy of extrac-tion that eliminated nonprotein compounds being able todemonstrate the potential of the species to obtain insecticidalproteins [56] Leaf extract of J gossypiifolia reduced thefecundity and egg viability against stored product insect pestsTribolium castaneum [133]
The potential molluscicidal activity of J gossypiifolia hasalso been evaluated as an alternative mode of preventionof schistosomiasis Sukumaran et al [134] showed that themethanol and n-butanol extracts from unripened seeds of Jgossypiifoliawas toxic against eggs and adults of two species offreshwater snails Lymnaea luteola and Indoplanorbis exustusThe results indicated that n-butanol extract was the mosteffective and that the eggs were more susceptible than adults[134]
8 Toxicology
Species of Jatropha are notably known for their toxic potential[135 136] This toxicity is related primarily to latex andseeds The latex is released from the aerial parts of theplant by mechanical injury and it is extremely caustic andirritating to skin and mucous membranes The seeds arerich in toxalbumins that cause agglutination and hemolysisto erythrocytes as well as damage to other cell types andcontain a lipoid resin complex that can cause dermatitis[3 12 135] The symptomatology consists in general ofgastrointestinal disorders (abdominal pain nausea vomitingand diarrhea) Additionally the clinical course can bringcardiovascular neurological and renal complications [136]Cases of poisoning in humans usually occur by eating fruitand seeds because of its similarity to edible chestnuts [136]
Some toxicological studies have demonstrated the toxicproperties of J gossypiifolia while others show the absence oftoxicity However it is important to observe the models useddoses administrated and types of extract employed (solventand plant part) among other aspects to make the properconclusions about the toxicity
The study of experimental poisoning in sheep showedthat the intake of fresh plant leaves in a single dose of40 gkg was lethal to these animals [137] The clinical andpathological picture in the experimental sheep was charac-terized by digestive lung and heart disturbances and alsoby slight regressive changes evidenced in hepatic and renalhistological examinations [137] However as observed byMariz et al [7] it is important to note that the medicinaluse of the plant is rarely in natura but instead by differentpreparations such as infusions or decoctions sometimes ofthe dried material which could inactivate the possible toxiccomponents However this is only a hypothesis and so thetoxicity of extracts from leaves cannot be discarded
One of the first studies relating the identification of theconstituents responsible for the toxic effects of the Jatrophaspecies was published by Adolf et al [69] In this work
by a bioguided isolation the irritant polyunsaturated ester12-deoxy-16-hydroxylphorbol was isolated from the etherextract from the seeds of J gossypiifolia by countercurrentchromatography [69] The irritant activity was visualized inmouse ear after 24 h of the application of the fractions andisolated compounds [69]
The in vitro cytotoxicity assay using brine shrimp larvaetest revealed that ethanol and methanol extracts (plant organunspecified) showed low toxicity [138] An earlier studyshowed that thewater and ethyl acetate fraction of amethanolextract from aerial parts of J gossypiifolia did not presenttoxicity against the same organisms [114]
A study performed in Wistar rats evaluated the toxicityof the ethanolic root extract of J gossypiifolia at 10 20 and30mgkg by oral route [139] The authors observed that theextract was toxic to the kidney and caused increased urearetention in the blood as observed by histological studies andbiochemical analysis of blood [139]
A preclinical toxicological assessment of the crudeethanol extract from J gossypiifolia leaves showed that theextract presents relatively low oral acute toxicity in Wistarrats [18 19] Rats treated with single doses of 12ndash50 gkgby oral route were observed for 14 days and the mostimportant signs of toxicity were ptosis reduction of bodyweight and hind limb paralysis Other significant alterationsoccurred only in males treated with 50 gkg dose increasein creatinine aspartate aminotransferase sodium and potas-sium seric levels reduction of urea and albumin leucopeniaand small alteration in color and consistency of visceraThe median lethal dose (LD
50) was higher than 40 gkg
for males and higher than 50 gkg for females [19] In thehistopathological evaluation some alteration was observedin liver and lung only at 50 gkg suggesting the relativelylow toxicity of the extract [18] However in the chronictoxicological study (thirteen weeks of treatment) this extractshowed significant oral chronic toxicity in rats [17] The mostsignificant toxic signs indicated a reduction of the activityin the central nervous system and digestive disturbancesThe histopathological analysis revealed hepatotoxicity andpulmonary damages The lethality was 466 and 133among males and females under the higher tested dose(405mgkg) respectively [17] Based on this Mariz et al [7]discussed that the development of herbal medicine based onthis species needs to prioritize the chemical refinement of thecrude extracts to obtain less toxic fractions which should betested for their safety and therapeutic efficacy
Another study on the other hand evaluating the oralacute toxicity of the aqueous and ethanol extracts from leavesof J gossypiifolia did not show any sign of toxicity in upto 2 gkg in rats enabling the authors to conclude that thisextract could be considered safe [118] This is an interestingresult since in most cases the plant is used popularly as tea(aqueous extract)
The toxicity of the stem latex of J gossypiifoliawas studiedin Wistar rats by applying different doses of crude latex onincised skin daily for 18 days based on the popular useof the latex as hemostatic agent in skin lesions [140] Theauthors observed that the application of the latex did notproduce any significant difference in results of biochemical
28 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
and hematological parameters obtained from the control andexperimental animals leading to the conclusion that the stemlatex has no harmful effects [140]
9 Conclusions
As demonstrated by this review J gossypiifolia presents animportant potential for the generation of pharmacologicalandor biotechnological products based on popular usesand biological studies scientifically showing its propertiesHowever regarding specifically its medicinal propertiesfurther studies are still necessary to assay important folkuses of the species and characterize the major compoundsresponsible for the bioactivityThus studies of bioprospectingcould prioritize this species since many popular uses forvariousmedical purposes are reported demonstrating a greatpotential to originate bioactive molecules with pharmaco-logical relevance Furthermore future phytochemical studiesof this plant are important to obtain the best knowledgeof the chemical composition of different extracts of theplant in order to recognize the really important compoundsin the pharmacological actions aspiring to the chemicalrefinement of the products to eliminate the eventual toxiceffects that could reduce the medicinal value of the speciesIn conclusion the data presented in this review could provideinsights for future research aimed at both ethnopharmaco-logical validation of the popular use of J gossypiifolia andits exploration as a new source of bioactive molecules forherbal drugs andor bioactive natural products for potentialapplication in complementary and alternative medicine
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper
Acknowledgments
The authors thank BNB CNPq and CAPES (Brazil) forthe financial support Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosagives thanks to CNPq for Scholarship in Research Produc-tivity The authors also thank Andrew Alastair Cumming forediting this paper for the English revision
References
[1] G L Webster ldquoClassification of the euphorbiaceaerdquo Annals ofthe Missouri Botanical Garden vol 81 pp 3ndash143 1994
[2] M V Alves ldquoChecklist das especies de Euphorbiaceae Jussocorrentes no semi-arido pernambucano BrasilrdquoActa BotanciaBrasileira vol 12 no 3 pp 485ndash495 1998
[3] C W Sabandar N Ahmat F M Jaafar and I Sahidin ldquoMedic-inal property phytochemistry and pharmacology of severalJatropha species (Euphorbiaceae) a reviewrdquo Phytochemistryvol 85 pp 7ndash29 2013
[4] C K A Leal and M D F Agra ldquoEstudo farmacobotanicocomparativo das folhas de Jatrophamolissima (Pohl) BaillrdquoActaFarmaceutica Bonaerense vol 24 no 1 pp 5ndash13 2005
[5] L C Di Stasi and C A Hiruma-Lima Plantas medicinais naAmazonia e na Mata Atlantica UNESP Sao Paulo Brazil 2ndedition 2002
[6] M D F Agra K N Silva I J L D Basılio P F De Freitasand JM Barbosa-Filho ldquoSurvey ofmedicinal plants used in theregionNortheast of BrazilrdquoBrazilian Journal of Pharmacognosyvol 18 no 3 pp 472ndash508 2008
[7] S R Mariz A C R Borges M F F Melo-Diniz and I AMedeiros ldquoPossibilidades terapeuticas e riscos toxicologicosde Jatropha gossypiifolia L uma revisao narrativardquo RevistaBrasileiraDe PlantasMedicinais vol 12 no 3 pp 346ndash357 2010
[8] I Cordeiro and R Secco ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia L Lista deespecies da flora do Brasilrdquo Jardim Botanico do Rio de JaneirohttpfloradobrasiljbrjgovbrjabotfloradobrasilFB17581
[9] U P de Albuquerque P M de Medeiros A L S de Almeida etal ldquoMedicinal plants of the caatinga (semi-arid) vegetation ofNE Brazil a quantitative approachrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacol-ogy vol 114 no 3 pp 325ndash354 2007
[10] U P Albuquerque L H C Andrade and J Caballero ldquoStruc-ture and floristics of homegardens in Northeastern BrazilrdquoJournal of Arid Environments vol 62 no 3 pp 491ndash506 2005
[11] S A Ceasar and S Ignacimuthu ldquoApplications of biotechnologyand biochemical engineering for the improvement of Jatrophaand Biodiesel a reviewrdquo Renewable and Sustainable EnergyReviews vol 15 no 9 pp 5176ndash5185 2011
[12] U P de Albuquerque J MMonteiro M A Ramos and E L Cde Amorim ldquoMedicinal and magic plants from a public marketin northeastern Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 110no 1 pp 76ndash91 2007
[13] A Falodun Q Sheng-Xiang G Parkinson and S GibbonsldquoIsolation and characterization of a new anticancer diterpenoidfrom Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journalvol 45 no 10 pp 636ndash639 2012
[14] BRASIL ldquoFitoterapia plantas de interesse ao SUSrdquo Braz-ilian Health Ministry httpportalsaudegovbrportalarqu-ivospdfRENISUSpdf
[15] X-P Zhang M-L Zhang X-H Su C-H Huo Y-C Gu andQ-W Shi ldquoChemical constituents of the plants from genusJatrophardquo Chemistry and Biodiversity vol 6 no 12 pp 2166ndash2183 2009
[16] S K Sharma and H Singh ldquoA review on pharmacological sig-nificance of genus Jatropha (Euphorbiaceae)rdquoChinese Journal ofIntegrative Medicine vol 18 no 11 pp 868ndash880 2012
[17] S RMariz G S CerqueiraWCAraujo et al ldquoChronic toxico-logic study of the ethanolic extract of the aerial parts of Jatrophagossypiifolia in ratsrdquoRevista Brasileira de Farmacognosia vol 22no 3 pp 663ndash668 2012
[18] S R Mariz M S T Araujo G S Cerqueira et al ldquoHistopatho-logical evaluation in rats after acute treatment with the ethanolextract from aerial parts of Jatropha gossypiifolia Lrdquo RevistaBrasileira De Farmacognosia vol 18 no 2 pp 213ndash216 2008
[19] S R Mariz G S Cerqueira W C Araujo et al ldquoEstudo toxi-cologico agudo do extrato etanolico de partes aereas de Jatrophagossypiifolia L em ratosrdquo Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosiavol 16 no 3 pp 372ndash378 2006
[20] C Auvin-Guette C Baraguey A Blond J L Pousset andB Bodo ldquoCyclogossine B a cyclic octapeptide from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Journal of Natural Products vol 60 pp 1155ndash11571997
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 29
[21] V S Parvathi B S Jyothi T Lakshmi P S Babu and RKarthikeyan ldquoMorpho-anatomical and physicochemical stud-ies of Jatropha gossypifolia (L)rdquo Der Pharmacia Lettre vol 4no 1 pp 256ndash262 2012
[22] M N S Rios and F Pastore Junior Plantas da Amazonia450 Especies de Uso Geral Universidade de BrasıliamdashBibliotecaCentral Brasılia 2011
[23] S R Mariz Estudo toxicologico pre-clınico de Jatropha gossypi-ifolia L [PhD thesis] Universidade Federal da Paraıba JoaoPessoa Brazil 2007
[24] O G Adeosun T Oduola F A Fagbomedo et al ldquoSuitabilityof stem latex of Jatropha gossypifolia as a protein precipitant forbiochemical analysisrdquo Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistryvol 29 no 2 pp 210ndash212 2014
[25] F O A Ajose ldquoSome Nigerian plants of dermatologic impor-tancerdquo International Journal of Dermatology vol 46 no 1 pp48ndash55 2007
[26] J S Ashidi P J Houghton P J Hylands and T EfferthldquoEthnobotanical survey and cytotoxicity testing of plants ofSouth-western Nigeria used to treat cancer with isolationof cytotoxic constituents from Cajanus cajan Millsp leavesrdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 128 no 2 pp 501ndash512 2010
[27] M Ayyanar and S Ignacimuthu ldquoEthnobotanical survey ofmedicinal plants commonly used by Kani tribals in Tirunelvelihills of Western Ghats Indiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 134 no 3 pp 851ndash864 2011
[28] R Bhagat S D Ambavade A V Misar and D K KulkarnildquoAnti-inflammatory activity of Jatropha gossypifolia L leaves inalbino mice and Wistar ratrdquo Journal of Scientific and IndustrialResearch vol 70 no 4 pp 289ndash292 2011
[29] J H Cano and G Volpato ldquoHerbal mixtures in the traditionalmedicine of Eastern Cubardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol90 no 2-3 pp 293ndash316 2004
[30] F G Coe and G J Anderson ldquoScreening of medicinal plantsused by the Garıfuna of Eastern Nicaragua for bioactive com-poundsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 53 no 1 pp 29ndash501996
[31] MGbeassor Y Kossou K Amegbo C De Souza K Koumagloand A Denke ldquoAntimalarial effects of eight African medicinalplantsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 25 no 1 pp 115ndash1181989
[32] National Center for Biotechnology Information ldquoJatropha gos-sypiifoliardquo Taxonomy Browser httpwwwncbinlmnihgovTaxonomyBrowserwwwtaxcgiid=454931
[33] Tropicos ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia Lrdquo httpwwwtropicosorgNamePrintaspxnameid=12802174amptab=details
[34] The Plant List ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia Lrdquo httpwwwtheplant-listorgtplrecordkew-104621
[35] M S Khyade and N P Vaikos ldquoPharmacognostical andphytochemical evaluation of leaf of Jatropha gossypifolia LrdquoInternational Journal of Research in Ayurveda amp Pharmacy vol2 no 1 pp 177ndash180 2011
[36] D O Aworinde D U Nwoye A A Jayeola A O Olagoke andA A Ogundele ldquoTaxonomic significance of foliar epidermis insome members of euphorbiaceae family in Nigeriardquo ResearchJournal of Botany vol 4 no 1 pp 17ndash28 2009
[37] J D Olowokudejo ldquoComparative epidermal morphology ofWest African species of Jatropha L (Euphorbiaceae)rdquo BotanicalJournal of the Linnean Society vol 111 no 2 pp 139ndash154 1993
[38] B Das and B Venkataiah ldquoA minor coumarino-lignoid fromJatropha gossypifoliardquo Biochemical Systematics and Ecology vol29 no 2 pp 213ndash214 2001
[39] B Das B Venkataiah and A Kashinatham ldquoVenkatasin a newcoumarino-lignoid from Jatropha gossypifoliardquoNatural ProductLetters vol 13 no 4 pp 293ndash297 1999
[40] B Das and B Venkataiah ldquoA rare diterpene from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Biochemical Systematics and Ecology vol 27 no 7pp 759ndash760 1999
[41] N Ravindranath B Venkataiah C Ramesh P Jayaprakash andB Das ldquoJatrophenone a novel macrocyclic bioactive diterpenefrom Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bul-letin vol 51 no 7 pp 870ndash871 2003
[42] B Das and J Banerji ldquoArylnaphthalene lignan from JatrophagossypifoliardquoPhytochemistry vol 27 no 11 pp 3684ndash3686 1988
[43] J Banerji B Das A Chatterjee and J N Shoolery ldquoGadain alignan from Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Phytochemistry vol 23 no10 pp 2323ndash2327 1984
[44] A Chatterjee B Das C Pascard and T Prange ldquoCrystalstructure of a lignan from Jatropha gossypifoliardquoPhytochemistryvol 20 no 8 pp 2047ndash2048 1981
[45] I C Abreu A S S Marinho A M A Paes et al ldquoHypotensiveand vasorelaxant effects of ethanolic extract from Jatrophagossypiifolia L in ratsrdquo Fitoterapia vol 74 no 7-8 pp 650ndash6572003
[46] B Das and R Das ldquoGossypifan a lignan from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Phytochemistry vol 40 no 3 pp 931ndash932 1995
[47] R Das B Das and A Kashinatham ldquoGossypiline a new lignanfrom Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Natural Product Sciences vol 4 no4 pp 238ndash240 1998
[48] D Shahwar S-U Shafiq N Ahmad S Ullah and M A RazaldquoAntioxidant activities of the selected plants from the fam-ily Euphorbiaceae Lauraceae Malvaceae and BalsaminaceaerdquoAfrican Journal of Biotechnology vol 9 no 7 pp 1086ndash10962010
[49] V Bullangpoti N Khumrungsee W Pluempanupat Y Kainohand U Saguanpong ldquoToxicity of ethyl acetate extract andricinine from Jatropha gossypifolia senescent leaves againstSpodoptera exigua Hubner (Lepidoptera Noctuidae)rdquo Journalof Pesticide Science vol 36 no 2 pp 260ndash263 2011
[50] A O Ogundare ldquoAntimicrobial effect of Tithonia diversifoliaand Jatropha gossypifolia leaf extractsrdquo Trends in Applied Sci-ences Research vol 2 no 2 pp 145ndash150 2007
[51] N Nwokocha A Blessing I O Agbagwa and B E OkolildquoComparative phytochemical screening of Jatropha L Speciesin the Niger Deltardquo Research Journal of Phytochemistry vol 5no 2 pp 107ndash114 2011
[52] R Seth and R Sarin ldquoAnalysis of the phytochemical contentand anti-microbial activity of Jatropha gossypifolia Lrdquo Archivesof Applied Science Research vol 2 no 5 pp 285ndash291 2010
[53] S Sankara Subramanian S Nagarajan and N SulochanaldquoFlavonoids of the leaves of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Phytochem-istry vol 10 no 7 p 1690 1971
[54] A C Pilon R L Carneiro F Carnevale Neto V S Bolzaniand I Castro-Gamboa ldquoInterval multivariate curve resolutionin the dereplication of HPLC-DAD data from Jatropha gossypi-foliardquo Phytochemical Analysis vol 24 no 4 pp 401ndash406 2013
[55] A R Kharat A K Dolui and S Das ldquoFree radical scavengingpotential of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Asian Journal of Chemistryvol 23 no 2 pp 799ndash801 2011
[56] P-A Calatayud D F Munera S Calatayud A Valencia-Jimenez and A C Bellotti ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia (Euphor-biaceae) a source of proteins toxic to Phenacoccus herreni(Sternorryncha Pseudococcidae)rdquo Florida Entomologist vol94 no 3 pp 649ndash654 2011
30 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
[57] W F Tinto L M D John W F Reynolds and S McLeanldquoTriterpenoids of Jatropha gossypiifoliardquo Journal of NaturalProducts vol 55 no 6 pp 807ndash809 1992
[58] R Das K Venkateswarlu V Saidi Reddy and B Das ldquo41015840-O-demethyl retrochinensin a minor new lignan from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Indian Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry vol 14no 2 pp 169ndash170 2004
[59] B Das A Kashinatham B Venkataiah K V N S Srinivas GMahender and M R Reddy ldquoCleomiscosin A a coumarino-lignoid from Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Biochemical Systematics andEcology vol 31 no 10 pp 1189ndash1191 2003
[60] B Das and G Anjani ldquoGossypidien a lignan from stems ofJatropha gossypifolliardquo Phytochemistry vol 51 no 1 pp 115ndash1171999
[61] B Das S P Rao and K V Srinivas ldquoIsolation of isogadain fromJatropha gossypifoliardquo Planta Medica vol 62 no 1 article 901996
[62] B Das S P Rao K V N S Srinivas and R Das ldquoJatrodien alignan from stems of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Phytochemistry vol41 no 3 pp 985ndash987 1996
[63] A Chatterjee B Das R Chakrabarti et al ldquoPrasanthaline anew lignan from Jatropha gossypifolia Linnrdquo Indian Journal ofChemistry vol 27 pp 740ndash741 1988
[64] M D Taylor A B Smith III G T Furst et al ldquoNewantileukemic jatrophone derivatives from Jatropha gossypiifoliastructural and stereochemical assignment through nuclearmagnetic resonance Spectroscopyrdquo Journal of the AmericanChemical Society vol 105 no 10 pp 3177ndash3183 1983
[65] K K Purushothaman S Chandrasekharan A F Cameron etal ldquoJatropholones A and B new diterpenoids from the roots ofJatropha gossypiifolia (Euphorbiaceae)mdashcrystal structure anal-ysis of Jatropholone Brdquo Tetrahedron Letters vol 20 no 11 pp979ndash980 1979
[66] S M Kupchan C W Sigel M J Matz J A S Renauld R CHaltiwanger and R F Bryan ldquoJatrophone a novel macrocyclicditerpenoid tumor inhibitor from Jatropha gossypiifoliardquo Jour-nal of the American Chemical Society vol 92 no 14 pp 4476ndash4477 1970
[67] Y R Prasad G S J G Alankararao and P Baby ldquoConstituentsof the seeds of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Fitoterapia vol 64 no 4p 376 1993
[68] O Ogbobe and V Akano ldquoThe physico-chemical properties ofthe seed and seed oil of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Plant Foods forHuman Nutrition vol 43 no 3 pp 197ndash200 1993
[69] W Adolf H J Opferkuch and E Hecker ldquoIrritant phorbolderivatives from four Jatropha speciesrdquo Phytochemistry vol 23no 1 pp 129ndash132 1984
[70] K M Hosamani and K S Katagi ldquoCharacterization andstructure elucidation of 12-hydroxyoctadec-cis-9-enoic acid inJatropha gossypifolia and Hevea brasiliensis seed oils a richsource of hydroxy fatty acidrdquo Chemistry and Physics of Lipidsvol 152 no 1 pp 9ndash12 2008
[71] S F A J Horsten A J J Van Den Berg J J Kettenes-VanDen Bosch B R Leeflang and R P Labadie ldquoCyclogossine Aa novel cyclic heptapeptide isolated from the latex of Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Planta Medica vol 62 no 1 pp 46ndash50 1996
[72] M U Ahmad M R Islam A H Mirza B H Chowdhuryand N Nahar ldquoAlkaloids of Jatropha gossypifolia Linnrdquo IndianJournal of Chemistry B Organic Chemistry Including MedicinalChemistry vol 31 no 1 pp 67ndash69 1992
[73] A Falodun U Kragl S-M T Touem A Villinger T Fahren-waldt and P Langer ldquoA novel anticancer diterpenoid fromJatropha gossypifoliardquo Natural Product Communications vol 7no 2 pp 151ndash152 2012
[74] G D Wadankar S N Malode and S L Sarambekar ldquoTra-ditionally used medicinal plants for ound healing in theWashim district Maharashtra (India)rdquo International Journal ofPharmTech Research vol 3 no 4 pp 2080ndash2084 2011
[75] B Kumar M Vijayakumar R Govindarajan and P Pushpan-gadan ldquoEthnopharmacological approaches to wound healing-Exploring medicinal plants of Indiardquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 114 no 2 pp 103ndash113 2007
[76] K Koudouvo D S Karou K Kokou et al ldquoAn ethnobotanicalstudy of antimalarial plants in Togo Maritime Regionrdquo Journalof Ethnopharmacology vol 134 no 1 pp 183ndash190 2011
[77] M Coelho-Ferreira ldquoMedicinal knowledge and plant utiliza-tion in an Amazonian coastal community ofMaruda Para State(Brazil)rdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 126 no 1 pp 159ndash175 2009
[78] F C S Oliveira R F M Barros and J M Moita Neto ldquoPlan-tas medicinais utilizadas em comunidades rurais de Oeirassemiarido piauienserdquo Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinaisvol 12 no 3 pp 282ndash301 2010
[79] J D F L Santos E Pagani J Ramos and E Rodrigues ldquoObser-vations on the therapeutic practices of riverine communities oftheUnini River AM Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol142 no 2 pp 503ndash515 2012
[80] S L Cartaxo M M de Almeida Souza and U P de Albu-querque ldquoMedicinal plants with bioprospecting potential usedin semi-arid northeastern Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacol-ogy vol 131 no 2 pp 326ndash342 2010
[81] O Jansen L Angenot M Tits et al ldquoEvaluation of 13 selectedmedicinal plants from Burkina Faso for their antiplasmodialpropertiesrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 130 no 1 pp143ndash150 2010
[82] M H Yetein L G Houessou T O Lougbegnon O Teka andB Tente ldquoEthnobotanical study of medicinal plants used for thetreatment of malaria in plateau of Allada Benin (West Africa)rdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 146 no 1 pp 154ndash163 2013
[83] L J Quintans Junior J R G S Almeida J T Lima et al ldquoPlantswith anticonvulsivant propertiesmdasha reviewrdquo Revista Brasileirade Farmacognosia vol 18 pp 798ndash819 2008
[84] A Diallo M S Traore S M Keita et al ldquoManagement ofdiabetes in Guinean traditional medicine an ethnobotanicalinvestigation in the coastal lowlandsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 144 no 2 pp 353ndash361 2012
[85] S O Olabanji A C Adebajo O R Omobuwajo et al ldquoPIXEanalysis of some Nigerian anti-diabetic medicinal plants (II)rdquoNuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B BeamInteractions With Materials and Atoms vol 318 pp 187ndash1902014
[86] T Oduola O G Avwioro and T B Ayanniyi ldquoSuitability ofthe leaf extract of Jatropha gossypifolia as an anticoagulant forbiochemical and haematological analysesrdquo African Journal ofBiotechnology vol 4 no 7 pp 679ndash681 2005
[87] CM Chariandy C E Seaforth R H Phelps G V Pollard andB P S Khambay ldquoScreening of medicinal plants from Trinidadand Tobago for antimicrobial and insecticidal propertiesrdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 64 no 3 pp 265ndash270 1999
[88] V P Kumar N S Chauhan H Padh and M Rajani ldquoSearchfor antibacterial and antifungal agents from selected Indian
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 31
medicinal plantsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 107 no2 pp 182ndash188 2006
[89] R Dabur A Gupta T K Mandal et al ldquoAntimicrobial activityof some medicinal plantsrdquo African Journal of TraditionalComplementary and AlternativeMedicines vol 4 no 3 pp 313ndash318 2007
[90] H C Ong and M Nordiana ldquoMalay ethno-medico botany inMachang Kelantan Malaysiardquo Fitoterapia vol 70 no 5 pp502ndash513 1999
[91] J Sanz-Biset J Campos-de-la-Cruz M A Epiquien-Riveraand S Canigueral ldquoA first survey on the medicinal plants of theChazuta valley (Peruvian Amazon)rdquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 122 no 2 pp 333ndash362 2009
[92] B B Panda K Gaur M L Kori et al ldquoAnti-inflammatoryand analgesic activity of Jatropha gossypifolia in experimentalanimal modelsrdquo Global Journal of Pharmacology vol 3 no 12009
[93] S S Ningthoujam A D Talukdar K S Potsangbam and MD Choudhury ldquoTraditional uses of herbal vapour therapy inManipur North East India an ethnobotanical surveyrdquo Journalof Ethnopharmacology vol 147 no 1 pp 136ndash147 2013
[94] A Asase A A Oteng-Yeboah G T Odamtten and M SJ Simmonds ldquoEthnobotanical study of some Ghanaian anti-malarial plantsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 99 no 2pp 273ndash279 2005
[95] C Lans T Harper K Georges and E Bridgewater ldquoMedicinaland ethnoveterinary remedies of hunters in Trinidadrdquo BMCComplementary and AlternativeMedicine vol 1 article 10 2001
[96] L Rasingam S Jeeva andD Kannan ldquoDental care of Andamanand Nicobar folks medicinal plants use as tooth stickrdquo AsianPacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine vol 2 no 2 pp S1013ndashS1016 2012
[97] P J Houghton and I M Osibogun ldquoFlowering plants usedagainst snakebiterdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 39 no 1pp 1ndash29 1993
[98] M Molander C H Saslis-Lagoudakis A K Jager and NRoslashnsted ldquoCross-cultural comparison of medicinal floras usedagainst snakebitesrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 139 no3 pp 863ndash872 2012
[99] A Jain S S Katewa B L Chaudhary and P Galav ldquoFolk herbalmedicines used in birth control and sexual diseases by tribals ofsouthern Rajasthan Indiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol90 no 1 pp 171ndash177 2004
[100] A Jain S S Katewa P K Galav and P Sharma ldquoMedicinalplant diversity of Sitamata wildlife sanctuary Rajasthan IndiardquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 102 no 2 pp 143ndash157 2005
[101] T Oduola G O Adeosun T A Oduola G O Avwioro andM A Oyeniyi ldquoMechanism of action of Jatropha gossypifoliastem latex as a haemostatic agentrdquo European Journal of GeneralMedicine vol 2 no 4 pp 140ndash143 2005
[102] D Garcia M V Domingues and E Rodrigues ldquoEthnophar-macological survey among migrants living in the SoutheastAtlantic Forest of Diadema Sao Paulo Brazilrdquo Journal ofEthnobiology and Ethnomedicine vol 6 article 29 2010
[103] S S Hebbar V H Harsha V Shripathi and G R HegdeldquoEthnomedicine of Dharwad district in Karnataka Indiamdashplants used in oral health carerdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 94 no 2-3 pp 261ndash266 2004
[104] S B Kosalge and R A Fursule ldquoInvestigation of ethnomedic-inal claims of some plants used by tribals of Satpuda Hills inIndiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 121 no 3 pp 456ndash461 2009
[105] R A Ritter M V B Monteiro F O B Monteiro et al ldquoEth-noveterinary knowledge and practices at Colares island Parastate eastern Amazon Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 144 no 2 pp 346ndash352 2012
[106] S K Dash and S Padhy ldquoReview on ethnomedicines fordiarrhoea diseases from Orissa prevalence versus culturerdquoJournal of Human Ecology vol 20 no 1 pp 59ndash64 2006
[107] R S L Taylor J B Hudson N P Manandhar and G H NTowers ldquoAntiviral activities of medicinal plants of southernNepalrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 53 pp 97ndash104 1996
[108] J M A Maia N G Czeczko J M R Filho et al ldquoEstudoda cicatrizacao de suturas na bexiga urinaria de ratos come sem utilizacao de extrato bruto de Jatropha gossypiifolia Lintraperitonealrdquo Acta Cirurgica Brasileira vol 21 no 2 pp 23ndash30 2006
[109] A L Ososki P Lohr M Reiff et al ldquoEthnobotanical literaturesurvey of medicinal plants in the Dominican Republic used forwomens health conditionsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol79 no 3 pp 285ndash298 2002
[110] A S Apu FHossain F Rizwan et al ldquoStudy of pharmacologicalactivities of methanol extract of Jatropha gossypifolia fruitsrdquoJournal of Basic and Clinical Pharmacy vol 4 no 1 pp 20ndash242013
[111] A S Apu K Ireen S Hossan Bhuyan et al ldquoEvaluation ofanalgesic neuropharmacological and anti-diarrheal potential ofJatropha gossypifolia (Linn) leaves in micerdquo Journal of MedicalSciences vol 12 no 8 pp 274ndash279 2012
[112] F A G Rocha and L I S Dantas ldquoAtividade antimicrobianain vitro do latex do aveloz (Euphorbia tirucalli L) pinhao bravo(Jatrophamollissima L) e pinhao roxo (Jatropha gossypiifolia L)sobre microrganismos patogenicosrdquo Holos vol 25 no 4 2009
[113] O M David and J O Oluyege ldquoIn vitro susceptibility ofselected pathogenic bacteria to leaf extracts and latex of Jatrophagossypiifolia(L) and Jatropha curcas (L)rdquo Biosciences Biotechnol-ogy Research Asia vol 3 no 1 pp 91ndash94 2006
[114] W D MacBae J B Hudson and G H N Towers ldquoStudieson the pharmacological activity of amazonian euphorbiaceaerdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 22 no 2 pp 143ndash172 1988
[115] M C Purohit and R Purohit ldquoEvaluation of antimicrobial andanti-inflammatory activities of bark of Jatropha gossypifoliardquoWorld Journal of Science and Technology vol 1 no 10 pp 1ndash52011
[116] D Singh and A Singh ldquoThe toxicity of four native Indianplants effect on AChE and acidalkaline phosphatase level infish Channa maruliusrdquo Chemosphere vol 60 no 1 pp 135ndash1402005
[117] C M Feitosa R M Freitas N N N Luz M Z B BezerraandM T S Trevisan ldquoAcetylcholinesterase inhibition by somespromising Brazilian medicinal plantsrdquo Brazilian Journal ofBiology vol 71 no 3 pp 783ndash789 2011
[118] Y Nagaharika V Kalyani S Rasheed and R KarthikeyanldquoAnti-inflammatory activity of leaves of Jatropha gossypifolia Lby HRBC membrane stabilization methodrdquo Journal of AcuteDisease vol 2 no 2 pp 156ndash158 2013
[119] S D N Silva I C Abreu S M D F Freire et al ldquoAntispas-modic effect of Jatropha gossypiifolia is mediated through dualblockade of muscarinic receptors and Ca2+ channelsrdquo BrazilianJournal of Pharmacognosy vol 21 no 4 pp 715ndash720 2011
[120] D Carabajal A Casaco L Arruzazabala R Gonzalez andV Fuentes ldquoPharmacological screening of plant decoctionscommonly used in Cuban folk medicinerdquo Journal of Ethnophar-macology vol 33 no 1-2 pp 21ndash24 1991
32 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
[121] S Jain G P Choudhary and D K Jain ldquoPharmacological eval-uation of anti-fertility activity of ethanolic extract of Jatrophagossypifolia leaf in female albino micerdquo Asian Pacific Journal ofTropical Biomedicine vol 2 no 3 pp S1671ndashS1674 2012
[122] S C N Servin O J M Torres J E F Matias et al ldquoAcao doextrato de Jatropha gossypiifolia L (piao roxo) na cicatrizacaode anastomose colonica estudo experimental em ratosrdquo ActaCirurgica Brasileira vol 21 no 3 pp 89ndash96 2006
[123] J R Vale N G Czeczko J U Aquino et al ldquoEstudo compara-tivo da cicatrizacao de gastrorrafias com e sem o uso do extratode Jatropha gossypiifolia L (piao roxo) em ratosrdquoActa CirurgicaBrasileira vol 21 no 3 pp 40ndash48 2006
[124] J U Aquino N G Czeczko O Malafaia et al ldquoAvaliacaofitoterapica da Jatropha gossypiifolia L na cicatrizacao desuturas na parede abdominal ventral de ratosrdquo Acta CirurgicaBrasileira vol 21 no 2 pp 61ndash66 2006
[125] M F D S Santos N G Czeczko P A N Nassif et alldquoAvaliacao do uso do extrato bruto de Jatropha gossypiifolia Lna cicatrizacao de feridas cutaneas em ratosrdquo Acta CirurgicaBrasileira vol 21 no 3 pp 2ndash7 2006
[126] B B Panda K Gaur R K Nema C S Sharma A K Jain andC P Jain ldquoHepatoprotective activity of Jatropha gossypifoliaagainst carbon tetrachloride- induced hepatic injury in ratsrdquoAsian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research vol 2no 1 pp 50ndash54 2009
[127] S S Deo T M Chaudhari and F Inam ldquoEvaluation ofthe immunomodulatory effects of 1-phenylnaphthalene andpericarbonyl lactone lignan compoundsrdquoDer PharmaChemicavol 4 no 2 pp 771ndash776 2012
[128] S K Rasheed S Kunapareddy and R Karthikeyan ldquoLocalanesthetic activity of Jatropha gossypifolia L on frogsrdquo Biomed-ical and Pharmacology Journal vol 5 no 2 pp 395ndash397 2012
[129] AM A Paes A L Camara SM F Freire andMO R BorgesldquoRelaxant effect of Jatropha gossypiifolia L on uterine smoothmusclerdquo International Journal of Phytomedicine vol 4 no 3 pp310ndash313 2012
[130] S J Jain G P Choudhary and D K Jain ldquoPharmacologicalevaluation and antifertility activity of Jatropha gossypifoliain ratsrdquo BioMed Research International vol 2013 Article ID125980 5 pages 2013
[131] J S de Oliveira PM Leite L B de Souza et al ldquoCharacteristicsand composition of Jatropha gossypiifolia and Jatropha curcasL oils and application for biodiesel productionrdquo Biomass andBioenergy vol 33 no 3 pp 449ndash453 2009
[132] V Bullangpoti E Wajnberg P Audant and R FeyereisenldquoAntifeedant activity of Jatropha gossypifolia and Meliaazedarach senescent leaf extracts on Spodoptera frugiperda(Lepidoptera Noctuidae) and their potential use as synergistsrdquoPest Management Science vol 68 no 9 pp 1255ndash1264 2012
[133] S N K JilaniW Islam andM Kamsh ldquoPotential of pyrethroidinsecticides and plant extracts on fecundity and egg viability oftribolium castaneum (Herbst)rdquo Journal of Bio-Science vol 19no 1 pp 95ndash97 2011
[134] D Sukumaran B D Parashar and K M Rao ldquoToxicity of Jat-ropha gossypiifolia and Vaccaria pyramidata against freshwatersnails vectors of animal schistosomiasisrdquo Fitoterapia vol 66 no5 pp 393ndash398 1995
[135] R K Devappa H P S Makkar and K Becker ldquoJatrophatoxicitymdasha reviewrdquo Journal of Toxicology and EnvironmentalHealth B Critical Reviews vol 13 no 6 pp 476ndash507 2010
[136] E P Schenkel M Zannin L A Mentz S A L Bordignonand B Irgang ldquoPlantas toxicasrdquo in Farmacognosia Da Planta
ao Medicamento C M O Simoes E P Schenkel G GosmannJ C P Mello L A Mentz and P R Petrovick Eds pp 959ndash993 Editora da UFRGSUFSC Porto Alegre Brazil 3d edition2007
[137] L I Oliveira F F Jabour V A Nogueira and E M YamasakildquoIntoxicacao experimental com as folhas de Jatropha gossypifo-lia(Euphorbiaceae) em ovinosrdquo Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileiravol 28 no 6 pp 275ndash278 2008
[138] P I A Awachie and F O Ugwu ldquoPreliminary investigationof the antimicrobial and brine shrimp lethality propertiesof some nigerian medicinal plantsrdquo International Journal ofPharmacognosy vol 35 no 5 pp 338ndash343 1997
[139] L J Medubi V O Ukwenya O T Aderinto et al ldquoEffects ofadministration of ethanolic root extract of Jatropha gossypiifoliaand prednisolone on the kidneys of Wistar ratsrdquo ElectronicJournal of Biomedicine vol 2 pp 41ndash48 2010
[140] T Oduola G B Popoola G O Avwioro et al ldquoUse of Jatrophagossypifolia stem latex as a haemostatic agent how safe is itrdquoJournal of Medicinal Plants Reasearch vol 1 no 1 pp 14ndash172007
Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom
Stem CellsInternational
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
MEDIATORSINFLAMMATION
of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Behavioural Neurology
EndocrinologyInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Disease Markers
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
BioMed Research International
OncologyJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
PPAR Research
The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Immunology ResearchHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of
ObesityJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine
OphthalmologyJournal of
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Diabetes ResearchJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Research and TreatmentAIDS
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Gastroenterology Research and Practice
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Parkinsonrsquos Disease
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Volume 2014Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom
12 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table2Con
tinued
Classifi
catio
nCom
poun
dPlantp
art
Biologicalactiv
ityRe
ference
Esters
OH
HO
O
HO
HOH
OH
12-D
eoxy
-16-
hydr
oxyl
phor
bol
Seeds
Irritanttomou
seear
[69]
Lign
ans
Gos
sypi
fan
MeO
MeO
H
OO
O
O
Aeria
lparts
mdash[46]
Gos
sypi
line
O O
OCO
Me
OCO
Me
H
OO
Aeria
lparts
mdash[47]
Proteins
Cyclo
goss
ine A
Leu 1
Ala
2Th
r 3
Val 7
Gly
6Le
u 5
Trp 4
Latex
mdash[1571]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 13
Table2Con
tinued
Classifi
catio
nCom
poun
dPlantp
art
Biologicalactiv
ityRe
ference
Cyclo
goss
ine B Leu 2
Ala
5A
la6
Gly
1Le
u 4
Leu 8
Trp 3
Ile7
Latex
mdash[1520]
Triterpenes
HO O
H
HO
OH
H
(13120572
14120573
20S
)-2
2425
-Trih
ydro
xyla
nost
a-1
7-d
ien-3
-one
Leaves
mdash[57]
HO O
H
HO
OH
H
(2120572
13120572
14120573
20S
)-2
2425
-Trih
ydro
xyla
nost-
7-en
-3-o
ne
Leaves
mdash[57]
14 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
in different forms of preparation (infusion decoction andmaceration among others) by different routes and forms(oral topical baths etc) The most frequent reports refer toits anti-inflammatory antidiarrheal antiophidian analgesicantipyretic antimicrobial healing antianemic antidiabeticand antihemorrhagic activities among many other examples[3 5 7 9]
Some properties are attributed to specific parts of theplant while others are assigned to different parts Interest-ingly in some cases certain uses may appear contradictorysuch as antidiarrheal and laxative or its use as anticoagulantand antihemorrhagic One hypothesis is that this differencemay be related with the dose used since for example thelaxative effect is an effect commonly related with toxic eventswith this plant
6 Pharmacological Activities
Despite the grand variety of popular uses and the data fromJatropha species J gossypiifolia has been scarcely studiedregarding biological activities (Table 4) Studies showing thebiological potential of aqueous extract are rare so far whichis important to be mentioned since the most popular useof this plant is as a tea (decoction or infusion) Among themain activities that have been studied the antihypertensiveanticancer antimicrobial healing anti-inflammatory andanalgesic activities stand out
61 Antihypertensive Action Based on popular use of teasfrom J gossypiifolia roots and aerial parts the hypotensiveand vasorelaxant effects of the ethanolic extract of aerialparts of the plant were tested by Abreu et al [45] Thestudy revealed that the extract (125 and 250mgkgdayover 4 weeks by oral route in rats) in a dose-dependentmanner produced a reduction of systolic blood pressurein conscious normotensive animals This hypotensive effectcould be attributed to its vasorelaxant action since it pro-duced concentration-dependent relaxant effect in rat isolatedendothelium-deprived mesenteric artery precontracted withnorepinephrine or calcium Moreover it inhibited in aconcentration-dependent and noncompetitive manner thecontractile response induced by norepinephrine or CaCl
2in
the same preparation [45]
62 Antimicrobial Action The antibiotic activity of differ-ent extracts from J gossypiifolia is frequently reported asobserved in Table 4 In general some extent of antibacterialantifungal antiparasitic and antiviral activity was observedThe only report of J gossypiifolia isolated compound withantimicrobial activity is of the macrocyclic diterpene jatro-phenone which presented significant in vitro antibacterialactivity against Staphylococcus aureus [41]
63 Anti-Inflammatory andor Analgesic Action Many imp-ortant popular uses of J gossypiifolia are related to inflamma-tory process Bhagat et al [28] showed that the methanolicextract of leaves of this species has significant systemicacute and chronic anti-inflammatory activity The extract
at 500 and 1000mgkg oral doses was able to inhibit theacute carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats and at 50 and100mgkg oral doses inhibited the chronic cotton pellet-induced granuloma formation in rats Additionally the Jgossypiifolia leaf paste (05 and 1mgear) showed significantreduction in TPA-induced local inflammatory changes inmouse ear edema model [28]
In another study the anti-inflammatory and analgesicproperties of the methanol and petrol ether extracts of aerialparts of J gossypiifolia were demonstrated in mice [92]At 100 and 200mgkgday during 7 days by oral routeonly the methanol extract presented significant analgesicactivity in Eddyrsquos hot plate and tail-flick models and anti-inflammatory activity in carrageenan-induced paw edema[92] The anti-inflammatory activity of the bark from Jgossypiifolia (methanol and petrol ether extracts) was alsodemonstrated in carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats[115]
In a recent study using the in vitro human red bloodcell membrane stabilization method Nagaharika et al [118]suggested that ethanol and water extracts from J gossypiifolialeaves have anti-inflammatory activity According to theauthors since human red blood cell membranes are similarto the lysosomal membrane components the prevention ofhypotonicity-induced membrane lysis of these cells couldbe taken as a measure in estimating the anti-inflammatoryproperty of compounds [118]
The analgesic activity of the methanol extract from theleaves of J gossypiifolia was evaluated in acetic acid-inducedwrithing test in mice where highly significant inhibitionwas seen of 6756 and 6514 at 200 and 400mgkg oraldoses respectively [111] Similar results were observed in themethanolic extract from fruits [110]
64 Healing Action The healing action of the ethanol crudeextract of J gossypiifolia (plant part not specified) wasevaluated in suture healing of ventral abdominal wall ofrats through tensiometric measurement and macro- andmicroscopic aspect of postoperative period The extractwhich was administered by an intraperitoneal instillation of100mgkg single dose in the peritoneal cavity presentedmoreintense adhesion on macroscopic examination and greaterstrain evaluation and vascular neoformation However agreater inflammatory process was also observed and otherhistological parameters were similar to the control groupindicating that in general the extract presented poor woundhealing properties in the used model [124]
Another study evaluated the healing action of thehydroethanolic crude extract from leaves of J gossypiifoliain the healing process of sutures performed on the bladderof rats and similar results were presented although someimprovement might have been observed in some parametersIn general the authors concluded that no favorable heal-ing effect was observed with the administration of singleintraperitoneal dose of J gossypiifolia L [108] In anotherstudy analyzing the morphological aspects of the healingprocess occurring in open skin lesions in rats under topicaladministration of raw extract from J gossypiifolia (details
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 15
Table3Po
pularm
edicinaluses
ofJatro
phagossy
piifolia
Ldescrib
edin
theliterature
Plantp
art
Popu
laru
sePreparationandor
mod
eofu
seRe
ference
Who
leplant
Analgesic(headache)
Leaves
anointed
with
ldquoSebode
Holan
dardquo(muttontallo
w)a
ndheated
inthefi
reareu
sedas
compressfor
headaches
[5]
Analgesic(to
othache)
Not
specified
[3]
Antim
icrobial
Not
specified
[3]
Antipyretic
Decoctio
n[20]
Dyscrasia
Not
specified
[3]
Dysph
onia
Not
specified
[3]
Wou
ndhealing
Not
specified
[7475]
Aeria
lparts
Antianemic(m
alariatre
atment)
Decoctio
nused
byoralroute
[76]
Abscess
Bath
[77]
Alopecia
Ashleaves
[25]
Analgesic(eye
pain)
Not
specified
[78]
Analgesic(headache)
Not
specified
[78]
Analgesic(headachea
ndotitis)
Not
specified
[79]
Analgesic(painin
general)
Decoctio
nor
infusio
n[80]
Analgesic(to
othache)
Decoctio
nor
infusio
n[80]
Antianemic
Decoctio
n[81]
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[82]
Anticancer
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Decoctio
nof
thea
ssociatio
nof
leaves
ofJgossy
piifolia
with
leaves
ofPetiveriaalliaceaandaeria
lpartsof
Stachytarpheta
jamaicensis
byoralroute
[29]
Not
specified
[3]
Anticon
vulsivant
Not
specified
[83]
Antidiabetic
Decoctio
n[8485]
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Antidiarrheal
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Not
specified
[3]
Antihem
orrhagic
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Freshcrushedleaves
areu
sedin
caseso
fcutaneous
andnasalbleeding
[86]
Anti-infectiv
eDecoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Not
specified
[8788]
Anti-infl
ammatory
Not
specified
[78]
Antipyretic
Decoctio
n[81]
ldquoTeardquo
[5]
Not
specified
[88]
Antise
ptic
Bath
prepared
from
theleaves
[5]
Antith
rombo
ticDecoctio
nor
infusio
n[80]
Antiulcerogenic
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Leafjuice
[89]
Boils
Applicationof
thep
ound
edleaves
[90]
16 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative MedicineTa
ble3Con
tinued
Plantp
art
Popu
laru
sePreparationandor
mod
eofu
seRe
ference
Burns
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Usedin
associationwith
seedso
fGossypium
arboreum
sugarhon
eybeeandfato
fram
preparedby
grinding
app
liedtopically
[29]
Con
traceptiv
eand
oxito
toxic
Not
specified
[79]
Depurative
Squeezedthe
juiceo
btainedisdrun
k[91]
Detoxificant
Not
specified
[92]
Eczema
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Emetic
Squeezedthe
juiceo
btainedisdrun
k[91]
Gastro
intestinaldisorders
Not
specified
[79]
Gingivitis
Leafjuice
[89]
Gon
orrhoea
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Healin
gBa
thprepared
from
theleaves
[5]
Decoctio
n[30]
Decoctio
nor
infusio
n[80]
Hem
orrhoids
Usedin
associationwith
leaves
ofNicotia
natabacum
andcopp
ersulphateboiledin
waterand
used
asste
amdirected
atthea
nalregion
[93]
Hem
ostatic
Decoctio
nor
infusio
n[80]
Hepatitis
Not
specified
[12]
Itching
skin
Applicationof
thep
ound
edleaves
[90]
Leaves
Leprosy
Leafjuice
[89]
Malaria
Decoctio
n[81]
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[82]
Usedin
associationwith
leaves
ofAz
adira
chta
indica
andCo
mbretum
spbo
iledforsteam
bathsa
ndby
oralroute
[94]
Usedin
associationwith
leaves
ofCo
mbretum
ghasalenseandwho
leplanto
fOcim
umcanu
mbyoralrouteo
rfor
steam
baths
[94]
Mastitis
Poun
dedleaves
appliedon
swollenbreasts
[90]
Mycosis
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Psycho
activ
eNot
specified
[79]
Purgative
Not
specified
[388]
Rheumatism
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Scabies
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Skin
diseases
Not
specified
[3]
Stom
achic
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Not
specified
[8892]
Syph
ilis
Ash
ofleaves
[25]
Thrush
(oralcandidiasis)
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Treatm
ento
fldquocultu
ralsyn
drom
esrdquoldquoderramerdquo
ldquoquebranterdquoldquoespanterdquo
ldquovento-caıdordquoldquo
panemardquo
ldquodoenca-do-arrdquoldquom
ae-do-corpordquo
Not
specified
[79]
Vaginalinfectio
nSlightlybo
iledused
asvaginalw
ash
[91]
Venerald
iseases
Not
specified
[92]
Verm
ifuge
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Vertigo
Not
specified
[3]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 17
Table3Con
tinued
Plantp
art
Popu
laru
sePreparationandor
mod
eofu
seRe
ference
Wou
ndsa
ndrashes
Bath
oftheleaves
[24]
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Decoctio
nused
asbathsfor
cleaningwou
ndsindo
gs[95]
Wou
nddisin
fectant
Slightlybo
iledused
aswou
ndwash
[91]
Stem
Analgesic(to
othache)
Not
specified
[96]
Antianemic
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[82]
Anticancer
Decoctio
nby
oralor
topicalrou
te[26]
Emmenagogue
Decoctio
nof
barks
[7092]
Malaria
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[82]
Rheumatism
Not
specified
[77]
Thickbloo
dNot
specified
[77]
Roots
Anticancer
Decoctio
nby
oralor
topicalrou
te[26]
Root
bark
used
forc
ancero
fthe
lung
s[73]
Anticon
vulsivant
Not
specified
[83]
Antidiarrheal
Not
specified
[89]
Antim
icrobial
Root
bark
used
inbacterialinfectio
ns[73]
Impo
tence
Decoctio
nof
thea
ssociatio
nof
rootso
fJgossy
piifoliaC
hiococca
albaC
itrus
aurantifoliaD
esmodium
canu
m
RoystonearegiaSenn
aoccid
entalisStachytarphetajamaicensis
and
Waltheriaindica
with
thew
holeplanto
fCom
melina
erectaC
yperus
rotund
usand
sugarby
oralroute
[29]
Leprosy
Not
specified
[392]
Snakebites
Not
specified
[22929798]
Urin
arypain
Not
specified
[92]
Uterusd
iseases
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[99100]
Seeds
Analgesic(bod
ypain)
Not
specified
[101]
Analgesic(headache)
Not
specified
[79]
Antigrip
alUsedin
strong
colds
[5]
Antihem
orrhagic
Not
specified
[9]
Antiulcerogenic
Seed
oil
[3]
Con
traceptiv
eand
oxito
toxic
Not
specified
[79]
Depurative
Not
specified
[91]
Emetic
Not
specified
[7091101]
Gastro
intestinaldisorders
Not
specified
[79]
Leprosy
Seed
oil
[3]
Mycosis
Seed
oil
[3]
Psycho
activ
eNot
specified
[79]
Purgative
Not
specified
[39101102]
Treatm
ento
fldquocultu
ralsyn
drom
esrdquoldquoderramerdquo
ldquoquebranterdquoldquoespanterdquo
ldquovento-caıdordquoldquo
panemardquo
ldquodoenca-do-arrdquoldquom
ae-do-corpordquo
Not
specified
[79]
Vaginalinfectio
nSlightlybo
iledused
asvaginalw
ash
[91]
Wou
ndinfection
Slightlybo
iledused
aswou
ndwash
[91]
18 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table3Con
tinued
Plantp
art
Popu
laru
sePreparationandor
mod
eofu
seRe
ference
Fruits
Analgesic
Massaging
pregnant
wom
enrsquosbellies
with
teao
rgarrafadalowast
whenthey
areinpain
[77]
Analgesic(headache)
Teao
rgarrafadalowast
[77]
Analgesic(to
othache)
Teao
rgarrafadalowast
[77]
Laxativ
eIngestion
innatura
ofthep
owderfruit
[102]
Num
bnessa
fterb
ugsting
sTeao
rgarrafadalowast
[77]
Latex
Alopecia
Not
specified
[25]
Analgesic(eye
pain)
Not
specified
[78]
Analgesic(painin
general)
Drin
kor
massage
thea
ffected
area
with
latex
[80]
Analgesic(to
othache)
Cottonsoaked
with
latexkept
incontactw
iththes
oretoo
th[103]
Drin
kor
massage
thea
ffected
area
with
latex
[80]
Anticancer
Not
specified
[25]
Antihem
orrhagic
Not
specified
[9248695]
Antith
rombo
ticOralrou
te[80]
Antiulcerogenic
Not
specified
[2089]
Biteof
veno
mou
sanimals
Applicationof
fresh
latexatthea
ffected
site
[5]
Diuretic
Afewdrop
soffresh
latex
inwater
[6]
Eczema
Not
specified
[25]
Gingivitis
Not
specified
[89]
Gon
orrhea
Not
specified
[25]
Hem
ostatic
Not
specified
[2580]
Infected
wou
nds
Applicationof
fresh
latex
atthea
ffected
site
[520]
Leprosy
Not
specified
[89]
Mycosis
Not
specified
[25]
Purgative
Afewdrop
soffresh
latexin
water
[6]
Not
specified
[9]
Rheumatism
Not
specified
[25]
Scabies
Not
specified
[25]
Skin
burns
Applicationof
fresh
latex
atthea
ffected
site
[104]
Not
specified
[25]
Stop
ofitching
ofcutsandscratches
Not
specified
[95]
Syph
ilis
Not
specified
[25]
Thrush
(oralcandidiasis)
Not
specified
[25]
Verm
ifuge
Not
specified
[25]
Wou
ndhealing
Applicationof
latexatthea
ffected
site
[5]
Drin
kor
massage
thea
ffected
sitew
ithlatex
[80]
Not
specified
[7475]
Resin
Toothache
Toothp
owder
[27]
Wou
ndsinlip
sand
tong
ueTo
picalapp
lication
[27]
Oil
Arthritis
Appliedlocally
[89]
Purgative
Not
specified
[89]
Skin
disease
Appliedlocally
[89]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 19
Table3Con
tinued
Plantp
art
Popu
laru
sePreparationandor
mod
eofu
seRe
ference
Not
specified
Alopecia
Teaa
ppliedlocally
indo
gs[105]
Analgesic
Not
specified
[13]
Poultic
es[95]
Anticancer
Not
specified
[1366]
Antidiarrheal
Not
specified
[2845106]
Antihypertensive
Not
specified
[45]
Anti-infl
ammatory
Not
specified
[1328]
Antipyretic
Not
specified
[28]
Antise
ptic
Not
specified
[45]
Antiulcerogenic
Not
specified
[28]
Cou
ghsa
ndcolds
Bark
juice(4spoo
nfuls3tim
esad
ay)b
yoralroute
[107]
Detoxication
Not
specified
[28]
Diuretic
Not
specified
[45]
Eczema
Not
specified
[28]
Gum
infection
Not
specified
[28]
Healin
gNot
specified
[45108]
Hydropsy
Not
specified
[5]
Leprosy
Not
specified
[28]
Obstructio
nsof
thea
bdom
inaltract
Not
specified
[5]
Purgative
Not
specified
[5]
Regu
latem
enses
Not
specified
[109]
Rheumatism
Not
specified
[5]
Snakea
ndscorpion
bites
Not
specified
[322]
Stom
achpain
Not
specified
[28]
Venerealdiseases
Not
specified
[28]
Wou
nds
Poultic
es[95]
Usedas
bath
[28]
lowast
Garrafadapreparatio
ndo
neby
maceratingplantp
artsin
alcoho
lorh
ydroalcoho
licmediumsin
generalbrandies
20 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative MedicineTa
ble4Ph
armacologicalstu
dies
ofJatro
phagossy
piifolia
Ldescrib
edin
theliterature
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Analgesic
Aeria
lparts
Methano
land
petro
lether
extracts
At100and200m
gkgdayover7
daysbyoralrouteinmiceon
lythe
methano
lextractpresentedsig
nificantanalgesicactiv
ityin
Eddyrsquosho
tplatea
ndtail-flack
mod
els[92]
Fruits
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmicehigh
lysig
nificantly
inhibitedthew
rithing
respon
sesind
uced
byaceticacid
[110]
Leaves
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmicesig
nificantly
inhibited
thew
rithing
respon
sesind
uced
byaceticacid
[111]
Antibacteria
l
Latex
Crud
elatex
At100120583
Lvolumeinh
ibitedin
vitro
Liste
riamonocytogenes
Salm
onellatyhimuriumSalmonellatyphiandStaphylococcus
aureus
[112]
Latex
Not
specified
Presentedbactericidaleffectinvitro
againstShigella
dysenteriaea
ndStaphylococcus
aureuslowast
[113]
Leaves
Fractio
nsobtained
bysequ
entia
lextractionof
the
vegetalm
aterialw
ithpetro
letherbenzenechloroform
aceton
eethano
lmethano
landwater
Petro
lether
fractio
nwas
inactiv
eagainstEscherich
iacoliandBa
cillus
subtilisBe
nzenefractionwas
them
ostactiveagainstb
oth
microorganism
sCh
loroform
andmethano
lfractions
werea
ctive
onlyagainstB
acillus
subtilisAc
eton
eand
ethano
lfractions
were
activ
eonlyagainstE
scheric
hiacoliAq
ueou
sfractionwas
activ
eagainstb
othmicroorganism
salthou
ghto
amuchlesser
degree
than
theo
ther
fractions
[52]
Methano
lchloroform
and
water
extracts
Allextractswerea
ctiveinvitro
againstShigella
dysenteriaelowast
[113]
Petro
lether
andethyl
acetatefractions
from
ethano
ldichloromethane
(11vv)extract
Thep
etrolether
fractio
n(1mgmL)
inhibitedin
vitro
Pseudomonas
aeruginosaStaphylo
coccus
epidermidis
andSalm
onellatyphim
urium
Thee
thylacetatefraction(1mgmL)
was
activ
eagainstStaphylococcus
aureus
[87]
Who
leplant
Jatro
phenon
ePresentedin
vitro
antib
acteria
lactivity
againstStaphylo
coccus
aureus
comparabletopenicillin
[41]
Aeria
lparts
Water
andethylacetate
fractio
nsfro
mmethano
lextract
Both
fractio
nsat1
mgdidno
tprodu
cezoneso
finh
ibition
for
Escherich
iacoliStaphylococcus
aureusSaccharom
yces
cerevisia
enor
Cand
idaalbicans
[114]
Leaves
Chloroform
extract
Presentedantib
acteria
lactivity
againstSalmonellatyphiPseudomonas
aeruginosaand
Staphylococcus
aureus
andantifun
galactivity
against
Cand
idaalbicansD
idno
tprodu
ceinhibitio
nzonesa
gainst
Escherich
iacoliBa
cillussubtilis
Proteusm
irabilisC
orynebacteriu
mdiptheria
eShigelladysenteriaea
ndStreptococcusp
enum
oniae
[50]
Leaves
Dichlorom
ethane
methano
l(11vv)extract
At05and1m
gmLshow
edsig
nificantantibacteria
lactivity
invitro
againstB
acillus
cereus
varm
ycoidesBa
cillusp
umilu
sBa
cillussubtilis
Bordetellabronchise
ptica
MicrococcusluteusStaphylococcus
aureus
Staphylococcus
epidermidis
Klebsiella
pneumoniaeandStreptococcus
faecalisandantifun
galactivity
invitro
againstC
andida
albicans
[88]
Methano
lextract
Presentedantib
acteria
lactivity
againstSalmonellatyphiPseudomonas
aeruginosaand
Staphylococcus
aureus
andantifun
galactivity
against
Cand
idaalbicansD
idno
tprodu
ceinhibitio
nzonesa
gainst
Escherich
iacoliBa
cillussubtilis
Proteusm
irabilisC
orynebacteriu
mdiptheria
eShigelladysenteriaea
ndStreptococcusp
enum
oniae
[50]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 21
Table4Con
tinued
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Antibacteria
land
antifun
gal
Not
specified
Extractsob
tained
bysequ
entia
lextractionof
the
vegetalm
aterialw
ithn-hexanechloroform
aceton
emethano
land
water
n-Hexanee
xtracthadinhibitory
activ
ityin
vitro
againstE
scheric
hia
coliSalm
onellatyphiPseudomonas
aeruginosaB
acillus
cereus
Klebsiella
aerogenesandCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainst
Shiguella
boydiAspergillus
fumiga
tusAspergillus
flavusand
Aspergillus
nigerCh
loroform
extractinh
ibitedin
vitro
Salm
onella
typhiPseudomonas
aeruginosaB
acillus
cereusan
dCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainstEscherich
iacoliStaphylococcus
aureus
Shiguella
boydiAspergillus
fumiga
tusAspergillus
flavusand
Aspergillus
nigerAc
eton
eextractinhibitedin
vitro
Escherich
iacoli
Pseudomonas
aeruginosaStaphylococcusa
ureusKlebsiella
aerogenes
Proteusv
ulgarisan
dCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainst
Salm
onellatyphiAspergillus
fumiga
tusAspergillus
flavusa
ndAspergillus
nigerMethano
lextractinhibitedin
vitro
Escherich
iacoli
Salm
onellatyphiPseudomonas
aeruginosaStaphylococcusa
ureus
Bacilluscereusa
ndCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainst
Aspergillus
fumigatusA
spergillu
sflavusan
dAspergillus
nigerWater
extractw
asactiv
einvitro
againstE
scheric
hiacoliSalm
onellatyphi
Pseudomonas
aeruginosaStaphylococcusa
ureusBa
cilluscereus
Klebsiella
aerogenesProteusv
ulgarisan
dCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainstAspergillus
fumigatusA
spergillu
sflavusand
Aspergillus
niger
[89]
Methano
land
petro
lether
extractsfro
mbark
At200120583
g100120583
Lon
lythem
ethano
lextractshow
edin
vitro
antib
acteria
lactivity
upon
Staphylococcus
aureusStre
ptococcus
pyogenesand
Escherich
iacoliandantifun
galactivity
upon
Aspergillus
nigerCa
ndidaalbicansPenicillium
notatumand
Saccharomyces
cerevisia
e
[115]
Anticho
linesterase
Latex
Lyop
hilized
latex
Inhibitedtim
e-anddo
se-dependentlythea
cetylch
olinesterase
enzymeinnervou
stissue
offre
shwater
airb
reathing
fishCh
anna
marulius
[116]
Leaves
Fractio
nsobtained
bysequ
entia
lextractionof
the
vegetalm
aterialw
ithethyl
acetatea
ndmethano
l
At2m
gmLconcentration
thee
thylacetatea
ndmethano
lfractions
presentedinhibitory
activ
ities
invitro
of71
and100
Them
ethano
lfractio
npresentedIC
50of
005
mgmL
[117]
Antidiarrheal
Fruits
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmiceinhibitedthec
astoro
ilindu
ceddiarrhea
[110]
Leaves
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmiceinhibitedthec
astoro
ilindu
ceddiarrhea
[111]
Antifu
ngal
(antidermatop
hytic
fung
i)Ae
rialp
arts
Water
andethylacetate
fractio
nsfro
mmethano
lextract
Them
inim
alconcentrationprod
ucing75of
inhibitio
nor
high
eragainstM
icrosporuscanis
forb
othfractio
nsw
as1120583
gmLFo
rthe
fung
usMicrosporusg
ypseum
Microsporusfulvuman
dMicrosporus
gallina
eno
neof
thefractionpresentedinhibitory
activ
ity
[114]
22 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative MedicineTa
ble4Con
tinued
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Anti-infl
ammatory
Aeria
lparts
Methano
land
petro
lether
extracts
At100and200m
gkgdayover7
daysbyoralrouteinmiceon
lythe
methano
lextractpresentedsig
nificantanti-infl
ammatoryactiv
ityon
carrageenan-indu
cedpawedem
a[92]
Leaves
Aqueou
sextract
At100and200120583
gmLsig
nificantly
preventedthelysisof
human
red
bloo
dcells
inmem
branes
tabilizationmetho
din
vitro
[118]
Ethano
lextract
At100120583
gmLsig
nificantly
preventedthelysisof
human
redbloo
dcells
inmem
branes
tabilizationmetho
din
vitro
[118]
Methano
lextractandleaf
paste
At500and1000
mgkgbyoralrouteinrats
inhibitedthe
carrageenan-indu
cedpawedem
aAt
50and100m
gkgbyoralroute
inrats
inhibitedthec
ottonpelletind
uced
granulom
aformationin
rats
At05and1m
geartheleafp
asteredu
cedtheinfl
ammation
respon
sein
mou
seeare
demam
odel
[28]
Not
specified
Methano
land
petro
lether
extractsfro
mbark
At200m
gkgbyoralrouteinratsbothextractsredu
cedthe
carrageenan-indu
cedpawedem
a[115]
Antim
alarial
Leaves
Aqueou
sextract
30120583ginhibitedin
vitro
theg
rowth
ofPlasmodium
falciparum
[31]
Dichlorom
ethane
extract
Activ
einvitro
againstP
lasm
odium
falciparumw
ithIC
50of
abou
t35120583gmL
[81]
Antineoplasic
Roots
Ethano
licextractand
jatro
phon
e
Thee
thanolextractas
wellasjatroph
oneexhibitedsig
nificant
inhibitory
activ
ityin
vitro
againstcellsderiv
edfro
mhu
man
carcinom
aofthe
nasoph
aryn
xandlymph
ocyticleuk
emiaP-388and
invivo
againstfou
rstand
ardanim
altumor
syste
ms
[66]
Falodo
neShow
edpo
tent
proliferatio
ninhibitory
activ
ityagainstA
-549
human
cancer
celllin
ewith
IC50of
120120583
gmL
[13]
2120572-H
ydroxyjatro
phon
e2120573
-hydroxy-56-iso
jatro
phon
eand2120573
-hydroxyjatro
phon
editerpenes
isolatedfro
mpetro
lether
extract
Presentedantin
eoplasicactiv
ityup
onP-388lymph
ocyticleuk
emia
testsyste
mbo
thin
vivo
andin
vitro
asw
ellasfor
theE
aglersquos
carcinom
aofthe
nasoph
aryn
xtestsyste
min
vitro
[64]
Not
specified
Abiodo
neNot
specifiedlowast
[73]
Antioxidant
Leaves
Methano
lethylacetateand
aqueou
sextract
Allextractsshow
edsig
nificantantioxidant
activ
ityin
vitro
inDPP
Hfre
eradicalferric
thiocyanateandnitricoxides
caveng
ingmetho
dslowast
[55]
Who
leplant
Petro
letherchloroform
ethylacetateand
n-bu
tano
lextracts
Allextractsshow
edon
lypo
orDPP
Hscavenging
activ
ityTh
etotal
antio
xidant
capacitywas
high
erin
ethylacetateandn-bu
tano
lextracts
having
thep
etrolether
andchloroform
show
ingon
lypo
oractiv
ityTh
elipid
peroxidatio
nwas
inhibitedon
lypartially
bythe
extracts
with
thee
thylacetateb
eing
them
ostactivea
ndthep
etrol
etherb
eing
theleast
[48]
Antisp
asmod
icAe
rialp
arts
Ethano
lextractfractions
andsubfractions
At5001000and
2000
mgkgbyoralrouteinmiceshow
edsig
nificantantisp
asmod
icactiv
ityin
mou
seintestinaltransit
mod
elandat0510
and
20m
gmLinhibitedin
vitro
thea
cetylch
olinea
ndcalcium-in
ducedcontractions
ofiso
lated
ratjeju
numO
nlythe
organicfractionof
thee
xtracthadac
alcium
-antagon
isteffect
whereas
both
chloroform
icandaqueou
sfractions
hadanticho
linergic
effect
[119]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 23Ta
ble4Con
tinued
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Antivira
lAe
rialp
arts
Water
andethylacetate
fractio
nsfro
mmethano
lextract
At110and
100120583
gmLbo
thfractio
nspresented100
ofinhibitio
nof
plaque-fo
rmingabilityof
Sind
bisv
irusintre
atmentp
reinfection
protocol(IC 5
0lt1120583
gmL)w
hilein
treatmentp
ostin
fection
theIC 5
0of
water
fractio
nincreasedto
512andacetatefractionincreasedto
37120583gmLFo
rmurinec
ytom
egaloviru
sIC
50of
17and15
towater
andethylacetatefractio
nswereo
bservedrespectiv
elyintre
atment
preinfectio
nprotocolInthetreatmentp
ostin
fection
howe
verno
inhibitio
nwas
observed
inthismicroorganism
[114]
Not
specified
Methano
lextractfro
mbarks
Partially
activ
eagainstSind
bisv
irusand
herpes
simplex
virus-l
Inactiv
eagainsthu
man
polio
virus
[107]
Bron
chod
ilator
Stem
sAq
ueou
sextract
Thee
xtractwas
inactiv
einbron
chod
ilatora
ctivity
inguinea
pigs
[120]
Con
traceptiv
eLeaves
Ethano
lextract
At450m
gkgdayover2
1daysby
oralroutecaused
anantifertility
activ
ityin
femalem
ice
[121]
Healin
g
Aeria
lparts
Ethano
l70
extract
At1m
Lkg
dosebyintraperito
nealrouteinrats
presentedbeneficial
activ
ityin
healingprocesso
fcolon
icanastomosis
[122]
Aeria
lparts
Ethano
l70
extract
At200m
gkgbyintraperito
nealrouteinrats
favoredtheh
ealin
gprocesso
fgastro
rrhaph
iesa
ndredu
cedthea
cuteinflammatory
reactio
nin
vivo
[123]
Leaves
Hydroethano
lextract
At200m
gkgbyintraperito
nealroutedecreasedtheinfl
ammation
andincreasedvascular
neoformationandcollagendepo
sitionwhen
comparedto
thec
ontro
lgroup
inhealingprocesso
fsutures
perfo
rmed
ontheb
ladd
erof
rats
How
everingeneralno
favorable
healingeffectw
asob
served
[108]
Not
specified
Ethano
licextract
Alth
ough
someimprovem
entcou
ldbe
observed
insuture
healingof
ventralabd
ominalwallofratstreated
with
100m
gkg
ofextract
(intraperito
nealinstillationintraperito
nealcavity)in
generalon
lya
poor
healingactiv
itywas
observed
[124]
Not
specified
At01m
Lvolumeby
topicalapp
lication
thec
rude
extractp
resented
significantd
ifferencesc
oncerningthem
acroscop
icandmicroscop
icaspectso
fhealin
gprocesso
ccurrin
gin
open
skin
lesio
nsin
rats
[125]
Hem
ostatic
Latex
Crud
efresh
latex
Decreased
clotting
andbleeding
timeinhealthysubjects
[101]
Hepatop
rotective
Aeria
lparts
Petro
letherm
ethano
land
water
extracts
At200m
gkgdayover7
daysbyoralrouteinrats
both
extracts
presentedhepatoprotectiv
eactivity
incarbon
tetrachlorideind
uced
liver
damagewith
thep
etrolether
beingthem
ostactivea
ndthe
methano
lbeing
theleast
[126]
Hypotensiv
eand
vasorelaxant
Aeria
lparts
Ethano
licextract
At125and250m
gkgdayover4
weeksby
oralrouteinrats
ina
dose-dependent
mannerredu
cedthes
ystolic
bloo
dpressure
and
prod
uced
acon
centratio
n-depend
entrelaxanteffectin
ratisolated
(ex
vivo)end
otheliu
m-depriv
edmesenteric
artery
precon
tractedwith
norepineph
rineo
rCaC
l 2
[45]
Immun
omod
ulatory
Who
leplant
Petro
lether
extract
At100200and40
0120583gmLincreasedthep
roliferationof
mou
sespleen
cellin
vitro
[127]
Localanesthetic
Not
specified
Methano
land
aqueou
sextracts
Both
extractspresentedsig
nificantlocalanestheticactiv
ityby
plexus
anesthesiain
frogslowast
[128]
24 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table4Con
tinued
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Relaxant
effecto
nuterine
smoo
thmuscle
(tocolytic
activ
ity)
Aeria
lparts
Ethano
licextractand
chloroform
icandaqueou
sfractio
ns
At05and10
mgmLthee
thanolicextractreduced
the
calcium
-evokedcontractile
respon
seof
theu
terin
esmoo
thmuscle
as
wellas
thec
hloroformicfractio
nTh
eaqu
eous
fractio
npresented
onlyslighteffect
[129]
Sedativ
eand
anxiolytic
Fruits
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmicepresentedsedativ
eeffect
intheh
olec
rosstest
At200m
gkgpresented
anxiolyticactiv
ityin
holebo
ardtest
At40
0mgkgpresented
anxiolyticactiv
ityin
elevated
plus-m
azetest
[110]
Leaves
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmicepresentedsedativ
eeffect
intheh
olec
rosstest
At200m
gkgpresented
anxiolyticactiv
ityin
holebo
ardtest
At40
0mgkgpresented
anxiolyticin
elevated
plus-m
azetest
[111]
lowast
Thec
ompletev
ersio
nof
thep
aper
was
notaccessib
leso
theinformationwas
obtained
from
itsabstr
act
IC50con
centratio
nthatinhibits50of
ther
eferredactiv
ity
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 25
about extract preparation and plant part not specified) theauthors also observed an absence of healing action althoughsome histological improvement was shown [125]
However studying the influence of J gossypiifolia on thehealing process of colonic anastomosis in rats Servin et alshowed that the administration of 1mLkg single dose ofthe hydro alcoholic extract from aerial parts has beneficialeffect on the healing process [122] However according tothese authors on the seventh day of the experiment therewas a decrease in the action of the extract suggestingthat the extract in this experiment was less active in laterstages of healing process [122] A plausible hypothesis notraised by the authors could be the fact that the extract wasadministered in a single dose which may not have beensufficient to maintain the effect throughout the time of theexperiment Additionally Vale et al showed that the ethanolicextract from aerial parts of J gossypiifolia at single intraperi-toneal dose of 200mgkg favored the healing process ofgastrorrhaphies and reduced the acute inflammatory reactionin vivo [123]
65 Hemostatic Action The use of J gossypiifolia especiallythe latex is widespread as a hemostatic agent for preventingbleeding disorders The results of whole blood clotting timeusing Lee and White method and bleeding time using Ivyrsquosmethod were significantly reduced when stem latex wasintroduced suggesting procoagulant activity [101] Regardingthe possible mechanism of action based on experimentsthat show the precipitating action of the latex upon bovinealbumin the authors suggest that the latex precipitatesclotting factors thereby bringing the coagulation factors intoclose contact and then the activation of coagulation cascadeleads to the generation of thrombin and formation of aclot takes place in a matter of seconds when compared tothe control experiment which took minutes to completecoagulation [101] It is important to emphasize that to the bestof our knowledge this is the only study performed on humansubjects
66 Anticholinesterase Action Based on the cholinergichypothesis acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are widely usedto treat Alzheimerrsquos disease J gossypiifolia presented animportant anticholinesterase activity since the methanolicextract from leaves showed an IC
50of 005mgmL [117]
Another study showed that the lyophilized latex of theplant was able to inhibit time- and dose-dependently theacetylcholinesterase enzyme in nervous tissue of freshwaterair breathing fish Channa marulius [116]
67 Antioxidant Action The antioxidant activity of extractsfrom J gossypiifoliawas evaluated by Kharat et al [55] In thiswork the high content of phenols tannins and flavonoids inthe leaves prompted the authors to evaluate the antioxidantactivity of the leaves DPPH free radical ferric thiocyanateand nitric oxide scavengingmethods were used to analyze theantioxidant activity in vitro of methanol ethyl acetate andaqueous extracts demonstrating positive resultsThe authorsattributed the free radical scavenging activity to the presence
of flavonoids [55] On the other hand a study showed thatdifferent extracts (petrol ether chloroform ethyl acetate andn-butanol) fromwhole plant of J gossypiifolia had only partialantioxidant activity in DPPH scavenging total antioxidantcapacity and lipid peroxidation tests [48] Among them theethyl acetate extract was the most active which correlatespositively with its higher content of phenolic compounds incomparison with the other extracts [48]
68 Contraceptive Action Based on its popular use J gossypi-ifoliawas assessed for its antifertility activity as an alternativeto oral contraceptive agents J gossypiifolia leaf extract byoral route altered the major hormones involved in estrouscycle regulation indicating its antifertility effect on mice[121] Evaluating other parameters (estrogenic and earlyabortifacient activities) the anti-infertility effect of the extractwas once more demonstrated later [130]
69 Tocolytic Action Based on the ethnopharmacologicalapplication of the plant as tocolytic remedy the effects oncalcium-evoked uterine smooth muscle contraction of theethanolic extract and fractions were evaluated [129] Thecrude extract and to a higher extent the chloroformic frac-tion reduced the calcium-evoked contractile response of theuterine smooth muscle promoting a rightward displacementof calciumcumulative curves aswell as reducing themaximalcontractions [129]
610 Antineoplasic Action One of the most well-knownpharmacological activities of J gossypiifolia is its antineopla-sic action which is frequently associated with the contentof lignoids and terpenoids One of the first reports wasmade by Kupchan et al [66] when the authors found thatthe ethanolic extract from roots as well as the isolatedditerpene jatrophone exhibited significant inhibitory activityin vitro against cells derived from human carcinoma of thenasopharynx and lymphocytic leukemia P-388 and in vivoagainst four standard animal tumor systems such as sarcoma180 Lewis lung carcinoma P-388 lymphocytic leukemiaand Walker 256 intramuscular carcinosarcoma [66] Laterthree new antitumor derivatives of jatrophone were isolatedfrom petrol ether extracts from roots of J gossypiifolia 2120572-hydroxyjatrophone 2120573-hydroxy-56-isojatrophone and 2120573-hydroxyjatrophone [64] Recently two other diterpenes withpotent antineoplasic activity were isolated from J gossypi-ifolia falodone and abiodone Falodone was isolated frommethanol extract from roots and showed potent proliferationinhibitory activity against A-549 human cancer cell line [13]Abiodone a lathyrane diterpenoid compound was isolatedfrom J gossypiifolia and presented potent anticancer activity[73]
611 Local Anesthetic Action The local anesthetic action ofJ gossypiifolia was evaluated by plexus anaesthesia in frogs[128] The authors observed that the aqueous and methanolextract (plant part not specified) presented significant anes-thetic action when compared to control group
26 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
612 Neuropharmacological Action The neuropharmacolog-ical action of the methanol extract of the leaves of J gossypi-ifolia was evaluated by Apu et al [111] The authors observedthat in hole cross test the extract at 200 and 400mgkg byoral route showed significant sedative effect in mice In holeboard test the extract showed highly significant anxiolyticactivity at a dose of 200mgkg whereas the same activity wasobserved at 400mgkg dose in elevated plus-maze test [111]Similar results were observed in the methanolic extract fromfruits [110]
613 Antidiarrheal Action Although it may seem contradic-tory as shown in Table 3 J gossypiifolia species is popularlyused both as purgative and as antidiarrheal remedy Howeverin literature there are interesting results about the antidiar-rheal properties of different extracts of this species
At 200 and 400mgkg oral doses in mice the methanolextract of J gossypiifolia leaves produced highly signifi-cant antidiarrheal activity upon castor oil-induced diarrheadecreasing themean number of stool and total weight of fecaloutput when compared to control group [111] Similar resultswere observed in the methanolic extract from fruits [110]
Aiming to determine the possible action mechanism of Jgossypiifolia aerial parts ethanol extract as antidiarrheal agentSilva et al [119] have investigated the effect of this extracton intestinal transit velocity and on isolated rat jejunumAt 500 1000 and 2000mgkg by oral route in mice theextract showed significant antispasmodic activity in mouseintestinal transit model when compared to control At 0510 and 20mgmL the crude extract inhibited in vitro theacetylcholine and calcium-induced contractions of isolatedrat jejunum The chloroform and aqueous fractions wereobtained and it was observed that only the chloroform frac-tion of the extract had a calcium-antagonist effect whereasboth chloroformic and aqueous fractions had anticholinergiceffect suggesting that the antispasmodic effect of J gossypi-ifolia may be due to a combination of anticholinergic andcalcium-antagonist mechanisms [119]
614 Immunomodulatory Action The immunomodulatoryaction of synthetic lignan compounds was evaluated by theassay of proliferation of mouse spleen cell in vitro andcompared with petrol ether extract of whole plant of Jgossypiifolia since it is a natural source of this kind ofcompound [127] The authors showed that both syntheticand naturally occurring 1-phenylnaphthalene lignans couldpositively modulate the immunity of the host since theysignificantly increased the proliferation of mouse spleen cellin vitro [127]
615 Hepatoprotective Action Despite some studies havingshown the hepatotoxic potential of J gossypiifolia a study wasperformed to analyze the possible hepatoprotective action ofextracts of this plant in carbon tetrachloride-induced liverdamage in rats [126] In fact the petrol ether methanoland water extracts from the aerial parts of J gossypiifoliapresented significant hepatoprotective action in this model
substantially restoring towards normalization the serum lev-els of serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase serum glu-tamate pyruvate transaminase serum alkaline phosphatasetotal bilirubin superoxide dismutase and catalase [126] Theauthors also discuss the close relationship between the hep-atoprotective action observed and the possible antioxidantmechanism present in the extracts
7 Other Actions andBiotechnological Applications
In addition to studies demonstrating scientific evidences ofthe pharmacological properties of J gossypiifolia severalstudies have demonstrated the potential of this species toobtain molecules with various applications thus showing itsmultipurpose character
Among the main applications described the use ofJ gossypiifolia seed oil for biodiesel production could bementioned Jatropha species has drawn the attention ofresearchers in recent years due to its emergence as a highlysuitable feedstock plant for biodiesel production [11] Amongthe species J gossypiifolia J curcas and J pohliana produceseeds with high oil content [11] In a study investigatingthe potential of two plants of the Jatropha genus (includ-ing J gossypiifolia) the authors observed that the studiedphysicochemical properties of the produced biodiesel are inthe acceptable range for use as biodiesel in diesel enginesshowing a promising economic exploitation of these rawmaterials [131]
Studies have shown the potential of the species for thedevelopment of new tools for biochemical analysis A recentstudy showed that the diluted fresh latex J gossypiifolia can beused as precipitating agent for biochemical determination ofproteins in plasma urine and cerebrospinal fluid with valuescomparable to those obtained from the conventional proteinprecipitants sodium tungstate and trichloroacetic acid [24]According to the authors the precipitating potential couldbe related to the capacity of the latex to form clots whenapplied to a bleeding sore or wound when it is used in folkmedicine [24] Another study showed the potentiality of thejuice extracted from the fresh leaves of J gossypiifolia asan anticoagulant for haematological analyses [86] 01mL ofextract per mL of blood proved to be suitable for obtainingplasmas for biochemical analysis comparable with conven-tional anticoagulants [86] However the authors emphasizethat the extract must be purified to remove interferingsubstances for it to be perfectly suitable for biochemicalanalysis [86]
Some studies have demonstrated the potentiality of Jgossypiifolia as a source of pesticide biomolecules Bullang-poti et al [49] isolated ricinine from the ethyl acetate extractfrom senescent leaves the main compound responsible forthe toxicity of the crude extract in Spodoptera exigua larvaethus demonstrating that it could be an alternative choiceto chemical insecticides In another study Bullangpoti etal [132] showed that the ethanol extract of J gossypiifoliain association with the ethanol extract of Melia azedarachwas toxic and inhibited some enzymes from Spodoptera
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 27
frugiperda larvae demonstrating once more the potentialityof the species as insecticide agent Calatayud et al [56]showed the presence of proteins of about 100 kDa with toxicactivity upon Phenacoccus herreni another type of insectIn this work the authors performed a strategy of extrac-tion that eliminated nonprotein compounds being able todemonstrate the potential of the species to obtain insecticidalproteins [56] Leaf extract of J gossypiifolia reduced thefecundity and egg viability against stored product insect pestsTribolium castaneum [133]
The potential molluscicidal activity of J gossypiifolia hasalso been evaluated as an alternative mode of preventionof schistosomiasis Sukumaran et al [134] showed that themethanol and n-butanol extracts from unripened seeds of Jgossypiifoliawas toxic against eggs and adults of two species offreshwater snails Lymnaea luteola and Indoplanorbis exustusThe results indicated that n-butanol extract was the mosteffective and that the eggs were more susceptible than adults[134]
8 Toxicology
Species of Jatropha are notably known for their toxic potential[135 136] This toxicity is related primarily to latex andseeds The latex is released from the aerial parts of theplant by mechanical injury and it is extremely caustic andirritating to skin and mucous membranes The seeds arerich in toxalbumins that cause agglutination and hemolysisto erythrocytes as well as damage to other cell types andcontain a lipoid resin complex that can cause dermatitis[3 12 135] The symptomatology consists in general ofgastrointestinal disorders (abdominal pain nausea vomitingand diarrhea) Additionally the clinical course can bringcardiovascular neurological and renal complications [136]Cases of poisoning in humans usually occur by eating fruitand seeds because of its similarity to edible chestnuts [136]
Some toxicological studies have demonstrated the toxicproperties of J gossypiifolia while others show the absence oftoxicity However it is important to observe the models useddoses administrated and types of extract employed (solventand plant part) among other aspects to make the properconclusions about the toxicity
The study of experimental poisoning in sheep showedthat the intake of fresh plant leaves in a single dose of40 gkg was lethal to these animals [137] The clinical andpathological picture in the experimental sheep was charac-terized by digestive lung and heart disturbances and alsoby slight regressive changes evidenced in hepatic and renalhistological examinations [137] However as observed byMariz et al [7] it is important to note that the medicinaluse of the plant is rarely in natura but instead by differentpreparations such as infusions or decoctions sometimes ofthe dried material which could inactivate the possible toxiccomponents However this is only a hypothesis and so thetoxicity of extracts from leaves cannot be discarded
One of the first studies relating the identification of theconstituents responsible for the toxic effects of the Jatrophaspecies was published by Adolf et al [69] In this work
by a bioguided isolation the irritant polyunsaturated ester12-deoxy-16-hydroxylphorbol was isolated from the etherextract from the seeds of J gossypiifolia by countercurrentchromatography [69] The irritant activity was visualized inmouse ear after 24 h of the application of the fractions andisolated compounds [69]
The in vitro cytotoxicity assay using brine shrimp larvaetest revealed that ethanol and methanol extracts (plant organunspecified) showed low toxicity [138] An earlier studyshowed that thewater and ethyl acetate fraction of amethanolextract from aerial parts of J gossypiifolia did not presenttoxicity against the same organisms [114]
A study performed in Wistar rats evaluated the toxicityof the ethanolic root extract of J gossypiifolia at 10 20 and30mgkg by oral route [139] The authors observed that theextract was toxic to the kidney and caused increased urearetention in the blood as observed by histological studies andbiochemical analysis of blood [139]
A preclinical toxicological assessment of the crudeethanol extract from J gossypiifolia leaves showed that theextract presents relatively low oral acute toxicity in Wistarrats [18 19] Rats treated with single doses of 12ndash50 gkgby oral route were observed for 14 days and the mostimportant signs of toxicity were ptosis reduction of bodyweight and hind limb paralysis Other significant alterationsoccurred only in males treated with 50 gkg dose increasein creatinine aspartate aminotransferase sodium and potas-sium seric levels reduction of urea and albumin leucopeniaand small alteration in color and consistency of visceraThe median lethal dose (LD
50) was higher than 40 gkg
for males and higher than 50 gkg for females [19] In thehistopathological evaluation some alteration was observedin liver and lung only at 50 gkg suggesting the relativelylow toxicity of the extract [18] However in the chronictoxicological study (thirteen weeks of treatment) this extractshowed significant oral chronic toxicity in rats [17] The mostsignificant toxic signs indicated a reduction of the activityin the central nervous system and digestive disturbancesThe histopathological analysis revealed hepatotoxicity andpulmonary damages The lethality was 466 and 133among males and females under the higher tested dose(405mgkg) respectively [17] Based on this Mariz et al [7]discussed that the development of herbal medicine based onthis species needs to prioritize the chemical refinement of thecrude extracts to obtain less toxic fractions which should betested for their safety and therapeutic efficacy
Another study on the other hand evaluating the oralacute toxicity of the aqueous and ethanol extracts from leavesof J gossypiifolia did not show any sign of toxicity in upto 2 gkg in rats enabling the authors to conclude that thisextract could be considered safe [118] This is an interestingresult since in most cases the plant is used popularly as tea(aqueous extract)
The toxicity of the stem latex of J gossypiifoliawas studiedin Wistar rats by applying different doses of crude latex onincised skin daily for 18 days based on the popular useof the latex as hemostatic agent in skin lesions [140] Theauthors observed that the application of the latex did notproduce any significant difference in results of biochemical
28 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
and hematological parameters obtained from the control andexperimental animals leading to the conclusion that the stemlatex has no harmful effects [140]
9 Conclusions
As demonstrated by this review J gossypiifolia presents animportant potential for the generation of pharmacologicalandor biotechnological products based on popular usesand biological studies scientifically showing its propertiesHowever regarding specifically its medicinal propertiesfurther studies are still necessary to assay important folkuses of the species and characterize the major compoundsresponsible for the bioactivityThus studies of bioprospectingcould prioritize this species since many popular uses forvariousmedical purposes are reported demonstrating a greatpotential to originate bioactive molecules with pharmaco-logical relevance Furthermore future phytochemical studiesof this plant are important to obtain the best knowledgeof the chemical composition of different extracts of theplant in order to recognize the really important compoundsin the pharmacological actions aspiring to the chemicalrefinement of the products to eliminate the eventual toxiceffects that could reduce the medicinal value of the speciesIn conclusion the data presented in this review could provideinsights for future research aimed at both ethnopharmaco-logical validation of the popular use of J gossypiifolia andits exploration as a new source of bioactive molecules forherbal drugs andor bioactive natural products for potentialapplication in complementary and alternative medicine
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper
Acknowledgments
The authors thank BNB CNPq and CAPES (Brazil) forthe financial support Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosagives thanks to CNPq for Scholarship in Research Produc-tivity The authors also thank Andrew Alastair Cumming forediting this paper for the English revision
References
[1] G L Webster ldquoClassification of the euphorbiaceaerdquo Annals ofthe Missouri Botanical Garden vol 81 pp 3ndash143 1994
[2] M V Alves ldquoChecklist das especies de Euphorbiaceae Jussocorrentes no semi-arido pernambucano BrasilrdquoActa BotanciaBrasileira vol 12 no 3 pp 485ndash495 1998
[3] C W Sabandar N Ahmat F M Jaafar and I Sahidin ldquoMedic-inal property phytochemistry and pharmacology of severalJatropha species (Euphorbiaceae) a reviewrdquo Phytochemistryvol 85 pp 7ndash29 2013
[4] C K A Leal and M D F Agra ldquoEstudo farmacobotanicocomparativo das folhas de Jatrophamolissima (Pohl) BaillrdquoActaFarmaceutica Bonaerense vol 24 no 1 pp 5ndash13 2005
[5] L C Di Stasi and C A Hiruma-Lima Plantas medicinais naAmazonia e na Mata Atlantica UNESP Sao Paulo Brazil 2ndedition 2002
[6] M D F Agra K N Silva I J L D Basılio P F De Freitasand JM Barbosa-Filho ldquoSurvey ofmedicinal plants used in theregionNortheast of BrazilrdquoBrazilian Journal of Pharmacognosyvol 18 no 3 pp 472ndash508 2008
[7] S R Mariz A C R Borges M F F Melo-Diniz and I AMedeiros ldquoPossibilidades terapeuticas e riscos toxicologicosde Jatropha gossypiifolia L uma revisao narrativardquo RevistaBrasileiraDe PlantasMedicinais vol 12 no 3 pp 346ndash357 2010
[8] I Cordeiro and R Secco ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia L Lista deespecies da flora do Brasilrdquo Jardim Botanico do Rio de JaneirohttpfloradobrasiljbrjgovbrjabotfloradobrasilFB17581
[9] U P de Albuquerque P M de Medeiros A L S de Almeida etal ldquoMedicinal plants of the caatinga (semi-arid) vegetation ofNE Brazil a quantitative approachrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacol-ogy vol 114 no 3 pp 325ndash354 2007
[10] U P Albuquerque L H C Andrade and J Caballero ldquoStruc-ture and floristics of homegardens in Northeastern BrazilrdquoJournal of Arid Environments vol 62 no 3 pp 491ndash506 2005
[11] S A Ceasar and S Ignacimuthu ldquoApplications of biotechnologyand biochemical engineering for the improvement of Jatrophaand Biodiesel a reviewrdquo Renewable and Sustainable EnergyReviews vol 15 no 9 pp 5176ndash5185 2011
[12] U P de Albuquerque J MMonteiro M A Ramos and E L Cde Amorim ldquoMedicinal and magic plants from a public marketin northeastern Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 110no 1 pp 76ndash91 2007
[13] A Falodun Q Sheng-Xiang G Parkinson and S GibbonsldquoIsolation and characterization of a new anticancer diterpenoidfrom Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journalvol 45 no 10 pp 636ndash639 2012
[14] BRASIL ldquoFitoterapia plantas de interesse ao SUSrdquo Braz-ilian Health Ministry httpportalsaudegovbrportalarqu-ivospdfRENISUSpdf
[15] X-P Zhang M-L Zhang X-H Su C-H Huo Y-C Gu andQ-W Shi ldquoChemical constituents of the plants from genusJatrophardquo Chemistry and Biodiversity vol 6 no 12 pp 2166ndash2183 2009
[16] S K Sharma and H Singh ldquoA review on pharmacological sig-nificance of genus Jatropha (Euphorbiaceae)rdquoChinese Journal ofIntegrative Medicine vol 18 no 11 pp 868ndash880 2012
[17] S RMariz G S CerqueiraWCAraujo et al ldquoChronic toxico-logic study of the ethanolic extract of the aerial parts of Jatrophagossypiifolia in ratsrdquoRevista Brasileira de Farmacognosia vol 22no 3 pp 663ndash668 2012
[18] S R Mariz M S T Araujo G S Cerqueira et al ldquoHistopatho-logical evaluation in rats after acute treatment with the ethanolextract from aerial parts of Jatropha gossypiifolia Lrdquo RevistaBrasileira De Farmacognosia vol 18 no 2 pp 213ndash216 2008
[19] S R Mariz G S Cerqueira W C Araujo et al ldquoEstudo toxi-cologico agudo do extrato etanolico de partes aereas de Jatrophagossypiifolia L em ratosrdquo Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosiavol 16 no 3 pp 372ndash378 2006
[20] C Auvin-Guette C Baraguey A Blond J L Pousset andB Bodo ldquoCyclogossine B a cyclic octapeptide from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Journal of Natural Products vol 60 pp 1155ndash11571997
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 29
[21] V S Parvathi B S Jyothi T Lakshmi P S Babu and RKarthikeyan ldquoMorpho-anatomical and physicochemical stud-ies of Jatropha gossypifolia (L)rdquo Der Pharmacia Lettre vol 4no 1 pp 256ndash262 2012
[22] M N S Rios and F Pastore Junior Plantas da Amazonia450 Especies de Uso Geral Universidade de BrasıliamdashBibliotecaCentral Brasılia 2011
[23] S R Mariz Estudo toxicologico pre-clınico de Jatropha gossypi-ifolia L [PhD thesis] Universidade Federal da Paraıba JoaoPessoa Brazil 2007
[24] O G Adeosun T Oduola F A Fagbomedo et al ldquoSuitabilityof stem latex of Jatropha gossypifolia as a protein precipitant forbiochemical analysisrdquo Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistryvol 29 no 2 pp 210ndash212 2014
[25] F O A Ajose ldquoSome Nigerian plants of dermatologic impor-tancerdquo International Journal of Dermatology vol 46 no 1 pp48ndash55 2007
[26] J S Ashidi P J Houghton P J Hylands and T EfferthldquoEthnobotanical survey and cytotoxicity testing of plants ofSouth-western Nigeria used to treat cancer with isolationof cytotoxic constituents from Cajanus cajan Millsp leavesrdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 128 no 2 pp 501ndash512 2010
[27] M Ayyanar and S Ignacimuthu ldquoEthnobotanical survey ofmedicinal plants commonly used by Kani tribals in Tirunelvelihills of Western Ghats Indiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 134 no 3 pp 851ndash864 2011
[28] R Bhagat S D Ambavade A V Misar and D K KulkarnildquoAnti-inflammatory activity of Jatropha gossypifolia L leaves inalbino mice and Wistar ratrdquo Journal of Scientific and IndustrialResearch vol 70 no 4 pp 289ndash292 2011
[29] J H Cano and G Volpato ldquoHerbal mixtures in the traditionalmedicine of Eastern Cubardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol90 no 2-3 pp 293ndash316 2004
[30] F G Coe and G J Anderson ldquoScreening of medicinal plantsused by the Garıfuna of Eastern Nicaragua for bioactive com-poundsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 53 no 1 pp 29ndash501996
[31] MGbeassor Y Kossou K Amegbo C De Souza K Koumagloand A Denke ldquoAntimalarial effects of eight African medicinalplantsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 25 no 1 pp 115ndash1181989
[32] National Center for Biotechnology Information ldquoJatropha gos-sypiifoliardquo Taxonomy Browser httpwwwncbinlmnihgovTaxonomyBrowserwwwtaxcgiid=454931
[33] Tropicos ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia Lrdquo httpwwwtropicosorgNamePrintaspxnameid=12802174amptab=details
[34] The Plant List ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia Lrdquo httpwwwtheplant-listorgtplrecordkew-104621
[35] M S Khyade and N P Vaikos ldquoPharmacognostical andphytochemical evaluation of leaf of Jatropha gossypifolia LrdquoInternational Journal of Research in Ayurveda amp Pharmacy vol2 no 1 pp 177ndash180 2011
[36] D O Aworinde D U Nwoye A A Jayeola A O Olagoke andA A Ogundele ldquoTaxonomic significance of foliar epidermis insome members of euphorbiaceae family in Nigeriardquo ResearchJournal of Botany vol 4 no 1 pp 17ndash28 2009
[37] J D Olowokudejo ldquoComparative epidermal morphology ofWest African species of Jatropha L (Euphorbiaceae)rdquo BotanicalJournal of the Linnean Society vol 111 no 2 pp 139ndash154 1993
[38] B Das and B Venkataiah ldquoA minor coumarino-lignoid fromJatropha gossypifoliardquo Biochemical Systematics and Ecology vol29 no 2 pp 213ndash214 2001
[39] B Das B Venkataiah and A Kashinatham ldquoVenkatasin a newcoumarino-lignoid from Jatropha gossypifoliardquoNatural ProductLetters vol 13 no 4 pp 293ndash297 1999
[40] B Das and B Venkataiah ldquoA rare diterpene from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Biochemical Systematics and Ecology vol 27 no 7pp 759ndash760 1999
[41] N Ravindranath B Venkataiah C Ramesh P Jayaprakash andB Das ldquoJatrophenone a novel macrocyclic bioactive diterpenefrom Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bul-letin vol 51 no 7 pp 870ndash871 2003
[42] B Das and J Banerji ldquoArylnaphthalene lignan from JatrophagossypifoliardquoPhytochemistry vol 27 no 11 pp 3684ndash3686 1988
[43] J Banerji B Das A Chatterjee and J N Shoolery ldquoGadain alignan from Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Phytochemistry vol 23 no10 pp 2323ndash2327 1984
[44] A Chatterjee B Das C Pascard and T Prange ldquoCrystalstructure of a lignan from Jatropha gossypifoliardquoPhytochemistryvol 20 no 8 pp 2047ndash2048 1981
[45] I C Abreu A S S Marinho A M A Paes et al ldquoHypotensiveand vasorelaxant effects of ethanolic extract from Jatrophagossypiifolia L in ratsrdquo Fitoterapia vol 74 no 7-8 pp 650ndash6572003
[46] B Das and R Das ldquoGossypifan a lignan from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Phytochemistry vol 40 no 3 pp 931ndash932 1995
[47] R Das B Das and A Kashinatham ldquoGossypiline a new lignanfrom Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Natural Product Sciences vol 4 no4 pp 238ndash240 1998
[48] D Shahwar S-U Shafiq N Ahmad S Ullah and M A RazaldquoAntioxidant activities of the selected plants from the fam-ily Euphorbiaceae Lauraceae Malvaceae and BalsaminaceaerdquoAfrican Journal of Biotechnology vol 9 no 7 pp 1086ndash10962010
[49] V Bullangpoti N Khumrungsee W Pluempanupat Y Kainohand U Saguanpong ldquoToxicity of ethyl acetate extract andricinine from Jatropha gossypifolia senescent leaves againstSpodoptera exigua Hubner (Lepidoptera Noctuidae)rdquo Journalof Pesticide Science vol 36 no 2 pp 260ndash263 2011
[50] A O Ogundare ldquoAntimicrobial effect of Tithonia diversifoliaand Jatropha gossypifolia leaf extractsrdquo Trends in Applied Sci-ences Research vol 2 no 2 pp 145ndash150 2007
[51] N Nwokocha A Blessing I O Agbagwa and B E OkolildquoComparative phytochemical screening of Jatropha L Speciesin the Niger Deltardquo Research Journal of Phytochemistry vol 5no 2 pp 107ndash114 2011
[52] R Seth and R Sarin ldquoAnalysis of the phytochemical contentand anti-microbial activity of Jatropha gossypifolia Lrdquo Archivesof Applied Science Research vol 2 no 5 pp 285ndash291 2010
[53] S Sankara Subramanian S Nagarajan and N SulochanaldquoFlavonoids of the leaves of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Phytochem-istry vol 10 no 7 p 1690 1971
[54] A C Pilon R L Carneiro F Carnevale Neto V S Bolzaniand I Castro-Gamboa ldquoInterval multivariate curve resolutionin the dereplication of HPLC-DAD data from Jatropha gossypi-foliardquo Phytochemical Analysis vol 24 no 4 pp 401ndash406 2013
[55] A R Kharat A K Dolui and S Das ldquoFree radical scavengingpotential of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Asian Journal of Chemistryvol 23 no 2 pp 799ndash801 2011
[56] P-A Calatayud D F Munera S Calatayud A Valencia-Jimenez and A C Bellotti ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia (Euphor-biaceae) a source of proteins toxic to Phenacoccus herreni(Sternorryncha Pseudococcidae)rdquo Florida Entomologist vol94 no 3 pp 649ndash654 2011
30 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
[57] W F Tinto L M D John W F Reynolds and S McLeanldquoTriterpenoids of Jatropha gossypiifoliardquo Journal of NaturalProducts vol 55 no 6 pp 807ndash809 1992
[58] R Das K Venkateswarlu V Saidi Reddy and B Das ldquo41015840-O-demethyl retrochinensin a minor new lignan from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Indian Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry vol 14no 2 pp 169ndash170 2004
[59] B Das A Kashinatham B Venkataiah K V N S Srinivas GMahender and M R Reddy ldquoCleomiscosin A a coumarino-lignoid from Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Biochemical Systematics andEcology vol 31 no 10 pp 1189ndash1191 2003
[60] B Das and G Anjani ldquoGossypidien a lignan from stems ofJatropha gossypifolliardquo Phytochemistry vol 51 no 1 pp 115ndash1171999
[61] B Das S P Rao and K V Srinivas ldquoIsolation of isogadain fromJatropha gossypifoliardquo Planta Medica vol 62 no 1 article 901996
[62] B Das S P Rao K V N S Srinivas and R Das ldquoJatrodien alignan from stems of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Phytochemistry vol41 no 3 pp 985ndash987 1996
[63] A Chatterjee B Das R Chakrabarti et al ldquoPrasanthaline anew lignan from Jatropha gossypifolia Linnrdquo Indian Journal ofChemistry vol 27 pp 740ndash741 1988
[64] M D Taylor A B Smith III G T Furst et al ldquoNewantileukemic jatrophone derivatives from Jatropha gossypiifoliastructural and stereochemical assignment through nuclearmagnetic resonance Spectroscopyrdquo Journal of the AmericanChemical Society vol 105 no 10 pp 3177ndash3183 1983
[65] K K Purushothaman S Chandrasekharan A F Cameron etal ldquoJatropholones A and B new diterpenoids from the roots ofJatropha gossypiifolia (Euphorbiaceae)mdashcrystal structure anal-ysis of Jatropholone Brdquo Tetrahedron Letters vol 20 no 11 pp979ndash980 1979
[66] S M Kupchan C W Sigel M J Matz J A S Renauld R CHaltiwanger and R F Bryan ldquoJatrophone a novel macrocyclicditerpenoid tumor inhibitor from Jatropha gossypiifoliardquo Jour-nal of the American Chemical Society vol 92 no 14 pp 4476ndash4477 1970
[67] Y R Prasad G S J G Alankararao and P Baby ldquoConstituentsof the seeds of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Fitoterapia vol 64 no 4p 376 1993
[68] O Ogbobe and V Akano ldquoThe physico-chemical properties ofthe seed and seed oil of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Plant Foods forHuman Nutrition vol 43 no 3 pp 197ndash200 1993
[69] W Adolf H J Opferkuch and E Hecker ldquoIrritant phorbolderivatives from four Jatropha speciesrdquo Phytochemistry vol 23no 1 pp 129ndash132 1984
[70] K M Hosamani and K S Katagi ldquoCharacterization andstructure elucidation of 12-hydroxyoctadec-cis-9-enoic acid inJatropha gossypifolia and Hevea brasiliensis seed oils a richsource of hydroxy fatty acidrdquo Chemistry and Physics of Lipidsvol 152 no 1 pp 9ndash12 2008
[71] S F A J Horsten A J J Van Den Berg J J Kettenes-VanDen Bosch B R Leeflang and R P Labadie ldquoCyclogossine Aa novel cyclic heptapeptide isolated from the latex of Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Planta Medica vol 62 no 1 pp 46ndash50 1996
[72] M U Ahmad M R Islam A H Mirza B H Chowdhuryand N Nahar ldquoAlkaloids of Jatropha gossypifolia Linnrdquo IndianJournal of Chemistry B Organic Chemistry Including MedicinalChemistry vol 31 no 1 pp 67ndash69 1992
[73] A Falodun U Kragl S-M T Touem A Villinger T Fahren-waldt and P Langer ldquoA novel anticancer diterpenoid fromJatropha gossypifoliardquo Natural Product Communications vol 7no 2 pp 151ndash152 2012
[74] G D Wadankar S N Malode and S L Sarambekar ldquoTra-ditionally used medicinal plants for ound healing in theWashim district Maharashtra (India)rdquo International Journal ofPharmTech Research vol 3 no 4 pp 2080ndash2084 2011
[75] B Kumar M Vijayakumar R Govindarajan and P Pushpan-gadan ldquoEthnopharmacological approaches to wound healing-Exploring medicinal plants of Indiardquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 114 no 2 pp 103ndash113 2007
[76] K Koudouvo D S Karou K Kokou et al ldquoAn ethnobotanicalstudy of antimalarial plants in Togo Maritime Regionrdquo Journalof Ethnopharmacology vol 134 no 1 pp 183ndash190 2011
[77] M Coelho-Ferreira ldquoMedicinal knowledge and plant utiliza-tion in an Amazonian coastal community ofMaruda Para State(Brazil)rdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 126 no 1 pp 159ndash175 2009
[78] F C S Oliveira R F M Barros and J M Moita Neto ldquoPlan-tas medicinais utilizadas em comunidades rurais de Oeirassemiarido piauienserdquo Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinaisvol 12 no 3 pp 282ndash301 2010
[79] J D F L Santos E Pagani J Ramos and E Rodrigues ldquoObser-vations on the therapeutic practices of riverine communities oftheUnini River AM Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol142 no 2 pp 503ndash515 2012
[80] S L Cartaxo M M de Almeida Souza and U P de Albu-querque ldquoMedicinal plants with bioprospecting potential usedin semi-arid northeastern Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacol-ogy vol 131 no 2 pp 326ndash342 2010
[81] O Jansen L Angenot M Tits et al ldquoEvaluation of 13 selectedmedicinal plants from Burkina Faso for their antiplasmodialpropertiesrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 130 no 1 pp143ndash150 2010
[82] M H Yetein L G Houessou T O Lougbegnon O Teka andB Tente ldquoEthnobotanical study of medicinal plants used for thetreatment of malaria in plateau of Allada Benin (West Africa)rdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 146 no 1 pp 154ndash163 2013
[83] L J Quintans Junior J R G S Almeida J T Lima et al ldquoPlantswith anticonvulsivant propertiesmdasha reviewrdquo Revista Brasileirade Farmacognosia vol 18 pp 798ndash819 2008
[84] A Diallo M S Traore S M Keita et al ldquoManagement ofdiabetes in Guinean traditional medicine an ethnobotanicalinvestigation in the coastal lowlandsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 144 no 2 pp 353ndash361 2012
[85] S O Olabanji A C Adebajo O R Omobuwajo et al ldquoPIXEanalysis of some Nigerian anti-diabetic medicinal plants (II)rdquoNuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B BeamInteractions With Materials and Atoms vol 318 pp 187ndash1902014
[86] T Oduola O G Avwioro and T B Ayanniyi ldquoSuitability ofthe leaf extract of Jatropha gossypifolia as an anticoagulant forbiochemical and haematological analysesrdquo African Journal ofBiotechnology vol 4 no 7 pp 679ndash681 2005
[87] CM Chariandy C E Seaforth R H Phelps G V Pollard andB P S Khambay ldquoScreening of medicinal plants from Trinidadand Tobago for antimicrobial and insecticidal propertiesrdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 64 no 3 pp 265ndash270 1999
[88] V P Kumar N S Chauhan H Padh and M Rajani ldquoSearchfor antibacterial and antifungal agents from selected Indian
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 31
medicinal plantsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 107 no2 pp 182ndash188 2006
[89] R Dabur A Gupta T K Mandal et al ldquoAntimicrobial activityof some medicinal plantsrdquo African Journal of TraditionalComplementary and AlternativeMedicines vol 4 no 3 pp 313ndash318 2007
[90] H C Ong and M Nordiana ldquoMalay ethno-medico botany inMachang Kelantan Malaysiardquo Fitoterapia vol 70 no 5 pp502ndash513 1999
[91] J Sanz-Biset J Campos-de-la-Cruz M A Epiquien-Riveraand S Canigueral ldquoA first survey on the medicinal plants of theChazuta valley (Peruvian Amazon)rdquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 122 no 2 pp 333ndash362 2009
[92] B B Panda K Gaur M L Kori et al ldquoAnti-inflammatoryand analgesic activity of Jatropha gossypifolia in experimentalanimal modelsrdquo Global Journal of Pharmacology vol 3 no 12009
[93] S S Ningthoujam A D Talukdar K S Potsangbam and MD Choudhury ldquoTraditional uses of herbal vapour therapy inManipur North East India an ethnobotanical surveyrdquo Journalof Ethnopharmacology vol 147 no 1 pp 136ndash147 2013
[94] A Asase A A Oteng-Yeboah G T Odamtten and M SJ Simmonds ldquoEthnobotanical study of some Ghanaian anti-malarial plantsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 99 no 2pp 273ndash279 2005
[95] C Lans T Harper K Georges and E Bridgewater ldquoMedicinaland ethnoveterinary remedies of hunters in Trinidadrdquo BMCComplementary and AlternativeMedicine vol 1 article 10 2001
[96] L Rasingam S Jeeva andD Kannan ldquoDental care of Andamanand Nicobar folks medicinal plants use as tooth stickrdquo AsianPacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine vol 2 no 2 pp S1013ndashS1016 2012
[97] P J Houghton and I M Osibogun ldquoFlowering plants usedagainst snakebiterdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 39 no 1pp 1ndash29 1993
[98] M Molander C H Saslis-Lagoudakis A K Jager and NRoslashnsted ldquoCross-cultural comparison of medicinal floras usedagainst snakebitesrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 139 no3 pp 863ndash872 2012
[99] A Jain S S Katewa B L Chaudhary and P Galav ldquoFolk herbalmedicines used in birth control and sexual diseases by tribals ofsouthern Rajasthan Indiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol90 no 1 pp 171ndash177 2004
[100] A Jain S S Katewa P K Galav and P Sharma ldquoMedicinalplant diversity of Sitamata wildlife sanctuary Rajasthan IndiardquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 102 no 2 pp 143ndash157 2005
[101] T Oduola G O Adeosun T A Oduola G O Avwioro andM A Oyeniyi ldquoMechanism of action of Jatropha gossypifoliastem latex as a haemostatic agentrdquo European Journal of GeneralMedicine vol 2 no 4 pp 140ndash143 2005
[102] D Garcia M V Domingues and E Rodrigues ldquoEthnophar-macological survey among migrants living in the SoutheastAtlantic Forest of Diadema Sao Paulo Brazilrdquo Journal ofEthnobiology and Ethnomedicine vol 6 article 29 2010
[103] S S Hebbar V H Harsha V Shripathi and G R HegdeldquoEthnomedicine of Dharwad district in Karnataka Indiamdashplants used in oral health carerdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 94 no 2-3 pp 261ndash266 2004
[104] S B Kosalge and R A Fursule ldquoInvestigation of ethnomedic-inal claims of some plants used by tribals of Satpuda Hills inIndiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 121 no 3 pp 456ndash461 2009
[105] R A Ritter M V B Monteiro F O B Monteiro et al ldquoEth-noveterinary knowledge and practices at Colares island Parastate eastern Amazon Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 144 no 2 pp 346ndash352 2012
[106] S K Dash and S Padhy ldquoReview on ethnomedicines fordiarrhoea diseases from Orissa prevalence versus culturerdquoJournal of Human Ecology vol 20 no 1 pp 59ndash64 2006
[107] R S L Taylor J B Hudson N P Manandhar and G H NTowers ldquoAntiviral activities of medicinal plants of southernNepalrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 53 pp 97ndash104 1996
[108] J M A Maia N G Czeczko J M R Filho et al ldquoEstudoda cicatrizacao de suturas na bexiga urinaria de ratos come sem utilizacao de extrato bruto de Jatropha gossypiifolia Lintraperitonealrdquo Acta Cirurgica Brasileira vol 21 no 2 pp 23ndash30 2006
[109] A L Ososki P Lohr M Reiff et al ldquoEthnobotanical literaturesurvey of medicinal plants in the Dominican Republic used forwomens health conditionsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol79 no 3 pp 285ndash298 2002
[110] A S Apu FHossain F Rizwan et al ldquoStudy of pharmacologicalactivities of methanol extract of Jatropha gossypifolia fruitsrdquoJournal of Basic and Clinical Pharmacy vol 4 no 1 pp 20ndash242013
[111] A S Apu K Ireen S Hossan Bhuyan et al ldquoEvaluation ofanalgesic neuropharmacological and anti-diarrheal potential ofJatropha gossypifolia (Linn) leaves in micerdquo Journal of MedicalSciences vol 12 no 8 pp 274ndash279 2012
[112] F A G Rocha and L I S Dantas ldquoAtividade antimicrobianain vitro do latex do aveloz (Euphorbia tirucalli L) pinhao bravo(Jatrophamollissima L) e pinhao roxo (Jatropha gossypiifolia L)sobre microrganismos patogenicosrdquo Holos vol 25 no 4 2009
[113] O M David and J O Oluyege ldquoIn vitro susceptibility ofselected pathogenic bacteria to leaf extracts and latex of Jatrophagossypiifolia(L) and Jatropha curcas (L)rdquo Biosciences Biotechnol-ogy Research Asia vol 3 no 1 pp 91ndash94 2006
[114] W D MacBae J B Hudson and G H N Towers ldquoStudieson the pharmacological activity of amazonian euphorbiaceaerdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 22 no 2 pp 143ndash172 1988
[115] M C Purohit and R Purohit ldquoEvaluation of antimicrobial andanti-inflammatory activities of bark of Jatropha gossypifoliardquoWorld Journal of Science and Technology vol 1 no 10 pp 1ndash52011
[116] D Singh and A Singh ldquoThe toxicity of four native Indianplants effect on AChE and acidalkaline phosphatase level infish Channa maruliusrdquo Chemosphere vol 60 no 1 pp 135ndash1402005
[117] C M Feitosa R M Freitas N N N Luz M Z B BezerraandM T S Trevisan ldquoAcetylcholinesterase inhibition by somespromising Brazilian medicinal plantsrdquo Brazilian Journal ofBiology vol 71 no 3 pp 783ndash789 2011
[118] Y Nagaharika V Kalyani S Rasheed and R KarthikeyanldquoAnti-inflammatory activity of leaves of Jatropha gossypifolia Lby HRBC membrane stabilization methodrdquo Journal of AcuteDisease vol 2 no 2 pp 156ndash158 2013
[119] S D N Silva I C Abreu S M D F Freire et al ldquoAntispas-modic effect of Jatropha gossypiifolia is mediated through dualblockade of muscarinic receptors and Ca2+ channelsrdquo BrazilianJournal of Pharmacognosy vol 21 no 4 pp 715ndash720 2011
[120] D Carabajal A Casaco L Arruzazabala R Gonzalez andV Fuentes ldquoPharmacological screening of plant decoctionscommonly used in Cuban folk medicinerdquo Journal of Ethnophar-macology vol 33 no 1-2 pp 21ndash24 1991
32 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
[121] S Jain G P Choudhary and D K Jain ldquoPharmacological eval-uation of anti-fertility activity of ethanolic extract of Jatrophagossypifolia leaf in female albino micerdquo Asian Pacific Journal ofTropical Biomedicine vol 2 no 3 pp S1671ndashS1674 2012
[122] S C N Servin O J M Torres J E F Matias et al ldquoAcao doextrato de Jatropha gossypiifolia L (piao roxo) na cicatrizacaode anastomose colonica estudo experimental em ratosrdquo ActaCirurgica Brasileira vol 21 no 3 pp 89ndash96 2006
[123] J R Vale N G Czeczko J U Aquino et al ldquoEstudo compara-tivo da cicatrizacao de gastrorrafias com e sem o uso do extratode Jatropha gossypiifolia L (piao roxo) em ratosrdquoActa CirurgicaBrasileira vol 21 no 3 pp 40ndash48 2006
[124] J U Aquino N G Czeczko O Malafaia et al ldquoAvaliacaofitoterapica da Jatropha gossypiifolia L na cicatrizacao desuturas na parede abdominal ventral de ratosrdquo Acta CirurgicaBrasileira vol 21 no 2 pp 61ndash66 2006
[125] M F D S Santos N G Czeczko P A N Nassif et alldquoAvaliacao do uso do extrato bruto de Jatropha gossypiifolia Lna cicatrizacao de feridas cutaneas em ratosrdquo Acta CirurgicaBrasileira vol 21 no 3 pp 2ndash7 2006
[126] B B Panda K Gaur R K Nema C S Sharma A K Jain andC P Jain ldquoHepatoprotective activity of Jatropha gossypifoliaagainst carbon tetrachloride- induced hepatic injury in ratsrdquoAsian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research vol 2no 1 pp 50ndash54 2009
[127] S S Deo T M Chaudhari and F Inam ldquoEvaluation ofthe immunomodulatory effects of 1-phenylnaphthalene andpericarbonyl lactone lignan compoundsrdquoDer PharmaChemicavol 4 no 2 pp 771ndash776 2012
[128] S K Rasheed S Kunapareddy and R Karthikeyan ldquoLocalanesthetic activity of Jatropha gossypifolia L on frogsrdquo Biomed-ical and Pharmacology Journal vol 5 no 2 pp 395ndash397 2012
[129] AM A Paes A L Camara SM F Freire andMO R BorgesldquoRelaxant effect of Jatropha gossypiifolia L on uterine smoothmusclerdquo International Journal of Phytomedicine vol 4 no 3 pp310ndash313 2012
[130] S J Jain G P Choudhary and D K Jain ldquoPharmacologicalevaluation and antifertility activity of Jatropha gossypifoliain ratsrdquo BioMed Research International vol 2013 Article ID125980 5 pages 2013
[131] J S de Oliveira PM Leite L B de Souza et al ldquoCharacteristicsand composition of Jatropha gossypiifolia and Jatropha curcasL oils and application for biodiesel productionrdquo Biomass andBioenergy vol 33 no 3 pp 449ndash453 2009
[132] V Bullangpoti E Wajnberg P Audant and R FeyereisenldquoAntifeedant activity of Jatropha gossypifolia and Meliaazedarach senescent leaf extracts on Spodoptera frugiperda(Lepidoptera Noctuidae) and their potential use as synergistsrdquoPest Management Science vol 68 no 9 pp 1255ndash1264 2012
[133] S N K JilaniW Islam andM Kamsh ldquoPotential of pyrethroidinsecticides and plant extracts on fecundity and egg viability oftribolium castaneum (Herbst)rdquo Journal of Bio-Science vol 19no 1 pp 95ndash97 2011
[134] D Sukumaran B D Parashar and K M Rao ldquoToxicity of Jat-ropha gossypiifolia and Vaccaria pyramidata against freshwatersnails vectors of animal schistosomiasisrdquo Fitoterapia vol 66 no5 pp 393ndash398 1995
[135] R K Devappa H P S Makkar and K Becker ldquoJatrophatoxicitymdasha reviewrdquo Journal of Toxicology and EnvironmentalHealth B Critical Reviews vol 13 no 6 pp 476ndash507 2010
[136] E P Schenkel M Zannin L A Mentz S A L Bordignonand B Irgang ldquoPlantas toxicasrdquo in Farmacognosia Da Planta
ao Medicamento C M O Simoes E P Schenkel G GosmannJ C P Mello L A Mentz and P R Petrovick Eds pp 959ndash993 Editora da UFRGSUFSC Porto Alegre Brazil 3d edition2007
[137] L I Oliveira F F Jabour V A Nogueira and E M YamasakildquoIntoxicacao experimental com as folhas de Jatropha gossypifo-lia(Euphorbiaceae) em ovinosrdquo Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileiravol 28 no 6 pp 275ndash278 2008
[138] P I A Awachie and F O Ugwu ldquoPreliminary investigationof the antimicrobial and brine shrimp lethality propertiesof some nigerian medicinal plantsrdquo International Journal ofPharmacognosy vol 35 no 5 pp 338ndash343 1997
[139] L J Medubi V O Ukwenya O T Aderinto et al ldquoEffects ofadministration of ethanolic root extract of Jatropha gossypiifoliaand prednisolone on the kidneys of Wistar ratsrdquo ElectronicJournal of Biomedicine vol 2 pp 41ndash48 2010
[140] T Oduola G B Popoola G O Avwioro et al ldquoUse of Jatrophagossypifolia stem latex as a haemostatic agent how safe is itrdquoJournal of Medicinal Plants Reasearch vol 1 no 1 pp 14ndash172007
Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom
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Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
MEDIATORSINFLAMMATION
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Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Behavioural Neurology
EndocrinologyInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Disease Markers
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
BioMed Research International
OncologyJournal of
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Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
PPAR Research
The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Immunology ResearchHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of
ObesityJournal of
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Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine
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Research and TreatmentAIDS
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Gastroenterology Research and Practice
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Parkinsonrsquos Disease
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Volume 2014Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 13
Table2Con
tinued
Classifi
catio
nCom
poun
dPlantp
art
Biologicalactiv
ityRe
ference
Cyclo
goss
ine B Leu 2
Ala
5A
la6
Gly
1Le
u 4
Leu 8
Trp 3
Ile7
Latex
mdash[1520]
Triterpenes
HO O
H
HO
OH
H
(13120572
14120573
20S
)-2
2425
-Trih
ydro
xyla
nost
a-1
7-d
ien-3
-one
Leaves
mdash[57]
HO O
H
HO
OH
H
(2120572
13120572
14120573
20S
)-2
2425
-Trih
ydro
xyla
nost-
7-en
-3-o
ne
Leaves
mdash[57]
14 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
in different forms of preparation (infusion decoction andmaceration among others) by different routes and forms(oral topical baths etc) The most frequent reports refer toits anti-inflammatory antidiarrheal antiophidian analgesicantipyretic antimicrobial healing antianemic antidiabeticand antihemorrhagic activities among many other examples[3 5 7 9]
Some properties are attributed to specific parts of theplant while others are assigned to different parts Interest-ingly in some cases certain uses may appear contradictorysuch as antidiarrheal and laxative or its use as anticoagulantand antihemorrhagic One hypothesis is that this differencemay be related with the dose used since for example thelaxative effect is an effect commonly related with toxic eventswith this plant
6 Pharmacological Activities
Despite the grand variety of popular uses and the data fromJatropha species J gossypiifolia has been scarcely studiedregarding biological activities (Table 4) Studies showing thebiological potential of aqueous extract are rare so far whichis important to be mentioned since the most popular useof this plant is as a tea (decoction or infusion) Among themain activities that have been studied the antihypertensiveanticancer antimicrobial healing anti-inflammatory andanalgesic activities stand out
61 Antihypertensive Action Based on popular use of teasfrom J gossypiifolia roots and aerial parts the hypotensiveand vasorelaxant effects of the ethanolic extract of aerialparts of the plant were tested by Abreu et al [45] Thestudy revealed that the extract (125 and 250mgkgdayover 4 weeks by oral route in rats) in a dose-dependentmanner produced a reduction of systolic blood pressurein conscious normotensive animals This hypotensive effectcould be attributed to its vasorelaxant action since it pro-duced concentration-dependent relaxant effect in rat isolatedendothelium-deprived mesenteric artery precontracted withnorepinephrine or calcium Moreover it inhibited in aconcentration-dependent and noncompetitive manner thecontractile response induced by norepinephrine or CaCl
2in
the same preparation [45]
62 Antimicrobial Action The antibiotic activity of differ-ent extracts from J gossypiifolia is frequently reported asobserved in Table 4 In general some extent of antibacterialantifungal antiparasitic and antiviral activity was observedThe only report of J gossypiifolia isolated compound withantimicrobial activity is of the macrocyclic diterpene jatro-phenone which presented significant in vitro antibacterialactivity against Staphylococcus aureus [41]
63 Anti-Inflammatory andor Analgesic Action Many imp-ortant popular uses of J gossypiifolia are related to inflamma-tory process Bhagat et al [28] showed that the methanolicextract of leaves of this species has significant systemicacute and chronic anti-inflammatory activity The extract
at 500 and 1000mgkg oral doses was able to inhibit theacute carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats and at 50 and100mgkg oral doses inhibited the chronic cotton pellet-induced granuloma formation in rats Additionally the Jgossypiifolia leaf paste (05 and 1mgear) showed significantreduction in TPA-induced local inflammatory changes inmouse ear edema model [28]
In another study the anti-inflammatory and analgesicproperties of the methanol and petrol ether extracts of aerialparts of J gossypiifolia were demonstrated in mice [92]At 100 and 200mgkgday during 7 days by oral routeonly the methanol extract presented significant analgesicactivity in Eddyrsquos hot plate and tail-flick models and anti-inflammatory activity in carrageenan-induced paw edema[92] The anti-inflammatory activity of the bark from Jgossypiifolia (methanol and petrol ether extracts) was alsodemonstrated in carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats[115]
In a recent study using the in vitro human red bloodcell membrane stabilization method Nagaharika et al [118]suggested that ethanol and water extracts from J gossypiifolialeaves have anti-inflammatory activity According to theauthors since human red blood cell membranes are similarto the lysosomal membrane components the prevention ofhypotonicity-induced membrane lysis of these cells couldbe taken as a measure in estimating the anti-inflammatoryproperty of compounds [118]
The analgesic activity of the methanol extract from theleaves of J gossypiifolia was evaluated in acetic acid-inducedwrithing test in mice where highly significant inhibitionwas seen of 6756 and 6514 at 200 and 400mgkg oraldoses respectively [111] Similar results were observed in themethanolic extract from fruits [110]
64 Healing Action The healing action of the ethanol crudeextract of J gossypiifolia (plant part not specified) wasevaluated in suture healing of ventral abdominal wall ofrats through tensiometric measurement and macro- andmicroscopic aspect of postoperative period The extractwhich was administered by an intraperitoneal instillation of100mgkg single dose in the peritoneal cavity presentedmoreintense adhesion on macroscopic examination and greaterstrain evaluation and vascular neoformation However agreater inflammatory process was also observed and otherhistological parameters were similar to the control groupindicating that in general the extract presented poor woundhealing properties in the used model [124]
Another study evaluated the healing action of thehydroethanolic crude extract from leaves of J gossypiifoliain the healing process of sutures performed on the bladderof rats and similar results were presented although someimprovement might have been observed in some parametersIn general the authors concluded that no favorable heal-ing effect was observed with the administration of singleintraperitoneal dose of J gossypiifolia L [108] In anotherstudy analyzing the morphological aspects of the healingprocess occurring in open skin lesions in rats under topicaladministration of raw extract from J gossypiifolia (details
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 15
Table3Po
pularm
edicinaluses
ofJatro
phagossy
piifolia
Ldescrib
edin
theliterature
Plantp
art
Popu
laru
sePreparationandor
mod
eofu
seRe
ference
Who
leplant
Analgesic(headache)
Leaves
anointed
with
ldquoSebode
Holan
dardquo(muttontallo
w)a
ndheated
inthefi
reareu
sedas
compressfor
headaches
[5]
Analgesic(to
othache)
Not
specified
[3]
Antim
icrobial
Not
specified
[3]
Antipyretic
Decoctio
n[20]
Dyscrasia
Not
specified
[3]
Dysph
onia
Not
specified
[3]
Wou
ndhealing
Not
specified
[7475]
Aeria
lparts
Antianemic(m
alariatre
atment)
Decoctio
nused
byoralroute
[76]
Abscess
Bath
[77]
Alopecia
Ashleaves
[25]
Analgesic(eye
pain)
Not
specified
[78]
Analgesic(headache)
Not
specified
[78]
Analgesic(headachea
ndotitis)
Not
specified
[79]
Analgesic(painin
general)
Decoctio
nor
infusio
n[80]
Analgesic(to
othache)
Decoctio
nor
infusio
n[80]
Antianemic
Decoctio
n[81]
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[82]
Anticancer
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Decoctio
nof
thea
ssociatio
nof
leaves
ofJgossy
piifolia
with
leaves
ofPetiveriaalliaceaandaeria
lpartsof
Stachytarpheta
jamaicensis
byoralroute
[29]
Not
specified
[3]
Anticon
vulsivant
Not
specified
[83]
Antidiabetic
Decoctio
n[8485]
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Antidiarrheal
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Not
specified
[3]
Antihem
orrhagic
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Freshcrushedleaves
areu
sedin
caseso
fcutaneous
andnasalbleeding
[86]
Anti-infectiv
eDecoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Not
specified
[8788]
Anti-infl
ammatory
Not
specified
[78]
Antipyretic
Decoctio
n[81]
ldquoTeardquo
[5]
Not
specified
[88]
Antise
ptic
Bath
prepared
from
theleaves
[5]
Antith
rombo
ticDecoctio
nor
infusio
n[80]
Antiulcerogenic
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Leafjuice
[89]
Boils
Applicationof
thep
ound
edleaves
[90]
16 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative MedicineTa
ble3Con
tinued
Plantp
art
Popu
laru
sePreparationandor
mod
eofu
seRe
ference
Burns
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Usedin
associationwith
seedso
fGossypium
arboreum
sugarhon
eybeeandfato
fram
preparedby
grinding
app
liedtopically
[29]
Con
traceptiv
eand
oxito
toxic
Not
specified
[79]
Depurative
Squeezedthe
juiceo
btainedisdrun
k[91]
Detoxificant
Not
specified
[92]
Eczema
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Emetic
Squeezedthe
juiceo
btainedisdrun
k[91]
Gastro
intestinaldisorders
Not
specified
[79]
Gingivitis
Leafjuice
[89]
Gon
orrhoea
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Healin
gBa
thprepared
from
theleaves
[5]
Decoctio
n[30]
Decoctio
nor
infusio
n[80]
Hem
orrhoids
Usedin
associationwith
leaves
ofNicotia
natabacum
andcopp
ersulphateboiledin
waterand
used
asste
amdirected
atthea
nalregion
[93]
Hem
ostatic
Decoctio
nor
infusio
n[80]
Hepatitis
Not
specified
[12]
Itching
skin
Applicationof
thep
ound
edleaves
[90]
Leaves
Leprosy
Leafjuice
[89]
Malaria
Decoctio
n[81]
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[82]
Usedin
associationwith
leaves
ofAz
adira
chta
indica
andCo
mbretum
spbo
iledforsteam
bathsa
ndby
oralroute
[94]
Usedin
associationwith
leaves
ofCo
mbretum
ghasalenseandwho
leplanto
fOcim
umcanu
mbyoralrouteo
rfor
steam
baths
[94]
Mastitis
Poun
dedleaves
appliedon
swollenbreasts
[90]
Mycosis
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Psycho
activ
eNot
specified
[79]
Purgative
Not
specified
[388]
Rheumatism
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Scabies
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Skin
diseases
Not
specified
[3]
Stom
achic
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Not
specified
[8892]
Syph
ilis
Ash
ofleaves
[25]
Thrush
(oralcandidiasis)
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Treatm
ento
fldquocultu
ralsyn
drom
esrdquoldquoderramerdquo
ldquoquebranterdquoldquoespanterdquo
ldquovento-caıdordquoldquo
panemardquo
ldquodoenca-do-arrdquoldquom
ae-do-corpordquo
Not
specified
[79]
Vaginalinfectio
nSlightlybo
iledused
asvaginalw
ash
[91]
Venerald
iseases
Not
specified
[92]
Verm
ifuge
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Vertigo
Not
specified
[3]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 17
Table3Con
tinued
Plantp
art
Popu
laru
sePreparationandor
mod
eofu
seRe
ference
Wou
ndsa
ndrashes
Bath
oftheleaves
[24]
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Decoctio
nused
asbathsfor
cleaningwou
ndsindo
gs[95]
Wou
nddisin
fectant
Slightlybo
iledused
aswou
ndwash
[91]
Stem
Analgesic(to
othache)
Not
specified
[96]
Antianemic
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[82]
Anticancer
Decoctio
nby
oralor
topicalrou
te[26]
Emmenagogue
Decoctio
nof
barks
[7092]
Malaria
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[82]
Rheumatism
Not
specified
[77]
Thickbloo
dNot
specified
[77]
Roots
Anticancer
Decoctio
nby
oralor
topicalrou
te[26]
Root
bark
used
forc
ancero
fthe
lung
s[73]
Anticon
vulsivant
Not
specified
[83]
Antidiarrheal
Not
specified
[89]
Antim
icrobial
Root
bark
used
inbacterialinfectio
ns[73]
Impo
tence
Decoctio
nof
thea
ssociatio
nof
rootso
fJgossy
piifoliaC
hiococca
albaC
itrus
aurantifoliaD
esmodium
canu
m
RoystonearegiaSenn
aoccid
entalisStachytarphetajamaicensis
and
Waltheriaindica
with
thew
holeplanto
fCom
melina
erectaC
yperus
rotund
usand
sugarby
oralroute
[29]
Leprosy
Not
specified
[392]
Snakebites
Not
specified
[22929798]
Urin
arypain
Not
specified
[92]
Uterusd
iseases
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[99100]
Seeds
Analgesic(bod
ypain)
Not
specified
[101]
Analgesic(headache)
Not
specified
[79]
Antigrip
alUsedin
strong
colds
[5]
Antihem
orrhagic
Not
specified
[9]
Antiulcerogenic
Seed
oil
[3]
Con
traceptiv
eand
oxito
toxic
Not
specified
[79]
Depurative
Not
specified
[91]
Emetic
Not
specified
[7091101]
Gastro
intestinaldisorders
Not
specified
[79]
Leprosy
Seed
oil
[3]
Mycosis
Seed
oil
[3]
Psycho
activ
eNot
specified
[79]
Purgative
Not
specified
[39101102]
Treatm
ento
fldquocultu
ralsyn
drom
esrdquoldquoderramerdquo
ldquoquebranterdquoldquoespanterdquo
ldquovento-caıdordquoldquo
panemardquo
ldquodoenca-do-arrdquoldquom
ae-do-corpordquo
Not
specified
[79]
Vaginalinfectio
nSlightlybo
iledused
asvaginalw
ash
[91]
Wou
ndinfection
Slightlybo
iledused
aswou
ndwash
[91]
18 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table3Con
tinued
Plantp
art
Popu
laru
sePreparationandor
mod
eofu
seRe
ference
Fruits
Analgesic
Massaging
pregnant
wom
enrsquosbellies
with
teao
rgarrafadalowast
whenthey
areinpain
[77]
Analgesic(headache)
Teao
rgarrafadalowast
[77]
Analgesic(to
othache)
Teao
rgarrafadalowast
[77]
Laxativ
eIngestion
innatura
ofthep
owderfruit
[102]
Num
bnessa
fterb
ugsting
sTeao
rgarrafadalowast
[77]
Latex
Alopecia
Not
specified
[25]
Analgesic(eye
pain)
Not
specified
[78]
Analgesic(painin
general)
Drin
kor
massage
thea
ffected
area
with
latex
[80]
Analgesic(to
othache)
Cottonsoaked
with
latexkept
incontactw
iththes
oretoo
th[103]
Drin
kor
massage
thea
ffected
area
with
latex
[80]
Anticancer
Not
specified
[25]
Antihem
orrhagic
Not
specified
[9248695]
Antith
rombo
ticOralrou
te[80]
Antiulcerogenic
Not
specified
[2089]
Biteof
veno
mou
sanimals
Applicationof
fresh
latexatthea
ffected
site
[5]
Diuretic
Afewdrop
soffresh
latex
inwater
[6]
Eczema
Not
specified
[25]
Gingivitis
Not
specified
[89]
Gon
orrhea
Not
specified
[25]
Hem
ostatic
Not
specified
[2580]
Infected
wou
nds
Applicationof
fresh
latex
atthea
ffected
site
[520]
Leprosy
Not
specified
[89]
Mycosis
Not
specified
[25]
Purgative
Afewdrop
soffresh
latexin
water
[6]
Not
specified
[9]
Rheumatism
Not
specified
[25]
Scabies
Not
specified
[25]
Skin
burns
Applicationof
fresh
latex
atthea
ffected
site
[104]
Not
specified
[25]
Stop
ofitching
ofcutsandscratches
Not
specified
[95]
Syph
ilis
Not
specified
[25]
Thrush
(oralcandidiasis)
Not
specified
[25]
Verm
ifuge
Not
specified
[25]
Wou
ndhealing
Applicationof
latexatthea
ffected
site
[5]
Drin
kor
massage
thea
ffected
sitew
ithlatex
[80]
Not
specified
[7475]
Resin
Toothache
Toothp
owder
[27]
Wou
ndsinlip
sand
tong
ueTo
picalapp
lication
[27]
Oil
Arthritis
Appliedlocally
[89]
Purgative
Not
specified
[89]
Skin
disease
Appliedlocally
[89]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 19
Table3Con
tinued
Plantp
art
Popu
laru
sePreparationandor
mod
eofu
seRe
ference
Not
specified
Alopecia
Teaa
ppliedlocally
indo
gs[105]
Analgesic
Not
specified
[13]
Poultic
es[95]
Anticancer
Not
specified
[1366]
Antidiarrheal
Not
specified
[2845106]
Antihypertensive
Not
specified
[45]
Anti-infl
ammatory
Not
specified
[1328]
Antipyretic
Not
specified
[28]
Antise
ptic
Not
specified
[45]
Antiulcerogenic
Not
specified
[28]
Cou
ghsa
ndcolds
Bark
juice(4spoo
nfuls3tim
esad
ay)b
yoralroute
[107]
Detoxication
Not
specified
[28]
Diuretic
Not
specified
[45]
Eczema
Not
specified
[28]
Gum
infection
Not
specified
[28]
Healin
gNot
specified
[45108]
Hydropsy
Not
specified
[5]
Leprosy
Not
specified
[28]
Obstructio
nsof
thea
bdom
inaltract
Not
specified
[5]
Purgative
Not
specified
[5]
Regu
latem
enses
Not
specified
[109]
Rheumatism
Not
specified
[5]
Snakea
ndscorpion
bites
Not
specified
[322]
Stom
achpain
Not
specified
[28]
Venerealdiseases
Not
specified
[28]
Wou
nds
Poultic
es[95]
Usedas
bath
[28]
lowast
Garrafadapreparatio
ndo
neby
maceratingplantp
artsin
alcoho
lorh
ydroalcoho
licmediumsin
generalbrandies
20 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative MedicineTa
ble4Ph
armacologicalstu
dies
ofJatro
phagossy
piifolia
Ldescrib
edin
theliterature
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Analgesic
Aeria
lparts
Methano
land
petro
lether
extracts
At100and200m
gkgdayover7
daysbyoralrouteinmiceon
lythe
methano
lextractpresentedsig
nificantanalgesicactiv
ityin
Eddyrsquosho
tplatea
ndtail-flack
mod
els[92]
Fruits
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmicehigh
lysig
nificantly
inhibitedthew
rithing
respon
sesind
uced
byaceticacid
[110]
Leaves
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmicesig
nificantly
inhibited
thew
rithing
respon
sesind
uced
byaceticacid
[111]
Antibacteria
l
Latex
Crud
elatex
At100120583
Lvolumeinh
ibitedin
vitro
Liste
riamonocytogenes
Salm
onellatyhimuriumSalmonellatyphiandStaphylococcus
aureus
[112]
Latex
Not
specified
Presentedbactericidaleffectinvitro
againstShigella
dysenteriaea
ndStaphylococcus
aureuslowast
[113]
Leaves
Fractio
nsobtained
bysequ
entia
lextractionof
the
vegetalm
aterialw
ithpetro
letherbenzenechloroform
aceton
eethano
lmethano
landwater
Petro
lether
fractio
nwas
inactiv
eagainstEscherich
iacoliandBa
cillus
subtilisBe
nzenefractionwas
them
ostactiveagainstb
oth
microorganism
sCh
loroform
andmethano
lfractions
werea
ctive
onlyagainstB
acillus
subtilisAc
eton
eand
ethano
lfractions
were
activ
eonlyagainstE
scheric
hiacoliAq
ueou
sfractionwas
activ
eagainstb
othmicroorganism
salthou
ghto
amuchlesser
degree
than
theo
ther
fractions
[52]
Methano
lchloroform
and
water
extracts
Allextractswerea
ctiveinvitro
againstShigella
dysenteriaelowast
[113]
Petro
lether
andethyl
acetatefractions
from
ethano
ldichloromethane
(11vv)extract
Thep
etrolether
fractio
n(1mgmL)
inhibitedin
vitro
Pseudomonas
aeruginosaStaphylo
coccus
epidermidis
andSalm
onellatyphim
urium
Thee
thylacetatefraction(1mgmL)
was
activ
eagainstStaphylococcus
aureus
[87]
Who
leplant
Jatro
phenon
ePresentedin
vitro
antib
acteria
lactivity
againstStaphylo
coccus
aureus
comparabletopenicillin
[41]
Aeria
lparts
Water
andethylacetate
fractio
nsfro
mmethano
lextract
Both
fractio
nsat1
mgdidno
tprodu
cezoneso
finh
ibition
for
Escherich
iacoliStaphylococcus
aureusSaccharom
yces
cerevisia
enor
Cand
idaalbicans
[114]
Leaves
Chloroform
extract
Presentedantib
acteria
lactivity
againstSalmonellatyphiPseudomonas
aeruginosaand
Staphylococcus
aureus
andantifun
galactivity
against
Cand
idaalbicansD
idno
tprodu
ceinhibitio
nzonesa
gainst
Escherich
iacoliBa
cillussubtilis
Proteusm
irabilisC
orynebacteriu
mdiptheria
eShigelladysenteriaea
ndStreptococcusp
enum
oniae
[50]
Leaves
Dichlorom
ethane
methano
l(11vv)extract
At05and1m
gmLshow
edsig
nificantantibacteria
lactivity
invitro
againstB
acillus
cereus
varm
ycoidesBa
cillusp
umilu
sBa
cillussubtilis
Bordetellabronchise
ptica
MicrococcusluteusStaphylococcus
aureus
Staphylococcus
epidermidis
Klebsiella
pneumoniaeandStreptococcus
faecalisandantifun
galactivity
invitro
againstC
andida
albicans
[88]
Methano
lextract
Presentedantib
acteria
lactivity
againstSalmonellatyphiPseudomonas
aeruginosaand
Staphylococcus
aureus
andantifun
galactivity
against
Cand
idaalbicansD
idno
tprodu
ceinhibitio
nzonesa
gainst
Escherich
iacoliBa
cillussubtilis
Proteusm
irabilisC
orynebacteriu
mdiptheria
eShigelladysenteriaea
ndStreptococcusp
enum
oniae
[50]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 21
Table4Con
tinued
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Antibacteria
land
antifun
gal
Not
specified
Extractsob
tained
bysequ
entia
lextractionof
the
vegetalm
aterialw
ithn-hexanechloroform
aceton
emethano
land
water
n-Hexanee
xtracthadinhibitory
activ
ityin
vitro
againstE
scheric
hia
coliSalm
onellatyphiPseudomonas
aeruginosaB
acillus
cereus
Klebsiella
aerogenesandCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainst
Shiguella
boydiAspergillus
fumiga
tusAspergillus
flavusand
Aspergillus
nigerCh
loroform
extractinh
ibitedin
vitro
Salm
onella
typhiPseudomonas
aeruginosaB
acillus
cereusan
dCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainstEscherich
iacoliStaphylococcus
aureus
Shiguella
boydiAspergillus
fumiga
tusAspergillus
flavusand
Aspergillus
nigerAc
eton
eextractinhibitedin
vitro
Escherich
iacoli
Pseudomonas
aeruginosaStaphylococcusa
ureusKlebsiella
aerogenes
Proteusv
ulgarisan
dCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainst
Salm
onellatyphiAspergillus
fumiga
tusAspergillus
flavusa
ndAspergillus
nigerMethano
lextractinhibitedin
vitro
Escherich
iacoli
Salm
onellatyphiPseudomonas
aeruginosaStaphylococcusa
ureus
Bacilluscereusa
ndCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainst
Aspergillus
fumigatusA
spergillu
sflavusan
dAspergillus
nigerWater
extractw
asactiv
einvitro
againstE
scheric
hiacoliSalm
onellatyphi
Pseudomonas
aeruginosaStaphylococcusa
ureusBa
cilluscereus
Klebsiella
aerogenesProteusv
ulgarisan
dCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainstAspergillus
fumigatusA
spergillu
sflavusand
Aspergillus
niger
[89]
Methano
land
petro
lether
extractsfro
mbark
At200120583
g100120583
Lon
lythem
ethano
lextractshow
edin
vitro
antib
acteria
lactivity
upon
Staphylococcus
aureusStre
ptococcus
pyogenesand
Escherich
iacoliandantifun
galactivity
upon
Aspergillus
nigerCa
ndidaalbicansPenicillium
notatumand
Saccharomyces
cerevisia
e
[115]
Anticho
linesterase
Latex
Lyop
hilized
latex
Inhibitedtim
e-anddo
se-dependentlythea
cetylch
olinesterase
enzymeinnervou
stissue
offre
shwater
airb
reathing
fishCh
anna
marulius
[116]
Leaves
Fractio
nsobtained
bysequ
entia
lextractionof
the
vegetalm
aterialw
ithethyl
acetatea
ndmethano
l
At2m
gmLconcentration
thee
thylacetatea
ndmethano
lfractions
presentedinhibitory
activ
ities
invitro
of71
and100
Them
ethano
lfractio
npresentedIC
50of
005
mgmL
[117]
Antidiarrheal
Fruits
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmiceinhibitedthec
astoro
ilindu
ceddiarrhea
[110]
Leaves
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmiceinhibitedthec
astoro
ilindu
ceddiarrhea
[111]
Antifu
ngal
(antidermatop
hytic
fung
i)Ae
rialp
arts
Water
andethylacetate
fractio
nsfro
mmethano
lextract
Them
inim
alconcentrationprod
ucing75of
inhibitio
nor
high
eragainstM
icrosporuscanis
forb
othfractio
nsw
as1120583
gmLFo
rthe
fung
usMicrosporusg
ypseum
Microsporusfulvuman
dMicrosporus
gallina
eno
neof
thefractionpresentedinhibitory
activ
ity
[114]
22 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative MedicineTa
ble4Con
tinued
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Anti-infl
ammatory
Aeria
lparts
Methano
land
petro
lether
extracts
At100and200m
gkgdayover7
daysbyoralrouteinmiceon
lythe
methano
lextractpresentedsig
nificantanti-infl
ammatoryactiv
ityon
carrageenan-indu
cedpawedem
a[92]
Leaves
Aqueou
sextract
At100and200120583
gmLsig
nificantly
preventedthelysisof
human
red
bloo
dcells
inmem
branes
tabilizationmetho
din
vitro
[118]
Ethano
lextract
At100120583
gmLsig
nificantly
preventedthelysisof
human
redbloo
dcells
inmem
branes
tabilizationmetho
din
vitro
[118]
Methano
lextractandleaf
paste
At500and1000
mgkgbyoralrouteinrats
inhibitedthe
carrageenan-indu
cedpawedem
aAt
50and100m
gkgbyoralroute
inrats
inhibitedthec
ottonpelletind
uced
granulom
aformationin
rats
At05and1m
geartheleafp
asteredu
cedtheinfl
ammation
respon
sein
mou
seeare
demam
odel
[28]
Not
specified
Methano
land
petro
lether
extractsfro
mbark
At200m
gkgbyoralrouteinratsbothextractsredu
cedthe
carrageenan-indu
cedpawedem
a[115]
Antim
alarial
Leaves
Aqueou
sextract
30120583ginhibitedin
vitro
theg
rowth
ofPlasmodium
falciparum
[31]
Dichlorom
ethane
extract
Activ
einvitro
againstP
lasm
odium
falciparumw
ithIC
50of
abou
t35120583gmL
[81]
Antineoplasic
Roots
Ethano
licextractand
jatro
phon
e
Thee
thanolextractas
wellasjatroph
oneexhibitedsig
nificant
inhibitory
activ
ityin
vitro
againstcellsderiv
edfro
mhu
man
carcinom
aofthe
nasoph
aryn
xandlymph
ocyticleuk
emiaP-388and
invivo
againstfou
rstand
ardanim
altumor
syste
ms
[66]
Falodo
neShow
edpo
tent
proliferatio
ninhibitory
activ
ityagainstA
-549
human
cancer
celllin
ewith
IC50of
120120583
gmL
[13]
2120572-H
ydroxyjatro
phon
e2120573
-hydroxy-56-iso
jatro
phon
eand2120573
-hydroxyjatro
phon
editerpenes
isolatedfro
mpetro
lether
extract
Presentedantin
eoplasicactiv
ityup
onP-388lymph
ocyticleuk
emia
testsyste
mbo
thin
vivo
andin
vitro
asw
ellasfor
theE
aglersquos
carcinom
aofthe
nasoph
aryn
xtestsyste
min
vitro
[64]
Not
specified
Abiodo
neNot
specifiedlowast
[73]
Antioxidant
Leaves
Methano
lethylacetateand
aqueou
sextract
Allextractsshow
edsig
nificantantioxidant
activ
ityin
vitro
inDPP
Hfre
eradicalferric
thiocyanateandnitricoxides
caveng
ingmetho
dslowast
[55]
Who
leplant
Petro
letherchloroform
ethylacetateand
n-bu
tano
lextracts
Allextractsshow
edon
lypo
orDPP
Hscavenging
activ
ityTh
etotal
antio
xidant
capacitywas
high
erin
ethylacetateandn-bu
tano
lextracts
having
thep
etrolether
andchloroform
show
ingon
lypo
oractiv
ityTh
elipid
peroxidatio
nwas
inhibitedon
lypartially
bythe
extracts
with
thee
thylacetateb
eing
them
ostactivea
ndthep
etrol
etherb
eing
theleast
[48]
Antisp
asmod
icAe
rialp
arts
Ethano
lextractfractions
andsubfractions
At5001000and
2000
mgkgbyoralrouteinmiceshow
edsig
nificantantisp
asmod
icactiv
ityin
mou
seintestinaltransit
mod
elandat0510
and
20m
gmLinhibitedin
vitro
thea
cetylch
olinea
ndcalcium-in
ducedcontractions
ofiso
lated
ratjeju
numO
nlythe
organicfractionof
thee
xtracthadac
alcium
-antagon
isteffect
whereas
both
chloroform
icandaqueou
sfractions
hadanticho
linergic
effect
[119]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 23Ta
ble4Con
tinued
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Antivira
lAe
rialp
arts
Water
andethylacetate
fractio
nsfro
mmethano
lextract
At110and
100120583
gmLbo
thfractio
nspresented100
ofinhibitio
nof
plaque-fo
rmingabilityof
Sind
bisv
irusintre
atmentp
reinfection
protocol(IC 5
0lt1120583
gmL)w
hilein
treatmentp
ostin
fection
theIC 5
0of
water
fractio
nincreasedto
512andacetatefractionincreasedto
37120583gmLFo
rmurinec
ytom
egaloviru
sIC
50of
17and15
towater
andethylacetatefractio
nswereo
bservedrespectiv
elyintre
atment
preinfectio
nprotocolInthetreatmentp
ostin
fection
howe
verno
inhibitio
nwas
observed
inthismicroorganism
[114]
Not
specified
Methano
lextractfro
mbarks
Partially
activ
eagainstSind
bisv
irusand
herpes
simplex
virus-l
Inactiv
eagainsthu
man
polio
virus
[107]
Bron
chod
ilator
Stem
sAq
ueou
sextract
Thee
xtractwas
inactiv
einbron
chod
ilatora
ctivity
inguinea
pigs
[120]
Con
traceptiv
eLeaves
Ethano
lextract
At450m
gkgdayover2
1daysby
oralroutecaused
anantifertility
activ
ityin
femalem
ice
[121]
Healin
g
Aeria
lparts
Ethano
l70
extract
At1m
Lkg
dosebyintraperito
nealrouteinrats
presentedbeneficial
activ
ityin
healingprocesso
fcolon
icanastomosis
[122]
Aeria
lparts
Ethano
l70
extract
At200m
gkgbyintraperito
nealrouteinrats
favoredtheh
ealin
gprocesso
fgastro
rrhaph
iesa
ndredu
cedthea
cuteinflammatory
reactio
nin
vivo
[123]
Leaves
Hydroethano
lextract
At200m
gkgbyintraperito
nealroutedecreasedtheinfl
ammation
andincreasedvascular
neoformationandcollagendepo
sitionwhen
comparedto
thec
ontro
lgroup
inhealingprocesso
fsutures
perfo
rmed
ontheb
ladd
erof
rats
How
everingeneralno
favorable
healingeffectw
asob
served
[108]
Not
specified
Ethano
licextract
Alth
ough
someimprovem
entcou
ldbe
observed
insuture
healingof
ventralabd
ominalwallofratstreated
with
100m
gkg
ofextract
(intraperito
nealinstillationintraperito
nealcavity)in
generalon
lya
poor
healingactiv
itywas
observed
[124]
Not
specified
At01m
Lvolumeby
topicalapp
lication
thec
rude
extractp
resented
significantd
ifferencesc
oncerningthem
acroscop
icandmicroscop
icaspectso
fhealin
gprocesso
ccurrin
gin
open
skin
lesio
nsin
rats
[125]
Hem
ostatic
Latex
Crud
efresh
latex
Decreased
clotting
andbleeding
timeinhealthysubjects
[101]
Hepatop
rotective
Aeria
lparts
Petro
letherm
ethano
land
water
extracts
At200m
gkgdayover7
daysbyoralrouteinrats
both
extracts
presentedhepatoprotectiv
eactivity
incarbon
tetrachlorideind
uced
liver
damagewith
thep
etrolether
beingthem
ostactivea
ndthe
methano
lbeing
theleast
[126]
Hypotensiv
eand
vasorelaxant
Aeria
lparts
Ethano
licextract
At125and250m
gkgdayover4
weeksby
oralrouteinrats
ina
dose-dependent
mannerredu
cedthes
ystolic
bloo
dpressure
and
prod
uced
acon
centratio
n-depend
entrelaxanteffectin
ratisolated
(ex
vivo)end
otheliu
m-depriv
edmesenteric
artery
precon
tractedwith
norepineph
rineo
rCaC
l 2
[45]
Immun
omod
ulatory
Who
leplant
Petro
lether
extract
At100200and40
0120583gmLincreasedthep
roliferationof
mou
sespleen
cellin
vitro
[127]
Localanesthetic
Not
specified
Methano
land
aqueou
sextracts
Both
extractspresentedsig
nificantlocalanestheticactiv
ityby
plexus
anesthesiain
frogslowast
[128]
24 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table4Con
tinued
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Relaxant
effecto
nuterine
smoo
thmuscle
(tocolytic
activ
ity)
Aeria
lparts
Ethano
licextractand
chloroform
icandaqueou
sfractio
ns
At05and10
mgmLthee
thanolicextractreduced
the
calcium
-evokedcontractile
respon
seof
theu
terin
esmoo
thmuscle
as
wellas
thec
hloroformicfractio
nTh
eaqu
eous
fractio
npresented
onlyslighteffect
[129]
Sedativ
eand
anxiolytic
Fruits
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmicepresentedsedativ
eeffect
intheh
olec
rosstest
At200m
gkgpresented
anxiolyticactiv
ityin
holebo
ardtest
At40
0mgkgpresented
anxiolyticactiv
ityin
elevated
plus-m
azetest
[110]
Leaves
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmicepresentedsedativ
eeffect
intheh
olec
rosstest
At200m
gkgpresented
anxiolyticactiv
ityin
holebo
ardtest
At40
0mgkgpresented
anxiolyticin
elevated
plus-m
azetest
[111]
lowast
Thec
ompletev
ersio
nof
thep
aper
was
notaccessib
leso
theinformationwas
obtained
from
itsabstr
act
IC50con
centratio
nthatinhibits50of
ther
eferredactiv
ity
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 25
about extract preparation and plant part not specified) theauthors also observed an absence of healing action althoughsome histological improvement was shown [125]
However studying the influence of J gossypiifolia on thehealing process of colonic anastomosis in rats Servin et alshowed that the administration of 1mLkg single dose ofthe hydro alcoholic extract from aerial parts has beneficialeffect on the healing process [122] However according tothese authors on the seventh day of the experiment therewas a decrease in the action of the extract suggestingthat the extract in this experiment was less active in laterstages of healing process [122] A plausible hypothesis notraised by the authors could be the fact that the extract wasadministered in a single dose which may not have beensufficient to maintain the effect throughout the time of theexperiment Additionally Vale et al showed that the ethanolicextract from aerial parts of J gossypiifolia at single intraperi-toneal dose of 200mgkg favored the healing process ofgastrorrhaphies and reduced the acute inflammatory reactionin vivo [123]
65 Hemostatic Action The use of J gossypiifolia especiallythe latex is widespread as a hemostatic agent for preventingbleeding disorders The results of whole blood clotting timeusing Lee and White method and bleeding time using Ivyrsquosmethod were significantly reduced when stem latex wasintroduced suggesting procoagulant activity [101] Regardingthe possible mechanism of action based on experimentsthat show the precipitating action of the latex upon bovinealbumin the authors suggest that the latex precipitatesclotting factors thereby bringing the coagulation factors intoclose contact and then the activation of coagulation cascadeleads to the generation of thrombin and formation of aclot takes place in a matter of seconds when compared tothe control experiment which took minutes to completecoagulation [101] It is important to emphasize that to the bestof our knowledge this is the only study performed on humansubjects
66 Anticholinesterase Action Based on the cholinergichypothesis acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are widely usedto treat Alzheimerrsquos disease J gossypiifolia presented animportant anticholinesterase activity since the methanolicextract from leaves showed an IC
50of 005mgmL [117]
Another study showed that the lyophilized latex of theplant was able to inhibit time- and dose-dependently theacetylcholinesterase enzyme in nervous tissue of freshwaterair breathing fish Channa marulius [116]
67 Antioxidant Action The antioxidant activity of extractsfrom J gossypiifoliawas evaluated by Kharat et al [55] In thiswork the high content of phenols tannins and flavonoids inthe leaves prompted the authors to evaluate the antioxidantactivity of the leaves DPPH free radical ferric thiocyanateand nitric oxide scavengingmethods were used to analyze theantioxidant activity in vitro of methanol ethyl acetate andaqueous extracts demonstrating positive resultsThe authorsattributed the free radical scavenging activity to the presence
of flavonoids [55] On the other hand a study showed thatdifferent extracts (petrol ether chloroform ethyl acetate andn-butanol) fromwhole plant of J gossypiifolia had only partialantioxidant activity in DPPH scavenging total antioxidantcapacity and lipid peroxidation tests [48] Among them theethyl acetate extract was the most active which correlatespositively with its higher content of phenolic compounds incomparison with the other extracts [48]
68 Contraceptive Action Based on its popular use J gossypi-ifoliawas assessed for its antifertility activity as an alternativeto oral contraceptive agents J gossypiifolia leaf extract byoral route altered the major hormones involved in estrouscycle regulation indicating its antifertility effect on mice[121] Evaluating other parameters (estrogenic and earlyabortifacient activities) the anti-infertility effect of the extractwas once more demonstrated later [130]
69 Tocolytic Action Based on the ethnopharmacologicalapplication of the plant as tocolytic remedy the effects oncalcium-evoked uterine smooth muscle contraction of theethanolic extract and fractions were evaluated [129] Thecrude extract and to a higher extent the chloroformic frac-tion reduced the calcium-evoked contractile response of theuterine smooth muscle promoting a rightward displacementof calciumcumulative curves aswell as reducing themaximalcontractions [129]
610 Antineoplasic Action One of the most well-knownpharmacological activities of J gossypiifolia is its antineopla-sic action which is frequently associated with the contentof lignoids and terpenoids One of the first reports wasmade by Kupchan et al [66] when the authors found thatthe ethanolic extract from roots as well as the isolatedditerpene jatrophone exhibited significant inhibitory activityin vitro against cells derived from human carcinoma of thenasopharynx and lymphocytic leukemia P-388 and in vivoagainst four standard animal tumor systems such as sarcoma180 Lewis lung carcinoma P-388 lymphocytic leukemiaand Walker 256 intramuscular carcinosarcoma [66] Laterthree new antitumor derivatives of jatrophone were isolatedfrom petrol ether extracts from roots of J gossypiifolia 2120572-hydroxyjatrophone 2120573-hydroxy-56-isojatrophone and 2120573-hydroxyjatrophone [64] Recently two other diterpenes withpotent antineoplasic activity were isolated from J gossypi-ifolia falodone and abiodone Falodone was isolated frommethanol extract from roots and showed potent proliferationinhibitory activity against A-549 human cancer cell line [13]Abiodone a lathyrane diterpenoid compound was isolatedfrom J gossypiifolia and presented potent anticancer activity[73]
611 Local Anesthetic Action The local anesthetic action ofJ gossypiifolia was evaluated by plexus anaesthesia in frogs[128] The authors observed that the aqueous and methanolextract (plant part not specified) presented significant anes-thetic action when compared to control group
26 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
612 Neuropharmacological Action The neuropharmacolog-ical action of the methanol extract of the leaves of J gossypi-ifolia was evaluated by Apu et al [111] The authors observedthat in hole cross test the extract at 200 and 400mgkg byoral route showed significant sedative effect in mice In holeboard test the extract showed highly significant anxiolyticactivity at a dose of 200mgkg whereas the same activity wasobserved at 400mgkg dose in elevated plus-maze test [111]Similar results were observed in the methanolic extract fromfruits [110]
613 Antidiarrheal Action Although it may seem contradic-tory as shown in Table 3 J gossypiifolia species is popularlyused both as purgative and as antidiarrheal remedy Howeverin literature there are interesting results about the antidiar-rheal properties of different extracts of this species
At 200 and 400mgkg oral doses in mice the methanolextract of J gossypiifolia leaves produced highly signifi-cant antidiarrheal activity upon castor oil-induced diarrheadecreasing themean number of stool and total weight of fecaloutput when compared to control group [111] Similar resultswere observed in the methanolic extract from fruits [110]
Aiming to determine the possible action mechanism of Jgossypiifolia aerial parts ethanol extract as antidiarrheal agentSilva et al [119] have investigated the effect of this extracton intestinal transit velocity and on isolated rat jejunumAt 500 1000 and 2000mgkg by oral route in mice theextract showed significant antispasmodic activity in mouseintestinal transit model when compared to control At 0510 and 20mgmL the crude extract inhibited in vitro theacetylcholine and calcium-induced contractions of isolatedrat jejunum The chloroform and aqueous fractions wereobtained and it was observed that only the chloroform frac-tion of the extract had a calcium-antagonist effect whereasboth chloroformic and aqueous fractions had anticholinergiceffect suggesting that the antispasmodic effect of J gossypi-ifolia may be due to a combination of anticholinergic andcalcium-antagonist mechanisms [119]
614 Immunomodulatory Action The immunomodulatoryaction of synthetic lignan compounds was evaluated by theassay of proliferation of mouse spleen cell in vitro andcompared with petrol ether extract of whole plant of Jgossypiifolia since it is a natural source of this kind ofcompound [127] The authors showed that both syntheticand naturally occurring 1-phenylnaphthalene lignans couldpositively modulate the immunity of the host since theysignificantly increased the proliferation of mouse spleen cellin vitro [127]
615 Hepatoprotective Action Despite some studies havingshown the hepatotoxic potential of J gossypiifolia a study wasperformed to analyze the possible hepatoprotective action ofextracts of this plant in carbon tetrachloride-induced liverdamage in rats [126] In fact the petrol ether methanoland water extracts from the aerial parts of J gossypiifoliapresented significant hepatoprotective action in this model
substantially restoring towards normalization the serum lev-els of serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase serum glu-tamate pyruvate transaminase serum alkaline phosphatasetotal bilirubin superoxide dismutase and catalase [126] Theauthors also discuss the close relationship between the hep-atoprotective action observed and the possible antioxidantmechanism present in the extracts
7 Other Actions andBiotechnological Applications
In addition to studies demonstrating scientific evidences ofthe pharmacological properties of J gossypiifolia severalstudies have demonstrated the potential of this species toobtain molecules with various applications thus showing itsmultipurpose character
Among the main applications described the use ofJ gossypiifolia seed oil for biodiesel production could bementioned Jatropha species has drawn the attention ofresearchers in recent years due to its emergence as a highlysuitable feedstock plant for biodiesel production [11] Amongthe species J gossypiifolia J curcas and J pohliana produceseeds with high oil content [11] In a study investigatingthe potential of two plants of the Jatropha genus (includ-ing J gossypiifolia) the authors observed that the studiedphysicochemical properties of the produced biodiesel are inthe acceptable range for use as biodiesel in diesel enginesshowing a promising economic exploitation of these rawmaterials [131]
Studies have shown the potential of the species for thedevelopment of new tools for biochemical analysis A recentstudy showed that the diluted fresh latex J gossypiifolia can beused as precipitating agent for biochemical determination ofproteins in plasma urine and cerebrospinal fluid with valuescomparable to those obtained from the conventional proteinprecipitants sodium tungstate and trichloroacetic acid [24]According to the authors the precipitating potential couldbe related to the capacity of the latex to form clots whenapplied to a bleeding sore or wound when it is used in folkmedicine [24] Another study showed the potentiality of thejuice extracted from the fresh leaves of J gossypiifolia asan anticoagulant for haematological analyses [86] 01mL ofextract per mL of blood proved to be suitable for obtainingplasmas for biochemical analysis comparable with conven-tional anticoagulants [86] However the authors emphasizethat the extract must be purified to remove interferingsubstances for it to be perfectly suitable for biochemicalanalysis [86]
Some studies have demonstrated the potentiality of Jgossypiifolia as a source of pesticide biomolecules Bullang-poti et al [49] isolated ricinine from the ethyl acetate extractfrom senescent leaves the main compound responsible forthe toxicity of the crude extract in Spodoptera exigua larvaethus demonstrating that it could be an alternative choiceto chemical insecticides In another study Bullangpoti etal [132] showed that the ethanol extract of J gossypiifoliain association with the ethanol extract of Melia azedarachwas toxic and inhibited some enzymes from Spodoptera
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 27
frugiperda larvae demonstrating once more the potentialityof the species as insecticide agent Calatayud et al [56]showed the presence of proteins of about 100 kDa with toxicactivity upon Phenacoccus herreni another type of insectIn this work the authors performed a strategy of extrac-tion that eliminated nonprotein compounds being able todemonstrate the potential of the species to obtain insecticidalproteins [56] Leaf extract of J gossypiifolia reduced thefecundity and egg viability against stored product insect pestsTribolium castaneum [133]
The potential molluscicidal activity of J gossypiifolia hasalso been evaluated as an alternative mode of preventionof schistosomiasis Sukumaran et al [134] showed that themethanol and n-butanol extracts from unripened seeds of Jgossypiifoliawas toxic against eggs and adults of two species offreshwater snails Lymnaea luteola and Indoplanorbis exustusThe results indicated that n-butanol extract was the mosteffective and that the eggs were more susceptible than adults[134]
8 Toxicology
Species of Jatropha are notably known for their toxic potential[135 136] This toxicity is related primarily to latex andseeds The latex is released from the aerial parts of theplant by mechanical injury and it is extremely caustic andirritating to skin and mucous membranes The seeds arerich in toxalbumins that cause agglutination and hemolysisto erythrocytes as well as damage to other cell types andcontain a lipoid resin complex that can cause dermatitis[3 12 135] The symptomatology consists in general ofgastrointestinal disorders (abdominal pain nausea vomitingand diarrhea) Additionally the clinical course can bringcardiovascular neurological and renal complications [136]Cases of poisoning in humans usually occur by eating fruitand seeds because of its similarity to edible chestnuts [136]
Some toxicological studies have demonstrated the toxicproperties of J gossypiifolia while others show the absence oftoxicity However it is important to observe the models useddoses administrated and types of extract employed (solventand plant part) among other aspects to make the properconclusions about the toxicity
The study of experimental poisoning in sheep showedthat the intake of fresh plant leaves in a single dose of40 gkg was lethal to these animals [137] The clinical andpathological picture in the experimental sheep was charac-terized by digestive lung and heart disturbances and alsoby slight regressive changes evidenced in hepatic and renalhistological examinations [137] However as observed byMariz et al [7] it is important to note that the medicinaluse of the plant is rarely in natura but instead by differentpreparations such as infusions or decoctions sometimes ofthe dried material which could inactivate the possible toxiccomponents However this is only a hypothesis and so thetoxicity of extracts from leaves cannot be discarded
One of the first studies relating the identification of theconstituents responsible for the toxic effects of the Jatrophaspecies was published by Adolf et al [69] In this work
by a bioguided isolation the irritant polyunsaturated ester12-deoxy-16-hydroxylphorbol was isolated from the etherextract from the seeds of J gossypiifolia by countercurrentchromatography [69] The irritant activity was visualized inmouse ear after 24 h of the application of the fractions andisolated compounds [69]
The in vitro cytotoxicity assay using brine shrimp larvaetest revealed that ethanol and methanol extracts (plant organunspecified) showed low toxicity [138] An earlier studyshowed that thewater and ethyl acetate fraction of amethanolextract from aerial parts of J gossypiifolia did not presenttoxicity against the same organisms [114]
A study performed in Wistar rats evaluated the toxicityof the ethanolic root extract of J gossypiifolia at 10 20 and30mgkg by oral route [139] The authors observed that theextract was toxic to the kidney and caused increased urearetention in the blood as observed by histological studies andbiochemical analysis of blood [139]
A preclinical toxicological assessment of the crudeethanol extract from J gossypiifolia leaves showed that theextract presents relatively low oral acute toxicity in Wistarrats [18 19] Rats treated with single doses of 12ndash50 gkgby oral route were observed for 14 days and the mostimportant signs of toxicity were ptosis reduction of bodyweight and hind limb paralysis Other significant alterationsoccurred only in males treated with 50 gkg dose increasein creatinine aspartate aminotransferase sodium and potas-sium seric levels reduction of urea and albumin leucopeniaand small alteration in color and consistency of visceraThe median lethal dose (LD
50) was higher than 40 gkg
for males and higher than 50 gkg for females [19] In thehistopathological evaluation some alteration was observedin liver and lung only at 50 gkg suggesting the relativelylow toxicity of the extract [18] However in the chronictoxicological study (thirteen weeks of treatment) this extractshowed significant oral chronic toxicity in rats [17] The mostsignificant toxic signs indicated a reduction of the activityin the central nervous system and digestive disturbancesThe histopathological analysis revealed hepatotoxicity andpulmonary damages The lethality was 466 and 133among males and females under the higher tested dose(405mgkg) respectively [17] Based on this Mariz et al [7]discussed that the development of herbal medicine based onthis species needs to prioritize the chemical refinement of thecrude extracts to obtain less toxic fractions which should betested for their safety and therapeutic efficacy
Another study on the other hand evaluating the oralacute toxicity of the aqueous and ethanol extracts from leavesof J gossypiifolia did not show any sign of toxicity in upto 2 gkg in rats enabling the authors to conclude that thisextract could be considered safe [118] This is an interestingresult since in most cases the plant is used popularly as tea(aqueous extract)
The toxicity of the stem latex of J gossypiifoliawas studiedin Wistar rats by applying different doses of crude latex onincised skin daily for 18 days based on the popular useof the latex as hemostatic agent in skin lesions [140] Theauthors observed that the application of the latex did notproduce any significant difference in results of biochemical
28 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
and hematological parameters obtained from the control andexperimental animals leading to the conclusion that the stemlatex has no harmful effects [140]
9 Conclusions
As demonstrated by this review J gossypiifolia presents animportant potential for the generation of pharmacologicalandor biotechnological products based on popular usesand biological studies scientifically showing its propertiesHowever regarding specifically its medicinal propertiesfurther studies are still necessary to assay important folkuses of the species and characterize the major compoundsresponsible for the bioactivityThus studies of bioprospectingcould prioritize this species since many popular uses forvariousmedical purposes are reported demonstrating a greatpotential to originate bioactive molecules with pharmaco-logical relevance Furthermore future phytochemical studiesof this plant are important to obtain the best knowledgeof the chemical composition of different extracts of theplant in order to recognize the really important compoundsin the pharmacological actions aspiring to the chemicalrefinement of the products to eliminate the eventual toxiceffects that could reduce the medicinal value of the speciesIn conclusion the data presented in this review could provideinsights for future research aimed at both ethnopharmaco-logical validation of the popular use of J gossypiifolia andits exploration as a new source of bioactive molecules forherbal drugs andor bioactive natural products for potentialapplication in complementary and alternative medicine
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper
Acknowledgments
The authors thank BNB CNPq and CAPES (Brazil) forthe financial support Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosagives thanks to CNPq for Scholarship in Research Produc-tivity The authors also thank Andrew Alastair Cumming forediting this paper for the English revision
References
[1] G L Webster ldquoClassification of the euphorbiaceaerdquo Annals ofthe Missouri Botanical Garden vol 81 pp 3ndash143 1994
[2] M V Alves ldquoChecklist das especies de Euphorbiaceae Jussocorrentes no semi-arido pernambucano BrasilrdquoActa BotanciaBrasileira vol 12 no 3 pp 485ndash495 1998
[3] C W Sabandar N Ahmat F M Jaafar and I Sahidin ldquoMedic-inal property phytochemistry and pharmacology of severalJatropha species (Euphorbiaceae) a reviewrdquo Phytochemistryvol 85 pp 7ndash29 2013
[4] C K A Leal and M D F Agra ldquoEstudo farmacobotanicocomparativo das folhas de Jatrophamolissima (Pohl) BaillrdquoActaFarmaceutica Bonaerense vol 24 no 1 pp 5ndash13 2005
[5] L C Di Stasi and C A Hiruma-Lima Plantas medicinais naAmazonia e na Mata Atlantica UNESP Sao Paulo Brazil 2ndedition 2002
[6] M D F Agra K N Silva I J L D Basılio P F De Freitasand JM Barbosa-Filho ldquoSurvey ofmedicinal plants used in theregionNortheast of BrazilrdquoBrazilian Journal of Pharmacognosyvol 18 no 3 pp 472ndash508 2008
[7] S R Mariz A C R Borges M F F Melo-Diniz and I AMedeiros ldquoPossibilidades terapeuticas e riscos toxicologicosde Jatropha gossypiifolia L uma revisao narrativardquo RevistaBrasileiraDe PlantasMedicinais vol 12 no 3 pp 346ndash357 2010
[8] I Cordeiro and R Secco ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia L Lista deespecies da flora do Brasilrdquo Jardim Botanico do Rio de JaneirohttpfloradobrasiljbrjgovbrjabotfloradobrasilFB17581
[9] U P de Albuquerque P M de Medeiros A L S de Almeida etal ldquoMedicinal plants of the caatinga (semi-arid) vegetation ofNE Brazil a quantitative approachrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacol-ogy vol 114 no 3 pp 325ndash354 2007
[10] U P Albuquerque L H C Andrade and J Caballero ldquoStruc-ture and floristics of homegardens in Northeastern BrazilrdquoJournal of Arid Environments vol 62 no 3 pp 491ndash506 2005
[11] S A Ceasar and S Ignacimuthu ldquoApplications of biotechnologyand biochemical engineering for the improvement of Jatrophaand Biodiesel a reviewrdquo Renewable and Sustainable EnergyReviews vol 15 no 9 pp 5176ndash5185 2011
[12] U P de Albuquerque J MMonteiro M A Ramos and E L Cde Amorim ldquoMedicinal and magic plants from a public marketin northeastern Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 110no 1 pp 76ndash91 2007
[13] A Falodun Q Sheng-Xiang G Parkinson and S GibbonsldquoIsolation and characterization of a new anticancer diterpenoidfrom Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journalvol 45 no 10 pp 636ndash639 2012
[14] BRASIL ldquoFitoterapia plantas de interesse ao SUSrdquo Braz-ilian Health Ministry httpportalsaudegovbrportalarqu-ivospdfRENISUSpdf
[15] X-P Zhang M-L Zhang X-H Su C-H Huo Y-C Gu andQ-W Shi ldquoChemical constituents of the plants from genusJatrophardquo Chemistry and Biodiversity vol 6 no 12 pp 2166ndash2183 2009
[16] S K Sharma and H Singh ldquoA review on pharmacological sig-nificance of genus Jatropha (Euphorbiaceae)rdquoChinese Journal ofIntegrative Medicine vol 18 no 11 pp 868ndash880 2012
[17] S RMariz G S CerqueiraWCAraujo et al ldquoChronic toxico-logic study of the ethanolic extract of the aerial parts of Jatrophagossypiifolia in ratsrdquoRevista Brasileira de Farmacognosia vol 22no 3 pp 663ndash668 2012
[18] S R Mariz M S T Araujo G S Cerqueira et al ldquoHistopatho-logical evaluation in rats after acute treatment with the ethanolextract from aerial parts of Jatropha gossypiifolia Lrdquo RevistaBrasileira De Farmacognosia vol 18 no 2 pp 213ndash216 2008
[19] S R Mariz G S Cerqueira W C Araujo et al ldquoEstudo toxi-cologico agudo do extrato etanolico de partes aereas de Jatrophagossypiifolia L em ratosrdquo Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosiavol 16 no 3 pp 372ndash378 2006
[20] C Auvin-Guette C Baraguey A Blond J L Pousset andB Bodo ldquoCyclogossine B a cyclic octapeptide from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Journal of Natural Products vol 60 pp 1155ndash11571997
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 29
[21] V S Parvathi B S Jyothi T Lakshmi P S Babu and RKarthikeyan ldquoMorpho-anatomical and physicochemical stud-ies of Jatropha gossypifolia (L)rdquo Der Pharmacia Lettre vol 4no 1 pp 256ndash262 2012
[22] M N S Rios and F Pastore Junior Plantas da Amazonia450 Especies de Uso Geral Universidade de BrasıliamdashBibliotecaCentral Brasılia 2011
[23] S R Mariz Estudo toxicologico pre-clınico de Jatropha gossypi-ifolia L [PhD thesis] Universidade Federal da Paraıba JoaoPessoa Brazil 2007
[24] O G Adeosun T Oduola F A Fagbomedo et al ldquoSuitabilityof stem latex of Jatropha gossypifolia as a protein precipitant forbiochemical analysisrdquo Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistryvol 29 no 2 pp 210ndash212 2014
[25] F O A Ajose ldquoSome Nigerian plants of dermatologic impor-tancerdquo International Journal of Dermatology vol 46 no 1 pp48ndash55 2007
[26] J S Ashidi P J Houghton P J Hylands and T EfferthldquoEthnobotanical survey and cytotoxicity testing of plants ofSouth-western Nigeria used to treat cancer with isolationof cytotoxic constituents from Cajanus cajan Millsp leavesrdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 128 no 2 pp 501ndash512 2010
[27] M Ayyanar and S Ignacimuthu ldquoEthnobotanical survey ofmedicinal plants commonly used by Kani tribals in Tirunelvelihills of Western Ghats Indiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 134 no 3 pp 851ndash864 2011
[28] R Bhagat S D Ambavade A V Misar and D K KulkarnildquoAnti-inflammatory activity of Jatropha gossypifolia L leaves inalbino mice and Wistar ratrdquo Journal of Scientific and IndustrialResearch vol 70 no 4 pp 289ndash292 2011
[29] J H Cano and G Volpato ldquoHerbal mixtures in the traditionalmedicine of Eastern Cubardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol90 no 2-3 pp 293ndash316 2004
[30] F G Coe and G J Anderson ldquoScreening of medicinal plantsused by the Garıfuna of Eastern Nicaragua for bioactive com-poundsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 53 no 1 pp 29ndash501996
[31] MGbeassor Y Kossou K Amegbo C De Souza K Koumagloand A Denke ldquoAntimalarial effects of eight African medicinalplantsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 25 no 1 pp 115ndash1181989
[32] National Center for Biotechnology Information ldquoJatropha gos-sypiifoliardquo Taxonomy Browser httpwwwncbinlmnihgovTaxonomyBrowserwwwtaxcgiid=454931
[33] Tropicos ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia Lrdquo httpwwwtropicosorgNamePrintaspxnameid=12802174amptab=details
[34] The Plant List ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia Lrdquo httpwwwtheplant-listorgtplrecordkew-104621
[35] M S Khyade and N P Vaikos ldquoPharmacognostical andphytochemical evaluation of leaf of Jatropha gossypifolia LrdquoInternational Journal of Research in Ayurveda amp Pharmacy vol2 no 1 pp 177ndash180 2011
[36] D O Aworinde D U Nwoye A A Jayeola A O Olagoke andA A Ogundele ldquoTaxonomic significance of foliar epidermis insome members of euphorbiaceae family in Nigeriardquo ResearchJournal of Botany vol 4 no 1 pp 17ndash28 2009
[37] J D Olowokudejo ldquoComparative epidermal morphology ofWest African species of Jatropha L (Euphorbiaceae)rdquo BotanicalJournal of the Linnean Society vol 111 no 2 pp 139ndash154 1993
[38] B Das and B Venkataiah ldquoA minor coumarino-lignoid fromJatropha gossypifoliardquo Biochemical Systematics and Ecology vol29 no 2 pp 213ndash214 2001
[39] B Das B Venkataiah and A Kashinatham ldquoVenkatasin a newcoumarino-lignoid from Jatropha gossypifoliardquoNatural ProductLetters vol 13 no 4 pp 293ndash297 1999
[40] B Das and B Venkataiah ldquoA rare diterpene from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Biochemical Systematics and Ecology vol 27 no 7pp 759ndash760 1999
[41] N Ravindranath B Venkataiah C Ramesh P Jayaprakash andB Das ldquoJatrophenone a novel macrocyclic bioactive diterpenefrom Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bul-letin vol 51 no 7 pp 870ndash871 2003
[42] B Das and J Banerji ldquoArylnaphthalene lignan from JatrophagossypifoliardquoPhytochemistry vol 27 no 11 pp 3684ndash3686 1988
[43] J Banerji B Das A Chatterjee and J N Shoolery ldquoGadain alignan from Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Phytochemistry vol 23 no10 pp 2323ndash2327 1984
[44] A Chatterjee B Das C Pascard and T Prange ldquoCrystalstructure of a lignan from Jatropha gossypifoliardquoPhytochemistryvol 20 no 8 pp 2047ndash2048 1981
[45] I C Abreu A S S Marinho A M A Paes et al ldquoHypotensiveand vasorelaxant effects of ethanolic extract from Jatrophagossypiifolia L in ratsrdquo Fitoterapia vol 74 no 7-8 pp 650ndash6572003
[46] B Das and R Das ldquoGossypifan a lignan from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Phytochemistry vol 40 no 3 pp 931ndash932 1995
[47] R Das B Das and A Kashinatham ldquoGossypiline a new lignanfrom Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Natural Product Sciences vol 4 no4 pp 238ndash240 1998
[48] D Shahwar S-U Shafiq N Ahmad S Ullah and M A RazaldquoAntioxidant activities of the selected plants from the fam-ily Euphorbiaceae Lauraceae Malvaceae and BalsaminaceaerdquoAfrican Journal of Biotechnology vol 9 no 7 pp 1086ndash10962010
[49] V Bullangpoti N Khumrungsee W Pluempanupat Y Kainohand U Saguanpong ldquoToxicity of ethyl acetate extract andricinine from Jatropha gossypifolia senescent leaves againstSpodoptera exigua Hubner (Lepidoptera Noctuidae)rdquo Journalof Pesticide Science vol 36 no 2 pp 260ndash263 2011
[50] A O Ogundare ldquoAntimicrobial effect of Tithonia diversifoliaand Jatropha gossypifolia leaf extractsrdquo Trends in Applied Sci-ences Research vol 2 no 2 pp 145ndash150 2007
[51] N Nwokocha A Blessing I O Agbagwa and B E OkolildquoComparative phytochemical screening of Jatropha L Speciesin the Niger Deltardquo Research Journal of Phytochemistry vol 5no 2 pp 107ndash114 2011
[52] R Seth and R Sarin ldquoAnalysis of the phytochemical contentand anti-microbial activity of Jatropha gossypifolia Lrdquo Archivesof Applied Science Research vol 2 no 5 pp 285ndash291 2010
[53] S Sankara Subramanian S Nagarajan and N SulochanaldquoFlavonoids of the leaves of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Phytochem-istry vol 10 no 7 p 1690 1971
[54] A C Pilon R L Carneiro F Carnevale Neto V S Bolzaniand I Castro-Gamboa ldquoInterval multivariate curve resolutionin the dereplication of HPLC-DAD data from Jatropha gossypi-foliardquo Phytochemical Analysis vol 24 no 4 pp 401ndash406 2013
[55] A R Kharat A K Dolui and S Das ldquoFree radical scavengingpotential of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Asian Journal of Chemistryvol 23 no 2 pp 799ndash801 2011
[56] P-A Calatayud D F Munera S Calatayud A Valencia-Jimenez and A C Bellotti ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia (Euphor-biaceae) a source of proteins toxic to Phenacoccus herreni(Sternorryncha Pseudococcidae)rdquo Florida Entomologist vol94 no 3 pp 649ndash654 2011
30 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
[57] W F Tinto L M D John W F Reynolds and S McLeanldquoTriterpenoids of Jatropha gossypiifoliardquo Journal of NaturalProducts vol 55 no 6 pp 807ndash809 1992
[58] R Das K Venkateswarlu V Saidi Reddy and B Das ldquo41015840-O-demethyl retrochinensin a minor new lignan from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Indian Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry vol 14no 2 pp 169ndash170 2004
[59] B Das A Kashinatham B Venkataiah K V N S Srinivas GMahender and M R Reddy ldquoCleomiscosin A a coumarino-lignoid from Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Biochemical Systematics andEcology vol 31 no 10 pp 1189ndash1191 2003
[60] B Das and G Anjani ldquoGossypidien a lignan from stems ofJatropha gossypifolliardquo Phytochemistry vol 51 no 1 pp 115ndash1171999
[61] B Das S P Rao and K V Srinivas ldquoIsolation of isogadain fromJatropha gossypifoliardquo Planta Medica vol 62 no 1 article 901996
[62] B Das S P Rao K V N S Srinivas and R Das ldquoJatrodien alignan from stems of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Phytochemistry vol41 no 3 pp 985ndash987 1996
[63] A Chatterjee B Das R Chakrabarti et al ldquoPrasanthaline anew lignan from Jatropha gossypifolia Linnrdquo Indian Journal ofChemistry vol 27 pp 740ndash741 1988
[64] M D Taylor A B Smith III G T Furst et al ldquoNewantileukemic jatrophone derivatives from Jatropha gossypiifoliastructural and stereochemical assignment through nuclearmagnetic resonance Spectroscopyrdquo Journal of the AmericanChemical Society vol 105 no 10 pp 3177ndash3183 1983
[65] K K Purushothaman S Chandrasekharan A F Cameron etal ldquoJatropholones A and B new diterpenoids from the roots ofJatropha gossypiifolia (Euphorbiaceae)mdashcrystal structure anal-ysis of Jatropholone Brdquo Tetrahedron Letters vol 20 no 11 pp979ndash980 1979
[66] S M Kupchan C W Sigel M J Matz J A S Renauld R CHaltiwanger and R F Bryan ldquoJatrophone a novel macrocyclicditerpenoid tumor inhibitor from Jatropha gossypiifoliardquo Jour-nal of the American Chemical Society vol 92 no 14 pp 4476ndash4477 1970
[67] Y R Prasad G S J G Alankararao and P Baby ldquoConstituentsof the seeds of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Fitoterapia vol 64 no 4p 376 1993
[68] O Ogbobe and V Akano ldquoThe physico-chemical properties ofthe seed and seed oil of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Plant Foods forHuman Nutrition vol 43 no 3 pp 197ndash200 1993
[69] W Adolf H J Opferkuch and E Hecker ldquoIrritant phorbolderivatives from four Jatropha speciesrdquo Phytochemistry vol 23no 1 pp 129ndash132 1984
[70] K M Hosamani and K S Katagi ldquoCharacterization andstructure elucidation of 12-hydroxyoctadec-cis-9-enoic acid inJatropha gossypifolia and Hevea brasiliensis seed oils a richsource of hydroxy fatty acidrdquo Chemistry and Physics of Lipidsvol 152 no 1 pp 9ndash12 2008
[71] S F A J Horsten A J J Van Den Berg J J Kettenes-VanDen Bosch B R Leeflang and R P Labadie ldquoCyclogossine Aa novel cyclic heptapeptide isolated from the latex of Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Planta Medica vol 62 no 1 pp 46ndash50 1996
[72] M U Ahmad M R Islam A H Mirza B H Chowdhuryand N Nahar ldquoAlkaloids of Jatropha gossypifolia Linnrdquo IndianJournal of Chemistry B Organic Chemistry Including MedicinalChemistry vol 31 no 1 pp 67ndash69 1992
[73] A Falodun U Kragl S-M T Touem A Villinger T Fahren-waldt and P Langer ldquoA novel anticancer diterpenoid fromJatropha gossypifoliardquo Natural Product Communications vol 7no 2 pp 151ndash152 2012
[74] G D Wadankar S N Malode and S L Sarambekar ldquoTra-ditionally used medicinal plants for ound healing in theWashim district Maharashtra (India)rdquo International Journal ofPharmTech Research vol 3 no 4 pp 2080ndash2084 2011
[75] B Kumar M Vijayakumar R Govindarajan and P Pushpan-gadan ldquoEthnopharmacological approaches to wound healing-Exploring medicinal plants of Indiardquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 114 no 2 pp 103ndash113 2007
[76] K Koudouvo D S Karou K Kokou et al ldquoAn ethnobotanicalstudy of antimalarial plants in Togo Maritime Regionrdquo Journalof Ethnopharmacology vol 134 no 1 pp 183ndash190 2011
[77] M Coelho-Ferreira ldquoMedicinal knowledge and plant utiliza-tion in an Amazonian coastal community ofMaruda Para State(Brazil)rdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 126 no 1 pp 159ndash175 2009
[78] F C S Oliveira R F M Barros and J M Moita Neto ldquoPlan-tas medicinais utilizadas em comunidades rurais de Oeirassemiarido piauienserdquo Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinaisvol 12 no 3 pp 282ndash301 2010
[79] J D F L Santos E Pagani J Ramos and E Rodrigues ldquoObser-vations on the therapeutic practices of riverine communities oftheUnini River AM Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol142 no 2 pp 503ndash515 2012
[80] S L Cartaxo M M de Almeida Souza and U P de Albu-querque ldquoMedicinal plants with bioprospecting potential usedin semi-arid northeastern Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacol-ogy vol 131 no 2 pp 326ndash342 2010
[81] O Jansen L Angenot M Tits et al ldquoEvaluation of 13 selectedmedicinal plants from Burkina Faso for their antiplasmodialpropertiesrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 130 no 1 pp143ndash150 2010
[82] M H Yetein L G Houessou T O Lougbegnon O Teka andB Tente ldquoEthnobotanical study of medicinal plants used for thetreatment of malaria in plateau of Allada Benin (West Africa)rdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 146 no 1 pp 154ndash163 2013
[83] L J Quintans Junior J R G S Almeida J T Lima et al ldquoPlantswith anticonvulsivant propertiesmdasha reviewrdquo Revista Brasileirade Farmacognosia vol 18 pp 798ndash819 2008
[84] A Diallo M S Traore S M Keita et al ldquoManagement ofdiabetes in Guinean traditional medicine an ethnobotanicalinvestigation in the coastal lowlandsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 144 no 2 pp 353ndash361 2012
[85] S O Olabanji A C Adebajo O R Omobuwajo et al ldquoPIXEanalysis of some Nigerian anti-diabetic medicinal plants (II)rdquoNuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B BeamInteractions With Materials and Atoms vol 318 pp 187ndash1902014
[86] T Oduola O G Avwioro and T B Ayanniyi ldquoSuitability ofthe leaf extract of Jatropha gossypifolia as an anticoagulant forbiochemical and haematological analysesrdquo African Journal ofBiotechnology vol 4 no 7 pp 679ndash681 2005
[87] CM Chariandy C E Seaforth R H Phelps G V Pollard andB P S Khambay ldquoScreening of medicinal plants from Trinidadand Tobago for antimicrobial and insecticidal propertiesrdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 64 no 3 pp 265ndash270 1999
[88] V P Kumar N S Chauhan H Padh and M Rajani ldquoSearchfor antibacterial and antifungal agents from selected Indian
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 31
medicinal plantsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 107 no2 pp 182ndash188 2006
[89] R Dabur A Gupta T K Mandal et al ldquoAntimicrobial activityof some medicinal plantsrdquo African Journal of TraditionalComplementary and AlternativeMedicines vol 4 no 3 pp 313ndash318 2007
[90] H C Ong and M Nordiana ldquoMalay ethno-medico botany inMachang Kelantan Malaysiardquo Fitoterapia vol 70 no 5 pp502ndash513 1999
[91] J Sanz-Biset J Campos-de-la-Cruz M A Epiquien-Riveraand S Canigueral ldquoA first survey on the medicinal plants of theChazuta valley (Peruvian Amazon)rdquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 122 no 2 pp 333ndash362 2009
[92] B B Panda K Gaur M L Kori et al ldquoAnti-inflammatoryand analgesic activity of Jatropha gossypifolia in experimentalanimal modelsrdquo Global Journal of Pharmacology vol 3 no 12009
[93] S S Ningthoujam A D Talukdar K S Potsangbam and MD Choudhury ldquoTraditional uses of herbal vapour therapy inManipur North East India an ethnobotanical surveyrdquo Journalof Ethnopharmacology vol 147 no 1 pp 136ndash147 2013
[94] A Asase A A Oteng-Yeboah G T Odamtten and M SJ Simmonds ldquoEthnobotanical study of some Ghanaian anti-malarial plantsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 99 no 2pp 273ndash279 2005
[95] C Lans T Harper K Georges and E Bridgewater ldquoMedicinaland ethnoveterinary remedies of hunters in Trinidadrdquo BMCComplementary and AlternativeMedicine vol 1 article 10 2001
[96] L Rasingam S Jeeva andD Kannan ldquoDental care of Andamanand Nicobar folks medicinal plants use as tooth stickrdquo AsianPacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine vol 2 no 2 pp S1013ndashS1016 2012
[97] P J Houghton and I M Osibogun ldquoFlowering plants usedagainst snakebiterdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 39 no 1pp 1ndash29 1993
[98] M Molander C H Saslis-Lagoudakis A K Jager and NRoslashnsted ldquoCross-cultural comparison of medicinal floras usedagainst snakebitesrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 139 no3 pp 863ndash872 2012
[99] A Jain S S Katewa B L Chaudhary and P Galav ldquoFolk herbalmedicines used in birth control and sexual diseases by tribals ofsouthern Rajasthan Indiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol90 no 1 pp 171ndash177 2004
[100] A Jain S S Katewa P K Galav and P Sharma ldquoMedicinalplant diversity of Sitamata wildlife sanctuary Rajasthan IndiardquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 102 no 2 pp 143ndash157 2005
[101] T Oduola G O Adeosun T A Oduola G O Avwioro andM A Oyeniyi ldquoMechanism of action of Jatropha gossypifoliastem latex as a haemostatic agentrdquo European Journal of GeneralMedicine vol 2 no 4 pp 140ndash143 2005
[102] D Garcia M V Domingues and E Rodrigues ldquoEthnophar-macological survey among migrants living in the SoutheastAtlantic Forest of Diadema Sao Paulo Brazilrdquo Journal ofEthnobiology and Ethnomedicine vol 6 article 29 2010
[103] S S Hebbar V H Harsha V Shripathi and G R HegdeldquoEthnomedicine of Dharwad district in Karnataka Indiamdashplants used in oral health carerdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 94 no 2-3 pp 261ndash266 2004
[104] S B Kosalge and R A Fursule ldquoInvestigation of ethnomedic-inal claims of some plants used by tribals of Satpuda Hills inIndiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 121 no 3 pp 456ndash461 2009
[105] R A Ritter M V B Monteiro F O B Monteiro et al ldquoEth-noveterinary knowledge and practices at Colares island Parastate eastern Amazon Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 144 no 2 pp 346ndash352 2012
[106] S K Dash and S Padhy ldquoReview on ethnomedicines fordiarrhoea diseases from Orissa prevalence versus culturerdquoJournal of Human Ecology vol 20 no 1 pp 59ndash64 2006
[107] R S L Taylor J B Hudson N P Manandhar and G H NTowers ldquoAntiviral activities of medicinal plants of southernNepalrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 53 pp 97ndash104 1996
[108] J M A Maia N G Czeczko J M R Filho et al ldquoEstudoda cicatrizacao de suturas na bexiga urinaria de ratos come sem utilizacao de extrato bruto de Jatropha gossypiifolia Lintraperitonealrdquo Acta Cirurgica Brasileira vol 21 no 2 pp 23ndash30 2006
[109] A L Ososki P Lohr M Reiff et al ldquoEthnobotanical literaturesurvey of medicinal plants in the Dominican Republic used forwomens health conditionsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol79 no 3 pp 285ndash298 2002
[110] A S Apu FHossain F Rizwan et al ldquoStudy of pharmacologicalactivities of methanol extract of Jatropha gossypifolia fruitsrdquoJournal of Basic and Clinical Pharmacy vol 4 no 1 pp 20ndash242013
[111] A S Apu K Ireen S Hossan Bhuyan et al ldquoEvaluation ofanalgesic neuropharmacological and anti-diarrheal potential ofJatropha gossypifolia (Linn) leaves in micerdquo Journal of MedicalSciences vol 12 no 8 pp 274ndash279 2012
[112] F A G Rocha and L I S Dantas ldquoAtividade antimicrobianain vitro do latex do aveloz (Euphorbia tirucalli L) pinhao bravo(Jatrophamollissima L) e pinhao roxo (Jatropha gossypiifolia L)sobre microrganismos patogenicosrdquo Holos vol 25 no 4 2009
[113] O M David and J O Oluyege ldquoIn vitro susceptibility ofselected pathogenic bacteria to leaf extracts and latex of Jatrophagossypiifolia(L) and Jatropha curcas (L)rdquo Biosciences Biotechnol-ogy Research Asia vol 3 no 1 pp 91ndash94 2006
[114] W D MacBae J B Hudson and G H N Towers ldquoStudieson the pharmacological activity of amazonian euphorbiaceaerdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 22 no 2 pp 143ndash172 1988
[115] M C Purohit and R Purohit ldquoEvaluation of antimicrobial andanti-inflammatory activities of bark of Jatropha gossypifoliardquoWorld Journal of Science and Technology vol 1 no 10 pp 1ndash52011
[116] D Singh and A Singh ldquoThe toxicity of four native Indianplants effect on AChE and acidalkaline phosphatase level infish Channa maruliusrdquo Chemosphere vol 60 no 1 pp 135ndash1402005
[117] C M Feitosa R M Freitas N N N Luz M Z B BezerraandM T S Trevisan ldquoAcetylcholinesterase inhibition by somespromising Brazilian medicinal plantsrdquo Brazilian Journal ofBiology vol 71 no 3 pp 783ndash789 2011
[118] Y Nagaharika V Kalyani S Rasheed and R KarthikeyanldquoAnti-inflammatory activity of leaves of Jatropha gossypifolia Lby HRBC membrane stabilization methodrdquo Journal of AcuteDisease vol 2 no 2 pp 156ndash158 2013
[119] S D N Silva I C Abreu S M D F Freire et al ldquoAntispas-modic effect of Jatropha gossypiifolia is mediated through dualblockade of muscarinic receptors and Ca2+ channelsrdquo BrazilianJournal of Pharmacognosy vol 21 no 4 pp 715ndash720 2011
[120] D Carabajal A Casaco L Arruzazabala R Gonzalez andV Fuentes ldquoPharmacological screening of plant decoctionscommonly used in Cuban folk medicinerdquo Journal of Ethnophar-macology vol 33 no 1-2 pp 21ndash24 1991
32 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
[121] S Jain G P Choudhary and D K Jain ldquoPharmacological eval-uation of anti-fertility activity of ethanolic extract of Jatrophagossypifolia leaf in female albino micerdquo Asian Pacific Journal ofTropical Biomedicine vol 2 no 3 pp S1671ndashS1674 2012
[122] S C N Servin O J M Torres J E F Matias et al ldquoAcao doextrato de Jatropha gossypiifolia L (piao roxo) na cicatrizacaode anastomose colonica estudo experimental em ratosrdquo ActaCirurgica Brasileira vol 21 no 3 pp 89ndash96 2006
[123] J R Vale N G Czeczko J U Aquino et al ldquoEstudo compara-tivo da cicatrizacao de gastrorrafias com e sem o uso do extratode Jatropha gossypiifolia L (piao roxo) em ratosrdquoActa CirurgicaBrasileira vol 21 no 3 pp 40ndash48 2006
[124] J U Aquino N G Czeczko O Malafaia et al ldquoAvaliacaofitoterapica da Jatropha gossypiifolia L na cicatrizacao desuturas na parede abdominal ventral de ratosrdquo Acta CirurgicaBrasileira vol 21 no 2 pp 61ndash66 2006
[125] M F D S Santos N G Czeczko P A N Nassif et alldquoAvaliacao do uso do extrato bruto de Jatropha gossypiifolia Lna cicatrizacao de feridas cutaneas em ratosrdquo Acta CirurgicaBrasileira vol 21 no 3 pp 2ndash7 2006
[126] B B Panda K Gaur R K Nema C S Sharma A K Jain andC P Jain ldquoHepatoprotective activity of Jatropha gossypifoliaagainst carbon tetrachloride- induced hepatic injury in ratsrdquoAsian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research vol 2no 1 pp 50ndash54 2009
[127] S S Deo T M Chaudhari and F Inam ldquoEvaluation ofthe immunomodulatory effects of 1-phenylnaphthalene andpericarbonyl lactone lignan compoundsrdquoDer PharmaChemicavol 4 no 2 pp 771ndash776 2012
[128] S K Rasheed S Kunapareddy and R Karthikeyan ldquoLocalanesthetic activity of Jatropha gossypifolia L on frogsrdquo Biomed-ical and Pharmacology Journal vol 5 no 2 pp 395ndash397 2012
[129] AM A Paes A L Camara SM F Freire andMO R BorgesldquoRelaxant effect of Jatropha gossypiifolia L on uterine smoothmusclerdquo International Journal of Phytomedicine vol 4 no 3 pp310ndash313 2012
[130] S J Jain G P Choudhary and D K Jain ldquoPharmacologicalevaluation and antifertility activity of Jatropha gossypifoliain ratsrdquo BioMed Research International vol 2013 Article ID125980 5 pages 2013
[131] J S de Oliveira PM Leite L B de Souza et al ldquoCharacteristicsand composition of Jatropha gossypiifolia and Jatropha curcasL oils and application for biodiesel productionrdquo Biomass andBioenergy vol 33 no 3 pp 449ndash453 2009
[132] V Bullangpoti E Wajnberg P Audant and R FeyereisenldquoAntifeedant activity of Jatropha gossypifolia and Meliaazedarach senescent leaf extracts on Spodoptera frugiperda(Lepidoptera Noctuidae) and their potential use as synergistsrdquoPest Management Science vol 68 no 9 pp 1255ndash1264 2012
[133] S N K JilaniW Islam andM Kamsh ldquoPotential of pyrethroidinsecticides and plant extracts on fecundity and egg viability oftribolium castaneum (Herbst)rdquo Journal of Bio-Science vol 19no 1 pp 95ndash97 2011
[134] D Sukumaran B D Parashar and K M Rao ldquoToxicity of Jat-ropha gossypiifolia and Vaccaria pyramidata against freshwatersnails vectors of animal schistosomiasisrdquo Fitoterapia vol 66 no5 pp 393ndash398 1995
[135] R K Devappa H P S Makkar and K Becker ldquoJatrophatoxicitymdasha reviewrdquo Journal of Toxicology and EnvironmentalHealth B Critical Reviews vol 13 no 6 pp 476ndash507 2010
[136] E P Schenkel M Zannin L A Mentz S A L Bordignonand B Irgang ldquoPlantas toxicasrdquo in Farmacognosia Da Planta
ao Medicamento C M O Simoes E P Schenkel G GosmannJ C P Mello L A Mentz and P R Petrovick Eds pp 959ndash993 Editora da UFRGSUFSC Porto Alegre Brazil 3d edition2007
[137] L I Oliveira F F Jabour V A Nogueira and E M YamasakildquoIntoxicacao experimental com as folhas de Jatropha gossypifo-lia(Euphorbiaceae) em ovinosrdquo Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileiravol 28 no 6 pp 275ndash278 2008
[138] P I A Awachie and F O Ugwu ldquoPreliminary investigationof the antimicrobial and brine shrimp lethality propertiesof some nigerian medicinal plantsrdquo International Journal ofPharmacognosy vol 35 no 5 pp 338ndash343 1997
[139] L J Medubi V O Ukwenya O T Aderinto et al ldquoEffects ofadministration of ethanolic root extract of Jatropha gossypiifoliaand prednisolone on the kidneys of Wistar ratsrdquo ElectronicJournal of Biomedicine vol 2 pp 41ndash48 2010
[140] T Oduola G B Popoola G O Avwioro et al ldquoUse of Jatrophagossypifolia stem latex as a haemostatic agent how safe is itrdquoJournal of Medicinal Plants Reasearch vol 1 no 1 pp 14ndash172007
Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom
Stem CellsInternational
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Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
MEDIATORSINFLAMMATION
of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
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EndocrinologyInternational Journal of
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Disease Markers
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
BioMed Research International
OncologyJournal of
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Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
PPAR Research
The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Immunology ResearchHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of
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Research and TreatmentAIDS
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Gastroenterology Research and Practice
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Parkinsonrsquos Disease
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Volume 2014Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom
14 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
in different forms of preparation (infusion decoction andmaceration among others) by different routes and forms(oral topical baths etc) The most frequent reports refer toits anti-inflammatory antidiarrheal antiophidian analgesicantipyretic antimicrobial healing antianemic antidiabeticand antihemorrhagic activities among many other examples[3 5 7 9]
Some properties are attributed to specific parts of theplant while others are assigned to different parts Interest-ingly in some cases certain uses may appear contradictorysuch as antidiarrheal and laxative or its use as anticoagulantand antihemorrhagic One hypothesis is that this differencemay be related with the dose used since for example thelaxative effect is an effect commonly related with toxic eventswith this plant
6 Pharmacological Activities
Despite the grand variety of popular uses and the data fromJatropha species J gossypiifolia has been scarcely studiedregarding biological activities (Table 4) Studies showing thebiological potential of aqueous extract are rare so far whichis important to be mentioned since the most popular useof this plant is as a tea (decoction or infusion) Among themain activities that have been studied the antihypertensiveanticancer antimicrobial healing anti-inflammatory andanalgesic activities stand out
61 Antihypertensive Action Based on popular use of teasfrom J gossypiifolia roots and aerial parts the hypotensiveand vasorelaxant effects of the ethanolic extract of aerialparts of the plant were tested by Abreu et al [45] Thestudy revealed that the extract (125 and 250mgkgdayover 4 weeks by oral route in rats) in a dose-dependentmanner produced a reduction of systolic blood pressurein conscious normotensive animals This hypotensive effectcould be attributed to its vasorelaxant action since it pro-duced concentration-dependent relaxant effect in rat isolatedendothelium-deprived mesenteric artery precontracted withnorepinephrine or calcium Moreover it inhibited in aconcentration-dependent and noncompetitive manner thecontractile response induced by norepinephrine or CaCl
2in
the same preparation [45]
62 Antimicrobial Action The antibiotic activity of differ-ent extracts from J gossypiifolia is frequently reported asobserved in Table 4 In general some extent of antibacterialantifungal antiparasitic and antiviral activity was observedThe only report of J gossypiifolia isolated compound withantimicrobial activity is of the macrocyclic diterpene jatro-phenone which presented significant in vitro antibacterialactivity against Staphylococcus aureus [41]
63 Anti-Inflammatory andor Analgesic Action Many imp-ortant popular uses of J gossypiifolia are related to inflamma-tory process Bhagat et al [28] showed that the methanolicextract of leaves of this species has significant systemicacute and chronic anti-inflammatory activity The extract
at 500 and 1000mgkg oral doses was able to inhibit theacute carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats and at 50 and100mgkg oral doses inhibited the chronic cotton pellet-induced granuloma formation in rats Additionally the Jgossypiifolia leaf paste (05 and 1mgear) showed significantreduction in TPA-induced local inflammatory changes inmouse ear edema model [28]
In another study the anti-inflammatory and analgesicproperties of the methanol and petrol ether extracts of aerialparts of J gossypiifolia were demonstrated in mice [92]At 100 and 200mgkgday during 7 days by oral routeonly the methanol extract presented significant analgesicactivity in Eddyrsquos hot plate and tail-flick models and anti-inflammatory activity in carrageenan-induced paw edema[92] The anti-inflammatory activity of the bark from Jgossypiifolia (methanol and petrol ether extracts) was alsodemonstrated in carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats[115]
In a recent study using the in vitro human red bloodcell membrane stabilization method Nagaharika et al [118]suggested that ethanol and water extracts from J gossypiifolialeaves have anti-inflammatory activity According to theauthors since human red blood cell membranes are similarto the lysosomal membrane components the prevention ofhypotonicity-induced membrane lysis of these cells couldbe taken as a measure in estimating the anti-inflammatoryproperty of compounds [118]
The analgesic activity of the methanol extract from theleaves of J gossypiifolia was evaluated in acetic acid-inducedwrithing test in mice where highly significant inhibitionwas seen of 6756 and 6514 at 200 and 400mgkg oraldoses respectively [111] Similar results were observed in themethanolic extract from fruits [110]
64 Healing Action The healing action of the ethanol crudeextract of J gossypiifolia (plant part not specified) wasevaluated in suture healing of ventral abdominal wall ofrats through tensiometric measurement and macro- andmicroscopic aspect of postoperative period The extractwhich was administered by an intraperitoneal instillation of100mgkg single dose in the peritoneal cavity presentedmoreintense adhesion on macroscopic examination and greaterstrain evaluation and vascular neoformation However agreater inflammatory process was also observed and otherhistological parameters were similar to the control groupindicating that in general the extract presented poor woundhealing properties in the used model [124]
Another study evaluated the healing action of thehydroethanolic crude extract from leaves of J gossypiifoliain the healing process of sutures performed on the bladderof rats and similar results were presented although someimprovement might have been observed in some parametersIn general the authors concluded that no favorable heal-ing effect was observed with the administration of singleintraperitoneal dose of J gossypiifolia L [108] In anotherstudy analyzing the morphological aspects of the healingprocess occurring in open skin lesions in rats under topicaladministration of raw extract from J gossypiifolia (details
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 15
Table3Po
pularm
edicinaluses
ofJatro
phagossy
piifolia
Ldescrib
edin
theliterature
Plantp
art
Popu
laru
sePreparationandor
mod
eofu
seRe
ference
Who
leplant
Analgesic(headache)
Leaves
anointed
with
ldquoSebode
Holan
dardquo(muttontallo
w)a
ndheated
inthefi
reareu
sedas
compressfor
headaches
[5]
Analgesic(to
othache)
Not
specified
[3]
Antim
icrobial
Not
specified
[3]
Antipyretic
Decoctio
n[20]
Dyscrasia
Not
specified
[3]
Dysph
onia
Not
specified
[3]
Wou
ndhealing
Not
specified
[7475]
Aeria
lparts
Antianemic(m
alariatre
atment)
Decoctio
nused
byoralroute
[76]
Abscess
Bath
[77]
Alopecia
Ashleaves
[25]
Analgesic(eye
pain)
Not
specified
[78]
Analgesic(headache)
Not
specified
[78]
Analgesic(headachea
ndotitis)
Not
specified
[79]
Analgesic(painin
general)
Decoctio
nor
infusio
n[80]
Analgesic(to
othache)
Decoctio
nor
infusio
n[80]
Antianemic
Decoctio
n[81]
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[82]
Anticancer
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Decoctio
nof
thea
ssociatio
nof
leaves
ofJgossy
piifolia
with
leaves
ofPetiveriaalliaceaandaeria
lpartsof
Stachytarpheta
jamaicensis
byoralroute
[29]
Not
specified
[3]
Anticon
vulsivant
Not
specified
[83]
Antidiabetic
Decoctio
n[8485]
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Antidiarrheal
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Not
specified
[3]
Antihem
orrhagic
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Freshcrushedleaves
areu
sedin
caseso
fcutaneous
andnasalbleeding
[86]
Anti-infectiv
eDecoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Not
specified
[8788]
Anti-infl
ammatory
Not
specified
[78]
Antipyretic
Decoctio
n[81]
ldquoTeardquo
[5]
Not
specified
[88]
Antise
ptic
Bath
prepared
from
theleaves
[5]
Antith
rombo
ticDecoctio
nor
infusio
n[80]
Antiulcerogenic
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Leafjuice
[89]
Boils
Applicationof
thep
ound
edleaves
[90]
16 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative MedicineTa
ble3Con
tinued
Plantp
art
Popu
laru
sePreparationandor
mod
eofu
seRe
ference
Burns
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Usedin
associationwith
seedso
fGossypium
arboreum
sugarhon
eybeeandfato
fram
preparedby
grinding
app
liedtopically
[29]
Con
traceptiv
eand
oxito
toxic
Not
specified
[79]
Depurative
Squeezedthe
juiceo
btainedisdrun
k[91]
Detoxificant
Not
specified
[92]
Eczema
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Emetic
Squeezedthe
juiceo
btainedisdrun
k[91]
Gastro
intestinaldisorders
Not
specified
[79]
Gingivitis
Leafjuice
[89]
Gon
orrhoea
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Healin
gBa
thprepared
from
theleaves
[5]
Decoctio
n[30]
Decoctio
nor
infusio
n[80]
Hem
orrhoids
Usedin
associationwith
leaves
ofNicotia
natabacum
andcopp
ersulphateboiledin
waterand
used
asste
amdirected
atthea
nalregion
[93]
Hem
ostatic
Decoctio
nor
infusio
n[80]
Hepatitis
Not
specified
[12]
Itching
skin
Applicationof
thep
ound
edleaves
[90]
Leaves
Leprosy
Leafjuice
[89]
Malaria
Decoctio
n[81]
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[82]
Usedin
associationwith
leaves
ofAz
adira
chta
indica
andCo
mbretum
spbo
iledforsteam
bathsa
ndby
oralroute
[94]
Usedin
associationwith
leaves
ofCo
mbretum
ghasalenseandwho
leplanto
fOcim
umcanu
mbyoralrouteo
rfor
steam
baths
[94]
Mastitis
Poun
dedleaves
appliedon
swollenbreasts
[90]
Mycosis
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Psycho
activ
eNot
specified
[79]
Purgative
Not
specified
[388]
Rheumatism
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Scabies
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Skin
diseases
Not
specified
[3]
Stom
achic
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Not
specified
[8892]
Syph
ilis
Ash
ofleaves
[25]
Thrush
(oralcandidiasis)
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Treatm
ento
fldquocultu
ralsyn
drom
esrdquoldquoderramerdquo
ldquoquebranterdquoldquoespanterdquo
ldquovento-caıdordquoldquo
panemardquo
ldquodoenca-do-arrdquoldquom
ae-do-corpordquo
Not
specified
[79]
Vaginalinfectio
nSlightlybo
iledused
asvaginalw
ash
[91]
Venerald
iseases
Not
specified
[92]
Verm
ifuge
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Vertigo
Not
specified
[3]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 17
Table3Con
tinued
Plantp
art
Popu
laru
sePreparationandor
mod
eofu
seRe
ference
Wou
ndsa
ndrashes
Bath
oftheleaves
[24]
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Decoctio
nused
asbathsfor
cleaningwou
ndsindo
gs[95]
Wou
nddisin
fectant
Slightlybo
iledused
aswou
ndwash
[91]
Stem
Analgesic(to
othache)
Not
specified
[96]
Antianemic
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[82]
Anticancer
Decoctio
nby
oralor
topicalrou
te[26]
Emmenagogue
Decoctio
nof
barks
[7092]
Malaria
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[82]
Rheumatism
Not
specified
[77]
Thickbloo
dNot
specified
[77]
Roots
Anticancer
Decoctio
nby
oralor
topicalrou
te[26]
Root
bark
used
forc
ancero
fthe
lung
s[73]
Anticon
vulsivant
Not
specified
[83]
Antidiarrheal
Not
specified
[89]
Antim
icrobial
Root
bark
used
inbacterialinfectio
ns[73]
Impo
tence
Decoctio
nof
thea
ssociatio
nof
rootso
fJgossy
piifoliaC
hiococca
albaC
itrus
aurantifoliaD
esmodium
canu
m
RoystonearegiaSenn
aoccid
entalisStachytarphetajamaicensis
and
Waltheriaindica
with
thew
holeplanto
fCom
melina
erectaC
yperus
rotund
usand
sugarby
oralroute
[29]
Leprosy
Not
specified
[392]
Snakebites
Not
specified
[22929798]
Urin
arypain
Not
specified
[92]
Uterusd
iseases
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[99100]
Seeds
Analgesic(bod
ypain)
Not
specified
[101]
Analgesic(headache)
Not
specified
[79]
Antigrip
alUsedin
strong
colds
[5]
Antihem
orrhagic
Not
specified
[9]
Antiulcerogenic
Seed
oil
[3]
Con
traceptiv
eand
oxito
toxic
Not
specified
[79]
Depurative
Not
specified
[91]
Emetic
Not
specified
[7091101]
Gastro
intestinaldisorders
Not
specified
[79]
Leprosy
Seed
oil
[3]
Mycosis
Seed
oil
[3]
Psycho
activ
eNot
specified
[79]
Purgative
Not
specified
[39101102]
Treatm
ento
fldquocultu
ralsyn
drom
esrdquoldquoderramerdquo
ldquoquebranterdquoldquoespanterdquo
ldquovento-caıdordquoldquo
panemardquo
ldquodoenca-do-arrdquoldquom
ae-do-corpordquo
Not
specified
[79]
Vaginalinfectio
nSlightlybo
iledused
asvaginalw
ash
[91]
Wou
ndinfection
Slightlybo
iledused
aswou
ndwash
[91]
18 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table3Con
tinued
Plantp
art
Popu
laru
sePreparationandor
mod
eofu
seRe
ference
Fruits
Analgesic
Massaging
pregnant
wom
enrsquosbellies
with
teao
rgarrafadalowast
whenthey
areinpain
[77]
Analgesic(headache)
Teao
rgarrafadalowast
[77]
Analgesic(to
othache)
Teao
rgarrafadalowast
[77]
Laxativ
eIngestion
innatura
ofthep
owderfruit
[102]
Num
bnessa
fterb
ugsting
sTeao
rgarrafadalowast
[77]
Latex
Alopecia
Not
specified
[25]
Analgesic(eye
pain)
Not
specified
[78]
Analgesic(painin
general)
Drin
kor
massage
thea
ffected
area
with
latex
[80]
Analgesic(to
othache)
Cottonsoaked
with
latexkept
incontactw
iththes
oretoo
th[103]
Drin
kor
massage
thea
ffected
area
with
latex
[80]
Anticancer
Not
specified
[25]
Antihem
orrhagic
Not
specified
[9248695]
Antith
rombo
ticOralrou
te[80]
Antiulcerogenic
Not
specified
[2089]
Biteof
veno
mou
sanimals
Applicationof
fresh
latexatthea
ffected
site
[5]
Diuretic
Afewdrop
soffresh
latex
inwater
[6]
Eczema
Not
specified
[25]
Gingivitis
Not
specified
[89]
Gon
orrhea
Not
specified
[25]
Hem
ostatic
Not
specified
[2580]
Infected
wou
nds
Applicationof
fresh
latex
atthea
ffected
site
[520]
Leprosy
Not
specified
[89]
Mycosis
Not
specified
[25]
Purgative
Afewdrop
soffresh
latexin
water
[6]
Not
specified
[9]
Rheumatism
Not
specified
[25]
Scabies
Not
specified
[25]
Skin
burns
Applicationof
fresh
latex
atthea
ffected
site
[104]
Not
specified
[25]
Stop
ofitching
ofcutsandscratches
Not
specified
[95]
Syph
ilis
Not
specified
[25]
Thrush
(oralcandidiasis)
Not
specified
[25]
Verm
ifuge
Not
specified
[25]
Wou
ndhealing
Applicationof
latexatthea
ffected
site
[5]
Drin
kor
massage
thea
ffected
sitew
ithlatex
[80]
Not
specified
[7475]
Resin
Toothache
Toothp
owder
[27]
Wou
ndsinlip
sand
tong
ueTo
picalapp
lication
[27]
Oil
Arthritis
Appliedlocally
[89]
Purgative
Not
specified
[89]
Skin
disease
Appliedlocally
[89]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 19
Table3Con
tinued
Plantp
art
Popu
laru
sePreparationandor
mod
eofu
seRe
ference
Not
specified
Alopecia
Teaa
ppliedlocally
indo
gs[105]
Analgesic
Not
specified
[13]
Poultic
es[95]
Anticancer
Not
specified
[1366]
Antidiarrheal
Not
specified
[2845106]
Antihypertensive
Not
specified
[45]
Anti-infl
ammatory
Not
specified
[1328]
Antipyretic
Not
specified
[28]
Antise
ptic
Not
specified
[45]
Antiulcerogenic
Not
specified
[28]
Cou
ghsa
ndcolds
Bark
juice(4spoo
nfuls3tim
esad
ay)b
yoralroute
[107]
Detoxication
Not
specified
[28]
Diuretic
Not
specified
[45]
Eczema
Not
specified
[28]
Gum
infection
Not
specified
[28]
Healin
gNot
specified
[45108]
Hydropsy
Not
specified
[5]
Leprosy
Not
specified
[28]
Obstructio
nsof
thea
bdom
inaltract
Not
specified
[5]
Purgative
Not
specified
[5]
Regu
latem
enses
Not
specified
[109]
Rheumatism
Not
specified
[5]
Snakea
ndscorpion
bites
Not
specified
[322]
Stom
achpain
Not
specified
[28]
Venerealdiseases
Not
specified
[28]
Wou
nds
Poultic
es[95]
Usedas
bath
[28]
lowast
Garrafadapreparatio
ndo
neby
maceratingplantp
artsin
alcoho
lorh
ydroalcoho
licmediumsin
generalbrandies
20 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative MedicineTa
ble4Ph
armacologicalstu
dies
ofJatro
phagossy
piifolia
Ldescrib
edin
theliterature
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Analgesic
Aeria
lparts
Methano
land
petro
lether
extracts
At100and200m
gkgdayover7
daysbyoralrouteinmiceon
lythe
methano
lextractpresentedsig
nificantanalgesicactiv
ityin
Eddyrsquosho
tplatea
ndtail-flack
mod
els[92]
Fruits
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmicehigh
lysig
nificantly
inhibitedthew
rithing
respon
sesind
uced
byaceticacid
[110]
Leaves
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmicesig
nificantly
inhibited
thew
rithing
respon
sesind
uced
byaceticacid
[111]
Antibacteria
l
Latex
Crud
elatex
At100120583
Lvolumeinh
ibitedin
vitro
Liste
riamonocytogenes
Salm
onellatyhimuriumSalmonellatyphiandStaphylococcus
aureus
[112]
Latex
Not
specified
Presentedbactericidaleffectinvitro
againstShigella
dysenteriaea
ndStaphylococcus
aureuslowast
[113]
Leaves
Fractio
nsobtained
bysequ
entia
lextractionof
the
vegetalm
aterialw
ithpetro
letherbenzenechloroform
aceton
eethano
lmethano
landwater
Petro
lether
fractio
nwas
inactiv
eagainstEscherich
iacoliandBa
cillus
subtilisBe
nzenefractionwas
them
ostactiveagainstb
oth
microorganism
sCh
loroform
andmethano
lfractions
werea
ctive
onlyagainstB
acillus
subtilisAc
eton
eand
ethano
lfractions
were
activ
eonlyagainstE
scheric
hiacoliAq
ueou
sfractionwas
activ
eagainstb
othmicroorganism
salthou
ghto
amuchlesser
degree
than
theo
ther
fractions
[52]
Methano
lchloroform
and
water
extracts
Allextractswerea
ctiveinvitro
againstShigella
dysenteriaelowast
[113]
Petro
lether
andethyl
acetatefractions
from
ethano
ldichloromethane
(11vv)extract
Thep
etrolether
fractio
n(1mgmL)
inhibitedin
vitro
Pseudomonas
aeruginosaStaphylo
coccus
epidermidis
andSalm
onellatyphim
urium
Thee
thylacetatefraction(1mgmL)
was
activ
eagainstStaphylococcus
aureus
[87]
Who
leplant
Jatro
phenon
ePresentedin
vitro
antib
acteria
lactivity
againstStaphylo
coccus
aureus
comparabletopenicillin
[41]
Aeria
lparts
Water
andethylacetate
fractio
nsfro
mmethano
lextract
Both
fractio
nsat1
mgdidno
tprodu
cezoneso
finh
ibition
for
Escherich
iacoliStaphylococcus
aureusSaccharom
yces
cerevisia
enor
Cand
idaalbicans
[114]
Leaves
Chloroform
extract
Presentedantib
acteria
lactivity
againstSalmonellatyphiPseudomonas
aeruginosaand
Staphylococcus
aureus
andantifun
galactivity
against
Cand
idaalbicansD
idno
tprodu
ceinhibitio
nzonesa
gainst
Escherich
iacoliBa
cillussubtilis
Proteusm
irabilisC
orynebacteriu
mdiptheria
eShigelladysenteriaea
ndStreptococcusp
enum
oniae
[50]
Leaves
Dichlorom
ethane
methano
l(11vv)extract
At05and1m
gmLshow
edsig
nificantantibacteria
lactivity
invitro
againstB
acillus
cereus
varm
ycoidesBa
cillusp
umilu
sBa
cillussubtilis
Bordetellabronchise
ptica
MicrococcusluteusStaphylococcus
aureus
Staphylococcus
epidermidis
Klebsiella
pneumoniaeandStreptococcus
faecalisandantifun
galactivity
invitro
againstC
andida
albicans
[88]
Methano
lextract
Presentedantib
acteria
lactivity
againstSalmonellatyphiPseudomonas
aeruginosaand
Staphylococcus
aureus
andantifun
galactivity
against
Cand
idaalbicansD
idno
tprodu
ceinhibitio
nzonesa
gainst
Escherich
iacoliBa
cillussubtilis
Proteusm
irabilisC
orynebacteriu
mdiptheria
eShigelladysenteriaea
ndStreptococcusp
enum
oniae
[50]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 21
Table4Con
tinued
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Antibacteria
land
antifun
gal
Not
specified
Extractsob
tained
bysequ
entia
lextractionof
the
vegetalm
aterialw
ithn-hexanechloroform
aceton
emethano
land
water
n-Hexanee
xtracthadinhibitory
activ
ityin
vitro
againstE
scheric
hia
coliSalm
onellatyphiPseudomonas
aeruginosaB
acillus
cereus
Klebsiella
aerogenesandCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainst
Shiguella
boydiAspergillus
fumiga
tusAspergillus
flavusand
Aspergillus
nigerCh
loroform
extractinh
ibitedin
vitro
Salm
onella
typhiPseudomonas
aeruginosaB
acillus
cereusan
dCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainstEscherich
iacoliStaphylococcus
aureus
Shiguella
boydiAspergillus
fumiga
tusAspergillus
flavusand
Aspergillus
nigerAc
eton
eextractinhibitedin
vitro
Escherich
iacoli
Pseudomonas
aeruginosaStaphylococcusa
ureusKlebsiella
aerogenes
Proteusv
ulgarisan
dCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainst
Salm
onellatyphiAspergillus
fumiga
tusAspergillus
flavusa
ndAspergillus
nigerMethano
lextractinhibitedin
vitro
Escherich
iacoli
Salm
onellatyphiPseudomonas
aeruginosaStaphylococcusa
ureus
Bacilluscereusa
ndCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainst
Aspergillus
fumigatusA
spergillu
sflavusan
dAspergillus
nigerWater
extractw
asactiv
einvitro
againstE
scheric
hiacoliSalm
onellatyphi
Pseudomonas
aeruginosaStaphylococcusa
ureusBa
cilluscereus
Klebsiella
aerogenesProteusv
ulgarisan
dCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainstAspergillus
fumigatusA
spergillu
sflavusand
Aspergillus
niger
[89]
Methano
land
petro
lether
extractsfro
mbark
At200120583
g100120583
Lon
lythem
ethano
lextractshow
edin
vitro
antib
acteria
lactivity
upon
Staphylococcus
aureusStre
ptococcus
pyogenesand
Escherich
iacoliandantifun
galactivity
upon
Aspergillus
nigerCa
ndidaalbicansPenicillium
notatumand
Saccharomyces
cerevisia
e
[115]
Anticho
linesterase
Latex
Lyop
hilized
latex
Inhibitedtim
e-anddo
se-dependentlythea
cetylch
olinesterase
enzymeinnervou
stissue
offre
shwater
airb
reathing
fishCh
anna
marulius
[116]
Leaves
Fractio
nsobtained
bysequ
entia
lextractionof
the
vegetalm
aterialw
ithethyl
acetatea
ndmethano
l
At2m
gmLconcentration
thee
thylacetatea
ndmethano
lfractions
presentedinhibitory
activ
ities
invitro
of71
and100
Them
ethano
lfractio
npresentedIC
50of
005
mgmL
[117]
Antidiarrheal
Fruits
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmiceinhibitedthec
astoro
ilindu
ceddiarrhea
[110]
Leaves
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmiceinhibitedthec
astoro
ilindu
ceddiarrhea
[111]
Antifu
ngal
(antidermatop
hytic
fung
i)Ae
rialp
arts
Water
andethylacetate
fractio
nsfro
mmethano
lextract
Them
inim
alconcentrationprod
ucing75of
inhibitio
nor
high
eragainstM
icrosporuscanis
forb
othfractio
nsw
as1120583
gmLFo
rthe
fung
usMicrosporusg
ypseum
Microsporusfulvuman
dMicrosporus
gallina
eno
neof
thefractionpresentedinhibitory
activ
ity
[114]
22 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative MedicineTa
ble4Con
tinued
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Anti-infl
ammatory
Aeria
lparts
Methano
land
petro
lether
extracts
At100and200m
gkgdayover7
daysbyoralrouteinmiceon
lythe
methano
lextractpresentedsig
nificantanti-infl
ammatoryactiv
ityon
carrageenan-indu
cedpawedem
a[92]
Leaves
Aqueou
sextract
At100and200120583
gmLsig
nificantly
preventedthelysisof
human
red
bloo
dcells
inmem
branes
tabilizationmetho
din
vitro
[118]
Ethano
lextract
At100120583
gmLsig
nificantly
preventedthelysisof
human
redbloo
dcells
inmem
branes
tabilizationmetho
din
vitro
[118]
Methano
lextractandleaf
paste
At500and1000
mgkgbyoralrouteinrats
inhibitedthe
carrageenan-indu
cedpawedem
aAt
50and100m
gkgbyoralroute
inrats
inhibitedthec
ottonpelletind
uced
granulom
aformationin
rats
At05and1m
geartheleafp
asteredu
cedtheinfl
ammation
respon
sein
mou
seeare
demam
odel
[28]
Not
specified
Methano
land
petro
lether
extractsfro
mbark
At200m
gkgbyoralrouteinratsbothextractsredu
cedthe
carrageenan-indu
cedpawedem
a[115]
Antim
alarial
Leaves
Aqueou
sextract
30120583ginhibitedin
vitro
theg
rowth
ofPlasmodium
falciparum
[31]
Dichlorom
ethane
extract
Activ
einvitro
againstP
lasm
odium
falciparumw
ithIC
50of
abou
t35120583gmL
[81]
Antineoplasic
Roots
Ethano
licextractand
jatro
phon
e
Thee
thanolextractas
wellasjatroph
oneexhibitedsig
nificant
inhibitory
activ
ityin
vitro
againstcellsderiv
edfro
mhu
man
carcinom
aofthe
nasoph
aryn
xandlymph
ocyticleuk
emiaP-388and
invivo
againstfou
rstand
ardanim
altumor
syste
ms
[66]
Falodo
neShow
edpo
tent
proliferatio
ninhibitory
activ
ityagainstA
-549
human
cancer
celllin
ewith
IC50of
120120583
gmL
[13]
2120572-H
ydroxyjatro
phon
e2120573
-hydroxy-56-iso
jatro
phon
eand2120573
-hydroxyjatro
phon
editerpenes
isolatedfro
mpetro
lether
extract
Presentedantin
eoplasicactiv
ityup
onP-388lymph
ocyticleuk
emia
testsyste
mbo
thin
vivo
andin
vitro
asw
ellasfor
theE
aglersquos
carcinom
aofthe
nasoph
aryn
xtestsyste
min
vitro
[64]
Not
specified
Abiodo
neNot
specifiedlowast
[73]
Antioxidant
Leaves
Methano
lethylacetateand
aqueou
sextract
Allextractsshow
edsig
nificantantioxidant
activ
ityin
vitro
inDPP
Hfre
eradicalferric
thiocyanateandnitricoxides
caveng
ingmetho
dslowast
[55]
Who
leplant
Petro
letherchloroform
ethylacetateand
n-bu
tano
lextracts
Allextractsshow
edon
lypo
orDPP
Hscavenging
activ
ityTh
etotal
antio
xidant
capacitywas
high
erin
ethylacetateandn-bu
tano
lextracts
having
thep
etrolether
andchloroform
show
ingon
lypo
oractiv
ityTh
elipid
peroxidatio
nwas
inhibitedon
lypartially
bythe
extracts
with
thee
thylacetateb
eing
them
ostactivea
ndthep
etrol
etherb
eing
theleast
[48]
Antisp
asmod
icAe
rialp
arts
Ethano
lextractfractions
andsubfractions
At5001000and
2000
mgkgbyoralrouteinmiceshow
edsig
nificantantisp
asmod
icactiv
ityin
mou
seintestinaltransit
mod
elandat0510
and
20m
gmLinhibitedin
vitro
thea
cetylch
olinea
ndcalcium-in
ducedcontractions
ofiso
lated
ratjeju
numO
nlythe
organicfractionof
thee
xtracthadac
alcium
-antagon
isteffect
whereas
both
chloroform
icandaqueou
sfractions
hadanticho
linergic
effect
[119]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 23Ta
ble4Con
tinued
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Antivira
lAe
rialp
arts
Water
andethylacetate
fractio
nsfro
mmethano
lextract
At110and
100120583
gmLbo
thfractio
nspresented100
ofinhibitio
nof
plaque-fo
rmingabilityof
Sind
bisv
irusintre
atmentp
reinfection
protocol(IC 5
0lt1120583
gmL)w
hilein
treatmentp
ostin
fection
theIC 5
0of
water
fractio
nincreasedto
512andacetatefractionincreasedto
37120583gmLFo
rmurinec
ytom
egaloviru
sIC
50of
17and15
towater
andethylacetatefractio
nswereo
bservedrespectiv
elyintre
atment
preinfectio
nprotocolInthetreatmentp
ostin
fection
howe
verno
inhibitio
nwas
observed
inthismicroorganism
[114]
Not
specified
Methano
lextractfro
mbarks
Partially
activ
eagainstSind
bisv
irusand
herpes
simplex
virus-l
Inactiv
eagainsthu
man
polio
virus
[107]
Bron
chod
ilator
Stem
sAq
ueou
sextract
Thee
xtractwas
inactiv
einbron
chod
ilatora
ctivity
inguinea
pigs
[120]
Con
traceptiv
eLeaves
Ethano
lextract
At450m
gkgdayover2
1daysby
oralroutecaused
anantifertility
activ
ityin
femalem
ice
[121]
Healin
g
Aeria
lparts
Ethano
l70
extract
At1m
Lkg
dosebyintraperito
nealrouteinrats
presentedbeneficial
activ
ityin
healingprocesso
fcolon
icanastomosis
[122]
Aeria
lparts
Ethano
l70
extract
At200m
gkgbyintraperito
nealrouteinrats
favoredtheh
ealin
gprocesso
fgastro
rrhaph
iesa
ndredu
cedthea
cuteinflammatory
reactio
nin
vivo
[123]
Leaves
Hydroethano
lextract
At200m
gkgbyintraperito
nealroutedecreasedtheinfl
ammation
andincreasedvascular
neoformationandcollagendepo
sitionwhen
comparedto
thec
ontro
lgroup
inhealingprocesso
fsutures
perfo
rmed
ontheb
ladd
erof
rats
How
everingeneralno
favorable
healingeffectw
asob
served
[108]
Not
specified
Ethano
licextract
Alth
ough
someimprovem
entcou
ldbe
observed
insuture
healingof
ventralabd
ominalwallofratstreated
with
100m
gkg
ofextract
(intraperito
nealinstillationintraperito
nealcavity)in
generalon
lya
poor
healingactiv
itywas
observed
[124]
Not
specified
At01m
Lvolumeby
topicalapp
lication
thec
rude
extractp
resented
significantd
ifferencesc
oncerningthem
acroscop
icandmicroscop
icaspectso
fhealin
gprocesso
ccurrin
gin
open
skin
lesio
nsin
rats
[125]
Hem
ostatic
Latex
Crud
efresh
latex
Decreased
clotting
andbleeding
timeinhealthysubjects
[101]
Hepatop
rotective
Aeria
lparts
Petro
letherm
ethano
land
water
extracts
At200m
gkgdayover7
daysbyoralrouteinrats
both
extracts
presentedhepatoprotectiv
eactivity
incarbon
tetrachlorideind
uced
liver
damagewith
thep
etrolether
beingthem
ostactivea
ndthe
methano
lbeing
theleast
[126]
Hypotensiv
eand
vasorelaxant
Aeria
lparts
Ethano
licextract
At125and250m
gkgdayover4
weeksby
oralrouteinrats
ina
dose-dependent
mannerredu
cedthes
ystolic
bloo
dpressure
and
prod
uced
acon
centratio
n-depend
entrelaxanteffectin
ratisolated
(ex
vivo)end
otheliu
m-depriv
edmesenteric
artery
precon
tractedwith
norepineph
rineo
rCaC
l 2
[45]
Immun
omod
ulatory
Who
leplant
Petro
lether
extract
At100200and40
0120583gmLincreasedthep
roliferationof
mou
sespleen
cellin
vitro
[127]
Localanesthetic
Not
specified
Methano
land
aqueou
sextracts
Both
extractspresentedsig
nificantlocalanestheticactiv
ityby
plexus
anesthesiain
frogslowast
[128]
24 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table4Con
tinued
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Relaxant
effecto
nuterine
smoo
thmuscle
(tocolytic
activ
ity)
Aeria
lparts
Ethano
licextractand
chloroform
icandaqueou
sfractio
ns
At05and10
mgmLthee
thanolicextractreduced
the
calcium
-evokedcontractile
respon
seof
theu
terin
esmoo
thmuscle
as
wellas
thec
hloroformicfractio
nTh
eaqu
eous
fractio
npresented
onlyslighteffect
[129]
Sedativ
eand
anxiolytic
Fruits
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmicepresentedsedativ
eeffect
intheh
olec
rosstest
At200m
gkgpresented
anxiolyticactiv
ityin
holebo
ardtest
At40
0mgkgpresented
anxiolyticactiv
ityin
elevated
plus-m
azetest
[110]
Leaves
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmicepresentedsedativ
eeffect
intheh
olec
rosstest
At200m
gkgpresented
anxiolyticactiv
ityin
holebo
ardtest
At40
0mgkgpresented
anxiolyticin
elevated
plus-m
azetest
[111]
lowast
Thec
ompletev
ersio
nof
thep
aper
was
notaccessib
leso
theinformationwas
obtained
from
itsabstr
act
IC50con
centratio
nthatinhibits50of
ther
eferredactiv
ity
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 25
about extract preparation and plant part not specified) theauthors also observed an absence of healing action althoughsome histological improvement was shown [125]
However studying the influence of J gossypiifolia on thehealing process of colonic anastomosis in rats Servin et alshowed that the administration of 1mLkg single dose ofthe hydro alcoholic extract from aerial parts has beneficialeffect on the healing process [122] However according tothese authors on the seventh day of the experiment therewas a decrease in the action of the extract suggestingthat the extract in this experiment was less active in laterstages of healing process [122] A plausible hypothesis notraised by the authors could be the fact that the extract wasadministered in a single dose which may not have beensufficient to maintain the effect throughout the time of theexperiment Additionally Vale et al showed that the ethanolicextract from aerial parts of J gossypiifolia at single intraperi-toneal dose of 200mgkg favored the healing process ofgastrorrhaphies and reduced the acute inflammatory reactionin vivo [123]
65 Hemostatic Action The use of J gossypiifolia especiallythe latex is widespread as a hemostatic agent for preventingbleeding disorders The results of whole blood clotting timeusing Lee and White method and bleeding time using Ivyrsquosmethod were significantly reduced when stem latex wasintroduced suggesting procoagulant activity [101] Regardingthe possible mechanism of action based on experimentsthat show the precipitating action of the latex upon bovinealbumin the authors suggest that the latex precipitatesclotting factors thereby bringing the coagulation factors intoclose contact and then the activation of coagulation cascadeleads to the generation of thrombin and formation of aclot takes place in a matter of seconds when compared tothe control experiment which took minutes to completecoagulation [101] It is important to emphasize that to the bestof our knowledge this is the only study performed on humansubjects
66 Anticholinesterase Action Based on the cholinergichypothesis acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are widely usedto treat Alzheimerrsquos disease J gossypiifolia presented animportant anticholinesterase activity since the methanolicextract from leaves showed an IC
50of 005mgmL [117]
Another study showed that the lyophilized latex of theplant was able to inhibit time- and dose-dependently theacetylcholinesterase enzyme in nervous tissue of freshwaterair breathing fish Channa marulius [116]
67 Antioxidant Action The antioxidant activity of extractsfrom J gossypiifoliawas evaluated by Kharat et al [55] In thiswork the high content of phenols tannins and flavonoids inthe leaves prompted the authors to evaluate the antioxidantactivity of the leaves DPPH free radical ferric thiocyanateand nitric oxide scavengingmethods were used to analyze theantioxidant activity in vitro of methanol ethyl acetate andaqueous extracts demonstrating positive resultsThe authorsattributed the free radical scavenging activity to the presence
of flavonoids [55] On the other hand a study showed thatdifferent extracts (petrol ether chloroform ethyl acetate andn-butanol) fromwhole plant of J gossypiifolia had only partialantioxidant activity in DPPH scavenging total antioxidantcapacity and lipid peroxidation tests [48] Among them theethyl acetate extract was the most active which correlatespositively with its higher content of phenolic compounds incomparison with the other extracts [48]
68 Contraceptive Action Based on its popular use J gossypi-ifoliawas assessed for its antifertility activity as an alternativeto oral contraceptive agents J gossypiifolia leaf extract byoral route altered the major hormones involved in estrouscycle regulation indicating its antifertility effect on mice[121] Evaluating other parameters (estrogenic and earlyabortifacient activities) the anti-infertility effect of the extractwas once more demonstrated later [130]
69 Tocolytic Action Based on the ethnopharmacologicalapplication of the plant as tocolytic remedy the effects oncalcium-evoked uterine smooth muscle contraction of theethanolic extract and fractions were evaluated [129] Thecrude extract and to a higher extent the chloroformic frac-tion reduced the calcium-evoked contractile response of theuterine smooth muscle promoting a rightward displacementof calciumcumulative curves aswell as reducing themaximalcontractions [129]
610 Antineoplasic Action One of the most well-knownpharmacological activities of J gossypiifolia is its antineopla-sic action which is frequently associated with the contentof lignoids and terpenoids One of the first reports wasmade by Kupchan et al [66] when the authors found thatthe ethanolic extract from roots as well as the isolatedditerpene jatrophone exhibited significant inhibitory activityin vitro against cells derived from human carcinoma of thenasopharynx and lymphocytic leukemia P-388 and in vivoagainst four standard animal tumor systems such as sarcoma180 Lewis lung carcinoma P-388 lymphocytic leukemiaand Walker 256 intramuscular carcinosarcoma [66] Laterthree new antitumor derivatives of jatrophone were isolatedfrom petrol ether extracts from roots of J gossypiifolia 2120572-hydroxyjatrophone 2120573-hydroxy-56-isojatrophone and 2120573-hydroxyjatrophone [64] Recently two other diterpenes withpotent antineoplasic activity were isolated from J gossypi-ifolia falodone and abiodone Falodone was isolated frommethanol extract from roots and showed potent proliferationinhibitory activity against A-549 human cancer cell line [13]Abiodone a lathyrane diterpenoid compound was isolatedfrom J gossypiifolia and presented potent anticancer activity[73]
611 Local Anesthetic Action The local anesthetic action ofJ gossypiifolia was evaluated by plexus anaesthesia in frogs[128] The authors observed that the aqueous and methanolextract (plant part not specified) presented significant anes-thetic action when compared to control group
26 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
612 Neuropharmacological Action The neuropharmacolog-ical action of the methanol extract of the leaves of J gossypi-ifolia was evaluated by Apu et al [111] The authors observedthat in hole cross test the extract at 200 and 400mgkg byoral route showed significant sedative effect in mice In holeboard test the extract showed highly significant anxiolyticactivity at a dose of 200mgkg whereas the same activity wasobserved at 400mgkg dose in elevated plus-maze test [111]Similar results were observed in the methanolic extract fromfruits [110]
613 Antidiarrheal Action Although it may seem contradic-tory as shown in Table 3 J gossypiifolia species is popularlyused both as purgative and as antidiarrheal remedy Howeverin literature there are interesting results about the antidiar-rheal properties of different extracts of this species
At 200 and 400mgkg oral doses in mice the methanolextract of J gossypiifolia leaves produced highly signifi-cant antidiarrheal activity upon castor oil-induced diarrheadecreasing themean number of stool and total weight of fecaloutput when compared to control group [111] Similar resultswere observed in the methanolic extract from fruits [110]
Aiming to determine the possible action mechanism of Jgossypiifolia aerial parts ethanol extract as antidiarrheal agentSilva et al [119] have investigated the effect of this extracton intestinal transit velocity and on isolated rat jejunumAt 500 1000 and 2000mgkg by oral route in mice theextract showed significant antispasmodic activity in mouseintestinal transit model when compared to control At 0510 and 20mgmL the crude extract inhibited in vitro theacetylcholine and calcium-induced contractions of isolatedrat jejunum The chloroform and aqueous fractions wereobtained and it was observed that only the chloroform frac-tion of the extract had a calcium-antagonist effect whereasboth chloroformic and aqueous fractions had anticholinergiceffect suggesting that the antispasmodic effect of J gossypi-ifolia may be due to a combination of anticholinergic andcalcium-antagonist mechanisms [119]
614 Immunomodulatory Action The immunomodulatoryaction of synthetic lignan compounds was evaluated by theassay of proliferation of mouse spleen cell in vitro andcompared with petrol ether extract of whole plant of Jgossypiifolia since it is a natural source of this kind ofcompound [127] The authors showed that both syntheticand naturally occurring 1-phenylnaphthalene lignans couldpositively modulate the immunity of the host since theysignificantly increased the proliferation of mouse spleen cellin vitro [127]
615 Hepatoprotective Action Despite some studies havingshown the hepatotoxic potential of J gossypiifolia a study wasperformed to analyze the possible hepatoprotective action ofextracts of this plant in carbon tetrachloride-induced liverdamage in rats [126] In fact the petrol ether methanoland water extracts from the aerial parts of J gossypiifoliapresented significant hepatoprotective action in this model
substantially restoring towards normalization the serum lev-els of serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase serum glu-tamate pyruvate transaminase serum alkaline phosphatasetotal bilirubin superoxide dismutase and catalase [126] Theauthors also discuss the close relationship between the hep-atoprotective action observed and the possible antioxidantmechanism present in the extracts
7 Other Actions andBiotechnological Applications
In addition to studies demonstrating scientific evidences ofthe pharmacological properties of J gossypiifolia severalstudies have demonstrated the potential of this species toobtain molecules with various applications thus showing itsmultipurpose character
Among the main applications described the use ofJ gossypiifolia seed oil for biodiesel production could bementioned Jatropha species has drawn the attention ofresearchers in recent years due to its emergence as a highlysuitable feedstock plant for biodiesel production [11] Amongthe species J gossypiifolia J curcas and J pohliana produceseeds with high oil content [11] In a study investigatingthe potential of two plants of the Jatropha genus (includ-ing J gossypiifolia) the authors observed that the studiedphysicochemical properties of the produced biodiesel are inthe acceptable range for use as biodiesel in diesel enginesshowing a promising economic exploitation of these rawmaterials [131]
Studies have shown the potential of the species for thedevelopment of new tools for biochemical analysis A recentstudy showed that the diluted fresh latex J gossypiifolia can beused as precipitating agent for biochemical determination ofproteins in plasma urine and cerebrospinal fluid with valuescomparable to those obtained from the conventional proteinprecipitants sodium tungstate and trichloroacetic acid [24]According to the authors the precipitating potential couldbe related to the capacity of the latex to form clots whenapplied to a bleeding sore or wound when it is used in folkmedicine [24] Another study showed the potentiality of thejuice extracted from the fresh leaves of J gossypiifolia asan anticoagulant for haematological analyses [86] 01mL ofextract per mL of blood proved to be suitable for obtainingplasmas for biochemical analysis comparable with conven-tional anticoagulants [86] However the authors emphasizethat the extract must be purified to remove interferingsubstances for it to be perfectly suitable for biochemicalanalysis [86]
Some studies have demonstrated the potentiality of Jgossypiifolia as a source of pesticide biomolecules Bullang-poti et al [49] isolated ricinine from the ethyl acetate extractfrom senescent leaves the main compound responsible forthe toxicity of the crude extract in Spodoptera exigua larvaethus demonstrating that it could be an alternative choiceto chemical insecticides In another study Bullangpoti etal [132] showed that the ethanol extract of J gossypiifoliain association with the ethanol extract of Melia azedarachwas toxic and inhibited some enzymes from Spodoptera
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 27
frugiperda larvae demonstrating once more the potentialityof the species as insecticide agent Calatayud et al [56]showed the presence of proteins of about 100 kDa with toxicactivity upon Phenacoccus herreni another type of insectIn this work the authors performed a strategy of extrac-tion that eliminated nonprotein compounds being able todemonstrate the potential of the species to obtain insecticidalproteins [56] Leaf extract of J gossypiifolia reduced thefecundity and egg viability against stored product insect pestsTribolium castaneum [133]
The potential molluscicidal activity of J gossypiifolia hasalso been evaluated as an alternative mode of preventionof schistosomiasis Sukumaran et al [134] showed that themethanol and n-butanol extracts from unripened seeds of Jgossypiifoliawas toxic against eggs and adults of two species offreshwater snails Lymnaea luteola and Indoplanorbis exustusThe results indicated that n-butanol extract was the mosteffective and that the eggs were more susceptible than adults[134]
8 Toxicology
Species of Jatropha are notably known for their toxic potential[135 136] This toxicity is related primarily to latex andseeds The latex is released from the aerial parts of theplant by mechanical injury and it is extremely caustic andirritating to skin and mucous membranes The seeds arerich in toxalbumins that cause agglutination and hemolysisto erythrocytes as well as damage to other cell types andcontain a lipoid resin complex that can cause dermatitis[3 12 135] The symptomatology consists in general ofgastrointestinal disorders (abdominal pain nausea vomitingand diarrhea) Additionally the clinical course can bringcardiovascular neurological and renal complications [136]Cases of poisoning in humans usually occur by eating fruitand seeds because of its similarity to edible chestnuts [136]
Some toxicological studies have demonstrated the toxicproperties of J gossypiifolia while others show the absence oftoxicity However it is important to observe the models useddoses administrated and types of extract employed (solventand plant part) among other aspects to make the properconclusions about the toxicity
The study of experimental poisoning in sheep showedthat the intake of fresh plant leaves in a single dose of40 gkg was lethal to these animals [137] The clinical andpathological picture in the experimental sheep was charac-terized by digestive lung and heart disturbances and alsoby slight regressive changes evidenced in hepatic and renalhistological examinations [137] However as observed byMariz et al [7] it is important to note that the medicinaluse of the plant is rarely in natura but instead by differentpreparations such as infusions or decoctions sometimes ofthe dried material which could inactivate the possible toxiccomponents However this is only a hypothesis and so thetoxicity of extracts from leaves cannot be discarded
One of the first studies relating the identification of theconstituents responsible for the toxic effects of the Jatrophaspecies was published by Adolf et al [69] In this work
by a bioguided isolation the irritant polyunsaturated ester12-deoxy-16-hydroxylphorbol was isolated from the etherextract from the seeds of J gossypiifolia by countercurrentchromatography [69] The irritant activity was visualized inmouse ear after 24 h of the application of the fractions andisolated compounds [69]
The in vitro cytotoxicity assay using brine shrimp larvaetest revealed that ethanol and methanol extracts (plant organunspecified) showed low toxicity [138] An earlier studyshowed that thewater and ethyl acetate fraction of amethanolextract from aerial parts of J gossypiifolia did not presenttoxicity against the same organisms [114]
A study performed in Wistar rats evaluated the toxicityof the ethanolic root extract of J gossypiifolia at 10 20 and30mgkg by oral route [139] The authors observed that theextract was toxic to the kidney and caused increased urearetention in the blood as observed by histological studies andbiochemical analysis of blood [139]
A preclinical toxicological assessment of the crudeethanol extract from J gossypiifolia leaves showed that theextract presents relatively low oral acute toxicity in Wistarrats [18 19] Rats treated with single doses of 12ndash50 gkgby oral route were observed for 14 days and the mostimportant signs of toxicity were ptosis reduction of bodyweight and hind limb paralysis Other significant alterationsoccurred only in males treated with 50 gkg dose increasein creatinine aspartate aminotransferase sodium and potas-sium seric levels reduction of urea and albumin leucopeniaand small alteration in color and consistency of visceraThe median lethal dose (LD
50) was higher than 40 gkg
for males and higher than 50 gkg for females [19] In thehistopathological evaluation some alteration was observedin liver and lung only at 50 gkg suggesting the relativelylow toxicity of the extract [18] However in the chronictoxicological study (thirteen weeks of treatment) this extractshowed significant oral chronic toxicity in rats [17] The mostsignificant toxic signs indicated a reduction of the activityin the central nervous system and digestive disturbancesThe histopathological analysis revealed hepatotoxicity andpulmonary damages The lethality was 466 and 133among males and females under the higher tested dose(405mgkg) respectively [17] Based on this Mariz et al [7]discussed that the development of herbal medicine based onthis species needs to prioritize the chemical refinement of thecrude extracts to obtain less toxic fractions which should betested for their safety and therapeutic efficacy
Another study on the other hand evaluating the oralacute toxicity of the aqueous and ethanol extracts from leavesof J gossypiifolia did not show any sign of toxicity in upto 2 gkg in rats enabling the authors to conclude that thisextract could be considered safe [118] This is an interestingresult since in most cases the plant is used popularly as tea(aqueous extract)
The toxicity of the stem latex of J gossypiifoliawas studiedin Wistar rats by applying different doses of crude latex onincised skin daily for 18 days based on the popular useof the latex as hemostatic agent in skin lesions [140] Theauthors observed that the application of the latex did notproduce any significant difference in results of biochemical
28 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
and hematological parameters obtained from the control andexperimental animals leading to the conclusion that the stemlatex has no harmful effects [140]
9 Conclusions
As demonstrated by this review J gossypiifolia presents animportant potential for the generation of pharmacologicalandor biotechnological products based on popular usesand biological studies scientifically showing its propertiesHowever regarding specifically its medicinal propertiesfurther studies are still necessary to assay important folkuses of the species and characterize the major compoundsresponsible for the bioactivityThus studies of bioprospectingcould prioritize this species since many popular uses forvariousmedical purposes are reported demonstrating a greatpotential to originate bioactive molecules with pharmaco-logical relevance Furthermore future phytochemical studiesof this plant are important to obtain the best knowledgeof the chemical composition of different extracts of theplant in order to recognize the really important compoundsin the pharmacological actions aspiring to the chemicalrefinement of the products to eliminate the eventual toxiceffects that could reduce the medicinal value of the speciesIn conclusion the data presented in this review could provideinsights for future research aimed at both ethnopharmaco-logical validation of the popular use of J gossypiifolia andits exploration as a new source of bioactive molecules forherbal drugs andor bioactive natural products for potentialapplication in complementary and alternative medicine
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper
Acknowledgments
The authors thank BNB CNPq and CAPES (Brazil) forthe financial support Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosagives thanks to CNPq for Scholarship in Research Produc-tivity The authors also thank Andrew Alastair Cumming forediting this paper for the English revision
References
[1] G L Webster ldquoClassification of the euphorbiaceaerdquo Annals ofthe Missouri Botanical Garden vol 81 pp 3ndash143 1994
[2] M V Alves ldquoChecklist das especies de Euphorbiaceae Jussocorrentes no semi-arido pernambucano BrasilrdquoActa BotanciaBrasileira vol 12 no 3 pp 485ndash495 1998
[3] C W Sabandar N Ahmat F M Jaafar and I Sahidin ldquoMedic-inal property phytochemistry and pharmacology of severalJatropha species (Euphorbiaceae) a reviewrdquo Phytochemistryvol 85 pp 7ndash29 2013
[4] C K A Leal and M D F Agra ldquoEstudo farmacobotanicocomparativo das folhas de Jatrophamolissima (Pohl) BaillrdquoActaFarmaceutica Bonaerense vol 24 no 1 pp 5ndash13 2005
[5] L C Di Stasi and C A Hiruma-Lima Plantas medicinais naAmazonia e na Mata Atlantica UNESP Sao Paulo Brazil 2ndedition 2002
[6] M D F Agra K N Silva I J L D Basılio P F De Freitasand JM Barbosa-Filho ldquoSurvey ofmedicinal plants used in theregionNortheast of BrazilrdquoBrazilian Journal of Pharmacognosyvol 18 no 3 pp 472ndash508 2008
[7] S R Mariz A C R Borges M F F Melo-Diniz and I AMedeiros ldquoPossibilidades terapeuticas e riscos toxicologicosde Jatropha gossypiifolia L uma revisao narrativardquo RevistaBrasileiraDe PlantasMedicinais vol 12 no 3 pp 346ndash357 2010
[8] I Cordeiro and R Secco ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia L Lista deespecies da flora do Brasilrdquo Jardim Botanico do Rio de JaneirohttpfloradobrasiljbrjgovbrjabotfloradobrasilFB17581
[9] U P de Albuquerque P M de Medeiros A L S de Almeida etal ldquoMedicinal plants of the caatinga (semi-arid) vegetation ofNE Brazil a quantitative approachrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacol-ogy vol 114 no 3 pp 325ndash354 2007
[10] U P Albuquerque L H C Andrade and J Caballero ldquoStruc-ture and floristics of homegardens in Northeastern BrazilrdquoJournal of Arid Environments vol 62 no 3 pp 491ndash506 2005
[11] S A Ceasar and S Ignacimuthu ldquoApplications of biotechnologyand biochemical engineering for the improvement of Jatrophaand Biodiesel a reviewrdquo Renewable and Sustainable EnergyReviews vol 15 no 9 pp 5176ndash5185 2011
[12] U P de Albuquerque J MMonteiro M A Ramos and E L Cde Amorim ldquoMedicinal and magic plants from a public marketin northeastern Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 110no 1 pp 76ndash91 2007
[13] A Falodun Q Sheng-Xiang G Parkinson and S GibbonsldquoIsolation and characterization of a new anticancer diterpenoidfrom Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journalvol 45 no 10 pp 636ndash639 2012
[14] BRASIL ldquoFitoterapia plantas de interesse ao SUSrdquo Braz-ilian Health Ministry httpportalsaudegovbrportalarqu-ivospdfRENISUSpdf
[15] X-P Zhang M-L Zhang X-H Su C-H Huo Y-C Gu andQ-W Shi ldquoChemical constituents of the plants from genusJatrophardquo Chemistry and Biodiversity vol 6 no 12 pp 2166ndash2183 2009
[16] S K Sharma and H Singh ldquoA review on pharmacological sig-nificance of genus Jatropha (Euphorbiaceae)rdquoChinese Journal ofIntegrative Medicine vol 18 no 11 pp 868ndash880 2012
[17] S RMariz G S CerqueiraWCAraujo et al ldquoChronic toxico-logic study of the ethanolic extract of the aerial parts of Jatrophagossypiifolia in ratsrdquoRevista Brasileira de Farmacognosia vol 22no 3 pp 663ndash668 2012
[18] S R Mariz M S T Araujo G S Cerqueira et al ldquoHistopatho-logical evaluation in rats after acute treatment with the ethanolextract from aerial parts of Jatropha gossypiifolia Lrdquo RevistaBrasileira De Farmacognosia vol 18 no 2 pp 213ndash216 2008
[19] S R Mariz G S Cerqueira W C Araujo et al ldquoEstudo toxi-cologico agudo do extrato etanolico de partes aereas de Jatrophagossypiifolia L em ratosrdquo Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosiavol 16 no 3 pp 372ndash378 2006
[20] C Auvin-Guette C Baraguey A Blond J L Pousset andB Bodo ldquoCyclogossine B a cyclic octapeptide from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Journal of Natural Products vol 60 pp 1155ndash11571997
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 29
[21] V S Parvathi B S Jyothi T Lakshmi P S Babu and RKarthikeyan ldquoMorpho-anatomical and physicochemical stud-ies of Jatropha gossypifolia (L)rdquo Der Pharmacia Lettre vol 4no 1 pp 256ndash262 2012
[22] M N S Rios and F Pastore Junior Plantas da Amazonia450 Especies de Uso Geral Universidade de BrasıliamdashBibliotecaCentral Brasılia 2011
[23] S R Mariz Estudo toxicologico pre-clınico de Jatropha gossypi-ifolia L [PhD thesis] Universidade Federal da Paraıba JoaoPessoa Brazil 2007
[24] O G Adeosun T Oduola F A Fagbomedo et al ldquoSuitabilityof stem latex of Jatropha gossypifolia as a protein precipitant forbiochemical analysisrdquo Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistryvol 29 no 2 pp 210ndash212 2014
[25] F O A Ajose ldquoSome Nigerian plants of dermatologic impor-tancerdquo International Journal of Dermatology vol 46 no 1 pp48ndash55 2007
[26] J S Ashidi P J Houghton P J Hylands and T EfferthldquoEthnobotanical survey and cytotoxicity testing of plants ofSouth-western Nigeria used to treat cancer with isolationof cytotoxic constituents from Cajanus cajan Millsp leavesrdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 128 no 2 pp 501ndash512 2010
[27] M Ayyanar and S Ignacimuthu ldquoEthnobotanical survey ofmedicinal plants commonly used by Kani tribals in Tirunelvelihills of Western Ghats Indiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 134 no 3 pp 851ndash864 2011
[28] R Bhagat S D Ambavade A V Misar and D K KulkarnildquoAnti-inflammatory activity of Jatropha gossypifolia L leaves inalbino mice and Wistar ratrdquo Journal of Scientific and IndustrialResearch vol 70 no 4 pp 289ndash292 2011
[29] J H Cano and G Volpato ldquoHerbal mixtures in the traditionalmedicine of Eastern Cubardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol90 no 2-3 pp 293ndash316 2004
[30] F G Coe and G J Anderson ldquoScreening of medicinal plantsused by the Garıfuna of Eastern Nicaragua for bioactive com-poundsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 53 no 1 pp 29ndash501996
[31] MGbeassor Y Kossou K Amegbo C De Souza K Koumagloand A Denke ldquoAntimalarial effects of eight African medicinalplantsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 25 no 1 pp 115ndash1181989
[32] National Center for Biotechnology Information ldquoJatropha gos-sypiifoliardquo Taxonomy Browser httpwwwncbinlmnihgovTaxonomyBrowserwwwtaxcgiid=454931
[33] Tropicos ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia Lrdquo httpwwwtropicosorgNamePrintaspxnameid=12802174amptab=details
[34] The Plant List ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia Lrdquo httpwwwtheplant-listorgtplrecordkew-104621
[35] M S Khyade and N P Vaikos ldquoPharmacognostical andphytochemical evaluation of leaf of Jatropha gossypifolia LrdquoInternational Journal of Research in Ayurveda amp Pharmacy vol2 no 1 pp 177ndash180 2011
[36] D O Aworinde D U Nwoye A A Jayeola A O Olagoke andA A Ogundele ldquoTaxonomic significance of foliar epidermis insome members of euphorbiaceae family in Nigeriardquo ResearchJournal of Botany vol 4 no 1 pp 17ndash28 2009
[37] J D Olowokudejo ldquoComparative epidermal morphology ofWest African species of Jatropha L (Euphorbiaceae)rdquo BotanicalJournal of the Linnean Society vol 111 no 2 pp 139ndash154 1993
[38] B Das and B Venkataiah ldquoA minor coumarino-lignoid fromJatropha gossypifoliardquo Biochemical Systematics and Ecology vol29 no 2 pp 213ndash214 2001
[39] B Das B Venkataiah and A Kashinatham ldquoVenkatasin a newcoumarino-lignoid from Jatropha gossypifoliardquoNatural ProductLetters vol 13 no 4 pp 293ndash297 1999
[40] B Das and B Venkataiah ldquoA rare diterpene from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Biochemical Systematics and Ecology vol 27 no 7pp 759ndash760 1999
[41] N Ravindranath B Venkataiah C Ramesh P Jayaprakash andB Das ldquoJatrophenone a novel macrocyclic bioactive diterpenefrom Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bul-letin vol 51 no 7 pp 870ndash871 2003
[42] B Das and J Banerji ldquoArylnaphthalene lignan from JatrophagossypifoliardquoPhytochemistry vol 27 no 11 pp 3684ndash3686 1988
[43] J Banerji B Das A Chatterjee and J N Shoolery ldquoGadain alignan from Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Phytochemistry vol 23 no10 pp 2323ndash2327 1984
[44] A Chatterjee B Das C Pascard and T Prange ldquoCrystalstructure of a lignan from Jatropha gossypifoliardquoPhytochemistryvol 20 no 8 pp 2047ndash2048 1981
[45] I C Abreu A S S Marinho A M A Paes et al ldquoHypotensiveand vasorelaxant effects of ethanolic extract from Jatrophagossypiifolia L in ratsrdquo Fitoterapia vol 74 no 7-8 pp 650ndash6572003
[46] B Das and R Das ldquoGossypifan a lignan from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Phytochemistry vol 40 no 3 pp 931ndash932 1995
[47] R Das B Das and A Kashinatham ldquoGossypiline a new lignanfrom Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Natural Product Sciences vol 4 no4 pp 238ndash240 1998
[48] D Shahwar S-U Shafiq N Ahmad S Ullah and M A RazaldquoAntioxidant activities of the selected plants from the fam-ily Euphorbiaceae Lauraceae Malvaceae and BalsaminaceaerdquoAfrican Journal of Biotechnology vol 9 no 7 pp 1086ndash10962010
[49] V Bullangpoti N Khumrungsee W Pluempanupat Y Kainohand U Saguanpong ldquoToxicity of ethyl acetate extract andricinine from Jatropha gossypifolia senescent leaves againstSpodoptera exigua Hubner (Lepidoptera Noctuidae)rdquo Journalof Pesticide Science vol 36 no 2 pp 260ndash263 2011
[50] A O Ogundare ldquoAntimicrobial effect of Tithonia diversifoliaand Jatropha gossypifolia leaf extractsrdquo Trends in Applied Sci-ences Research vol 2 no 2 pp 145ndash150 2007
[51] N Nwokocha A Blessing I O Agbagwa and B E OkolildquoComparative phytochemical screening of Jatropha L Speciesin the Niger Deltardquo Research Journal of Phytochemistry vol 5no 2 pp 107ndash114 2011
[52] R Seth and R Sarin ldquoAnalysis of the phytochemical contentand anti-microbial activity of Jatropha gossypifolia Lrdquo Archivesof Applied Science Research vol 2 no 5 pp 285ndash291 2010
[53] S Sankara Subramanian S Nagarajan and N SulochanaldquoFlavonoids of the leaves of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Phytochem-istry vol 10 no 7 p 1690 1971
[54] A C Pilon R L Carneiro F Carnevale Neto V S Bolzaniand I Castro-Gamboa ldquoInterval multivariate curve resolutionin the dereplication of HPLC-DAD data from Jatropha gossypi-foliardquo Phytochemical Analysis vol 24 no 4 pp 401ndash406 2013
[55] A R Kharat A K Dolui and S Das ldquoFree radical scavengingpotential of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Asian Journal of Chemistryvol 23 no 2 pp 799ndash801 2011
[56] P-A Calatayud D F Munera S Calatayud A Valencia-Jimenez and A C Bellotti ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia (Euphor-biaceae) a source of proteins toxic to Phenacoccus herreni(Sternorryncha Pseudococcidae)rdquo Florida Entomologist vol94 no 3 pp 649ndash654 2011
30 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
[57] W F Tinto L M D John W F Reynolds and S McLeanldquoTriterpenoids of Jatropha gossypiifoliardquo Journal of NaturalProducts vol 55 no 6 pp 807ndash809 1992
[58] R Das K Venkateswarlu V Saidi Reddy and B Das ldquo41015840-O-demethyl retrochinensin a minor new lignan from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Indian Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry vol 14no 2 pp 169ndash170 2004
[59] B Das A Kashinatham B Venkataiah K V N S Srinivas GMahender and M R Reddy ldquoCleomiscosin A a coumarino-lignoid from Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Biochemical Systematics andEcology vol 31 no 10 pp 1189ndash1191 2003
[60] B Das and G Anjani ldquoGossypidien a lignan from stems ofJatropha gossypifolliardquo Phytochemistry vol 51 no 1 pp 115ndash1171999
[61] B Das S P Rao and K V Srinivas ldquoIsolation of isogadain fromJatropha gossypifoliardquo Planta Medica vol 62 no 1 article 901996
[62] B Das S P Rao K V N S Srinivas and R Das ldquoJatrodien alignan from stems of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Phytochemistry vol41 no 3 pp 985ndash987 1996
[63] A Chatterjee B Das R Chakrabarti et al ldquoPrasanthaline anew lignan from Jatropha gossypifolia Linnrdquo Indian Journal ofChemistry vol 27 pp 740ndash741 1988
[64] M D Taylor A B Smith III G T Furst et al ldquoNewantileukemic jatrophone derivatives from Jatropha gossypiifoliastructural and stereochemical assignment through nuclearmagnetic resonance Spectroscopyrdquo Journal of the AmericanChemical Society vol 105 no 10 pp 3177ndash3183 1983
[65] K K Purushothaman S Chandrasekharan A F Cameron etal ldquoJatropholones A and B new diterpenoids from the roots ofJatropha gossypiifolia (Euphorbiaceae)mdashcrystal structure anal-ysis of Jatropholone Brdquo Tetrahedron Letters vol 20 no 11 pp979ndash980 1979
[66] S M Kupchan C W Sigel M J Matz J A S Renauld R CHaltiwanger and R F Bryan ldquoJatrophone a novel macrocyclicditerpenoid tumor inhibitor from Jatropha gossypiifoliardquo Jour-nal of the American Chemical Society vol 92 no 14 pp 4476ndash4477 1970
[67] Y R Prasad G S J G Alankararao and P Baby ldquoConstituentsof the seeds of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Fitoterapia vol 64 no 4p 376 1993
[68] O Ogbobe and V Akano ldquoThe physico-chemical properties ofthe seed and seed oil of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Plant Foods forHuman Nutrition vol 43 no 3 pp 197ndash200 1993
[69] W Adolf H J Opferkuch and E Hecker ldquoIrritant phorbolderivatives from four Jatropha speciesrdquo Phytochemistry vol 23no 1 pp 129ndash132 1984
[70] K M Hosamani and K S Katagi ldquoCharacterization andstructure elucidation of 12-hydroxyoctadec-cis-9-enoic acid inJatropha gossypifolia and Hevea brasiliensis seed oils a richsource of hydroxy fatty acidrdquo Chemistry and Physics of Lipidsvol 152 no 1 pp 9ndash12 2008
[71] S F A J Horsten A J J Van Den Berg J J Kettenes-VanDen Bosch B R Leeflang and R P Labadie ldquoCyclogossine Aa novel cyclic heptapeptide isolated from the latex of Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Planta Medica vol 62 no 1 pp 46ndash50 1996
[72] M U Ahmad M R Islam A H Mirza B H Chowdhuryand N Nahar ldquoAlkaloids of Jatropha gossypifolia Linnrdquo IndianJournal of Chemistry B Organic Chemistry Including MedicinalChemistry vol 31 no 1 pp 67ndash69 1992
[73] A Falodun U Kragl S-M T Touem A Villinger T Fahren-waldt and P Langer ldquoA novel anticancer diterpenoid fromJatropha gossypifoliardquo Natural Product Communications vol 7no 2 pp 151ndash152 2012
[74] G D Wadankar S N Malode and S L Sarambekar ldquoTra-ditionally used medicinal plants for ound healing in theWashim district Maharashtra (India)rdquo International Journal ofPharmTech Research vol 3 no 4 pp 2080ndash2084 2011
[75] B Kumar M Vijayakumar R Govindarajan and P Pushpan-gadan ldquoEthnopharmacological approaches to wound healing-Exploring medicinal plants of Indiardquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 114 no 2 pp 103ndash113 2007
[76] K Koudouvo D S Karou K Kokou et al ldquoAn ethnobotanicalstudy of antimalarial plants in Togo Maritime Regionrdquo Journalof Ethnopharmacology vol 134 no 1 pp 183ndash190 2011
[77] M Coelho-Ferreira ldquoMedicinal knowledge and plant utiliza-tion in an Amazonian coastal community ofMaruda Para State(Brazil)rdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 126 no 1 pp 159ndash175 2009
[78] F C S Oliveira R F M Barros and J M Moita Neto ldquoPlan-tas medicinais utilizadas em comunidades rurais de Oeirassemiarido piauienserdquo Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinaisvol 12 no 3 pp 282ndash301 2010
[79] J D F L Santos E Pagani J Ramos and E Rodrigues ldquoObser-vations on the therapeutic practices of riverine communities oftheUnini River AM Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol142 no 2 pp 503ndash515 2012
[80] S L Cartaxo M M de Almeida Souza and U P de Albu-querque ldquoMedicinal plants with bioprospecting potential usedin semi-arid northeastern Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacol-ogy vol 131 no 2 pp 326ndash342 2010
[81] O Jansen L Angenot M Tits et al ldquoEvaluation of 13 selectedmedicinal plants from Burkina Faso for their antiplasmodialpropertiesrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 130 no 1 pp143ndash150 2010
[82] M H Yetein L G Houessou T O Lougbegnon O Teka andB Tente ldquoEthnobotanical study of medicinal plants used for thetreatment of malaria in plateau of Allada Benin (West Africa)rdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 146 no 1 pp 154ndash163 2013
[83] L J Quintans Junior J R G S Almeida J T Lima et al ldquoPlantswith anticonvulsivant propertiesmdasha reviewrdquo Revista Brasileirade Farmacognosia vol 18 pp 798ndash819 2008
[84] A Diallo M S Traore S M Keita et al ldquoManagement ofdiabetes in Guinean traditional medicine an ethnobotanicalinvestigation in the coastal lowlandsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 144 no 2 pp 353ndash361 2012
[85] S O Olabanji A C Adebajo O R Omobuwajo et al ldquoPIXEanalysis of some Nigerian anti-diabetic medicinal plants (II)rdquoNuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B BeamInteractions With Materials and Atoms vol 318 pp 187ndash1902014
[86] T Oduola O G Avwioro and T B Ayanniyi ldquoSuitability ofthe leaf extract of Jatropha gossypifolia as an anticoagulant forbiochemical and haematological analysesrdquo African Journal ofBiotechnology vol 4 no 7 pp 679ndash681 2005
[87] CM Chariandy C E Seaforth R H Phelps G V Pollard andB P S Khambay ldquoScreening of medicinal plants from Trinidadand Tobago for antimicrobial and insecticidal propertiesrdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 64 no 3 pp 265ndash270 1999
[88] V P Kumar N S Chauhan H Padh and M Rajani ldquoSearchfor antibacterial and antifungal agents from selected Indian
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 31
medicinal plantsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 107 no2 pp 182ndash188 2006
[89] R Dabur A Gupta T K Mandal et al ldquoAntimicrobial activityof some medicinal plantsrdquo African Journal of TraditionalComplementary and AlternativeMedicines vol 4 no 3 pp 313ndash318 2007
[90] H C Ong and M Nordiana ldquoMalay ethno-medico botany inMachang Kelantan Malaysiardquo Fitoterapia vol 70 no 5 pp502ndash513 1999
[91] J Sanz-Biset J Campos-de-la-Cruz M A Epiquien-Riveraand S Canigueral ldquoA first survey on the medicinal plants of theChazuta valley (Peruvian Amazon)rdquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 122 no 2 pp 333ndash362 2009
[92] B B Panda K Gaur M L Kori et al ldquoAnti-inflammatoryand analgesic activity of Jatropha gossypifolia in experimentalanimal modelsrdquo Global Journal of Pharmacology vol 3 no 12009
[93] S S Ningthoujam A D Talukdar K S Potsangbam and MD Choudhury ldquoTraditional uses of herbal vapour therapy inManipur North East India an ethnobotanical surveyrdquo Journalof Ethnopharmacology vol 147 no 1 pp 136ndash147 2013
[94] A Asase A A Oteng-Yeboah G T Odamtten and M SJ Simmonds ldquoEthnobotanical study of some Ghanaian anti-malarial plantsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 99 no 2pp 273ndash279 2005
[95] C Lans T Harper K Georges and E Bridgewater ldquoMedicinaland ethnoveterinary remedies of hunters in Trinidadrdquo BMCComplementary and AlternativeMedicine vol 1 article 10 2001
[96] L Rasingam S Jeeva andD Kannan ldquoDental care of Andamanand Nicobar folks medicinal plants use as tooth stickrdquo AsianPacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine vol 2 no 2 pp S1013ndashS1016 2012
[97] P J Houghton and I M Osibogun ldquoFlowering plants usedagainst snakebiterdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 39 no 1pp 1ndash29 1993
[98] M Molander C H Saslis-Lagoudakis A K Jager and NRoslashnsted ldquoCross-cultural comparison of medicinal floras usedagainst snakebitesrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 139 no3 pp 863ndash872 2012
[99] A Jain S S Katewa B L Chaudhary and P Galav ldquoFolk herbalmedicines used in birth control and sexual diseases by tribals ofsouthern Rajasthan Indiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol90 no 1 pp 171ndash177 2004
[100] A Jain S S Katewa P K Galav and P Sharma ldquoMedicinalplant diversity of Sitamata wildlife sanctuary Rajasthan IndiardquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 102 no 2 pp 143ndash157 2005
[101] T Oduola G O Adeosun T A Oduola G O Avwioro andM A Oyeniyi ldquoMechanism of action of Jatropha gossypifoliastem latex as a haemostatic agentrdquo European Journal of GeneralMedicine vol 2 no 4 pp 140ndash143 2005
[102] D Garcia M V Domingues and E Rodrigues ldquoEthnophar-macological survey among migrants living in the SoutheastAtlantic Forest of Diadema Sao Paulo Brazilrdquo Journal ofEthnobiology and Ethnomedicine vol 6 article 29 2010
[103] S S Hebbar V H Harsha V Shripathi and G R HegdeldquoEthnomedicine of Dharwad district in Karnataka Indiamdashplants used in oral health carerdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 94 no 2-3 pp 261ndash266 2004
[104] S B Kosalge and R A Fursule ldquoInvestigation of ethnomedic-inal claims of some plants used by tribals of Satpuda Hills inIndiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 121 no 3 pp 456ndash461 2009
[105] R A Ritter M V B Monteiro F O B Monteiro et al ldquoEth-noveterinary knowledge and practices at Colares island Parastate eastern Amazon Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 144 no 2 pp 346ndash352 2012
[106] S K Dash and S Padhy ldquoReview on ethnomedicines fordiarrhoea diseases from Orissa prevalence versus culturerdquoJournal of Human Ecology vol 20 no 1 pp 59ndash64 2006
[107] R S L Taylor J B Hudson N P Manandhar and G H NTowers ldquoAntiviral activities of medicinal plants of southernNepalrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 53 pp 97ndash104 1996
[108] J M A Maia N G Czeczko J M R Filho et al ldquoEstudoda cicatrizacao de suturas na bexiga urinaria de ratos come sem utilizacao de extrato bruto de Jatropha gossypiifolia Lintraperitonealrdquo Acta Cirurgica Brasileira vol 21 no 2 pp 23ndash30 2006
[109] A L Ososki P Lohr M Reiff et al ldquoEthnobotanical literaturesurvey of medicinal plants in the Dominican Republic used forwomens health conditionsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol79 no 3 pp 285ndash298 2002
[110] A S Apu FHossain F Rizwan et al ldquoStudy of pharmacologicalactivities of methanol extract of Jatropha gossypifolia fruitsrdquoJournal of Basic and Clinical Pharmacy vol 4 no 1 pp 20ndash242013
[111] A S Apu K Ireen S Hossan Bhuyan et al ldquoEvaluation ofanalgesic neuropharmacological and anti-diarrheal potential ofJatropha gossypifolia (Linn) leaves in micerdquo Journal of MedicalSciences vol 12 no 8 pp 274ndash279 2012
[112] F A G Rocha and L I S Dantas ldquoAtividade antimicrobianain vitro do latex do aveloz (Euphorbia tirucalli L) pinhao bravo(Jatrophamollissima L) e pinhao roxo (Jatropha gossypiifolia L)sobre microrganismos patogenicosrdquo Holos vol 25 no 4 2009
[113] O M David and J O Oluyege ldquoIn vitro susceptibility ofselected pathogenic bacteria to leaf extracts and latex of Jatrophagossypiifolia(L) and Jatropha curcas (L)rdquo Biosciences Biotechnol-ogy Research Asia vol 3 no 1 pp 91ndash94 2006
[114] W D MacBae J B Hudson and G H N Towers ldquoStudieson the pharmacological activity of amazonian euphorbiaceaerdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 22 no 2 pp 143ndash172 1988
[115] M C Purohit and R Purohit ldquoEvaluation of antimicrobial andanti-inflammatory activities of bark of Jatropha gossypifoliardquoWorld Journal of Science and Technology vol 1 no 10 pp 1ndash52011
[116] D Singh and A Singh ldquoThe toxicity of four native Indianplants effect on AChE and acidalkaline phosphatase level infish Channa maruliusrdquo Chemosphere vol 60 no 1 pp 135ndash1402005
[117] C M Feitosa R M Freitas N N N Luz M Z B BezerraandM T S Trevisan ldquoAcetylcholinesterase inhibition by somespromising Brazilian medicinal plantsrdquo Brazilian Journal ofBiology vol 71 no 3 pp 783ndash789 2011
[118] Y Nagaharika V Kalyani S Rasheed and R KarthikeyanldquoAnti-inflammatory activity of leaves of Jatropha gossypifolia Lby HRBC membrane stabilization methodrdquo Journal of AcuteDisease vol 2 no 2 pp 156ndash158 2013
[119] S D N Silva I C Abreu S M D F Freire et al ldquoAntispas-modic effect of Jatropha gossypiifolia is mediated through dualblockade of muscarinic receptors and Ca2+ channelsrdquo BrazilianJournal of Pharmacognosy vol 21 no 4 pp 715ndash720 2011
[120] D Carabajal A Casaco L Arruzazabala R Gonzalez andV Fuentes ldquoPharmacological screening of plant decoctionscommonly used in Cuban folk medicinerdquo Journal of Ethnophar-macology vol 33 no 1-2 pp 21ndash24 1991
32 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
[121] S Jain G P Choudhary and D K Jain ldquoPharmacological eval-uation of anti-fertility activity of ethanolic extract of Jatrophagossypifolia leaf in female albino micerdquo Asian Pacific Journal ofTropical Biomedicine vol 2 no 3 pp S1671ndashS1674 2012
[122] S C N Servin O J M Torres J E F Matias et al ldquoAcao doextrato de Jatropha gossypiifolia L (piao roxo) na cicatrizacaode anastomose colonica estudo experimental em ratosrdquo ActaCirurgica Brasileira vol 21 no 3 pp 89ndash96 2006
[123] J R Vale N G Czeczko J U Aquino et al ldquoEstudo compara-tivo da cicatrizacao de gastrorrafias com e sem o uso do extratode Jatropha gossypiifolia L (piao roxo) em ratosrdquoActa CirurgicaBrasileira vol 21 no 3 pp 40ndash48 2006
[124] J U Aquino N G Czeczko O Malafaia et al ldquoAvaliacaofitoterapica da Jatropha gossypiifolia L na cicatrizacao desuturas na parede abdominal ventral de ratosrdquo Acta CirurgicaBrasileira vol 21 no 2 pp 61ndash66 2006
[125] M F D S Santos N G Czeczko P A N Nassif et alldquoAvaliacao do uso do extrato bruto de Jatropha gossypiifolia Lna cicatrizacao de feridas cutaneas em ratosrdquo Acta CirurgicaBrasileira vol 21 no 3 pp 2ndash7 2006
[126] B B Panda K Gaur R K Nema C S Sharma A K Jain andC P Jain ldquoHepatoprotective activity of Jatropha gossypifoliaagainst carbon tetrachloride- induced hepatic injury in ratsrdquoAsian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research vol 2no 1 pp 50ndash54 2009
[127] S S Deo T M Chaudhari and F Inam ldquoEvaluation ofthe immunomodulatory effects of 1-phenylnaphthalene andpericarbonyl lactone lignan compoundsrdquoDer PharmaChemicavol 4 no 2 pp 771ndash776 2012
[128] S K Rasheed S Kunapareddy and R Karthikeyan ldquoLocalanesthetic activity of Jatropha gossypifolia L on frogsrdquo Biomed-ical and Pharmacology Journal vol 5 no 2 pp 395ndash397 2012
[129] AM A Paes A L Camara SM F Freire andMO R BorgesldquoRelaxant effect of Jatropha gossypiifolia L on uterine smoothmusclerdquo International Journal of Phytomedicine vol 4 no 3 pp310ndash313 2012
[130] S J Jain G P Choudhary and D K Jain ldquoPharmacologicalevaluation and antifertility activity of Jatropha gossypifoliain ratsrdquo BioMed Research International vol 2013 Article ID125980 5 pages 2013
[131] J S de Oliveira PM Leite L B de Souza et al ldquoCharacteristicsand composition of Jatropha gossypiifolia and Jatropha curcasL oils and application for biodiesel productionrdquo Biomass andBioenergy vol 33 no 3 pp 449ndash453 2009
[132] V Bullangpoti E Wajnberg P Audant and R FeyereisenldquoAntifeedant activity of Jatropha gossypifolia and Meliaazedarach senescent leaf extracts on Spodoptera frugiperda(Lepidoptera Noctuidae) and their potential use as synergistsrdquoPest Management Science vol 68 no 9 pp 1255ndash1264 2012
[133] S N K JilaniW Islam andM Kamsh ldquoPotential of pyrethroidinsecticides and plant extracts on fecundity and egg viability oftribolium castaneum (Herbst)rdquo Journal of Bio-Science vol 19no 1 pp 95ndash97 2011
[134] D Sukumaran B D Parashar and K M Rao ldquoToxicity of Jat-ropha gossypiifolia and Vaccaria pyramidata against freshwatersnails vectors of animal schistosomiasisrdquo Fitoterapia vol 66 no5 pp 393ndash398 1995
[135] R K Devappa H P S Makkar and K Becker ldquoJatrophatoxicitymdasha reviewrdquo Journal of Toxicology and EnvironmentalHealth B Critical Reviews vol 13 no 6 pp 476ndash507 2010
[136] E P Schenkel M Zannin L A Mentz S A L Bordignonand B Irgang ldquoPlantas toxicasrdquo in Farmacognosia Da Planta
ao Medicamento C M O Simoes E P Schenkel G GosmannJ C P Mello L A Mentz and P R Petrovick Eds pp 959ndash993 Editora da UFRGSUFSC Porto Alegre Brazil 3d edition2007
[137] L I Oliveira F F Jabour V A Nogueira and E M YamasakildquoIntoxicacao experimental com as folhas de Jatropha gossypifo-lia(Euphorbiaceae) em ovinosrdquo Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileiravol 28 no 6 pp 275ndash278 2008
[138] P I A Awachie and F O Ugwu ldquoPreliminary investigationof the antimicrobial and brine shrimp lethality propertiesof some nigerian medicinal plantsrdquo International Journal ofPharmacognosy vol 35 no 5 pp 338ndash343 1997
[139] L J Medubi V O Ukwenya O T Aderinto et al ldquoEffects ofadministration of ethanolic root extract of Jatropha gossypiifoliaand prednisolone on the kidneys of Wistar ratsrdquo ElectronicJournal of Biomedicine vol 2 pp 41ndash48 2010
[140] T Oduola G B Popoola G O Avwioro et al ldquoUse of Jatrophagossypifolia stem latex as a haemostatic agent how safe is itrdquoJournal of Medicinal Plants Reasearch vol 1 no 1 pp 14ndash172007
Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom
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Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
MEDIATORSINFLAMMATION
of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Behavioural Neurology
EndocrinologyInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Disease Markers
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
BioMed Research International
OncologyJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
PPAR Research
The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Immunology ResearchHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of
ObesityJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine
OphthalmologyJournal of
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Diabetes ResearchJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
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Research and TreatmentAIDS
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Gastroenterology Research and Practice
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Parkinsonrsquos Disease
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Volume 2014Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 15
Table3Po
pularm
edicinaluses
ofJatro
phagossy
piifolia
Ldescrib
edin
theliterature
Plantp
art
Popu
laru
sePreparationandor
mod
eofu
seRe
ference
Who
leplant
Analgesic(headache)
Leaves
anointed
with
ldquoSebode
Holan
dardquo(muttontallo
w)a
ndheated
inthefi
reareu
sedas
compressfor
headaches
[5]
Analgesic(to
othache)
Not
specified
[3]
Antim
icrobial
Not
specified
[3]
Antipyretic
Decoctio
n[20]
Dyscrasia
Not
specified
[3]
Dysph
onia
Not
specified
[3]
Wou
ndhealing
Not
specified
[7475]
Aeria
lparts
Antianemic(m
alariatre
atment)
Decoctio
nused
byoralroute
[76]
Abscess
Bath
[77]
Alopecia
Ashleaves
[25]
Analgesic(eye
pain)
Not
specified
[78]
Analgesic(headache)
Not
specified
[78]
Analgesic(headachea
ndotitis)
Not
specified
[79]
Analgesic(painin
general)
Decoctio
nor
infusio
n[80]
Analgesic(to
othache)
Decoctio
nor
infusio
n[80]
Antianemic
Decoctio
n[81]
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[82]
Anticancer
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Decoctio
nof
thea
ssociatio
nof
leaves
ofJgossy
piifolia
with
leaves
ofPetiveriaalliaceaandaeria
lpartsof
Stachytarpheta
jamaicensis
byoralroute
[29]
Not
specified
[3]
Anticon
vulsivant
Not
specified
[83]
Antidiabetic
Decoctio
n[8485]
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Antidiarrheal
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Not
specified
[3]
Antihem
orrhagic
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Freshcrushedleaves
areu
sedin
caseso
fcutaneous
andnasalbleeding
[86]
Anti-infectiv
eDecoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Not
specified
[8788]
Anti-infl
ammatory
Not
specified
[78]
Antipyretic
Decoctio
n[81]
ldquoTeardquo
[5]
Not
specified
[88]
Antise
ptic
Bath
prepared
from
theleaves
[5]
Antith
rombo
ticDecoctio
nor
infusio
n[80]
Antiulcerogenic
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Leafjuice
[89]
Boils
Applicationof
thep
ound
edleaves
[90]
16 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative MedicineTa
ble3Con
tinued
Plantp
art
Popu
laru
sePreparationandor
mod
eofu
seRe
ference
Burns
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Usedin
associationwith
seedso
fGossypium
arboreum
sugarhon
eybeeandfato
fram
preparedby
grinding
app
liedtopically
[29]
Con
traceptiv
eand
oxito
toxic
Not
specified
[79]
Depurative
Squeezedthe
juiceo
btainedisdrun
k[91]
Detoxificant
Not
specified
[92]
Eczema
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Emetic
Squeezedthe
juiceo
btainedisdrun
k[91]
Gastro
intestinaldisorders
Not
specified
[79]
Gingivitis
Leafjuice
[89]
Gon
orrhoea
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Healin
gBa
thprepared
from
theleaves
[5]
Decoctio
n[30]
Decoctio
nor
infusio
n[80]
Hem
orrhoids
Usedin
associationwith
leaves
ofNicotia
natabacum
andcopp
ersulphateboiledin
waterand
used
asste
amdirected
atthea
nalregion
[93]
Hem
ostatic
Decoctio
nor
infusio
n[80]
Hepatitis
Not
specified
[12]
Itching
skin
Applicationof
thep
ound
edleaves
[90]
Leaves
Leprosy
Leafjuice
[89]
Malaria
Decoctio
n[81]
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[82]
Usedin
associationwith
leaves
ofAz
adira
chta
indica
andCo
mbretum
spbo
iledforsteam
bathsa
ndby
oralroute
[94]
Usedin
associationwith
leaves
ofCo
mbretum
ghasalenseandwho
leplanto
fOcim
umcanu
mbyoralrouteo
rfor
steam
baths
[94]
Mastitis
Poun
dedleaves
appliedon
swollenbreasts
[90]
Mycosis
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Psycho
activ
eNot
specified
[79]
Purgative
Not
specified
[388]
Rheumatism
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Scabies
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Skin
diseases
Not
specified
[3]
Stom
achic
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Not
specified
[8892]
Syph
ilis
Ash
ofleaves
[25]
Thrush
(oralcandidiasis)
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Treatm
ento
fldquocultu
ralsyn
drom
esrdquoldquoderramerdquo
ldquoquebranterdquoldquoespanterdquo
ldquovento-caıdordquoldquo
panemardquo
ldquodoenca-do-arrdquoldquom
ae-do-corpordquo
Not
specified
[79]
Vaginalinfectio
nSlightlybo
iledused
asvaginalw
ash
[91]
Venerald
iseases
Not
specified
[92]
Verm
ifuge
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Vertigo
Not
specified
[3]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 17
Table3Con
tinued
Plantp
art
Popu
laru
sePreparationandor
mod
eofu
seRe
ference
Wou
ndsa
ndrashes
Bath
oftheleaves
[24]
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Decoctio
nused
asbathsfor
cleaningwou
ndsindo
gs[95]
Wou
nddisin
fectant
Slightlybo
iledused
aswou
ndwash
[91]
Stem
Analgesic(to
othache)
Not
specified
[96]
Antianemic
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[82]
Anticancer
Decoctio
nby
oralor
topicalrou
te[26]
Emmenagogue
Decoctio
nof
barks
[7092]
Malaria
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[82]
Rheumatism
Not
specified
[77]
Thickbloo
dNot
specified
[77]
Roots
Anticancer
Decoctio
nby
oralor
topicalrou
te[26]
Root
bark
used
forc
ancero
fthe
lung
s[73]
Anticon
vulsivant
Not
specified
[83]
Antidiarrheal
Not
specified
[89]
Antim
icrobial
Root
bark
used
inbacterialinfectio
ns[73]
Impo
tence
Decoctio
nof
thea
ssociatio
nof
rootso
fJgossy
piifoliaC
hiococca
albaC
itrus
aurantifoliaD
esmodium
canu
m
RoystonearegiaSenn
aoccid
entalisStachytarphetajamaicensis
and
Waltheriaindica
with
thew
holeplanto
fCom
melina
erectaC
yperus
rotund
usand
sugarby
oralroute
[29]
Leprosy
Not
specified
[392]
Snakebites
Not
specified
[22929798]
Urin
arypain
Not
specified
[92]
Uterusd
iseases
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[99100]
Seeds
Analgesic(bod
ypain)
Not
specified
[101]
Analgesic(headache)
Not
specified
[79]
Antigrip
alUsedin
strong
colds
[5]
Antihem
orrhagic
Not
specified
[9]
Antiulcerogenic
Seed
oil
[3]
Con
traceptiv
eand
oxito
toxic
Not
specified
[79]
Depurative
Not
specified
[91]
Emetic
Not
specified
[7091101]
Gastro
intestinaldisorders
Not
specified
[79]
Leprosy
Seed
oil
[3]
Mycosis
Seed
oil
[3]
Psycho
activ
eNot
specified
[79]
Purgative
Not
specified
[39101102]
Treatm
ento
fldquocultu
ralsyn
drom
esrdquoldquoderramerdquo
ldquoquebranterdquoldquoespanterdquo
ldquovento-caıdordquoldquo
panemardquo
ldquodoenca-do-arrdquoldquom
ae-do-corpordquo
Not
specified
[79]
Vaginalinfectio
nSlightlybo
iledused
asvaginalw
ash
[91]
Wou
ndinfection
Slightlybo
iledused
aswou
ndwash
[91]
18 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table3Con
tinued
Plantp
art
Popu
laru
sePreparationandor
mod
eofu
seRe
ference
Fruits
Analgesic
Massaging
pregnant
wom
enrsquosbellies
with
teao
rgarrafadalowast
whenthey
areinpain
[77]
Analgesic(headache)
Teao
rgarrafadalowast
[77]
Analgesic(to
othache)
Teao
rgarrafadalowast
[77]
Laxativ
eIngestion
innatura
ofthep
owderfruit
[102]
Num
bnessa
fterb
ugsting
sTeao
rgarrafadalowast
[77]
Latex
Alopecia
Not
specified
[25]
Analgesic(eye
pain)
Not
specified
[78]
Analgesic(painin
general)
Drin
kor
massage
thea
ffected
area
with
latex
[80]
Analgesic(to
othache)
Cottonsoaked
with
latexkept
incontactw
iththes
oretoo
th[103]
Drin
kor
massage
thea
ffected
area
with
latex
[80]
Anticancer
Not
specified
[25]
Antihem
orrhagic
Not
specified
[9248695]
Antith
rombo
ticOralrou
te[80]
Antiulcerogenic
Not
specified
[2089]
Biteof
veno
mou
sanimals
Applicationof
fresh
latexatthea
ffected
site
[5]
Diuretic
Afewdrop
soffresh
latex
inwater
[6]
Eczema
Not
specified
[25]
Gingivitis
Not
specified
[89]
Gon
orrhea
Not
specified
[25]
Hem
ostatic
Not
specified
[2580]
Infected
wou
nds
Applicationof
fresh
latex
atthea
ffected
site
[520]
Leprosy
Not
specified
[89]
Mycosis
Not
specified
[25]
Purgative
Afewdrop
soffresh
latexin
water
[6]
Not
specified
[9]
Rheumatism
Not
specified
[25]
Scabies
Not
specified
[25]
Skin
burns
Applicationof
fresh
latex
atthea
ffected
site
[104]
Not
specified
[25]
Stop
ofitching
ofcutsandscratches
Not
specified
[95]
Syph
ilis
Not
specified
[25]
Thrush
(oralcandidiasis)
Not
specified
[25]
Verm
ifuge
Not
specified
[25]
Wou
ndhealing
Applicationof
latexatthea
ffected
site
[5]
Drin
kor
massage
thea
ffected
sitew
ithlatex
[80]
Not
specified
[7475]
Resin
Toothache
Toothp
owder
[27]
Wou
ndsinlip
sand
tong
ueTo
picalapp
lication
[27]
Oil
Arthritis
Appliedlocally
[89]
Purgative
Not
specified
[89]
Skin
disease
Appliedlocally
[89]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 19
Table3Con
tinued
Plantp
art
Popu
laru
sePreparationandor
mod
eofu
seRe
ference
Not
specified
Alopecia
Teaa
ppliedlocally
indo
gs[105]
Analgesic
Not
specified
[13]
Poultic
es[95]
Anticancer
Not
specified
[1366]
Antidiarrheal
Not
specified
[2845106]
Antihypertensive
Not
specified
[45]
Anti-infl
ammatory
Not
specified
[1328]
Antipyretic
Not
specified
[28]
Antise
ptic
Not
specified
[45]
Antiulcerogenic
Not
specified
[28]
Cou
ghsa
ndcolds
Bark
juice(4spoo
nfuls3tim
esad
ay)b
yoralroute
[107]
Detoxication
Not
specified
[28]
Diuretic
Not
specified
[45]
Eczema
Not
specified
[28]
Gum
infection
Not
specified
[28]
Healin
gNot
specified
[45108]
Hydropsy
Not
specified
[5]
Leprosy
Not
specified
[28]
Obstructio
nsof
thea
bdom
inaltract
Not
specified
[5]
Purgative
Not
specified
[5]
Regu
latem
enses
Not
specified
[109]
Rheumatism
Not
specified
[5]
Snakea
ndscorpion
bites
Not
specified
[322]
Stom
achpain
Not
specified
[28]
Venerealdiseases
Not
specified
[28]
Wou
nds
Poultic
es[95]
Usedas
bath
[28]
lowast
Garrafadapreparatio
ndo
neby
maceratingplantp
artsin
alcoho
lorh
ydroalcoho
licmediumsin
generalbrandies
20 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative MedicineTa
ble4Ph
armacologicalstu
dies
ofJatro
phagossy
piifolia
Ldescrib
edin
theliterature
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Analgesic
Aeria
lparts
Methano
land
petro
lether
extracts
At100and200m
gkgdayover7
daysbyoralrouteinmiceon
lythe
methano
lextractpresentedsig
nificantanalgesicactiv
ityin
Eddyrsquosho
tplatea
ndtail-flack
mod
els[92]
Fruits
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmicehigh
lysig
nificantly
inhibitedthew
rithing
respon
sesind
uced
byaceticacid
[110]
Leaves
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmicesig
nificantly
inhibited
thew
rithing
respon
sesind
uced
byaceticacid
[111]
Antibacteria
l
Latex
Crud
elatex
At100120583
Lvolumeinh
ibitedin
vitro
Liste
riamonocytogenes
Salm
onellatyhimuriumSalmonellatyphiandStaphylococcus
aureus
[112]
Latex
Not
specified
Presentedbactericidaleffectinvitro
againstShigella
dysenteriaea
ndStaphylococcus
aureuslowast
[113]
Leaves
Fractio
nsobtained
bysequ
entia
lextractionof
the
vegetalm
aterialw
ithpetro
letherbenzenechloroform
aceton
eethano
lmethano
landwater
Petro
lether
fractio
nwas
inactiv
eagainstEscherich
iacoliandBa
cillus
subtilisBe
nzenefractionwas
them
ostactiveagainstb
oth
microorganism
sCh
loroform
andmethano
lfractions
werea
ctive
onlyagainstB
acillus
subtilisAc
eton
eand
ethano
lfractions
were
activ
eonlyagainstE
scheric
hiacoliAq
ueou
sfractionwas
activ
eagainstb
othmicroorganism
salthou
ghto
amuchlesser
degree
than
theo
ther
fractions
[52]
Methano
lchloroform
and
water
extracts
Allextractswerea
ctiveinvitro
againstShigella
dysenteriaelowast
[113]
Petro
lether
andethyl
acetatefractions
from
ethano
ldichloromethane
(11vv)extract
Thep
etrolether
fractio
n(1mgmL)
inhibitedin
vitro
Pseudomonas
aeruginosaStaphylo
coccus
epidermidis
andSalm
onellatyphim
urium
Thee
thylacetatefraction(1mgmL)
was
activ
eagainstStaphylococcus
aureus
[87]
Who
leplant
Jatro
phenon
ePresentedin
vitro
antib
acteria
lactivity
againstStaphylo
coccus
aureus
comparabletopenicillin
[41]
Aeria
lparts
Water
andethylacetate
fractio
nsfro
mmethano
lextract
Both
fractio
nsat1
mgdidno
tprodu
cezoneso
finh
ibition
for
Escherich
iacoliStaphylococcus
aureusSaccharom
yces
cerevisia
enor
Cand
idaalbicans
[114]
Leaves
Chloroform
extract
Presentedantib
acteria
lactivity
againstSalmonellatyphiPseudomonas
aeruginosaand
Staphylococcus
aureus
andantifun
galactivity
against
Cand
idaalbicansD
idno
tprodu
ceinhibitio
nzonesa
gainst
Escherich
iacoliBa
cillussubtilis
Proteusm
irabilisC
orynebacteriu
mdiptheria
eShigelladysenteriaea
ndStreptococcusp
enum
oniae
[50]
Leaves
Dichlorom
ethane
methano
l(11vv)extract
At05and1m
gmLshow
edsig
nificantantibacteria
lactivity
invitro
againstB
acillus
cereus
varm
ycoidesBa
cillusp
umilu
sBa
cillussubtilis
Bordetellabronchise
ptica
MicrococcusluteusStaphylococcus
aureus
Staphylococcus
epidermidis
Klebsiella
pneumoniaeandStreptococcus
faecalisandantifun
galactivity
invitro
againstC
andida
albicans
[88]
Methano
lextract
Presentedantib
acteria
lactivity
againstSalmonellatyphiPseudomonas
aeruginosaand
Staphylococcus
aureus
andantifun
galactivity
against
Cand
idaalbicansD
idno
tprodu
ceinhibitio
nzonesa
gainst
Escherich
iacoliBa
cillussubtilis
Proteusm
irabilisC
orynebacteriu
mdiptheria
eShigelladysenteriaea
ndStreptococcusp
enum
oniae
[50]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 21
Table4Con
tinued
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Antibacteria
land
antifun
gal
Not
specified
Extractsob
tained
bysequ
entia
lextractionof
the
vegetalm
aterialw
ithn-hexanechloroform
aceton
emethano
land
water
n-Hexanee
xtracthadinhibitory
activ
ityin
vitro
againstE
scheric
hia
coliSalm
onellatyphiPseudomonas
aeruginosaB
acillus
cereus
Klebsiella
aerogenesandCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainst
Shiguella
boydiAspergillus
fumiga
tusAspergillus
flavusand
Aspergillus
nigerCh
loroform
extractinh
ibitedin
vitro
Salm
onella
typhiPseudomonas
aeruginosaB
acillus
cereusan
dCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainstEscherich
iacoliStaphylococcus
aureus
Shiguella
boydiAspergillus
fumiga
tusAspergillus
flavusand
Aspergillus
nigerAc
eton
eextractinhibitedin
vitro
Escherich
iacoli
Pseudomonas
aeruginosaStaphylococcusa
ureusKlebsiella
aerogenes
Proteusv
ulgarisan
dCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainst
Salm
onellatyphiAspergillus
fumiga
tusAspergillus
flavusa
ndAspergillus
nigerMethano
lextractinhibitedin
vitro
Escherich
iacoli
Salm
onellatyphiPseudomonas
aeruginosaStaphylococcusa
ureus
Bacilluscereusa
ndCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainst
Aspergillus
fumigatusA
spergillu
sflavusan
dAspergillus
nigerWater
extractw
asactiv
einvitro
againstE
scheric
hiacoliSalm
onellatyphi
Pseudomonas
aeruginosaStaphylococcusa
ureusBa
cilluscereus
Klebsiella
aerogenesProteusv
ulgarisan
dCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainstAspergillus
fumigatusA
spergillu
sflavusand
Aspergillus
niger
[89]
Methano
land
petro
lether
extractsfro
mbark
At200120583
g100120583
Lon
lythem
ethano
lextractshow
edin
vitro
antib
acteria
lactivity
upon
Staphylococcus
aureusStre
ptococcus
pyogenesand
Escherich
iacoliandantifun
galactivity
upon
Aspergillus
nigerCa
ndidaalbicansPenicillium
notatumand
Saccharomyces
cerevisia
e
[115]
Anticho
linesterase
Latex
Lyop
hilized
latex
Inhibitedtim
e-anddo
se-dependentlythea
cetylch
olinesterase
enzymeinnervou
stissue
offre
shwater
airb
reathing
fishCh
anna
marulius
[116]
Leaves
Fractio
nsobtained
bysequ
entia
lextractionof
the
vegetalm
aterialw
ithethyl
acetatea
ndmethano
l
At2m
gmLconcentration
thee
thylacetatea
ndmethano
lfractions
presentedinhibitory
activ
ities
invitro
of71
and100
Them
ethano
lfractio
npresentedIC
50of
005
mgmL
[117]
Antidiarrheal
Fruits
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmiceinhibitedthec
astoro
ilindu
ceddiarrhea
[110]
Leaves
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmiceinhibitedthec
astoro
ilindu
ceddiarrhea
[111]
Antifu
ngal
(antidermatop
hytic
fung
i)Ae
rialp
arts
Water
andethylacetate
fractio
nsfro
mmethano
lextract
Them
inim
alconcentrationprod
ucing75of
inhibitio
nor
high
eragainstM
icrosporuscanis
forb
othfractio
nsw
as1120583
gmLFo
rthe
fung
usMicrosporusg
ypseum
Microsporusfulvuman
dMicrosporus
gallina
eno
neof
thefractionpresentedinhibitory
activ
ity
[114]
22 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative MedicineTa
ble4Con
tinued
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Anti-infl
ammatory
Aeria
lparts
Methano
land
petro
lether
extracts
At100and200m
gkgdayover7
daysbyoralrouteinmiceon
lythe
methano
lextractpresentedsig
nificantanti-infl
ammatoryactiv
ityon
carrageenan-indu
cedpawedem
a[92]
Leaves
Aqueou
sextract
At100and200120583
gmLsig
nificantly
preventedthelysisof
human
red
bloo
dcells
inmem
branes
tabilizationmetho
din
vitro
[118]
Ethano
lextract
At100120583
gmLsig
nificantly
preventedthelysisof
human
redbloo
dcells
inmem
branes
tabilizationmetho
din
vitro
[118]
Methano
lextractandleaf
paste
At500and1000
mgkgbyoralrouteinrats
inhibitedthe
carrageenan-indu
cedpawedem
aAt
50and100m
gkgbyoralroute
inrats
inhibitedthec
ottonpelletind
uced
granulom
aformationin
rats
At05and1m
geartheleafp
asteredu
cedtheinfl
ammation
respon
sein
mou
seeare
demam
odel
[28]
Not
specified
Methano
land
petro
lether
extractsfro
mbark
At200m
gkgbyoralrouteinratsbothextractsredu
cedthe
carrageenan-indu
cedpawedem
a[115]
Antim
alarial
Leaves
Aqueou
sextract
30120583ginhibitedin
vitro
theg
rowth
ofPlasmodium
falciparum
[31]
Dichlorom
ethane
extract
Activ
einvitro
againstP
lasm
odium
falciparumw
ithIC
50of
abou
t35120583gmL
[81]
Antineoplasic
Roots
Ethano
licextractand
jatro
phon
e
Thee
thanolextractas
wellasjatroph
oneexhibitedsig
nificant
inhibitory
activ
ityin
vitro
againstcellsderiv
edfro
mhu
man
carcinom
aofthe
nasoph
aryn
xandlymph
ocyticleuk
emiaP-388and
invivo
againstfou
rstand
ardanim
altumor
syste
ms
[66]
Falodo
neShow
edpo
tent
proliferatio
ninhibitory
activ
ityagainstA
-549
human
cancer
celllin
ewith
IC50of
120120583
gmL
[13]
2120572-H
ydroxyjatro
phon
e2120573
-hydroxy-56-iso
jatro
phon
eand2120573
-hydroxyjatro
phon
editerpenes
isolatedfro
mpetro
lether
extract
Presentedantin
eoplasicactiv
ityup
onP-388lymph
ocyticleuk
emia
testsyste
mbo
thin
vivo
andin
vitro
asw
ellasfor
theE
aglersquos
carcinom
aofthe
nasoph
aryn
xtestsyste
min
vitro
[64]
Not
specified
Abiodo
neNot
specifiedlowast
[73]
Antioxidant
Leaves
Methano
lethylacetateand
aqueou
sextract
Allextractsshow
edsig
nificantantioxidant
activ
ityin
vitro
inDPP
Hfre
eradicalferric
thiocyanateandnitricoxides
caveng
ingmetho
dslowast
[55]
Who
leplant
Petro
letherchloroform
ethylacetateand
n-bu
tano
lextracts
Allextractsshow
edon
lypo
orDPP
Hscavenging
activ
ityTh
etotal
antio
xidant
capacitywas
high
erin
ethylacetateandn-bu
tano
lextracts
having
thep
etrolether
andchloroform
show
ingon
lypo
oractiv
ityTh
elipid
peroxidatio
nwas
inhibitedon
lypartially
bythe
extracts
with
thee
thylacetateb
eing
them
ostactivea
ndthep
etrol
etherb
eing
theleast
[48]
Antisp
asmod
icAe
rialp
arts
Ethano
lextractfractions
andsubfractions
At5001000and
2000
mgkgbyoralrouteinmiceshow
edsig
nificantantisp
asmod
icactiv
ityin
mou
seintestinaltransit
mod
elandat0510
and
20m
gmLinhibitedin
vitro
thea
cetylch
olinea
ndcalcium-in
ducedcontractions
ofiso
lated
ratjeju
numO
nlythe
organicfractionof
thee
xtracthadac
alcium
-antagon
isteffect
whereas
both
chloroform
icandaqueou
sfractions
hadanticho
linergic
effect
[119]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 23Ta
ble4Con
tinued
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Antivira
lAe
rialp
arts
Water
andethylacetate
fractio
nsfro
mmethano
lextract
At110and
100120583
gmLbo
thfractio
nspresented100
ofinhibitio
nof
plaque-fo
rmingabilityof
Sind
bisv
irusintre
atmentp
reinfection
protocol(IC 5
0lt1120583
gmL)w
hilein
treatmentp
ostin
fection
theIC 5
0of
water
fractio
nincreasedto
512andacetatefractionincreasedto
37120583gmLFo
rmurinec
ytom
egaloviru
sIC
50of
17and15
towater
andethylacetatefractio
nswereo
bservedrespectiv
elyintre
atment
preinfectio
nprotocolInthetreatmentp
ostin
fection
howe
verno
inhibitio
nwas
observed
inthismicroorganism
[114]
Not
specified
Methano
lextractfro
mbarks
Partially
activ
eagainstSind
bisv
irusand
herpes
simplex
virus-l
Inactiv
eagainsthu
man
polio
virus
[107]
Bron
chod
ilator
Stem
sAq
ueou
sextract
Thee
xtractwas
inactiv
einbron
chod
ilatora
ctivity
inguinea
pigs
[120]
Con
traceptiv
eLeaves
Ethano
lextract
At450m
gkgdayover2
1daysby
oralroutecaused
anantifertility
activ
ityin
femalem
ice
[121]
Healin
g
Aeria
lparts
Ethano
l70
extract
At1m
Lkg
dosebyintraperito
nealrouteinrats
presentedbeneficial
activ
ityin
healingprocesso
fcolon
icanastomosis
[122]
Aeria
lparts
Ethano
l70
extract
At200m
gkgbyintraperito
nealrouteinrats
favoredtheh
ealin
gprocesso
fgastro
rrhaph
iesa
ndredu
cedthea
cuteinflammatory
reactio
nin
vivo
[123]
Leaves
Hydroethano
lextract
At200m
gkgbyintraperito
nealroutedecreasedtheinfl
ammation
andincreasedvascular
neoformationandcollagendepo
sitionwhen
comparedto
thec
ontro
lgroup
inhealingprocesso
fsutures
perfo
rmed
ontheb
ladd
erof
rats
How
everingeneralno
favorable
healingeffectw
asob
served
[108]
Not
specified
Ethano
licextract
Alth
ough
someimprovem
entcou
ldbe
observed
insuture
healingof
ventralabd
ominalwallofratstreated
with
100m
gkg
ofextract
(intraperito
nealinstillationintraperito
nealcavity)in
generalon
lya
poor
healingactiv
itywas
observed
[124]
Not
specified
At01m
Lvolumeby
topicalapp
lication
thec
rude
extractp
resented
significantd
ifferencesc
oncerningthem
acroscop
icandmicroscop
icaspectso
fhealin
gprocesso
ccurrin
gin
open
skin
lesio
nsin
rats
[125]
Hem
ostatic
Latex
Crud
efresh
latex
Decreased
clotting
andbleeding
timeinhealthysubjects
[101]
Hepatop
rotective
Aeria
lparts
Petro
letherm
ethano
land
water
extracts
At200m
gkgdayover7
daysbyoralrouteinrats
both
extracts
presentedhepatoprotectiv
eactivity
incarbon
tetrachlorideind
uced
liver
damagewith
thep
etrolether
beingthem
ostactivea
ndthe
methano
lbeing
theleast
[126]
Hypotensiv
eand
vasorelaxant
Aeria
lparts
Ethano
licextract
At125and250m
gkgdayover4
weeksby
oralrouteinrats
ina
dose-dependent
mannerredu
cedthes
ystolic
bloo
dpressure
and
prod
uced
acon
centratio
n-depend
entrelaxanteffectin
ratisolated
(ex
vivo)end
otheliu
m-depriv
edmesenteric
artery
precon
tractedwith
norepineph
rineo
rCaC
l 2
[45]
Immun
omod
ulatory
Who
leplant
Petro
lether
extract
At100200and40
0120583gmLincreasedthep
roliferationof
mou
sespleen
cellin
vitro
[127]
Localanesthetic
Not
specified
Methano
land
aqueou
sextracts
Both
extractspresentedsig
nificantlocalanestheticactiv
ityby
plexus
anesthesiain
frogslowast
[128]
24 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table4Con
tinued
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Relaxant
effecto
nuterine
smoo
thmuscle
(tocolytic
activ
ity)
Aeria
lparts
Ethano
licextractand
chloroform
icandaqueou
sfractio
ns
At05and10
mgmLthee
thanolicextractreduced
the
calcium
-evokedcontractile
respon
seof
theu
terin
esmoo
thmuscle
as
wellas
thec
hloroformicfractio
nTh
eaqu
eous
fractio
npresented
onlyslighteffect
[129]
Sedativ
eand
anxiolytic
Fruits
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmicepresentedsedativ
eeffect
intheh
olec
rosstest
At200m
gkgpresented
anxiolyticactiv
ityin
holebo
ardtest
At40
0mgkgpresented
anxiolyticactiv
ityin
elevated
plus-m
azetest
[110]
Leaves
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmicepresentedsedativ
eeffect
intheh
olec
rosstest
At200m
gkgpresented
anxiolyticactiv
ityin
holebo
ardtest
At40
0mgkgpresented
anxiolyticin
elevated
plus-m
azetest
[111]
lowast
Thec
ompletev
ersio
nof
thep
aper
was
notaccessib
leso
theinformationwas
obtained
from
itsabstr
act
IC50con
centratio
nthatinhibits50of
ther
eferredactiv
ity
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 25
about extract preparation and plant part not specified) theauthors also observed an absence of healing action althoughsome histological improvement was shown [125]
However studying the influence of J gossypiifolia on thehealing process of colonic anastomosis in rats Servin et alshowed that the administration of 1mLkg single dose ofthe hydro alcoholic extract from aerial parts has beneficialeffect on the healing process [122] However according tothese authors on the seventh day of the experiment therewas a decrease in the action of the extract suggestingthat the extract in this experiment was less active in laterstages of healing process [122] A plausible hypothesis notraised by the authors could be the fact that the extract wasadministered in a single dose which may not have beensufficient to maintain the effect throughout the time of theexperiment Additionally Vale et al showed that the ethanolicextract from aerial parts of J gossypiifolia at single intraperi-toneal dose of 200mgkg favored the healing process ofgastrorrhaphies and reduced the acute inflammatory reactionin vivo [123]
65 Hemostatic Action The use of J gossypiifolia especiallythe latex is widespread as a hemostatic agent for preventingbleeding disorders The results of whole blood clotting timeusing Lee and White method and bleeding time using Ivyrsquosmethod were significantly reduced when stem latex wasintroduced suggesting procoagulant activity [101] Regardingthe possible mechanism of action based on experimentsthat show the precipitating action of the latex upon bovinealbumin the authors suggest that the latex precipitatesclotting factors thereby bringing the coagulation factors intoclose contact and then the activation of coagulation cascadeleads to the generation of thrombin and formation of aclot takes place in a matter of seconds when compared tothe control experiment which took minutes to completecoagulation [101] It is important to emphasize that to the bestof our knowledge this is the only study performed on humansubjects
66 Anticholinesterase Action Based on the cholinergichypothesis acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are widely usedto treat Alzheimerrsquos disease J gossypiifolia presented animportant anticholinesterase activity since the methanolicextract from leaves showed an IC
50of 005mgmL [117]
Another study showed that the lyophilized latex of theplant was able to inhibit time- and dose-dependently theacetylcholinesterase enzyme in nervous tissue of freshwaterair breathing fish Channa marulius [116]
67 Antioxidant Action The antioxidant activity of extractsfrom J gossypiifoliawas evaluated by Kharat et al [55] In thiswork the high content of phenols tannins and flavonoids inthe leaves prompted the authors to evaluate the antioxidantactivity of the leaves DPPH free radical ferric thiocyanateand nitric oxide scavengingmethods were used to analyze theantioxidant activity in vitro of methanol ethyl acetate andaqueous extracts demonstrating positive resultsThe authorsattributed the free radical scavenging activity to the presence
of flavonoids [55] On the other hand a study showed thatdifferent extracts (petrol ether chloroform ethyl acetate andn-butanol) fromwhole plant of J gossypiifolia had only partialantioxidant activity in DPPH scavenging total antioxidantcapacity and lipid peroxidation tests [48] Among them theethyl acetate extract was the most active which correlatespositively with its higher content of phenolic compounds incomparison with the other extracts [48]
68 Contraceptive Action Based on its popular use J gossypi-ifoliawas assessed for its antifertility activity as an alternativeto oral contraceptive agents J gossypiifolia leaf extract byoral route altered the major hormones involved in estrouscycle regulation indicating its antifertility effect on mice[121] Evaluating other parameters (estrogenic and earlyabortifacient activities) the anti-infertility effect of the extractwas once more demonstrated later [130]
69 Tocolytic Action Based on the ethnopharmacologicalapplication of the plant as tocolytic remedy the effects oncalcium-evoked uterine smooth muscle contraction of theethanolic extract and fractions were evaluated [129] Thecrude extract and to a higher extent the chloroformic frac-tion reduced the calcium-evoked contractile response of theuterine smooth muscle promoting a rightward displacementof calciumcumulative curves aswell as reducing themaximalcontractions [129]
610 Antineoplasic Action One of the most well-knownpharmacological activities of J gossypiifolia is its antineopla-sic action which is frequently associated with the contentof lignoids and terpenoids One of the first reports wasmade by Kupchan et al [66] when the authors found thatthe ethanolic extract from roots as well as the isolatedditerpene jatrophone exhibited significant inhibitory activityin vitro against cells derived from human carcinoma of thenasopharynx and lymphocytic leukemia P-388 and in vivoagainst four standard animal tumor systems such as sarcoma180 Lewis lung carcinoma P-388 lymphocytic leukemiaand Walker 256 intramuscular carcinosarcoma [66] Laterthree new antitumor derivatives of jatrophone were isolatedfrom petrol ether extracts from roots of J gossypiifolia 2120572-hydroxyjatrophone 2120573-hydroxy-56-isojatrophone and 2120573-hydroxyjatrophone [64] Recently two other diterpenes withpotent antineoplasic activity were isolated from J gossypi-ifolia falodone and abiodone Falodone was isolated frommethanol extract from roots and showed potent proliferationinhibitory activity against A-549 human cancer cell line [13]Abiodone a lathyrane diterpenoid compound was isolatedfrom J gossypiifolia and presented potent anticancer activity[73]
611 Local Anesthetic Action The local anesthetic action ofJ gossypiifolia was evaluated by plexus anaesthesia in frogs[128] The authors observed that the aqueous and methanolextract (plant part not specified) presented significant anes-thetic action when compared to control group
26 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
612 Neuropharmacological Action The neuropharmacolog-ical action of the methanol extract of the leaves of J gossypi-ifolia was evaluated by Apu et al [111] The authors observedthat in hole cross test the extract at 200 and 400mgkg byoral route showed significant sedative effect in mice In holeboard test the extract showed highly significant anxiolyticactivity at a dose of 200mgkg whereas the same activity wasobserved at 400mgkg dose in elevated plus-maze test [111]Similar results were observed in the methanolic extract fromfruits [110]
613 Antidiarrheal Action Although it may seem contradic-tory as shown in Table 3 J gossypiifolia species is popularlyused both as purgative and as antidiarrheal remedy Howeverin literature there are interesting results about the antidiar-rheal properties of different extracts of this species
At 200 and 400mgkg oral doses in mice the methanolextract of J gossypiifolia leaves produced highly signifi-cant antidiarrheal activity upon castor oil-induced diarrheadecreasing themean number of stool and total weight of fecaloutput when compared to control group [111] Similar resultswere observed in the methanolic extract from fruits [110]
Aiming to determine the possible action mechanism of Jgossypiifolia aerial parts ethanol extract as antidiarrheal agentSilva et al [119] have investigated the effect of this extracton intestinal transit velocity and on isolated rat jejunumAt 500 1000 and 2000mgkg by oral route in mice theextract showed significant antispasmodic activity in mouseintestinal transit model when compared to control At 0510 and 20mgmL the crude extract inhibited in vitro theacetylcholine and calcium-induced contractions of isolatedrat jejunum The chloroform and aqueous fractions wereobtained and it was observed that only the chloroform frac-tion of the extract had a calcium-antagonist effect whereasboth chloroformic and aqueous fractions had anticholinergiceffect suggesting that the antispasmodic effect of J gossypi-ifolia may be due to a combination of anticholinergic andcalcium-antagonist mechanisms [119]
614 Immunomodulatory Action The immunomodulatoryaction of synthetic lignan compounds was evaluated by theassay of proliferation of mouse spleen cell in vitro andcompared with petrol ether extract of whole plant of Jgossypiifolia since it is a natural source of this kind ofcompound [127] The authors showed that both syntheticand naturally occurring 1-phenylnaphthalene lignans couldpositively modulate the immunity of the host since theysignificantly increased the proliferation of mouse spleen cellin vitro [127]
615 Hepatoprotective Action Despite some studies havingshown the hepatotoxic potential of J gossypiifolia a study wasperformed to analyze the possible hepatoprotective action ofextracts of this plant in carbon tetrachloride-induced liverdamage in rats [126] In fact the petrol ether methanoland water extracts from the aerial parts of J gossypiifoliapresented significant hepatoprotective action in this model
substantially restoring towards normalization the serum lev-els of serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase serum glu-tamate pyruvate transaminase serum alkaline phosphatasetotal bilirubin superoxide dismutase and catalase [126] Theauthors also discuss the close relationship between the hep-atoprotective action observed and the possible antioxidantmechanism present in the extracts
7 Other Actions andBiotechnological Applications
In addition to studies demonstrating scientific evidences ofthe pharmacological properties of J gossypiifolia severalstudies have demonstrated the potential of this species toobtain molecules with various applications thus showing itsmultipurpose character
Among the main applications described the use ofJ gossypiifolia seed oil for biodiesel production could bementioned Jatropha species has drawn the attention ofresearchers in recent years due to its emergence as a highlysuitable feedstock plant for biodiesel production [11] Amongthe species J gossypiifolia J curcas and J pohliana produceseeds with high oil content [11] In a study investigatingthe potential of two plants of the Jatropha genus (includ-ing J gossypiifolia) the authors observed that the studiedphysicochemical properties of the produced biodiesel are inthe acceptable range for use as biodiesel in diesel enginesshowing a promising economic exploitation of these rawmaterials [131]
Studies have shown the potential of the species for thedevelopment of new tools for biochemical analysis A recentstudy showed that the diluted fresh latex J gossypiifolia can beused as precipitating agent for biochemical determination ofproteins in plasma urine and cerebrospinal fluid with valuescomparable to those obtained from the conventional proteinprecipitants sodium tungstate and trichloroacetic acid [24]According to the authors the precipitating potential couldbe related to the capacity of the latex to form clots whenapplied to a bleeding sore or wound when it is used in folkmedicine [24] Another study showed the potentiality of thejuice extracted from the fresh leaves of J gossypiifolia asan anticoagulant for haematological analyses [86] 01mL ofextract per mL of blood proved to be suitable for obtainingplasmas for biochemical analysis comparable with conven-tional anticoagulants [86] However the authors emphasizethat the extract must be purified to remove interferingsubstances for it to be perfectly suitable for biochemicalanalysis [86]
Some studies have demonstrated the potentiality of Jgossypiifolia as a source of pesticide biomolecules Bullang-poti et al [49] isolated ricinine from the ethyl acetate extractfrom senescent leaves the main compound responsible forthe toxicity of the crude extract in Spodoptera exigua larvaethus demonstrating that it could be an alternative choiceto chemical insecticides In another study Bullangpoti etal [132] showed that the ethanol extract of J gossypiifoliain association with the ethanol extract of Melia azedarachwas toxic and inhibited some enzymes from Spodoptera
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 27
frugiperda larvae demonstrating once more the potentialityof the species as insecticide agent Calatayud et al [56]showed the presence of proteins of about 100 kDa with toxicactivity upon Phenacoccus herreni another type of insectIn this work the authors performed a strategy of extrac-tion that eliminated nonprotein compounds being able todemonstrate the potential of the species to obtain insecticidalproteins [56] Leaf extract of J gossypiifolia reduced thefecundity and egg viability against stored product insect pestsTribolium castaneum [133]
The potential molluscicidal activity of J gossypiifolia hasalso been evaluated as an alternative mode of preventionof schistosomiasis Sukumaran et al [134] showed that themethanol and n-butanol extracts from unripened seeds of Jgossypiifoliawas toxic against eggs and adults of two species offreshwater snails Lymnaea luteola and Indoplanorbis exustusThe results indicated that n-butanol extract was the mosteffective and that the eggs were more susceptible than adults[134]
8 Toxicology
Species of Jatropha are notably known for their toxic potential[135 136] This toxicity is related primarily to latex andseeds The latex is released from the aerial parts of theplant by mechanical injury and it is extremely caustic andirritating to skin and mucous membranes The seeds arerich in toxalbumins that cause agglutination and hemolysisto erythrocytes as well as damage to other cell types andcontain a lipoid resin complex that can cause dermatitis[3 12 135] The symptomatology consists in general ofgastrointestinal disorders (abdominal pain nausea vomitingand diarrhea) Additionally the clinical course can bringcardiovascular neurological and renal complications [136]Cases of poisoning in humans usually occur by eating fruitand seeds because of its similarity to edible chestnuts [136]
Some toxicological studies have demonstrated the toxicproperties of J gossypiifolia while others show the absence oftoxicity However it is important to observe the models useddoses administrated and types of extract employed (solventand plant part) among other aspects to make the properconclusions about the toxicity
The study of experimental poisoning in sheep showedthat the intake of fresh plant leaves in a single dose of40 gkg was lethal to these animals [137] The clinical andpathological picture in the experimental sheep was charac-terized by digestive lung and heart disturbances and alsoby slight regressive changes evidenced in hepatic and renalhistological examinations [137] However as observed byMariz et al [7] it is important to note that the medicinaluse of the plant is rarely in natura but instead by differentpreparations such as infusions or decoctions sometimes ofthe dried material which could inactivate the possible toxiccomponents However this is only a hypothesis and so thetoxicity of extracts from leaves cannot be discarded
One of the first studies relating the identification of theconstituents responsible for the toxic effects of the Jatrophaspecies was published by Adolf et al [69] In this work
by a bioguided isolation the irritant polyunsaturated ester12-deoxy-16-hydroxylphorbol was isolated from the etherextract from the seeds of J gossypiifolia by countercurrentchromatography [69] The irritant activity was visualized inmouse ear after 24 h of the application of the fractions andisolated compounds [69]
The in vitro cytotoxicity assay using brine shrimp larvaetest revealed that ethanol and methanol extracts (plant organunspecified) showed low toxicity [138] An earlier studyshowed that thewater and ethyl acetate fraction of amethanolextract from aerial parts of J gossypiifolia did not presenttoxicity against the same organisms [114]
A study performed in Wistar rats evaluated the toxicityof the ethanolic root extract of J gossypiifolia at 10 20 and30mgkg by oral route [139] The authors observed that theextract was toxic to the kidney and caused increased urearetention in the blood as observed by histological studies andbiochemical analysis of blood [139]
A preclinical toxicological assessment of the crudeethanol extract from J gossypiifolia leaves showed that theextract presents relatively low oral acute toxicity in Wistarrats [18 19] Rats treated with single doses of 12ndash50 gkgby oral route were observed for 14 days and the mostimportant signs of toxicity were ptosis reduction of bodyweight and hind limb paralysis Other significant alterationsoccurred only in males treated with 50 gkg dose increasein creatinine aspartate aminotransferase sodium and potas-sium seric levels reduction of urea and albumin leucopeniaand small alteration in color and consistency of visceraThe median lethal dose (LD
50) was higher than 40 gkg
for males and higher than 50 gkg for females [19] In thehistopathological evaluation some alteration was observedin liver and lung only at 50 gkg suggesting the relativelylow toxicity of the extract [18] However in the chronictoxicological study (thirteen weeks of treatment) this extractshowed significant oral chronic toxicity in rats [17] The mostsignificant toxic signs indicated a reduction of the activityin the central nervous system and digestive disturbancesThe histopathological analysis revealed hepatotoxicity andpulmonary damages The lethality was 466 and 133among males and females under the higher tested dose(405mgkg) respectively [17] Based on this Mariz et al [7]discussed that the development of herbal medicine based onthis species needs to prioritize the chemical refinement of thecrude extracts to obtain less toxic fractions which should betested for their safety and therapeutic efficacy
Another study on the other hand evaluating the oralacute toxicity of the aqueous and ethanol extracts from leavesof J gossypiifolia did not show any sign of toxicity in upto 2 gkg in rats enabling the authors to conclude that thisextract could be considered safe [118] This is an interestingresult since in most cases the plant is used popularly as tea(aqueous extract)
The toxicity of the stem latex of J gossypiifoliawas studiedin Wistar rats by applying different doses of crude latex onincised skin daily for 18 days based on the popular useof the latex as hemostatic agent in skin lesions [140] Theauthors observed that the application of the latex did notproduce any significant difference in results of biochemical
28 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
and hematological parameters obtained from the control andexperimental animals leading to the conclusion that the stemlatex has no harmful effects [140]
9 Conclusions
As demonstrated by this review J gossypiifolia presents animportant potential for the generation of pharmacologicalandor biotechnological products based on popular usesand biological studies scientifically showing its propertiesHowever regarding specifically its medicinal propertiesfurther studies are still necessary to assay important folkuses of the species and characterize the major compoundsresponsible for the bioactivityThus studies of bioprospectingcould prioritize this species since many popular uses forvariousmedical purposes are reported demonstrating a greatpotential to originate bioactive molecules with pharmaco-logical relevance Furthermore future phytochemical studiesof this plant are important to obtain the best knowledgeof the chemical composition of different extracts of theplant in order to recognize the really important compoundsin the pharmacological actions aspiring to the chemicalrefinement of the products to eliminate the eventual toxiceffects that could reduce the medicinal value of the speciesIn conclusion the data presented in this review could provideinsights for future research aimed at both ethnopharmaco-logical validation of the popular use of J gossypiifolia andits exploration as a new source of bioactive molecules forherbal drugs andor bioactive natural products for potentialapplication in complementary and alternative medicine
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper
Acknowledgments
The authors thank BNB CNPq and CAPES (Brazil) forthe financial support Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosagives thanks to CNPq for Scholarship in Research Produc-tivity The authors also thank Andrew Alastair Cumming forediting this paper for the English revision
References
[1] G L Webster ldquoClassification of the euphorbiaceaerdquo Annals ofthe Missouri Botanical Garden vol 81 pp 3ndash143 1994
[2] M V Alves ldquoChecklist das especies de Euphorbiaceae Jussocorrentes no semi-arido pernambucano BrasilrdquoActa BotanciaBrasileira vol 12 no 3 pp 485ndash495 1998
[3] C W Sabandar N Ahmat F M Jaafar and I Sahidin ldquoMedic-inal property phytochemistry and pharmacology of severalJatropha species (Euphorbiaceae) a reviewrdquo Phytochemistryvol 85 pp 7ndash29 2013
[4] C K A Leal and M D F Agra ldquoEstudo farmacobotanicocomparativo das folhas de Jatrophamolissima (Pohl) BaillrdquoActaFarmaceutica Bonaerense vol 24 no 1 pp 5ndash13 2005
[5] L C Di Stasi and C A Hiruma-Lima Plantas medicinais naAmazonia e na Mata Atlantica UNESP Sao Paulo Brazil 2ndedition 2002
[6] M D F Agra K N Silva I J L D Basılio P F De Freitasand JM Barbosa-Filho ldquoSurvey ofmedicinal plants used in theregionNortheast of BrazilrdquoBrazilian Journal of Pharmacognosyvol 18 no 3 pp 472ndash508 2008
[7] S R Mariz A C R Borges M F F Melo-Diniz and I AMedeiros ldquoPossibilidades terapeuticas e riscos toxicologicosde Jatropha gossypiifolia L uma revisao narrativardquo RevistaBrasileiraDe PlantasMedicinais vol 12 no 3 pp 346ndash357 2010
[8] I Cordeiro and R Secco ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia L Lista deespecies da flora do Brasilrdquo Jardim Botanico do Rio de JaneirohttpfloradobrasiljbrjgovbrjabotfloradobrasilFB17581
[9] U P de Albuquerque P M de Medeiros A L S de Almeida etal ldquoMedicinal plants of the caatinga (semi-arid) vegetation ofNE Brazil a quantitative approachrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacol-ogy vol 114 no 3 pp 325ndash354 2007
[10] U P Albuquerque L H C Andrade and J Caballero ldquoStruc-ture and floristics of homegardens in Northeastern BrazilrdquoJournal of Arid Environments vol 62 no 3 pp 491ndash506 2005
[11] S A Ceasar and S Ignacimuthu ldquoApplications of biotechnologyand biochemical engineering for the improvement of Jatrophaand Biodiesel a reviewrdquo Renewable and Sustainable EnergyReviews vol 15 no 9 pp 5176ndash5185 2011
[12] U P de Albuquerque J MMonteiro M A Ramos and E L Cde Amorim ldquoMedicinal and magic plants from a public marketin northeastern Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 110no 1 pp 76ndash91 2007
[13] A Falodun Q Sheng-Xiang G Parkinson and S GibbonsldquoIsolation and characterization of a new anticancer diterpenoidfrom Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journalvol 45 no 10 pp 636ndash639 2012
[14] BRASIL ldquoFitoterapia plantas de interesse ao SUSrdquo Braz-ilian Health Ministry httpportalsaudegovbrportalarqu-ivospdfRENISUSpdf
[15] X-P Zhang M-L Zhang X-H Su C-H Huo Y-C Gu andQ-W Shi ldquoChemical constituents of the plants from genusJatrophardquo Chemistry and Biodiversity vol 6 no 12 pp 2166ndash2183 2009
[16] S K Sharma and H Singh ldquoA review on pharmacological sig-nificance of genus Jatropha (Euphorbiaceae)rdquoChinese Journal ofIntegrative Medicine vol 18 no 11 pp 868ndash880 2012
[17] S RMariz G S CerqueiraWCAraujo et al ldquoChronic toxico-logic study of the ethanolic extract of the aerial parts of Jatrophagossypiifolia in ratsrdquoRevista Brasileira de Farmacognosia vol 22no 3 pp 663ndash668 2012
[18] S R Mariz M S T Araujo G S Cerqueira et al ldquoHistopatho-logical evaluation in rats after acute treatment with the ethanolextract from aerial parts of Jatropha gossypiifolia Lrdquo RevistaBrasileira De Farmacognosia vol 18 no 2 pp 213ndash216 2008
[19] S R Mariz G S Cerqueira W C Araujo et al ldquoEstudo toxi-cologico agudo do extrato etanolico de partes aereas de Jatrophagossypiifolia L em ratosrdquo Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosiavol 16 no 3 pp 372ndash378 2006
[20] C Auvin-Guette C Baraguey A Blond J L Pousset andB Bodo ldquoCyclogossine B a cyclic octapeptide from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Journal of Natural Products vol 60 pp 1155ndash11571997
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 29
[21] V S Parvathi B S Jyothi T Lakshmi P S Babu and RKarthikeyan ldquoMorpho-anatomical and physicochemical stud-ies of Jatropha gossypifolia (L)rdquo Der Pharmacia Lettre vol 4no 1 pp 256ndash262 2012
[22] M N S Rios and F Pastore Junior Plantas da Amazonia450 Especies de Uso Geral Universidade de BrasıliamdashBibliotecaCentral Brasılia 2011
[23] S R Mariz Estudo toxicologico pre-clınico de Jatropha gossypi-ifolia L [PhD thesis] Universidade Federal da Paraıba JoaoPessoa Brazil 2007
[24] O G Adeosun T Oduola F A Fagbomedo et al ldquoSuitabilityof stem latex of Jatropha gossypifolia as a protein precipitant forbiochemical analysisrdquo Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistryvol 29 no 2 pp 210ndash212 2014
[25] F O A Ajose ldquoSome Nigerian plants of dermatologic impor-tancerdquo International Journal of Dermatology vol 46 no 1 pp48ndash55 2007
[26] J S Ashidi P J Houghton P J Hylands and T EfferthldquoEthnobotanical survey and cytotoxicity testing of plants ofSouth-western Nigeria used to treat cancer with isolationof cytotoxic constituents from Cajanus cajan Millsp leavesrdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 128 no 2 pp 501ndash512 2010
[27] M Ayyanar and S Ignacimuthu ldquoEthnobotanical survey ofmedicinal plants commonly used by Kani tribals in Tirunelvelihills of Western Ghats Indiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 134 no 3 pp 851ndash864 2011
[28] R Bhagat S D Ambavade A V Misar and D K KulkarnildquoAnti-inflammatory activity of Jatropha gossypifolia L leaves inalbino mice and Wistar ratrdquo Journal of Scientific and IndustrialResearch vol 70 no 4 pp 289ndash292 2011
[29] J H Cano and G Volpato ldquoHerbal mixtures in the traditionalmedicine of Eastern Cubardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol90 no 2-3 pp 293ndash316 2004
[30] F G Coe and G J Anderson ldquoScreening of medicinal plantsused by the Garıfuna of Eastern Nicaragua for bioactive com-poundsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 53 no 1 pp 29ndash501996
[31] MGbeassor Y Kossou K Amegbo C De Souza K Koumagloand A Denke ldquoAntimalarial effects of eight African medicinalplantsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 25 no 1 pp 115ndash1181989
[32] National Center for Biotechnology Information ldquoJatropha gos-sypiifoliardquo Taxonomy Browser httpwwwncbinlmnihgovTaxonomyBrowserwwwtaxcgiid=454931
[33] Tropicos ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia Lrdquo httpwwwtropicosorgNamePrintaspxnameid=12802174amptab=details
[34] The Plant List ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia Lrdquo httpwwwtheplant-listorgtplrecordkew-104621
[35] M S Khyade and N P Vaikos ldquoPharmacognostical andphytochemical evaluation of leaf of Jatropha gossypifolia LrdquoInternational Journal of Research in Ayurveda amp Pharmacy vol2 no 1 pp 177ndash180 2011
[36] D O Aworinde D U Nwoye A A Jayeola A O Olagoke andA A Ogundele ldquoTaxonomic significance of foliar epidermis insome members of euphorbiaceae family in Nigeriardquo ResearchJournal of Botany vol 4 no 1 pp 17ndash28 2009
[37] J D Olowokudejo ldquoComparative epidermal morphology ofWest African species of Jatropha L (Euphorbiaceae)rdquo BotanicalJournal of the Linnean Society vol 111 no 2 pp 139ndash154 1993
[38] B Das and B Venkataiah ldquoA minor coumarino-lignoid fromJatropha gossypifoliardquo Biochemical Systematics and Ecology vol29 no 2 pp 213ndash214 2001
[39] B Das B Venkataiah and A Kashinatham ldquoVenkatasin a newcoumarino-lignoid from Jatropha gossypifoliardquoNatural ProductLetters vol 13 no 4 pp 293ndash297 1999
[40] B Das and B Venkataiah ldquoA rare diterpene from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Biochemical Systematics and Ecology vol 27 no 7pp 759ndash760 1999
[41] N Ravindranath B Venkataiah C Ramesh P Jayaprakash andB Das ldquoJatrophenone a novel macrocyclic bioactive diterpenefrom Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bul-letin vol 51 no 7 pp 870ndash871 2003
[42] B Das and J Banerji ldquoArylnaphthalene lignan from JatrophagossypifoliardquoPhytochemistry vol 27 no 11 pp 3684ndash3686 1988
[43] J Banerji B Das A Chatterjee and J N Shoolery ldquoGadain alignan from Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Phytochemistry vol 23 no10 pp 2323ndash2327 1984
[44] A Chatterjee B Das C Pascard and T Prange ldquoCrystalstructure of a lignan from Jatropha gossypifoliardquoPhytochemistryvol 20 no 8 pp 2047ndash2048 1981
[45] I C Abreu A S S Marinho A M A Paes et al ldquoHypotensiveand vasorelaxant effects of ethanolic extract from Jatrophagossypiifolia L in ratsrdquo Fitoterapia vol 74 no 7-8 pp 650ndash6572003
[46] B Das and R Das ldquoGossypifan a lignan from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Phytochemistry vol 40 no 3 pp 931ndash932 1995
[47] R Das B Das and A Kashinatham ldquoGossypiline a new lignanfrom Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Natural Product Sciences vol 4 no4 pp 238ndash240 1998
[48] D Shahwar S-U Shafiq N Ahmad S Ullah and M A RazaldquoAntioxidant activities of the selected plants from the fam-ily Euphorbiaceae Lauraceae Malvaceae and BalsaminaceaerdquoAfrican Journal of Biotechnology vol 9 no 7 pp 1086ndash10962010
[49] V Bullangpoti N Khumrungsee W Pluempanupat Y Kainohand U Saguanpong ldquoToxicity of ethyl acetate extract andricinine from Jatropha gossypifolia senescent leaves againstSpodoptera exigua Hubner (Lepidoptera Noctuidae)rdquo Journalof Pesticide Science vol 36 no 2 pp 260ndash263 2011
[50] A O Ogundare ldquoAntimicrobial effect of Tithonia diversifoliaand Jatropha gossypifolia leaf extractsrdquo Trends in Applied Sci-ences Research vol 2 no 2 pp 145ndash150 2007
[51] N Nwokocha A Blessing I O Agbagwa and B E OkolildquoComparative phytochemical screening of Jatropha L Speciesin the Niger Deltardquo Research Journal of Phytochemistry vol 5no 2 pp 107ndash114 2011
[52] R Seth and R Sarin ldquoAnalysis of the phytochemical contentand anti-microbial activity of Jatropha gossypifolia Lrdquo Archivesof Applied Science Research vol 2 no 5 pp 285ndash291 2010
[53] S Sankara Subramanian S Nagarajan and N SulochanaldquoFlavonoids of the leaves of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Phytochem-istry vol 10 no 7 p 1690 1971
[54] A C Pilon R L Carneiro F Carnevale Neto V S Bolzaniand I Castro-Gamboa ldquoInterval multivariate curve resolutionin the dereplication of HPLC-DAD data from Jatropha gossypi-foliardquo Phytochemical Analysis vol 24 no 4 pp 401ndash406 2013
[55] A R Kharat A K Dolui and S Das ldquoFree radical scavengingpotential of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Asian Journal of Chemistryvol 23 no 2 pp 799ndash801 2011
[56] P-A Calatayud D F Munera S Calatayud A Valencia-Jimenez and A C Bellotti ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia (Euphor-biaceae) a source of proteins toxic to Phenacoccus herreni(Sternorryncha Pseudococcidae)rdquo Florida Entomologist vol94 no 3 pp 649ndash654 2011
30 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
[57] W F Tinto L M D John W F Reynolds and S McLeanldquoTriterpenoids of Jatropha gossypiifoliardquo Journal of NaturalProducts vol 55 no 6 pp 807ndash809 1992
[58] R Das K Venkateswarlu V Saidi Reddy and B Das ldquo41015840-O-demethyl retrochinensin a minor new lignan from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Indian Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry vol 14no 2 pp 169ndash170 2004
[59] B Das A Kashinatham B Venkataiah K V N S Srinivas GMahender and M R Reddy ldquoCleomiscosin A a coumarino-lignoid from Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Biochemical Systematics andEcology vol 31 no 10 pp 1189ndash1191 2003
[60] B Das and G Anjani ldquoGossypidien a lignan from stems ofJatropha gossypifolliardquo Phytochemistry vol 51 no 1 pp 115ndash1171999
[61] B Das S P Rao and K V Srinivas ldquoIsolation of isogadain fromJatropha gossypifoliardquo Planta Medica vol 62 no 1 article 901996
[62] B Das S P Rao K V N S Srinivas and R Das ldquoJatrodien alignan from stems of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Phytochemistry vol41 no 3 pp 985ndash987 1996
[63] A Chatterjee B Das R Chakrabarti et al ldquoPrasanthaline anew lignan from Jatropha gossypifolia Linnrdquo Indian Journal ofChemistry vol 27 pp 740ndash741 1988
[64] M D Taylor A B Smith III G T Furst et al ldquoNewantileukemic jatrophone derivatives from Jatropha gossypiifoliastructural and stereochemical assignment through nuclearmagnetic resonance Spectroscopyrdquo Journal of the AmericanChemical Society vol 105 no 10 pp 3177ndash3183 1983
[65] K K Purushothaman S Chandrasekharan A F Cameron etal ldquoJatropholones A and B new diterpenoids from the roots ofJatropha gossypiifolia (Euphorbiaceae)mdashcrystal structure anal-ysis of Jatropholone Brdquo Tetrahedron Letters vol 20 no 11 pp979ndash980 1979
[66] S M Kupchan C W Sigel M J Matz J A S Renauld R CHaltiwanger and R F Bryan ldquoJatrophone a novel macrocyclicditerpenoid tumor inhibitor from Jatropha gossypiifoliardquo Jour-nal of the American Chemical Society vol 92 no 14 pp 4476ndash4477 1970
[67] Y R Prasad G S J G Alankararao and P Baby ldquoConstituentsof the seeds of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Fitoterapia vol 64 no 4p 376 1993
[68] O Ogbobe and V Akano ldquoThe physico-chemical properties ofthe seed and seed oil of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Plant Foods forHuman Nutrition vol 43 no 3 pp 197ndash200 1993
[69] W Adolf H J Opferkuch and E Hecker ldquoIrritant phorbolderivatives from four Jatropha speciesrdquo Phytochemistry vol 23no 1 pp 129ndash132 1984
[70] K M Hosamani and K S Katagi ldquoCharacterization andstructure elucidation of 12-hydroxyoctadec-cis-9-enoic acid inJatropha gossypifolia and Hevea brasiliensis seed oils a richsource of hydroxy fatty acidrdquo Chemistry and Physics of Lipidsvol 152 no 1 pp 9ndash12 2008
[71] S F A J Horsten A J J Van Den Berg J J Kettenes-VanDen Bosch B R Leeflang and R P Labadie ldquoCyclogossine Aa novel cyclic heptapeptide isolated from the latex of Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Planta Medica vol 62 no 1 pp 46ndash50 1996
[72] M U Ahmad M R Islam A H Mirza B H Chowdhuryand N Nahar ldquoAlkaloids of Jatropha gossypifolia Linnrdquo IndianJournal of Chemistry B Organic Chemistry Including MedicinalChemistry vol 31 no 1 pp 67ndash69 1992
[73] A Falodun U Kragl S-M T Touem A Villinger T Fahren-waldt and P Langer ldquoA novel anticancer diterpenoid fromJatropha gossypifoliardquo Natural Product Communications vol 7no 2 pp 151ndash152 2012
[74] G D Wadankar S N Malode and S L Sarambekar ldquoTra-ditionally used medicinal plants for ound healing in theWashim district Maharashtra (India)rdquo International Journal ofPharmTech Research vol 3 no 4 pp 2080ndash2084 2011
[75] B Kumar M Vijayakumar R Govindarajan and P Pushpan-gadan ldquoEthnopharmacological approaches to wound healing-Exploring medicinal plants of Indiardquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 114 no 2 pp 103ndash113 2007
[76] K Koudouvo D S Karou K Kokou et al ldquoAn ethnobotanicalstudy of antimalarial plants in Togo Maritime Regionrdquo Journalof Ethnopharmacology vol 134 no 1 pp 183ndash190 2011
[77] M Coelho-Ferreira ldquoMedicinal knowledge and plant utiliza-tion in an Amazonian coastal community ofMaruda Para State(Brazil)rdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 126 no 1 pp 159ndash175 2009
[78] F C S Oliveira R F M Barros and J M Moita Neto ldquoPlan-tas medicinais utilizadas em comunidades rurais de Oeirassemiarido piauienserdquo Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinaisvol 12 no 3 pp 282ndash301 2010
[79] J D F L Santos E Pagani J Ramos and E Rodrigues ldquoObser-vations on the therapeutic practices of riverine communities oftheUnini River AM Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol142 no 2 pp 503ndash515 2012
[80] S L Cartaxo M M de Almeida Souza and U P de Albu-querque ldquoMedicinal plants with bioprospecting potential usedin semi-arid northeastern Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacol-ogy vol 131 no 2 pp 326ndash342 2010
[81] O Jansen L Angenot M Tits et al ldquoEvaluation of 13 selectedmedicinal plants from Burkina Faso for their antiplasmodialpropertiesrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 130 no 1 pp143ndash150 2010
[82] M H Yetein L G Houessou T O Lougbegnon O Teka andB Tente ldquoEthnobotanical study of medicinal plants used for thetreatment of malaria in plateau of Allada Benin (West Africa)rdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 146 no 1 pp 154ndash163 2013
[83] L J Quintans Junior J R G S Almeida J T Lima et al ldquoPlantswith anticonvulsivant propertiesmdasha reviewrdquo Revista Brasileirade Farmacognosia vol 18 pp 798ndash819 2008
[84] A Diallo M S Traore S M Keita et al ldquoManagement ofdiabetes in Guinean traditional medicine an ethnobotanicalinvestigation in the coastal lowlandsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 144 no 2 pp 353ndash361 2012
[85] S O Olabanji A C Adebajo O R Omobuwajo et al ldquoPIXEanalysis of some Nigerian anti-diabetic medicinal plants (II)rdquoNuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B BeamInteractions With Materials and Atoms vol 318 pp 187ndash1902014
[86] T Oduola O G Avwioro and T B Ayanniyi ldquoSuitability ofthe leaf extract of Jatropha gossypifolia as an anticoagulant forbiochemical and haematological analysesrdquo African Journal ofBiotechnology vol 4 no 7 pp 679ndash681 2005
[87] CM Chariandy C E Seaforth R H Phelps G V Pollard andB P S Khambay ldquoScreening of medicinal plants from Trinidadand Tobago for antimicrobial and insecticidal propertiesrdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 64 no 3 pp 265ndash270 1999
[88] V P Kumar N S Chauhan H Padh and M Rajani ldquoSearchfor antibacterial and antifungal agents from selected Indian
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 31
medicinal plantsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 107 no2 pp 182ndash188 2006
[89] R Dabur A Gupta T K Mandal et al ldquoAntimicrobial activityof some medicinal plantsrdquo African Journal of TraditionalComplementary and AlternativeMedicines vol 4 no 3 pp 313ndash318 2007
[90] H C Ong and M Nordiana ldquoMalay ethno-medico botany inMachang Kelantan Malaysiardquo Fitoterapia vol 70 no 5 pp502ndash513 1999
[91] J Sanz-Biset J Campos-de-la-Cruz M A Epiquien-Riveraand S Canigueral ldquoA first survey on the medicinal plants of theChazuta valley (Peruvian Amazon)rdquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 122 no 2 pp 333ndash362 2009
[92] B B Panda K Gaur M L Kori et al ldquoAnti-inflammatoryand analgesic activity of Jatropha gossypifolia in experimentalanimal modelsrdquo Global Journal of Pharmacology vol 3 no 12009
[93] S S Ningthoujam A D Talukdar K S Potsangbam and MD Choudhury ldquoTraditional uses of herbal vapour therapy inManipur North East India an ethnobotanical surveyrdquo Journalof Ethnopharmacology vol 147 no 1 pp 136ndash147 2013
[94] A Asase A A Oteng-Yeboah G T Odamtten and M SJ Simmonds ldquoEthnobotanical study of some Ghanaian anti-malarial plantsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 99 no 2pp 273ndash279 2005
[95] C Lans T Harper K Georges and E Bridgewater ldquoMedicinaland ethnoveterinary remedies of hunters in Trinidadrdquo BMCComplementary and AlternativeMedicine vol 1 article 10 2001
[96] L Rasingam S Jeeva andD Kannan ldquoDental care of Andamanand Nicobar folks medicinal plants use as tooth stickrdquo AsianPacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine vol 2 no 2 pp S1013ndashS1016 2012
[97] P J Houghton and I M Osibogun ldquoFlowering plants usedagainst snakebiterdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 39 no 1pp 1ndash29 1993
[98] M Molander C H Saslis-Lagoudakis A K Jager and NRoslashnsted ldquoCross-cultural comparison of medicinal floras usedagainst snakebitesrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 139 no3 pp 863ndash872 2012
[99] A Jain S S Katewa B L Chaudhary and P Galav ldquoFolk herbalmedicines used in birth control and sexual diseases by tribals ofsouthern Rajasthan Indiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol90 no 1 pp 171ndash177 2004
[100] A Jain S S Katewa P K Galav and P Sharma ldquoMedicinalplant diversity of Sitamata wildlife sanctuary Rajasthan IndiardquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 102 no 2 pp 143ndash157 2005
[101] T Oduola G O Adeosun T A Oduola G O Avwioro andM A Oyeniyi ldquoMechanism of action of Jatropha gossypifoliastem latex as a haemostatic agentrdquo European Journal of GeneralMedicine vol 2 no 4 pp 140ndash143 2005
[102] D Garcia M V Domingues and E Rodrigues ldquoEthnophar-macological survey among migrants living in the SoutheastAtlantic Forest of Diadema Sao Paulo Brazilrdquo Journal ofEthnobiology and Ethnomedicine vol 6 article 29 2010
[103] S S Hebbar V H Harsha V Shripathi and G R HegdeldquoEthnomedicine of Dharwad district in Karnataka Indiamdashplants used in oral health carerdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 94 no 2-3 pp 261ndash266 2004
[104] S B Kosalge and R A Fursule ldquoInvestigation of ethnomedic-inal claims of some plants used by tribals of Satpuda Hills inIndiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 121 no 3 pp 456ndash461 2009
[105] R A Ritter M V B Monteiro F O B Monteiro et al ldquoEth-noveterinary knowledge and practices at Colares island Parastate eastern Amazon Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 144 no 2 pp 346ndash352 2012
[106] S K Dash and S Padhy ldquoReview on ethnomedicines fordiarrhoea diseases from Orissa prevalence versus culturerdquoJournal of Human Ecology vol 20 no 1 pp 59ndash64 2006
[107] R S L Taylor J B Hudson N P Manandhar and G H NTowers ldquoAntiviral activities of medicinal plants of southernNepalrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 53 pp 97ndash104 1996
[108] J M A Maia N G Czeczko J M R Filho et al ldquoEstudoda cicatrizacao de suturas na bexiga urinaria de ratos come sem utilizacao de extrato bruto de Jatropha gossypiifolia Lintraperitonealrdquo Acta Cirurgica Brasileira vol 21 no 2 pp 23ndash30 2006
[109] A L Ososki P Lohr M Reiff et al ldquoEthnobotanical literaturesurvey of medicinal plants in the Dominican Republic used forwomens health conditionsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol79 no 3 pp 285ndash298 2002
[110] A S Apu FHossain F Rizwan et al ldquoStudy of pharmacologicalactivities of methanol extract of Jatropha gossypifolia fruitsrdquoJournal of Basic and Clinical Pharmacy vol 4 no 1 pp 20ndash242013
[111] A S Apu K Ireen S Hossan Bhuyan et al ldquoEvaluation ofanalgesic neuropharmacological and anti-diarrheal potential ofJatropha gossypifolia (Linn) leaves in micerdquo Journal of MedicalSciences vol 12 no 8 pp 274ndash279 2012
[112] F A G Rocha and L I S Dantas ldquoAtividade antimicrobianain vitro do latex do aveloz (Euphorbia tirucalli L) pinhao bravo(Jatrophamollissima L) e pinhao roxo (Jatropha gossypiifolia L)sobre microrganismos patogenicosrdquo Holos vol 25 no 4 2009
[113] O M David and J O Oluyege ldquoIn vitro susceptibility ofselected pathogenic bacteria to leaf extracts and latex of Jatrophagossypiifolia(L) and Jatropha curcas (L)rdquo Biosciences Biotechnol-ogy Research Asia vol 3 no 1 pp 91ndash94 2006
[114] W D MacBae J B Hudson and G H N Towers ldquoStudieson the pharmacological activity of amazonian euphorbiaceaerdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 22 no 2 pp 143ndash172 1988
[115] M C Purohit and R Purohit ldquoEvaluation of antimicrobial andanti-inflammatory activities of bark of Jatropha gossypifoliardquoWorld Journal of Science and Technology vol 1 no 10 pp 1ndash52011
[116] D Singh and A Singh ldquoThe toxicity of four native Indianplants effect on AChE and acidalkaline phosphatase level infish Channa maruliusrdquo Chemosphere vol 60 no 1 pp 135ndash1402005
[117] C M Feitosa R M Freitas N N N Luz M Z B BezerraandM T S Trevisan ldquoAcetylcholinesterase inhibition by somespromising Brazilian medicinal plantsrdquo Brazilian Journal ofBiology vol 71 no 3 pp 783ndash789 2011
[118] Y Nagaharika V Kalyani S Rasheed and R KarthikeyanldquoAnti-inflammatory activity of leaves of Jatropha gossypifolia Lby HRBC membrane stabilization methodrdquo Journal of AcuteDisease vol 2 no 2 pp 156ndash158 2013
[119] S D N Silva I C Abreu S M D F Freire et al ldquoAntispas-modic effect of Jatropha gossypiifolia is mediated through dualblockade of muscarinic receptors and Ca2+ channelsrdquo BrazilianJournal of Pharmacognosy vol 21 no 4 pp 715ndash720 2011
[120] D Carabajal A Casaco L Arruzazabala R Gonzalez andV Fuentes ldquoPharmacological screening of plant decoctionscommonly used in Cuban folk medicinerdquo Journal of Ethnophar-macology vol 33 no 1-2 pp 21ndash24 1991
32 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
[121] S Jain G P Choudhary and D K Jain ldquoPharmacological eval-uation of anti-fertility activity of ethanolic extract of Jatrophagossypifolia leaf in female albino micerdquo Asian Pacific Journal ofTropical Biomedicine vol 2 no 3 pp S1671ndashS1674 2012
[122] S C N Servin O J M Torres J E F Matias et al ldquoAcao doextrato de Jatropha gossypiifolia L (piao roxo) na cicatrizacaode anastomose colonica estudo experimental em ratosrdquo ActaCirurgica Brasileira vol 21 no 3 pp 89ndash96 2006
[123] J R Vale N G Czeczko J U Aquino et al ldquoEstudo compara-tivo da cicatrizacao de gastrorrafias com e sem o uso do extratode Jatropha gossypiifolia L (piao roxo) em ratosrdquoActa CirurgicaBrasileira vol 21 no 3 pp 40ndash48 2006
[124] J U Aquino N G Czeczko O Malafaia et al ldquoAvaliacaofitoterapica da Jatropha gossypiifolia L na cicatrizacao desuturas na parede abdominal ventral de ratosrdquo Acta CirurgicaBrasileira vol 21 no 2 pp 61ndash66 2006
[125] M F D S Santos N G Czeczko P A N Nassif et alldquoAvaliacao do uso do extrato bruto de Jatropha gossypiifolia Lna cicatrizacao de feridas cutaneas em ratosrdquo Acta CirurgicaBrasileira vol 21 no 3 pp 2ndash7 2006
[126] B B Panda K Gaur R K Nema C S Sharma A K Jain andC P Jain ldquoHepatoprotective activity of Jatropha gossypifoliaagainst carbon tetrachloride- induced hepatic injury in ratsrdquoAsian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research vol 2no 1 pp 50ndash54 2009
[127] S S Deo T M Chaudhari and F Inam ldquoEvaluation ofthe immunomodulatory effects of 1-phenylnaphthalene andpericarbonyl lactone lignan compoundsrdquoDer PharmaChemicavol 4 no 2 pp 771ndash776 2012
[128] S K Rasheed S Kunapareddy and R Karthikeyan ldquoLocalanesthetic activity of Jatropha gossypifolia L on frogsrdquo Biomed-ical and Pharmacology Journal vol 5 no 2 pp 395ndash397 2012
[129] AM A Paes A L Camara SM F Freire andMO R BorgesldquoRelaxant effect of Jatropha gossypiifolia L on uterine smoothmusclerdquo International Journal of Phytomedicine vol 4 no 3 pp310ndash313 2012
[130] S J Jain G P Choudhary and D K Jain ldquoPharmacologicalevaluation and antifertility activity of Jatropha gossypifoliain ratsrdquo BioMed Research International vol 2013 Article ID125980 5 pages 2013
[131] J S de Oliveira PM Leite L B de Souza et al ldquoCharacteristicsand composition of Jatropha gossypiifolia and Jatropha curcasL oils and application for biodiesel productionrdquo Biomass andBioenergy vol 33 no 3 pp 449ndash453 2009
[132] V Bullangpoti E Wajnberg P Audant and R FeyereisenldquoAntifeedant activity of Jatropha gossypifolia and Meliaazedarach senescent leaf extracts on Spodoptera frugiperda(Lepidoptera Noctuidae) and their potential use as synergistsrdquoPest Management Science vol 68 no 9 pp 1255ndash1264 2012
[133] S N K JilaniW Islam andM Kamsh ldquoPotential of pyrethroidinsecticides and plant extracts on fecundity and egg viability oftribolium castaneum (Herbst)rdquo Journal of Bio-Science vol 19no 1 pp 95ndash97 2011
[134] D Sukumaran B D Parashar and K M Rao ldquoToxicity of Jat-ropha gossypiifolia and Vaccaria pyramidata against freshwatersnails vectors of animal schistosomiasisrdquo Fitoterapia vol 66 no5 pp 393ndash398 1995
[135] R K Devappa H P S Makkar and K Becker ldquoJatrophatoxicitymdasha reviewrdquo Journal of Toxicology and EnvironmentalHealth B Critical Reviews vol 13 no 6 pp 476ndash507 2010
[136] E P Schenkel M Zannin L A Mentz S A L Bordignonand B Irgang ldquoPlantas toxicasrdquo in Farmacognosia Da Planta
ao Medicamento C M O Simoes E P Schenkel G GosmannJ C P Mello L A Mentz and P R Petrovick Eds pp 959ndash993 Editora da UFRGSUFSC Porto Alegre Brazil 3d edition2007
[137] L I Oliveira F F Jabour V A Nogueira and E M YamasakildquoIntoxicacao experimental com as folhas de Jatropha gossypifo-lia(Euphorbiaceae) em ovinosrdquo Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileiravol 28 no 6 pp 275ndash278 2008
[138] P I A Awachie and F O Ugwu ldquoPreliminary investigationof the antimicrobial and brine shrimp lethality propertiesof some nigerian medicinal plantsrdquo International Journal ofPharmacognosy vol 35 no 5 pp 338ndash343 1997
[139] L J Medubi V O Ukwenya O T Aderinto et al ldquoEffects ofadministration of ethanolic root extract of Jatropha gossypiifoliaand prednisolone on the kidneys of Wistar ratsrdquo ElectronicJournal of Biomedicine vol 2 pp 41ndash48 2010
[140] T Oduola G B Popoola G O Avwioro et al ldquoUse of Jatrophagossypifolia stem latex as a haemostatic agent how safe is itrdquoJournal of Medicinal Plants Reasearch vol 1 no 1 pp 14ndash172007
Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom
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Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
MEDIATORSINFLAMMATION
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Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Behavioural Neurology
EndocrinologyInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Disease Markers
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
BioMed Research International
OncologyJournal of
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Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
PPAR Research
The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Immunology ResearchHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of
ObesityJournal of
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Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine
OphthalmologyJournal of
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Diabetes ResearchJournal of
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Research and TreatmentAIDS
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Gastroenterology Research and Practice
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Parkinsonrsquos Disease
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Volume 2014Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom
16 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative MedicineTa
ble3Con
tinued
Plantp
art
Popu
laru
sePreparationandor
mod
eofu
seRe
ference
Burns
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Usedin
associationwith
seedso
fGossypium
arboreum
sugarhon
eybeeandfato
fram
preparedby
grinding
app
liedtopically
[29]
Con
traceptiv
eand
oxito
toxic
Not
specified
[79]
Depurative
Squeezedthe
juiceo
btainedisdrun
k[91]
Detoxificant
Not
specified
[92]
Eczema
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Emetic
Squeezedthe
juiceo
btainedisdrun
k[91]
Gastro
intestinaldisorders
Not
specified
[79]
Gingivitis
Leafjuice
[89]
Gon
orrhoea
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Healin
gBa
thprepared
from
theleaves
[5]
Decoctio
n[30]
Decoctio
nor
infusio
n[80]
Hem
orrhoids
Usedin
associationwith
leaves
ofNicotia
natabacum
andcopp
ersulphateboiledin
waterand
used
asste
amdirected
atthea
nalregion
[93]
Hem
ostatic
Decoctio
nor
infusio
n[80]
Hepatitis
Not
specified
[12]
Itching
skin
Applicationof
thep
ound
edleaves
[90]
Leaves
Leprosy
Leafjuice
[89]
Malaria
Decoctio
n[81]
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[82]
Usedin
associationwith
leaves
ofAz
adira
chta
indica
andCo
mbretum
spbo
iledforsteam
bathsa
ndby
oralroute
[94]
Usedin
associationwith
leaves
ofCo
mbretum
ghasalenseandwho
leplanto
fOcim
umcanu
mbyoralrouteo
rfor
steam
baths
[94]
Mastitis
Poun
dedleaves
appliedon
swollenbreasts
[90]
Mycosis
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Psycho
activ
eNot
specified
[79]
Purgative
Not
specified
[388]
Rheumatism
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Scabies
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Skin
diseases
Not
specified
[3]
Stom
achic
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Not
specified
[8892]
Syph
ilis
Ash
ofleaves
[25]
Thrush
(oralcandidiasis)
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Treatm
ento
fldquocultu
ralsyn
drom
esrdquoldquoderramerdquo
ldquoquebranterdquoldquoespanterdquo
ldquovento-caıdordquoldquo
panemardquo
ldquodoenca-do-arrdquoldquom
ae-do-corpordquo
Not
specified
[79]
Vaginalinfectio
nSlightlybo
iledused
asvaginalw
ash
[91]
Venerald
iseases
Not
specified
[92]
Verm
ifuge
Ashof
leaves
[25]
Vertigo
Not
specified
[3]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 17
Table3Con
tinued
Plantp
art
Popu
laru
sePreparationandor
mod
eofu
seRe
ference
Wou
ndsa
ndrashes
Bath
oftheleaves
[24]
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Decoctio
nused
asbathsfor
cleaningwou
ndsindo
gs[95]
Wou
nddisin
fectant
Slightlybo
iledused
aswou
ndwash
[91]
Stem
Analgesic(to
othache)
Not
specified
[96]
Antianemic
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[82]
Anticancer
Decoctio
nby
oralor
topicalrou
te[26]
Emmenagogue
Decoctio
nof
barks
[7092]
Malaria
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[82]
Rheumatism
Not
specified
[77]
Thickbloo
dNot
specified
[77]
Roots
Anticancer
Decoctio
nby
oralor
topicalrou
te[26]
Root
bark
used
forc
ancero
fthe
lung
s[73]
Anticon
vulsivant
Not
specified
[83]
Antidiarrheal
Not
specified
[89]
Antim
icrobial
Root
bark
used
inbacterialinfectio
ns[73]
Impo
tence
Decoctio
nof
thea
ssociatio
nof
rootso
fJgossy
piifoliaC
hiococca
albaC
itrus
aurantifoliaD
esmodium
canu
m
RoystonearegiaSenn
aoccid
entalisStachytarphetajamaicensis
and
Waltheriaindica
with
thew
holeplanto
fCom
melina
erectaC
yperus
rotund
usand
sugarby
oralroute
[29]
Leprosy
Not
specified
[392]
Snakebites
Not
specified
[22929798]
Urin
arypain
Not
specified
[92]
Uterusd
iseases
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[99100]
Seeds
Analgesic(bod
ypain)
Not
specified
[101]
Analgesic(headache)
Not
specified
[79]
Antigrip
alUsedin
strong
colds
[5]
Antihem
orrhagic
Not
specified
[9]
Antiulcerogenic
Seed
oil
[3]
Con
traceptiv
eand
oxito
toxic
Not
specified
[79]
Depurative
Not
specified
[91]
Emetic
Not
specified
[7091101]
Gastro
intestinaldisorders
Not
specified
[79]
Leprosy
Seed
oil
[3]
Mycosis
Seed
oil
[3]
Psycho
activ
eNot
specified
[79]
Purgative
Not
specified
[39101102]
Treatm
ento
fldquocultu
ralsyn
drom
esrdquoldquoderramerdquo
ldquoquebranterdquoldquoespanterdquo
ldquovento-caıdordquoldquo
panemardquo
ldquodoenca-do-arrdquoldquom
ae-do-corpordquo
Not
specified
[79]
Vaginalinfectio
nSlightlybo
iledused
asvaginalw
ash
[91]
Wou
ndinfection
Slightlybo
iledused
aswou
ndwash
[91]
18 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table3Con
tinued
Plantp
art
Popu
laru
sePreparationandor
mod
eofu
seRe
ference
Fruits
Analgesic
Massaging
pregnant
wom
enrsquosbellies
with
teao
rgarrafadalowast
whenthey
areinpain
[77]
Analgesic(headache)
Teao
rgarrafadalowast
[77]
Analgesic(to
othache)
Teao
rgarrafadalowast
[77]
Laxativ
eIngestion
innatura
ofthep
owderfruit
[102]
Num
bnessa
fterb
ugsting
sTeao
rgarrafadalowast
[77]
Latex
Alopecia
Not
specified
[25]
Analgesic(eye
pain)
Not
specified
[78]
Analgesic(painin
general)
Drin
kor
massage
thea
ffected
area
with
latex
[80]
Analgesic(to
othache)
Cottonsoaked
with
latexkept
incontactw
iththes
oretoo
th[103]
Drin
kor
massage
thea
ffected
area
with
latex
[80]
Anticancer
Not
specified
[25]
Antihem
orrhagic
Not
specified
[9248695]
Antith
rombo
ticOralrou
te[80]
Antiulcerogenic
Not
specified
[2089]
Biteof
veno
mou
sanimals
Applicationof
fresh
latexatthea
ffected
site
[5]
Diuretic
Afewdrop
soffresh
latex
inwater
[6]
Eczema
Not
specified
[25]
Gingivitis
Not
specified
[89]
Gon
orrhea
Not
specified
[25]
Hem
ostatic
Not
specified
[2580]
Infected
wou
nds
Applicationof
fresh
latex
atthea
ffected
site
[520]
Leprosy
Not
specified
[89]
Mycosis
Not
specified
[25]
Purgative
Afewdrop
soffresh
latexin
water
[6]
Not
specified
[9]
Rheumatism
Not
specified
[25]
Scabies
Not
specified
[25]
Skin
burns
Applicationof
fresh
latex
atthea
ffected
site
[104]
Not
specified
[25]
Stop
ofitching
ofcutsandscratches
Not
specified
[95]
Syph
ilis
Not
specified
[25]
Thrush
(oralcandidiasis)
Not
specified
[25]
Verm
ifuge
Not
specified
[25]
Wou
ndhealing
Applicationof
latexatthea
ffected
site
[5]
Drin
kor
massage
thea
ffected
sitew
ithlatex
[80]
Not
specified
[7475]
Resin
Toothache
Toothp
owder
[27]
Wou
ndsinlip
sand
tong
ueTo
picalapp
lication
[27]
Oil
Arthritis
Appliedlocally
[89]
Purgative
Not
specified
[89]
Skin
disease
Appliedlocally
[89]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 19
Table3Con
tinued
Plantp
art
Popu
laru
sePreparationandor
mod
eofu
seRe
ference
Not
specified
Alopecia
Teaa
ppliedlocally
indo
gs[105]
Analgesic
Not
specified
[13]
Poultic
es[95]
Anticancer
Not
specified
[1366]
Antidiarrheal
Not
specified
[2845106]
Antihypertensive
Not
specified
[45]
Anti-infl
ammatory
Not
specified
[1328]
Antipyretic
Not
specified
[28]
Antise
ptic
Not
specified
[45]
Antiulcerogenic
Not
specified
[28]
Cou
ghsa
ndcolds
Bark
juice(4spoo
nfuls3tim
esad
ay)b
yoralroute
[107]
Detoxication
Not
specified
[28]
Diuretic
Not
specified
[45]
Eczema
Not
specified
[28]
Gum
infection
Not
specified
[28]
Healin
gNot
specified
[45108]
Hydropsy
Not
specified
[5]
Leprosy
Not
specified
[28]
Obstructio
nsof
thea
bdom
inaltract
Not
specified
[5]
Purgative
Not
specified
[5]
Regu
latem
enses
Not
specified
[109]
Rheumatism
Not
specified
[5]
Snakea
ndscorpion
bites
Not
specified
[322]
Stom
achpain
Not
specified
[28]
Venerealdiseases
Not
specified
[28]
Wou
nds
Poultic
es[95]
Usedas
bath
[28]
lowast
Garrafadapreparatio
ndo
neby
maceratingplantp
artsin
alcoho
lorh
ydroalcoho
licmediumsin
generalbrandies
20 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative MedicineTa
ble4Ph
armacologicalstu
dies
ofJatro
phagossy
piifolia
Ldescrib
edin
theliterature
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Analgesic
Aeria
lparts
Methano
land
petro
lether
extracts
At100and200m
gkgdayover7
daysbyoralrouteinmiceon
lythe
methano
lextractpresentedsig
nificantanalgesicactiv
ityin
Eddyrsquosho
tplatea
ndtail-flack
mod
els[92]
Fruits
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmicehigh
lysig
nificantly
inhibitedthew
rithing
respon
sesind
uced
byaceticacid
[110]
Leaves
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmicesig
nificantly
inhibited
thew
rithing
respon
sesind
uced
byaceticacid
[111]
Antibacteria
l
Latex
Crud
elatex
At100120583
Lvolumeinh
ibitedin
vitro
Liste
riamonocytogenes
Salm
onellatyhimuriumSalmonellatyphiandStaphylococcus
aureus
[112]
Latex
Not
specified
Presentedbactericidaleffectinvitro
againstShigella
dysenteriaea
ndStaphylococcus
aureuslowast
[113]
Leaves
Fractio
nsobtained
bysequ
entia
lextractionof
the
vegetalm
aterialw
ithpetro
letherbenzenechloroform
aceton
eethano
lmethano
landwater
Petro
lether
fractio
nwas
inactiv
eagainstEscherich
iacoliandBa
cillus
subtilisBe
nzenefractionwas
them
ostactiveagainstb
oth
microorganism
sCh
loroform
andmethano
lfractions
werea
ctive
onlyagainstB
acillus
subtilisAc
eton
eand
ethano
lfractions
were
activ
eonlyagainstE
scheric
hiacoliAq
ueou
sfractionwas
activ
eagainstb
othmicroorganism
salthou
ghto
amuchlesser
degree
than
theo
ther
fractions
[52]
Methano
lchloroform
and
water
extracts
Allextractswerea
ctiveinvitro
againstShigella
dysenteriaelowast
[113]
Petro
lether
andethyl
acetatefractions
from
ethano
ldichloromethane
(11vv)extract
Thep
etrolether
fractio
n(1mgmL)
inhibitedin
vitro
Pseudomonas
aeruginosaStaphylo
coccus
epidermidis
andSalm
onellatyphim
urium
Thee
thylacetatefraction(1mgmL)
was
activ
eagainstStaphylococcus
aureus
[87]
Who
leplant
Jatro
phenon
ePresentedin
vitro
antib
acteria
lactivity
againstStaphylo
coccus
aureus
comparabletopenicillin
[41]
Aeria
lparts
Water
andethylacetate
fractio
nsfro
mmethano
lextract
Both
fractio
nsat1
mgdidno
tprodu
cezoneso
finh
ibition
for
Escherich
iacoliStaphylococcus
aureusSaccharom
yces
cerevisia
enor
Cand
idaalbicans
[114]
Leaves
Chloroform
extract
Presentedantib
acteria
lactivity
againstSalmonellatyphiPseudomonas
aeruginosaand
Staphylococcus
aureus
andantifun
galactivity
against
Cand
idaalbicansD
idno
tprodu
ceinhibitio
nzonesa
gainst
Escherich
iacoliBa
cillussubtilis
Proteusm
irabilisC
orynebacteriu
mdiptheria
eShigelladysenteriaea
ndStreptococcusp
enum
oniae
[50]
Leaves
Dichlorom
ethane
methano
l(11vv)extract
At05and1m
gmLshow
edsig
nificantantibacteria
lactivity
invitro
againstB
acillus
cereus
varm
ycoidesBa
cillusp
umilu
sBa
cillussubtilis
Bordetellabronchise
ptica
MicrococcusluteusStaphylococcus
aureus
Staphylococcus
epidermidis
Klebsiella
pneumoniaeandStreptococcus
faecalisandantifun
galactivity
invitro
againstC
andida
albicans
[88]
Methano
lextract
Presentedantib
acteria
lactivity
againstSalmonellatyphiPseudomonas
aeruginosaand
Staphylococcus
aureus
andantifun
galactivity
against
Cand
idaalbicansD
idno
tprodu
ceinhibitio
nzonesa
gainst
Escherich
iacoliBa
cillussubtilis
Proteusm
irabilisC
orynebacteriu
mdiptheria
eShigelladysenteriaea
ndStreptococcusp
enum
oniae
[50]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 21
Table4Con
tinued
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Antibacteria
land
antifun
gal
Not
specified
Extractsob
tained
bysequ
entia
lextractionof
the
vegetalm
aterialw
ithn-hexanechloroform
aceton
emethano
land
water
n-Hexanee
xtracthadinhibitory
activ
ityin
vitro
againstE
scheric
hia
coliSalm
onellatyphiPseudomonas
aeruginosaB
acillus
cereus
Klebsiella
aerogenesandCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainst
Shiguella
boydiAspergillus
fumiga
tusAspergillus
flavusand
Aspergillus
nigerCh
loroform
extractinh
ibitedin
vitro
Salm
onella
typhiPseudomonas
aeruginosaB
acillus
cereusan
dCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainstEscherich
iacoliStaphylococcus
aureus
Shiguella
boydiAspergillus
fumiga
tusAspergillus
flavusand
Aspergillus
nigerAc
eton
eextractinhibitedin
vitro
Escherich
iacoli
Pseudomonas
aeruginosaStaphylococcusa
ureusKlebsiella
aerogenes
Proteusv
ulgarisan
dCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainst
Salm
onellatyphiAspergillus
fumiga
tusAspergillus
flavusa
ndAspergillus
nigerMethano
lextractinhibitedin
vitro
Escherich
iacoli
Salm
onellatyphiPseudomonas
aeruginosaStaphylococcusa
ureus
Bacilluscereusa
ndCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainst
Aspergillus
fumigatusA
spergillu
sflavusan
dAspergillus
nigerWater
extractw
asactiv
einvitro
againstE
scheric
hiacoliSalm
onellatyphi
Pseudomonas
aeruginosaStaphylococcusa
ureusBa
cilluscereus
Klebsiella
aerogenesProteusv
ulgarisan
dCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainstAspergillus
fumigatusA
spergillu
sflavusand
Aspergillus
niger
[89]
Methano
land
petro
lether
extractsfro
mbark
At200120583
g100120583
Lon
lythem
ethano
lextractshow
edin
vitro
antib
acteria
lactivity
upon
Staphylococcus
aureusStre
ptococcus
pyogenesand
Escherich
iacoliandantifun
galactivity
upon
Aspergillus
nigerCa
ndidaalbicansPenicillium
notatumand
Saccharomyces
cerevisia
e
[115]
Anticho
linesterase
Latex
Lyop
hilized
latex
Inhibitedtim
e-anddo
se-dependentlythea
cetylch
olinesterase
enzymeinnervou
stissue
offre
shwater
airb
reathing
fishCh
anna
marulius
[116]
Leaves
Fractio
nsobtained
bysequ
entia
lextractionof
the
vegetalm
aterialw
ithethyl
acetatea
ndmethano
l
At2m
gmLconcentration
thee
thylacetatea
ndmethano
lfractions
presentedinhibitory
activ
ities
invitro
of71
and100
Them
ethano
lfractio
npresentedIC
50of
005
mgmL
[117]
Antidiarrheal
Fruits
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmiceinhibitedthec
astoro
ilindu
ceddiarrhea
[110]
Leaves
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmiceinhibitedthec
astoro
ilindu
ceddiarrhea
[111]
Antifu
ngal
(antidermatop
hytic
fung
i)Ae
rialp
arts
Water
andethylacetate
fractio
nsfro
mmethano
lextract
Them
inim
alconcentrationprod
ucing75of
inhibitio
nor
high
eragainstM
icrosporuscanis
forb
othfractio
nsw
as1120583
gmLFo
rthe
fung
usMicrosporusg
ypseum
Microsporusfulvuman
dMicrosporus
gallina
eno
neof
thefractionpresentedinhibitory
activ
ity
[114]
22 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative MedicineTa
ble4Con
tinued
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Anti-infl
ammatory
Aeria
lparts
Methano
land
petro
lether
extracts
At100and200m
gkgdayover7
daysbyoralrouteinmiceon
lythe
methano
lextractpresentedsig
nificantanti-infl
ammatoryactiv
ityon
carrageenan-indu
cedpawedem
a[92]
Leaves
Aqueou
sextract
At100and200120583
gmLsig
nificantly
preventedthelysisof
human
red
bloo
dcells
inmem
branes
tabilizationmetho
din
vitro
[118]
Ethano
lextract
At100120583
gmLsig
nificantly
preventedthelysisof
human
redbloo
dcells
inmem
branes
tabilizationmetho
din
vitro
[118]
Methano
lextractandleaf
paste
At500and1000
mgkgbyoralrouteinrats
inhibitedthe
carrageenan-indu
cedpawedem
aAt
50and100m
gkgbyoralroute
inrats
inhibitedthec
ottonpelletind
uced
granulom
aformationin
rats
At05and1m
geartheleafp
asteredu
cedtheinfl
ammation
respon
sein
mou
seeare
demam
odel
[28]
Not
specified
Methano
land
petro
lether
extractsfro
mbark
At200m
gkgbyoralrouteinratsbothextractsredu
cedthe
carrageenan-indu
cedpawedem
a[115]
Antim
alarial
Leaves
Aqueou
sextract
30120583ginhibitedin
vitro
theg
rowth
ofPlasmodium
falciparum
[31]
Dichlorom
ethane
extract
Activ
einvitro
againstP
lasm
odium
falciparumw
ithIC
50of
abou
t35120583gmL
[81]
Antineoplasic
Roots
Ethano
licextractand
jatro
phon
e
Thee
thanolextractas
wellasjatroph
oneexhibitedsig
nificant
inhibitory
activ
ityin
vitro
againstcellsderiv
edfro
mhu
man
carcinom
aofthe
nasoph
aryn
xandlymph
ocyticleuk
emiaP-388and
invivo
againstfou
rstand
ardanim
altumor
syste
ms
[66]
Falodo
neShow
edpo
tent
proliferatio
ninhibitory
activ
ityagainstA
-549
human
cancer
celllin
ewith
IC50of
120120583
gmL
[13]
2120572-H
ydroxyjatro
phon
e2120573
-hydroxy-56-iso
jatro
phon
eand2120573
-hydroxyjatro
phon
editerpenes
isolatedfro
mpetro
lether
extract
Presentedantin
eoplasicactiv
ityup
onP-388lymph
ocyticleuk
emia
testsyste
mbo
thin
vivo
andin
vitro
asw
ellasfor
theE
aglersquos
carcinom
aofthe
nasoph
aryn
xtestsyste
min
vitro
[64]
Not
specified
Abiodo
neNot
specifiedlowast
[73]
Antioxidant
Leaves
Methano
lethylacetateand
aqueou
sextract
Allextractsshow
edsig
nificantantioxidant
activ
ityin
vitro
inDPP
Hfre
eradicalferric
thiocyanateandnitricoxides
caveng
ingmetho
dslowast
[55]
Who
leplant
Petro
letherchloroform
ethylacetateand
n-bu
tano
lextracts
Allextractsshow
edon
lypo
orDPP
Hscavenging
activ
ityTh
etotal
antio
xidant
capacitywas
high
erin
ethylacetateandn-bu
tano
lextracts
having
thep
etrolether
andchloroform
show
ingon
lypo
oractiv
ityTh
elipid
peroxidatio
nwas
inhibitedon
lypartially
bythe
extracts
with
thee
thylacetateb
eing
them
ostactivea
ndthep
etrol
etherb
eing
theleast
[48]
Antisp
asmod
icAe
rialp
arts
Ethano
lextractfractions
andsubfractions
At5001000and
2000
mgkgbyoralrouteinmiceshow
edsig
nificantantisp
asmod
icactiv
ityin
mou
seintestinaltransit
mod
elandat0510
and
20m
gmLinhibitedin
vitro
thea
cetylch
olinea
ndcalcium-in
ducedcontractions
ofiso
lated
ratjeju
numO
nlythe
organicfractionof
thee
xtracthadac
alcium
-antagon
isteffect
whereas
both
chloroform
icandaqueou
sfractions
hadanticho
linergic
effect
[119]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 23Ta
ble4Con
tinued
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Antivira
lAe
rialp
arts
Water
andethylacetate
fractio
nsfro
mmethano
lextract
At110and
100120583
gmLbo
thfractio
nspresented100
ofinhibitio
nof
plaque-fo
rmingabilityof
Sind
bisv
irusintre
atmentp
reinfection
protocol(IC 5
0lt1120583
gmL)w
hilein
treatmentp
ostin
fection
theIC 5
0of
water
fractio
nincreasedto
512andacetatefractionincreasedto
37120583gmLFo
rmurinec
ytom
egaloviru
sIC
50of
17and15
towater
andethylacetatefractio
nswereo
bservedrespectiv
elyintre
atment
preinfectio
nprotocolInthetreatmentp
ostin
fection
howe
verno
inhibitio
nwas
observed
inthismicroorganism
[114]
Not
specified
Methano
lextractfro
mbarks
Partially
activ
eagainstSind
bisv
irusand
herpes
simplex
virus-l
Inactiv
eagainsthu
man
polio
virus
[107]
Bron
chod
ilator
Stem
sAq
ueou
sextract
Thee
xtractwas
inactiv
einbron
chod
ilatora
ctivity
inguinea
pigs
[120]
Con
traceptiv
eLeaves
Ethano
lextract
At450m
gkgdayover2
1daysby
oralroutecaused
anantifertility
activ
ityin
femalem
ice
[121]
Healin
g
Aeria
lparts
Ethano
l70
extract
At1m
Lkg
dosebyintraperito
nealrouteinrats
presentedbeneficial
activ
ityin
healingprocesso
fcolon
icanastomosis
[122]
Aeria
lparts
Ethano
l70
extract
At200m
gkgbyintraperito
nealrouteinrats
favoredtheh
ealin
gprocesso
fgastro
rrhaph
iesa
ndredu
cedthea
cuteinflammatory
reactio
nin
vivo
[123]
Leaves
Hydroethano
lextract
At200m
gkgbyintraperito
nealroutedecreasedtheinfl
ammation
andincreasedvascular
neoformationandcollagendepo
sitionwhen
comparedto
thec
ontro
lgroup
inhealingprocesso
fsutures
perfo
rmed
ontheb
ladd
erof
rats
How
everingeneralno
favorable
healingeffectw
asob
served
[108]
Not
specified
Ethano
licextract
Alth
ough
someimprovem
entcou
ldbe
observed
insuture
healingof
ventralabd
ominalwallofratstreated
with
100m
gkg
ofextract
(intraperito
nealinstillationintraperito
nealcavity)in
generalon
lya
poor
healingactiv
itywas
observed
[124]
Not
specified
At01m
Lvolumeby
topicalapp
lication
thec
rude
extractp
resented
significantd
ifferencesc
oncerningthem
acroscop
icandmicroscop
icaspectso
fhealin
gprocesso
ccurrin
gin
open
skin
lesio
nsin
rats
[125]
Hem
ostatic
Latex
Crud
efresh
latex
Decreased
clotting
andbleeding
timeinhealthysubjects
[101]
Hepatop
rotective
Aeria
lparts
Petro
letherm
ethano
land
water
extracts
At200m
gkgdayover7
daysbyoralrouteinrats
both
extracts
presentedhepatoprotectiv
eactivity
incarbon
tetrachlorideind
uced
liver
damagewith
thep
etrolether
beingthem
ostactivea
ndthe
methano
lbeing
theleast
[126]
Hypotensiv
eand
vasorelaxant
Aeria
lparts
Ethano
licextract
At125and250m
gkgdayover4
weeksby
oralrouteinrats
ina
dose-dependent
mannerredu
cedthes
ystolic
bloo
dpressure
and
prod
uced
acon
centratio
n-depend
entrelaxanteffectin
ratisolated
(ex
vivo)end
otheliu
m-depriv
edmesenteric
artery
precon
tractedwith
norepineph
rineo
rCaC
l 2
[45]
Immun
omod
ulatory
Who
leplant
Petro
lether
extract
At100200and40
0120583gmLincreasedthep
roliferationof
mou
sespleen
cellin
vitro
[127]
Localanesthetic
Not
specified
Methano
land
aqueou
sextracts
Both
extractspresentedsig
nificantlocalanestheticactiv
ityby
plexus
anesthesiain
frogslowast
[128]
24 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table4Con
tinued
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Relaxant
effecto
nuterine
smoo
thmuscle
(tocolytic
activ
ity)
Aeria
lparts
Ethano
licextractand
chloroform
icandaqueou
sfractio
ns
At05and10
mgmLthee
thanolicextractreduced
the
calcium
-evokedcontractile
respon
seof
theu
terin
esmoo
thmuscle
as
wellas
thec
hloroformicfractio
nTh
eaqu
eous
fractio
npresented
onlyslighteffect
[129]
Sedativ
eand
anxiolytic
Fruits
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmicepresentedsedativ
eeffect
intheh
olec
rosstest
At200m
gkgpresented
anxiolyticactiv
ityin
holebo
ardtest
At40
0mgkgpresented
anxiolyticactiv
ityin
elevated
plus-m
azetest
[110]
Leaves
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmicepresentedsedativ
eeffect
intheh
olec
rosstest
At200m
gkgpresented
anxiolyticactiv
ityin
holebo
ardtest
At40
0mgkgpresented
anxiolyticin
elevated
plus-m
azetest
[111]
lowast
Thec
ompletev
ersio
nof
thep
aper
was
notaccessib
leso
theinformationwas
obtained
from
itsabstr
act
IC50con
centratio
nthatinhibits50of
ther
eferredactiv
ity
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 25
about extract preparation and plant part not specified) theauthors also observed an absence of healing action althoughsome histological improvement was shown [125]
However studying the influence of J gossypiifolia on thehealing process of colonic anastomosis in rats Servin et alshowed that the administration of 1mLkg single dose ofthe hydro alcoholic extract from aerial parts has beneficialeffect on the healing process [122] However according tothese authors on the seventh day of the experiment therewas a decrease in the action of the extract suggestingthat the extract in this experiment was less active in laterstages of healing process [122] A plausible hypothesis notraised by the authors could be the fact that the extract wasadministered in a single dose which may not have beensufficient to maintain the effect throughout the time of theexperiment Additionally Vale et al showed that the ethanolicextract from aerial parts of J gossypiifolia at single intraperi-toneal dose of 200mgkg favored the healing process ofgastrorrhaphies and reduced the acute inflammatory reactionin vivo [123]
65 Hemostatic Action The use of J gossypiifolia especiallythe latex is widespread as a hemostatic agent for preventingbleeding disorders The results of whole blood clotting timeusing Lee and White method and bleeding time using Ivyrsquosmethod were significantly reduced when stem latex wasintroduced suggesting procoagulant activity [101] Regardingthe possible mechanism of action based on experimentsthat show the precipitating action of the latex upon bovinealbumin the authors suggest that the latex precipitatesclotting factors thereby bringing the coagulation factors intoclose contact and then the activation of coagulation cascadeleads to the generation of thrombin and formation of aclot takes place in a matter of seconds when compared tothe control experiment which took minutes to completecoagulation [101] It is important to emphasize that to the bestof our knowledge this is the only study performed on humansubjects
66 Anticholinesterase Action Based on the cholinergichypothesis acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are widely usedto treat Alzheimerrsquos disease J gossypiifolia presented animportant anticholinesterase activity since the methanolicextract from leaves showed an IC
50of 005mgmL [117]
Another study showed that the lyophilized latex of theplant was able to inhibit time- and dose-dependently theacetylcholinesterase enzyme in nervous tissue of freshwaterair breathing fish Channa marulius [116]
67 Antioxidant Action The antioxidant activity of extractsfrom J gossypiifoliawas evaluated by Kharat et al [55] In thiswork the high content of phenols tannins and flavonoids inthe leaves prompted the authors to evaluate the antioxidantactivity of the leaves DPPH free radical ferric thiocyanateand nitric oxide scavengingmethods were used to analyze theantioxidant activity in vitro of methanol ethyl acetate andaqueous extracts demonstrating positive resultsThe authorsattributed the free radical scavenging activity to the presence
of flavonoids [55] On the other hand a study showed thatdifferent extracts (petrol ether chloroform ethyl acetate andn-butanol) fromwhole plant of J gossypiifolia had only partialantioxidant activity in DPPH scavenging total antioxidantcapacity and lipid peroxidation tests [48] Among them theethyl acetate extract was the most active which correlatespositively with its higher content of phenolic compounds incomparison with the other extracts [48]
68 Contraceptive Action Based on its popular use J gossypi-ifoliawas assessed for its antifertility activity as an alternativeto oral contraceptive agents J gossypiifolia leaf extract byoral route altered the major hormones involved in estrouscycle regulation indicating its antifertility effect on mice[121] Evaluating other parameters (estrogenic and earlyabortifacient activities) the anti-infertility effect of the extractwas once more demonstrated later [130]
69 Tocolytic Action Based on the ethnopharmacologicalapplication of the plant as tocolytic remedy the effects oncalcium-evoked uterine smooth muscle contraction of theethanolic extract and fractions were evaluated [129] Thecrude extract and to a higher extent the chloroformic frac-tion reduced the calcium-evoked contractile response of theuterine smooth muscle promoting a rightward displacementof calciumcumulative curves aswell as reducing themaximalcontractions [129]
610 Antineoplasic Action One of the most well-knownpharmacological activities of J gossypiifolia is its antineopla-sic action which is frequently associated with the contentof lignoids and terpenoids One of the first reports wasmade by Kupchan et al [66] when the authors found thatthe ethanolic extract from roots as well as the isolatedditerpene jatrophone exhibited significant inhibitory activityin vitro against cells derived from human carcinoma of thenasopharynx and lymphocytic leukemia P-388 and in vivoagainst four standard animal tumor systems such as sarcoma180 Lewis lung carcinoma P-388 lymphocytic leukemiaand Walker 256 intramuscular carcinosarcoma [66] Laterthree new antitumor derivatives of jatrophone were isolatedfrom petrol ether extracts from roots of J gossypiifolia 2120572-hydroxyjatrophone 2120573-hydroxy-56-isojatrophone and 2120573-hydroxyjatrophone [64] Recently two other diterpenes withpotent antineoplasic activity were isolated from J gossypi-ifolia falodone and abiodone Falodone was isolated frommethanol extract from roots and showed potent proliferationinhibitory activity against A-549 human cancer cell line [13]Abiodone a lathyrane diterpenoid compound was isolatedfrom J gossypiifolia and presented potent anticancer activity[73]
611 Local Anesthetic Action The local anesthetic action ofJ gossypiifolia was evaluated by plexus anaesthesia in frogs[128] The authors observed that the aqueous and methanolextract (plant part not specified) presented significant anes-thetic action when compared to control group
26 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
612 Neuropharmacological Action The neuropharmacolog-ical action of the methanol extract of the leaves of J gossypi-ifolia was evaluated by Apu et al [111] The authors observedthat in hole cross test the extract at 200 and 400mgkg byoral route showed significant sedative effect in mice In holeboard test the extract showed highly significant anxiolyticactivity at a dose of 200mgkg whereas the same activity wasobserved at 400mgkg dose in elevated plus-maze test [111]Similar results were observed in the methanolic extract fromfruits [110]
613 Antidiarrheal Action Although it may seem contradic-tory as shown in Table 3 J gossypiifolia species is popularlyused both as purgative and as antidiarrheal remedy Howeverin literature there are interesting results about the antidiar-rheal properties of different extracts of this species
At 200 and 400mgkg oral doses in mice the methanolextract of J gossypiifolia leaves produced highly signifi-cant antidiarrheal activity upon castor oil-induced diarrheadecreasing themean number of stool and total weight of fecaloutput when compared to control group [111] Similar resultswere observed in the methanolic extract from fruits [110]
Aiming to determine the possible action mechanism of Jgossypiifolia aerial parts ethanol extract as antidiarrheal agentSilva et al [119] have investigated the effect of this extracton intestinal transit velocity and on isolated rat jejunumAt 500 1000 and 2000mgkg by oral route in mice theextract showed significant antispasmodic activity in mouseintestinal transit model when compared to control At 0510 and 20mgmL the crude extract inhibited in vitro theacetylcholine and calcium-induced contractions of isolatedrat jejunum The chloroform and aqueous fractions wereobtained and it was observed that only the chloroform frac-tion of the extract had a calcium-antagonist effect whereasboth chloroformic and aqueous fractions had anticholinergiceffect suggesting that the antispasmodic effect of J gossypi-ifolia may be due to a combination of anticholinergic andcalcium-antagonist mechanisms [119]
614 Immunomodulatory Action The immunomodulatoryaction of synthetic lignan compounds was evaluated by theassay of proliferation of mouse spleen cell in vitro andcompared with petrol ether extract of whole plant of Jgossypiifolia since it is a natural source of this kind ofcompound [127] The authors showed that both syntheticand naturally occurring 1-phenylnaphthalene lignans couldpositively modulate the immunity of the host since theysignificantly increased the proliferation of mouse spleen cellin vitro [127]
615 Hepatoprotective Action Despite some studies havingshown the hepatotoxic potential of J gossypiifolia a study wasperformed to analyze the possible hepatoprotective action ofextracts of this plant in carbon tetrachloride-induced liverdamage in rats [126] In fact the petrol ether methanoland water extracts from the aerial parts of J gossypiifoliapresented significant hepatoprotective action in this model
substantially restoring towards normalization the serum lev-els of serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase serum glu-tamate pyruvate transaminase serum alkaline phosphatasetotal bilirubin superoxide dismutase and catalase [126] Theauthors also discuss the close relationship between the hep-atoprotective action observed and the possible antioxidantmechanism present in the extracts
7 Other Actions andBiotechnological Applications
In addition to studies demonstrating scientific evidences ofthe pharmacological properties of J gossypiifolia severalstudies have demonstrated the potential of this species toobtain molecules with various applications thus showing itsmultipurpose character
Among the main applications described the use ofJ gossypiifolia seed oil for biodiesel production could bementioned Jatropha species has drawn the attention ofresearchers in recent years due to its emergence as a highlysuitable feedstock plant for biodiesel production [11] Amongthe species J gossypiifolia J curcas and J pohliana produceseeds with high oil content [11] In a study investigatingthe potential of two plants of the Jatropha genus (includ-ing J gossypiifolia) the authors observed that the studiedphysicochemical properties of the produced biodiesel are inthe acceptable range for use as biodiesel in diesel enginesshowing a promising economic exploitation of these rawmaterials [131]
Studies have shown the potential of the species for thedevelopment of new tools for biochemical analysis A recentstudy showed that the diluted fresh latex J gossypiifolia can beused as precipitating agent for biochemical determination ofproteins in plasma urine and cerebrospinal fluid with valuescomparable to those obtained from the conventional proteinprecipitants sodium tungstate and trichloroacetic acid [24]According to the authors the precipitating potential couldbe related to the capacity of the latex to form clots whenapplied to a bleeding sore or wound when it is used in folkmedicine [24] Another study showed the potentiality of thejuice extracted from the fresh leaves of J gossypiifolia asan anticoagulant for haematological analyses [86] 01mL ofextract per mL of blood proved to be suitable for obtainingplasmas for biochemical analysis comparable with conven-tional anticoagulants [86] However the authors emphasizethat the extract must be purified to remove interferingsubstances for it to be perfectly suitable for biochemicalanalysis [86]
Some studies have demonstrated the potentiality of Jgossypiifolia as a source of pesticide biomolecules Bullang-poti et al [49] isolated ricinine from the ethyl acetate extractfrom senescent leaves the main compound responsible forthe toxicity of the crude extract in Spodoptera exigua larvaethus demonstrating that it could be an alternative choiceto chemical insecticides In another study Bullangpoti etal [132] showed that the ethanol extract of J gossypiifoliain association with the ethanol extract of Melia azedarachwas toxic and inhibited some enzymes from Spodoptera
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 27
frugiperda larvae demonstrating once more the potentialityof the species as insecticide agent Calatayud et al [56]showed the presence of proteins of about 100 kDa with toxicactivity upon Phenacoccus herreni another type of insectIn this work the authors performed a strategy of extrac-tion that eliminated nonprotein compounds being able todemonstrate the potential of the species to obtain insecticidalproteins [56] Leaf extract of J gossypiifolia reduced thefecundity and egg viability against stored product insect pestsTribolium castaneum [133]
The potential molluscicidal activity of J gossypiifolia hasalso been evaluated as an alternative mode of preventionof schistosomiasis Sukumaran et al [134] showed that themethanol and n-butanol extracts from unripened seeds of Jgossypiifoliawas toxic against eggs and adults of two species offreshwater snails Lymnaea luteola and Indoplanorbis exustusThe results indicated that n-butanol extract was the mosteffective and that the eggs were more susceptible than adults[134]
8 Toxicology
Species of Jatropha are notably known for their toxic potential[135 136] This toxicity is related primarily to latex andseeds The latex is released from the aerial parts of theplant by mechanical injury and it is extremely caustic andirritating to skin and mucous membranes The seeds arerich in toxalbumins that cause agglutination and hemolysisto erythrocytes as well as damage to other cell types andcontain a lipoid resin complex that can cause dermatitis[3 12 135] The symptomatology consists in general ofgastrointestinal disorders (abdominal pain nausea vomitingand diarrhea) Additionally the clinical course can bringcardiovascular neurological and renal complications [136]Cases of poisoning in humans usually occur by eating fruitand seeds because of its similarity to edible chestnuts [136]
Some toxicological studies have demonstrated the toxicproperties of J gossypiifolia while others show the absence oftoxicity However it is important to observe the models useddoses administrated and types of extract employed (solventand plant part) among other aspects to make the properconclusions about the toxicity
The study of experimental poisoning in sheep showedthat the intake of fresh plant leaves in a single dose of40 gkg was lethal to these animals [137] The clinical andpathological picture in the experimental sheep was charac-terized by digestive lung and heart disturbances and alsoby slight regressive changes evidenced in hepatic and renalhistological examinations [137] However as observed byMariz et al [7] it is important to note that the medicinaluse of the plant is rarely in natura but instead by differentpreparations such as infusions or decoctions sometimes ofthe dried material which could inactivate the possible toxiccomponents However this is only a hypothesis and so thetoxicity of extracts from leaves cannot be discarded
One of the first studies relating the identification of theconstituents responsible for the toxic effects of the Jatrophaspecies was published by Adolf et al [69] In this work
by a bioguided isolation the irritant polyunsaturated ester12-deoxy-16-hydroxylphorbol was isolated from the etherextract from the seeds of J gossypiifolia by countercurrentchromatography [69] The irritant activity was visualized inmouse ear after 24 h of the application of the fractions andisolated compounds [69]
The in vitro cytotoxicity assay using brine shrimp larvaetest revealed that ethanol and methanol extracts (plant organunspecified) showed low toxicity [138] An earlier studyshowed that thewater and ethyl acetate fraction of amethanolextract from aerial parts of J gossypiifolia did not presenttoxicity against the same organisms [114]
A study performed in Wistar rats evaluated the toxicityof the ethanolic root extract of J gossypiifolia at 10 20 and30mgkg by oral route [139] The authors observed that theextract was toxic to the kidney and caused increased urearetention in the blood as observed by histological studies andbiochemical analysis of blood [139]
A preclinical toxicological assessment of the crudeethanol extract from J gossypiifolia leaves showed that theextract presents relatively low oral acute toxicity in Wistarrats [18 19] Rats treated with single doses of 12ndash50 gkgby oral route were observed for 14 days and the mostimportant signs of toxicity were ptosis reduction of bodyweight and hind limb paralysis Other significant alterationsoccurred only in males treated with 50 gkg dose increasein creatinine aspartate aminotransferase sodium and potas-sium seric levels reduction of urea and albumin leucopeniaand small alteration in color and consistency of visceraThe median lethal dose (LD
50) was higher than 40 gkg
for males and higher than 50 gkg for females [19] In thehistopathological evaluation some alteration was observedin liver and lung only at 50 gkg suggesting the relativelylow toxicity of the extract [18] However in the chronictoxicological study (thirteen weeks of treatment) this extractshowed significant oral chronic toxicity in rats [17] The mostsignificant toxic signs indicated a reduction of the activityin the central nervous system and digestive disturbancesThe histopathological analysis revealed hepatotoxicity andpulmonary damages The lethality was 466 and 133among males and females under the higher tested dose(405mgkg) respectively [17] Based on this Mariz et al [7]discussed that the development of herbal medicine based onthis species needs to prioritize the chemical refinement of thecrude extracts to obtain less toxic fractions which should betested for their safety and therapeutic efficacy
Another study on the other hand evaluating the oralacute toxicity of the aqueous and ethanol extracts from leavesof J gossypiifolia did not show any sign of toxicity in upto 2 gkg in rats enabling the authors to conclude that thisextract could be considered safe [118] This is an interestingresult since in most cases the plant is used popularly as tea(aqueous extract)
The toxicity of the stem latex of J gossypiifoliawas studiedin Wistar rats by applying different doses of crude latex onincised skin daily for 18 days based on the popular useof the latex as hemostatic agent in skin lesions [140] Theauthors observed that the application of the latex did notproduce any significant difference in results of biochemical
28 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
and hematological parameters obtained from the control andexperimental animals leading to the conclusion that the stemlatex has no harmful effects [140]
9 Conclusions
As demonstrated by this review J gossypiifolia presents animportant potential for the generation of pharmacologicalandor biotechnological products based on popular usesand biological studies scientifically showing its propertiesHowever regarding specifically its medicinal propertiesfurther studies are still necessary to assay important folkuses of the species and characterize the major compoundsresponsible for the bioactivityThus studies of bioprospectingcould prioritize this species since many popular uses forvariousmedical purposes are reported demonstrating a greatpotential to originate bioactive molecules with pharmaco-logical relevance Furthermore future phytochemical studiesof this plant are important to obtain the best knowledgeof the chemical composition of different extracts of theplant in order to recognize the really important compoundsin the pharmacological actions aspiring to the chemicalrefinement of the products to eliminate the eventual toxiceffects that could reduce the medicinal value of the speciesIn conclusion the data presented in this review could provideinsights for future research aimed at both ethnopharmaco-logical validation of the popular use of J gossypiifolia andits exploration as a new source of bioactive molecules forherbal drugs andor bioactive natural products for potentialapplication in complementary and alternative medicine
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper
Acknowledgments
The authors thank BNB CNPq and CAPES (Brazil) forthe financial support Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosagives thanks to CNPq for Scholarship in Research Produc-tivity The authors also thank Andrew Alastair Cumming forediting this paper for the English revision
References
[1] G L Webster ldquoClassification of the euphorbiaceaerdquo Annals ofthe Missouri Botanical Garden vol 81 pp 3ndash143 1994
[2] M V Alves ldquoChecklist das especies de Euphorbiaceae Jussocorrentes no semi-arido pernambucano BrasilrdquoActa BotanciaBrasileira vol 12 no 3 pp 485ndash495 1998
[3] C W Sabandar N Ahmat F M Jaafar and I Sahidin ldquoMedic-inal property phytochemistry and pharmacology of severalJatropha species (Euphorbiaceae) a reviewrdquo Phytochemistryvol 85 pp 7ndash29 2013
[4] C K A Leal and M D F Agra ldquoEstudo farmacobotanicocomparativo das folhas de Jatrophamolissima (Pohl) BaillrdquoActaFarmaceutica Bonaerense vol 24 no 1 pp 5ndash13 2005
[5] L C Di Stasi and C A Hiruma-Lima Plantas medicinais naAmazonia e na Mata Atlantica UNESP Sao Paulo Brazil 2ndedition 2002
[6] M D F Agra K N Silva I J L D Basılio P F De Freitasand JM Barbosa-Filho ldquoSurvey ofmedicinal plants used in theregionNortheast of BrazilrdquoBrazilian Journal of Pharmacognosyvol 18 no 3 pp 472ndash508 2008
[7] S R Mariz A C R Borges M F F Melo-Diniz and I AMedeiros ldquoPossibilidades terapeuticas e riscos toxicologicosde Jatropha gossypiifolia L uma revisao narrativardquo RevistaBrasileiraDe PlantasMedicinais vol 12 no 3 pp 346ndash357 2010
[8] I Cordeiro and R Secco ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia L Lista deespecies da flora do Brasilrdquo Jardim Botanico do Rio de JaneirohttpfloradobrasiljbrjgovbrjabotfloradobrasilFB17581
[9] U P de Albuquerque P M de Medeiros A L S de Almeida etal ldquoMedicinal plants of the caatinga (semi-arid) vegetation ofNE Brazil a quantitative approachrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacol-ogy vol 114 no 3 pp 325ndash354 2007
[10] U P Albuquerque L H C Andrade and J Caballero ldquoStruc-ture and floristics of homegardens in Northeastern BrazilrdquoJournal of Arid Environments vol 62 no 3 pp 491ndash506 2005
[11] S A Ceasar and S Ignacimuthu ldquoApplications of biotechnologyand biochemical engineering for the improvement of Jatrophaand Biodiesel a reviewrdquo Renewable and Sustainable EnergyReviews vol 15 no 9 pp 5176ndash5185 2011
[12] U P de Albuquerque J MMonteiro M A Ramos and E L Cde Amorim ldquoMedicinal and magic plants from a public marketin northeastern Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 110no 1 pp 76ndash91 2007
[13] A Falodun Q Sheng-Xiang G Parkinson and S GibbonsldquoIsolation and characterization of a new anticancer diterpenoidfrom Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journalvol 45 no 10 pp 636ndash639 2012
[14] BRASIL ldquoFitoterapia plantas de interesse ao SUSrdquo Braz-ilian Health Ministry httpportalsaudegovbrportalarqu-ivospdfRENISUSpdf
[15] X-P Zhang M-L Zhang X-H Su C-H Huo Y-C Gu andQ-W Shi ldquoChemical constituents of the plants from genusJatrophardquo Chemistry and Biodiversity vol 6 no 12 pp 2166ndash2183 2009
[16] S K Sharma and H Singh ldquoA review on pharmacological sig-nificance of genus Jatropha (Euphorbiaceae)rdquoChinese Journal ofIntegrative Medicine vol 18 no 11 pp 868ndash880 2012
[17] S RMariz G S CerqueiraWCAraujo et al ldquoChronic toxico-logic study of the ethanolic extract of the aerial parts of Jatrophagossypiifolia in ratsrdquoRevista Brasileira de Farmacognosia vol 22no 3 pp 663ndash668 2012
[18] S R Mariz M S T Araujo G S Cerqueira et al ldquoHistopatho-logical evaluation in rats after acute treatment with the ethanolextract from aerial parts of Jatropha gossypiifolia Lrdquo RevistaBrasileira De Farmacognosia vol 18 no 2 pp 213ndash216 2008
[19] S R Mariz G S Cerqueira W C Araujo et al ldquoEstudo toxi-cologico agudo do extrato etanolico de partes aereas de Jatrophagossypiifolia L em ratosrdquo Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosiavol 16 no 3 pp 372ndash378 2006
[20] C Auvin-Guette C Baraguey A Blond J L Pousset andB Bodo ldquoCyclogossine B a cyclic octapeptide from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Journal of Natural Products vol 60 pp 1155ndash11571997
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 29
[21] V S Parvathi B S Jyothi T Lakshmi P S Babu and RKarthikeyan ldquoMorpho-anatomical and physicochemical stud-ies of Jatropha gossypifolia (L)rdquo Der Pharmacia Lettre vol 4no 1 pp 256ndash262 2012
[22] M N S Rios and F Pastore Junior Plantas da Amazonia450 Especies de Uso Geral Universidade de BrasıliamdashBibliotecaCentral Brasılia 2011
[23] S R Mariz Estudo toxicologico pre-clınico de Jatropha gossypi-ifolia L [PhD thesis] Universidade Federal da Paraıba JoaoPessoa Brazil 2007
[24] O G Adeosun T Oduola F A Fagbomedo et al ldquoSuitabilityof stem latex of Jatropha gossypifolia as a protein precipitant forbiochemical analysisrdquo Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistryvol 29 no 2 pp 210ndash212 2014
[25] F O A Ajose ldquoSome Nigerian plants of dermatologic impor-tancerdquo International Journal of Dermatology vol 46 no 1 pp48ndash55 2007
[26] J S Ashidi P J Houghton P J Hylands and T EfferthldquoEthnobotanical survey and cytotoxicity testing of plants ofSouth-western Nigeria used to treat cancer with isolationof cytotoxic constituents from Cajanus cajan Millsp leavesrdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 128 no 2 pp 501ndash512 2010
[27] M Ayyanar and S Ignacimuthu ldquoEthnobotanical survey ofmedicinal plants commonly used by Kani tribals in Tirunelvelihills of Western Ghats Indiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 134 no 3 pp 851ndash864 2011
[28] R Bhagat S D Ambavade A V Misar and D K KulkarnildquoAnti-inflammatory activity of Jatropha gossypifolia L leaves inalbino mice and Wistar ratrdquo Journal of Scientific and IndustrialResearch vol 70 no 4 pp 289ndash292 2011
[29] J H Cano and G Volpato ldquoHerbal mixtures in the traditionalmedicine of Eastern Cubardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol90 no 2-3 pp 293ndash316 2004
[30] F G Coe and G J Anderson ldquoScreening of medicinal plantsused by the Garıfuna of Eastern Nicaragua for bioactive com-poundsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 53 no 1 pp 29ndash501996
[31] MGbeassor Y Kossou K Amegbo C De Souza K Koumagloand A Denke ldquoAntimalarial effects of eight African medicinalplantsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 25 no 1 pp 115ndash1181989
[32] National Center for Biotechnology Information ldquoJatropha gos-sypiifoliardquo Taxonomy Browser httpwwwncbinlmnihgovTaxonomyBrowserwwwtaxcgiid=454931
[33] Tropicos ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia Lrdquo httpwwwtropicosorgNamePrintaspxnameid=12802174amptab=details
[34] The Plant List ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia Lrdquo httpwwwtheplant-listorgtplrecordkew-104621
[35] M S Khyade and N P Vaikos ldquoPharmacognostical andphytochemical evaluation of leaf of Jatropha gossypifolia LrdquoInternational Journal of Research in Ayurveda amp Pharmacy vol2 no 1 pp 177ndash180 2011
[36] D O Aworinde D U Nwoye A A Jayeola A O Olagoke andA A Ogundele ldquoTaxonomic significance of foliar epidermis insome members of euphorbiaceae family in Nigeriardquo ResearchJournal of Botany vol 4 no 1 pp 17ndash28 2009
[37] J D Olowokudejo ldquoComparative epidermal morphology ofWest African species of Jatropha L (Euphorbiaceae)rdquo BotanicalJournal of the Linnean Society vol 111 no 2 pp 139ndash154 1993
[38] B Das and B Venkataiah ldquoA minor coumarino-lignoid fromJatropha gossypifoliardquo Biochemical Systematics and Ecology vol29 no 2 pp 213ndash214 2001
[39] B Das B Venkataiah and A Kashinatham ldquoVenkatasin a newcoumarino-lignoid from Jatropha gossypifoliardquoNatural ProductLetters vol 13 no 4 pp 293ndash297 1999
[40] B Das and B Venkataiah ldquoA rare diterpene from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Biochemical Systematics and Ecology vol 27 no 7pp 759ndash760 1999
[41] N Ravindranath B Venkataiah C Ramesh P Jayaprakash andB Das ldquoJatrophenone a novel macrocyclic bioactive diterpenefrom Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bul-letin vol 51 no 7 pp 870ndash871 2003
[42] B Das and J Banerji ldquoArylnaphthalene lignan from JatrophagossypifoliardquoPhytochemistry vol 27 no 11 pp 3684ndash3686 1988
[43] J Banerji B Das A Chatterjee and J N Shoolery ldquoGadain alignan from Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Phytochemistry vol 23 no10 pp 2323ndash2327 1984
[44] A Chatterjee B Das C Pascard and T Prange ldquoCrystalstructure of a lignan from Jatropha gossypifoliardquoPhytochemistryvol 20 no 8 pp 2047ndash2048 1981
[45] I C Abreu A S S Marinho A M A Paes et al ldquoHypotensiveand vasorelaxant effects of ethanolic extract from Jatrophagossypiifolia L in ratsrdquo Fitoterapia vol 74 no 7-8 pp 650ndash6572003
[46] B Das and R Das ldquoGossypifan a lignan from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Phytochemistry vol 40 no 3 pp 931ndash932 1995
[47] R Das B Das and A Kashinatham ldquoGossypiline a new lignanfrom Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Natural Product Sciences vol 4 no4 pp 238ndash240 1998
[48] D Shahwar S-U Shafiq N Ahmad S Ullah and M A RazaldquoAntioxidant activities of the selected plants from the fam-ily Euphorbiaceae Lauraceae Malvaceae and BalsaminaceaerdquoAfrican Journal of Biotechnology vol 9 no 7 pp 1086ndash10962010
[49] V Bullangpoti N Khumrungsee W Pluempanupat Y Kainohand U Saguanpong ldquoToxicity of ethyl acetate extract andricinine from Jatropha gossypifolia senescent leaves againstSpodoptera exigua Hubner (Lepidoptera Noctuidae)rdquo Journalof Pesticide Science vol 36 no 2 pp 260ndash263 2011
[50] A O Ogundare ldquoAntimicrobial effect of Tithonia diversifoliaand Jatropha gossypifolia leaf extractsrdquo Trends in Applied Sci-ences Research vol 2 no 2 pp 145ndash150 2007
[51] N Nwokocha A Blessing I O Agbagwa and B E OkolildquoComparative phytochemical screening of Jatropha L Speciesin the Niger Deltardquo Research Journal of Phytochemistry vol 5no 2 pp 107ndash114 2011
[52] R Seth and R Sarin ldquoAnalysis of the phytochemical contentand anti-microbial activity of Jatropha gossypifolia Lrdquo Archivesof Applied Science Research vol 2 no 5 pp 285ndash291 2010
[53] S Sankara Subramanian S Nagarajan and N SulochanaldquoFlavonoids of the leaves of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Phytochem-istry vol 10 no 7 p 1690 1971
[54] A C Pilon R L Carneiro F Carnevale Neto V S Bolzaniand I Castro-Gamboa ldquoInterval multivariate curve resolutionin the dereplication of HPLC-DAD data from Jatropha gossypi-foliardquo Phytochemical Analysis vol 24 no 4 pp 401ndash406 2013
[55] A R Kharat A K Dolui and S Das ldquoFree radical scavengingpotential of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Asian Journal of Chemistryvol 23 no 2 pp 799ndash801 2011
[56] P-A Calatayud D F Munera S Calatayud A Valencia-Jimenez and A C Bellotti ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia (Euphor-biaceae) a source of proteins toxic to Phenacoccus herreni(Sternorryncha Pseudococcidae)rdquo Florida Entomologist vol94 no 3 pp 649ndash654 2011
30 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
[57] W F Tinto L M D John W F Reynolds and S McLeanldquoTriterpenoids of Jatropha gossypiifoliardquo Journal of NaturalProducts vol 55 no 6 pp 807ndash809 1992
[58] R Das K Venkateswarlu V Saidi Reddy and B Das ldquo41015840-O-demethyl retrochinensin a minor new lignan from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Indian Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry vol 14no 2 pp 169ndash170 2004
[59] B Das A Kashinatham B Venkataiah K V N S Srinivas GMahender and M R Reddy ldquoCleomiscosin A a coumarino-lignoid from Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Biochemical Systematics andEcology vol 31 no 10 pp 1189ndash1191 2003
[60] B Das and G Anjani ldquoGossypidien a lignan from stems ofJatropha gossypifolliardquo Phytochemistry vol 51 no 1 pp 115ndash1171999
[61] B Das S P Rao and K V Srinivas ldquoIsolation of isogadain fromJatropha gossypifoliardquo Planta Medica vol 62 no 1 article 901996
[62] B Das S P Rao K V N S Srinivas and R Das ldquoJatrodien alignan from stems of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Phytochemistry vol41 no 3 pp 985ndash987 1996
[63] A Chatterjee B Das R Chakrabarti et al ldquoPrasanthaline anew lignan from Jatropha gossypifolia Linnrdquo Indian Journal ofChemistry vol 27 pp 740ndash741 1988
[64] M D Taylor A B Smith III G T Furst et al ldquoNewantileukemic jatrophone derivatives from Jatropha gossypiifoliastructural and stereochemical assignment through nuclearmagnetic resonance Spectroscopyrdquo Journal of the AmericanChemical Society vol 105 no 10 pp 3177ndash3183 1983
[65] K K Purushothaman S Chandrasekharan A F Cameron etal ldquoJatropholones A and B new diterpenoids from the roots ofJatropha gossypiifolia (Euphorbiaceae)mdashcrystal structure anal-ysis of Jatropholone Brdquo Tetrahedron Letters vol 20 no 11 pp979ndash980 1979
[66] S M Kupchan C W Sigel M J Matz J A S Renauld R CHaltiwanger and R F Bryan ldquoJatrophone a novel macrocyclicditerpenoid tumor inhibitor from Jatropha gossypiifoliardquo Jour-nal of the American Chemical Society vol 92 no 14 pp 4476ndash4477 1970
[67] Y R Prasad G S J G Alankararao and P Baby ldquoConstituentsof the seeds of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Fitoterapia vol 64 no 4p 376 1993
[68] O Ogbobe and V Akano ldquoThe physico-chemical properties ofthe seed and seed oil of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Plant Foods forHuman Nutrition vol 43 no 3 pp 197ndash200 1993
[69] W Adolf H J Opferkuch and E Hecker ldquoIrritant phorbolderivatives from four Jatropha speciesrdquo Phytochemistry vol 23no 1 pp 129ndash132 1984
[70] K M Hosamani and K S Katagi ldquoCharacterization andstructure elucidation of 12-hydroxyoctadec-cis-9-enoic acid inJatropha gossypifolia and Hevea brasiliensis seed oils a richsource of hydroxy fatty acidrdquo Chemistry and Physics of Lipidsvol 152 no 1 pp 9ndash12 2008
[71] S F A J Horsten A J J Van Den Berg J J Kettenes-VanDen Bosch B R Leeflang and R P Labadie ldquoCyclogossine Aa novel cyclic heptapeptide isolated from the latex of Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Planta Medica vol 62 no 1 pp 46ndash50 1996
[72] M U Ahmad M R Islam A H Mirza B H Chowdhuryand N Nahar ldquoAlkaloids of Jatropha gossypifolia Linnrdquo IndianJournal of Chemistry B Organic Chemistry Including MedicinalChemistry vol 31 no 1 pp 67ndash69 1992
[73] A Falodun U Kragl S-M T Touem A Villinger T Fahren-waldt and P Langer ldquoA novel anticancer diterpenoid fromJatropha gossypifoliardquo Natural Product Communications vol 7no 2 pp 151ndash152 2012
[74] G D Wadankar S N Malode and S L Sarambekar ldquoTra-ditionally used medicinal plants for ound healing in theWashim district Maharashtra (India)rdquo International Journal ofPharmTech Research vol 3 no 4 pp 2080ndash2084 2011
[75] B Kumar M Vijayakumar R Govindarajan and P Pushpan-gadan ldquoEthnopharmacological approaches to wound healing-Exploring medicinal plants of Indiardquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 114 no 2 pp 103ndash113 2007
[76] K Koudouvo D S Karou K Kokou et al ldquoAn ethnobotanicalstudy of antimalarial plants in Togo Maritime Regionrdquo Journalof Ethnopharmacology vol 134 no 1 pp 183ndash190 2011
[77] M Coelho-Ferreira ldquoMedicinal knowledge and plant utiliza-tion in an Amazonian coastal community ofMaruda Para State(Brazil)rdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 126 no 1 pp 159ndash175 2009
[78] F C S Oliveira R F M Barros and J M Moita Neto ldquoPlan-tas medicinais utilizadas em comunidades rurais de Oeirassemiarido piauienserdquo Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinaisvol 12 no 3 pp 282ndash301 2010
[79] J D F L Santos E Pagani J Ramos and E Rodrigues ldquoObser-vations on the therapeutic practices of riverine communities oftheUnini River AM Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol142 no 2 pp 503ndash515 2012
[80] S L Cartaxo M M de Almeida Souza and U P de Albu-querque ldquoMedicinal plants with bioprospecting potential usedin semi-arid northeastern Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacol-ogy vol 131 no 2 pp 326ndash342 2010
[81] O Jansen L Angenot M Tits et al ldquoEvaluation of 13 selectedmedicinal plants from Burkina Faso for their antiplasmodialpropertiesrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 130 no 1 pp143ndash150 2010
[82] M H Yetein L G Houessou T O Lougbegnon O Teka andB Tente ldquoEthnobotanical study of medicinal plants used for thetreatment of malaria in plateau of Allada Benin (West Africa)rdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 146 no 1 pp 154ndash163 2013
[83] L J Quintans Junior J R G S Almeida J T Lima et al ldquoPlantswith anticonvulsivant propertiesmdasha reviewrdquo Revista Brasileirade Farmacognosia vol 18 pp 798ndash819 2008
[84] A Diallo M S Traore S M Keita et al ldquoManagement ofdiabetes in Guinean traditional medicine an ethnobotanicalinvestigation in the coastal lowlandsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 144 no 2 pp 353ndash361 2012
[85] S O Olabanji A C Adebajo O R Omobuwajo et al ldquoPIXEanalysis of some Nigerian anti-diabetic medicinal plants (II)rdquoNuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B BeamInteractions With Materials and Atoms vol 318 pp 187ndash1902014
[86] T Oduola O G Avwioro and T B Ayanniyi ldquoSuitability ofthe leaf extract of Jatropha gossypifolia as an anticoagulant forbiochemical and haematological analysesrdquo African Journal ofBiotechnology vol 4 no 7 pp 679ndash681 2005
[87] CM Chariandy C E Seaforth R H Phelps G V Pollard andB P S Khambay ldquoScreening of medicinal plants from Trinidadand Tobago for antimicrobial and insecticidal propertiesrdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 64 no 3 pp 265ndash270 1999
[88] V P Kumar N S Chauhan H Padh and M Rajani ldquoSearchfor antibacterial and antifungal agents from selected Indian
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 31
medicinal plantsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 107 no2 pp 182ndash188 2006
[89] R Dabur A Gupta T K Mandal et al ldquoAntimicrobial activityof some medicinal plantsrdquo African Journal of TraditionalComplementary and AlternativeMedicines vol 4 no 3 pp 313ndash318 2007
[90] H C Ong and M Nordiana ldquoMalay ethno-medico botany inMachang Kelantan Malaysiardquo Fitoterapia vol 70 no 5 pp502ndash513 1999
[91] J Sanz-Biset J Campos-de-la-Cruz M A Epiquien-Riveraand S Canigueral ldquoA first survey on the medicinal plants of theChazuta valley (Peruvian Amazon)rdquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 122 no 2 pp 333ndash362 2009
[92] B B Panda K Gaur M L Kori et al ldquoAnti-inflammatoryand analgesic activity of Jatropha gossypifolia in experimentalanimal modelsrdquo Global Journal of Pharmacology vol 3 no 12009
[93] S S Ningthoujam A D Talukdar K S Potsangbam and MD Choudhury ldquoTraditional uses of herbal vapour therapy inManipur North East India an ethnobotanical surveyrdquo Journalof Ethnopharmacology vol 147 no 1 pp 136ndash147 2013
[94] A Asase A A Oteng-Yeboah G T Odamtten and M SJ Simmonds ldquoEthnobotanical study of some Ghanaian anti-malarial plantsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 99 no 2pp 273ndash279 2005
[95] C Lans T Harper K Georges and E Bridgewater ldquoMedicinaland ethnoveterinary remedies of hunters in Trinidadrdquo BMCComplementary and AlternativeMedicine vol 1 article 10 2001
[96] L Rasingam S Jeeva andD Kannan ldquoDental care of Andamanand Nicobar folks medicinal plants use as tooth stickrdquo AsianPacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine vol 2 no 2 pp S1013ndashS1016 2012
[97] P J Houghton and I M Osibogun ldquoFlowering plants usedagainst snakebiterdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 39 no 1pp 1ndash29 1993
[98] M Molander C H Saslis-Lagoudakis A K Jager and NRoslashnsted ldquoCross-cultural comparison of medicinal floras usedagainst snakebitesrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 139 no3 pp 863ndash872 2012
[99] A Jain S S Katewa B L Chaudhary and P Galav ldquoFolk herbalmedicines used in birth control and sexual diseases by tribals ofsouthern Rajasthan Indiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol90 no 1 pp 171ndash177 2004
[100] A Jain S S Katewa P K Galav and P Sharma ldquoMedicinalplant diversity of Sitamata wildlife sanctuary Rajasthan IndiardquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 102 no 2 pp 143ndash157 2005
[101] T Oduola G O Adeosun T A Oduola G O Avwioro andM A Oyeniyi ldquoMechanism of action of Jatropha gossypifoliastem latex as a haemostatic agentrdquo European Journal of GeneralMedicine vol 2 no 4 pp 140ndash143 2005
[102] D Garcia M V Domingues and E Rodrigues ldquoEthnophar-macological survey among migrants living in the SoutheastAtlantic Forest of Diadema Sao Paulo Brazilrdquo Journal ofEthnobiology and Ethnomedicine vol 6 article 29 2010
[103] S S Hebbar V H Harsha V Shripathi and G R HegdeldquoEthnomedicine of Dharwad district in Karnataka Indiamdashplants used in oral health carerdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 94 no 2-3 pp 261ndash266 2004
[104] S B Kosalge and R A Fursule ldquoInvestigation of ethnomedic-inal claims of some plants used by tribals of Satpuda Hills inIndiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 121 no 3 pp 456ndash461 2009
[105] R A Ritter M V B Monteiro F O B Monteiro et al ldquoEth-noveterinary knowledge and practices at Colares island Parastate eastern Amazon Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 144 no 2 pp 346ndash352 2012
[106] S K Dash and S Padhy ldquoReview on ethnomedicines fordiarrhoea diseases from Orissa prevalence versus culturerdquoJournal of Human Ecology vol 20 no 1 pp 59ndash64 2006
[107] R S L Taylor J B Hudson N P Manandhar and G H NTowers ldquoAntiviral activities of medicinal plants of southernNepalrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 53 pp 97ndash104 1996
[108] J M A Maia N G Czeczko J M R Filho et al ldquoEstudoda cicatrizacao de suturas na bexiga urinaria de ratos come sem utilizacao de extrato bruto de Jatropha gossypiifolia Lintraperitonealrdquo Acta Cirurgica Brasileira vol 21 no 2 pp 23ndash30 2006
[109] A L Ososki P Lohr M Reiff et al ldquoEthnobotanical literaturesurvey of medicinal plants in the Dominican Republic used forwomens health conditionsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol79 no 3 pp 285ndash298 2002
[110] A S Apu FHossain F Rizwan et al ldquoStudy of pharmacologicalactivities of methanol extract of Jatropha gossypifolia fruitsrdquoJournal of Basic and Clinical Pharmacy vol 4 no 1 pp 20ndash242013
[111] A S Apu K Ireen S Hossan Bhuyan et al ldquoEvaluation ofanalgesic neuropharmacological and anti-diarrheal potential ofJatropha gossypifolia (Linn) leaves in micerdquo Journal of MedicalSciences vol 12 no 8 pp 274ndash279 2012
[112] F A G Rocha and L I S Dantas ldquoAtividade antimicrobianain vitro do latex do aveloz (Euphorbia tirucalli L) pinhao bravo(Jatrophamollissima L) e pinhao roxo (Jatropha gossypiifolia L)sobre microrganismos patogenicosrdquo Holos vol 25 no 4 2009
[113] O M David and J O Oluyege ldquoIn vitro susceptibility ofselected pathogenic bacteria to leaf extracts and latex of Jatrophagossypiifolia(L) and Jatropha curcas (L)rdquo Biosciences Biotechnol-ogy Research Asia vol 3 no 1 pp 91ndash94 2006
[114] W D MacBae J B Hudson and G H N Towers ldquoStudieson the pharmacological activity of amazonian euphorbiaceaerdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 22 no 2 pp 143ndash172 1988
[115] M C Purohit and R Purohit ldquoEvaluation of antimicrobial andanti-inflammatory activities of bark of Jatropha gossypifoliardquoWorld Journal of Science and Technology vol 1 no 10 pp 1ndash52011
[116] D Singh and A Singh ldquoThe toxicity of four native Indianplants effect on AChE and acidalkaline phosphatase level infish Channa maruliusrdquo Chemosphere vol 60 no 1 pp 135ndash1402005
[117] C M Feitosa R M Freitas N N N Luz M Z B BezerraandM T S Trevisan ldquoAcetylcholinesterase inhibition by somespromising Brazilian medicinal plantsrdquo Brazilian Journal ofBiology vol 71 no 3 pp 783ndash789 2011
[118] Y Nagaharika V Kalyani S Rasheed and R KarthikeyanldquoAnti-inflammatory activity of leaves of Jatropha gossypifolia Lby HRBC membrane stabilization methodrdquo Journal of AcuteDisease vol 2 no 2 pp 156ndash158 2013
[119] S D N Silva I C Abreu S M D F Freire et al ldquoAntispas-modic effect of Jatropha gossypiifolia is mediated through dualblockade of muscarinic receptors and Ca2+ channelsrdquo BrazilianJournal of Pharmacognosy vol 21 no 4 pp 715ndash720 2011
[120] D Carabajal A Casaco L Arruzazabala R Gonzalez andV Fuentes ldquoPharmacological screening of plant decoctionscommonly used in Cuban folk medicinerdquo Journal of Ethnophar-macology vol 33 no 1-2 pp 21ndash24 1991
32 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
[121] S Jain G P Choudhary and D K Jain ldquoPharmacological eval-uation of anti-fertility activity of ethanolic extract of Jatrophagossypifolia leaf in female albino micerdquo Asian Pacific Journal ofTropical Biomedicine vol 2 no 3 pp S1671ndashS1674 2012
[122] S C N Servin O J M Torres J E F Matias et al ldquoAcao doextrato de Jatropha gossypiifolia L (piao roxo) na cicatrizacaode anastomose colonica estudo experimental em ratosrdquo ActaCirurgica Brasileira vol 21 no 3 pp 89ndash96 2006
[123] J R Vale N G Czeczko J U Aquino et al ldquoEstudo compara-tivo da cicatrizacao de gastrorrafias com e sem o uso do extratode Jatropha gossypiifolia L (piao roxo) em ratosrdquoActa CirurgicaBrasileira vol 21 no 3 pp 40ndash48 2006
[124] J U Aquino N G Czeczko O Malafaia et al ldquoAvaliacaofitoterapica da Jatropha gossypiifolia L na cicatrizacao desuturas na parede abdominal ventral de ratosrdquo Acta CirurgicaBrasileira vol 21 no 2 pp 61ndash66 2006
[125] M F D S Santos N G Czeczko P A N Nassif et alldquoAvaliacao do uso do extrato bruto de Jatropha gossypiifolia Lna cicatrizacao de feridas cutaneas em ratosrdquo Acta CirurgicaBrasileira vol 21 no 3 pp 2ndash7 2006
[126] B B Panda K Gaur R K Nema C S Sharma A K Jain andC P Jain ldquoHepatoprotective activity of Jatropha gossypifoliaagainst carbon tetrachloride- induced hepatic injury in ratsrdquoAsian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research vol 2no 1 pp 50ndash54 2009
[127] S S Deo T M Chaudhari and F Inam ldquoEvaluation ofthe immunomodulatory effects of 1-phenylnaphthalene andpericarbonyl lactone lignan compoundsrdquoDer PharmaChemicavol 4 no 2 pp 771ndash776 2012
[128] S K Rasheed S Kunapareddy and R Karthikeyan ldquoLocalanesthetic activity of Jatropha gossypifolia L on frogsrdquo Biomed-ical and Pharmacology Journal vol 5 no 2 pp 395ndash397 2012
[129] AM A Paes A L Camara SM F Freire andMO R BorgesldquoRelaxant effect of Jatropha gossypiifolia L on uterine smoothmusclerdquo International Journal of Phytomedicine vol 4 no 3 pp310ndash313 2012
[130] S J Jain G P Choudhary and D K Jain ldquoPharmacologicalevaluation and antifertility activity of Jatropha gossypifoliain ratsrdquo BioMed Research International vol 2013 Article ID125980 5 pages 2013
[131] J S de Oliveira PM Leite L B de Souza et al ldquoCharacteristicsand composition of Jatropha gossypiifolia and Jatropha curcasL oils and application for biodiesel productionrdquo Biomass andBioenergy vol 33 no 3 pp 449ndash453 2009
[132] V Bullangpoti E Wajnberg P Audant and R FeyereisenldquoAntifeedant activity of Jatropha gossypifolia and Meliaazedarach senescent leaf extracts on Spodoptera frugiperda(Lepidoptera Noctuidae) and their potential use as synergistsrdquoPest Management Science vol 68 no 9 pp 1255ndash1264 2012
[133] S N K JilaniW Islam andM Kamsh ldquoPotential of pyrethroidinsecticides and plant extracts on fecundity and egg viability oftribolium castaneum (Herbst)rdquo Journal of Bio-Science vol 19no 1 pp 95ndash97 2011
[134] D Sukumaran B D Parashar and K M Rao ldquoToxicity of Jat-ropha gossypiifolia and Vaccaria pyramidata against freshwatersnails vectors of animal schistosomiasisrdquo Fitoterapia vol 66 no5 pp 393ndash398 1995
[135] R K Devappa H P S Makkar and K Becker ldquoJatrophatoxicitymdasha reviewrdquo Journal of Toxicology and EnvironmentalHealth B Critical Reviews vol 13 no 6 pp 476ndash507 2010
[136] E P Schenkel M Zannin L A Mentz S A L Bordignonand B Irgang ldquoPlantas toxicasrdquo in Farmacognosia Da Planta
ao Medicamento C M O Simoes E P Schenkel G GosmannJ C P Mello L A Mentz and P R Petrovick Eds pp 959ndash993 Editora da UFRGSUFSC Porto Alegre Brazil 3d edition2007
[137] L I Oliveira F F Jabour V A Nogueira and E M YamasakildquoIntoxicacao experimental com as folhas de Jatropha gossypifo-lia(Euphorbiaceae) em ovinosrdquo Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileiravol 28 no 6 pp 275ndash278 2008
[138] P I A Awachie and F O Ugwu ldquoPreliminary investigationof the antimicrobial and brine shrimp lethality propertiesof some nigerian medicinal plantsrdquo International Journal ofPharmacognosy vol 35 no 5 pp 338ndash343 1997
[139] L J Medubi V O Ukwenya O T Aderinto et al ldquoEffects ofadministration of ethanolic root extract of Jatropha gossypiifoliaand prednisolone on the kidneys of Wistar ratsrdquo ElectronicJournal of Biomedicine vol 2 pp 41ndash48 2010
[140] T Oduola G B Popoola G O Avwioro et al ldquoUse of Jatrophagossypifolia stem latex as a haemostatic agent how safe is itrdquoJournal of Medicinal Plants Reasearch vol 1 no 1 pp 14ndash172007
Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom
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Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
MEDIATORSINFLAMMATION
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Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Behavioural Neurology
EndocrinologyInternational Journal of
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Disease Markers
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
BioMed Research International
OncologyJournal of
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Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
PPAR Research
The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Immunology ResearchHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of
ObesityJournal of
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Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine
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Diabetes ResearchJournal of
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Research and TreatmentAIDS
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Gastroenterology Research and Practice
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Parkinsonrsquos Disease
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Volume 2014Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 17
Table3Con
tinued
Plantp
art
Popu
laru
sePreparationandor
mod
eofu
seRe
ference
Wou
ndsa
ndrashes
Bath
oftheleaves
[24]
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[30]
Decoctio
nused
asbathsfor
cleaningwou
ndsindo
gs[95]
Wou
nddisin
fectant
Slightlybo
iledused
aswou
ndwash
[91]
Stem
Analgesic(to
othache)
Not
specified
[96]
Antianemic
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[82]
Anticancer
Decoctio
nby
oralor
topicalrou
te[26]
Emmenagogue
Decoctio
nof
barks
[7092]
Malaria
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[82]
Rheumatism
Not
specified
[77]
Thickbloo
dNot
specified
[77]
Roots
Anticancer
Decoctio
nby
oralor
topicalrou
te[26]
Root
bark
used
forc
ancero
fthe
lung
s[73]
Anticon
vulsivant
Not
specified
[83]
Antidiarrheal
Not
specified
[89]
Antim
icrobial
Root
bark
used
inbacterialinfectio
ns[73]
Impo
tence
Decoctio
nof
thea
ssociatio
nof
rootso
fJgossy
piifoliaC
hiococca
albaC
itrus
aurantifoliaD
esmodium
canu
m
RoystonearegiaSenn
aoccid
entalisStachytarphetajamaicensis
and
Waltheriaindica
with
thew
holeplanto
fCom
melina
erectaC
yperus
rotund
usand
sugarby
oralroute
[29]
Leprosy
Not
specified
[392]
Snakebites
Not
specified
[22929798]
Urin
arypain
Not
specified
[92]
Uterusd
iseases
Decoctio
nby
oralroute
[99100]
Seeds
Analgesic(bod
ypain)
Not
specified
[101]
Analgesic(headache)
Not
specified
[79]
Antigrip
alUsedin
strong
colds
[5]
Antihem
orrhagic
Not
specified
[9]
Antiulcerogenic
Seed
oil
[3]
Con
traceptiv
eand
oxito
toxic
Not
specified
[79]
Depurative
Not
specified
[91]
Emetic
Not
specified
[7091101]
Gastro
intestinaldisorders
Not
specified
[79]
Leprosy
Seed
oil
[3]
Mycosis
Seed
oil
[3]
Psycho
activ
eNot
specified
[79]
Purgative
Not
specified
[39101102]
Treatm
ento
fldquocultu
ralsyn
drom
esrdquoldquoderramerdquo
ldquoquebranterdquoldquoespanterdquo
ldquovento-caıdordquoldquo
panemardquo
ldquodoenca-do-arrdquoldquom
ae-do-corpordquo
Not
specified
[79]
Vaginalinfectio
nSlightlybo
iledused
asvaginalw
ash
[91]
Wou
ndinfection
Slightlybo
iledused
aswou
ndwash
[91]
18 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table3Con
tinued
Plantp
art
Popu
laru
sePreparationandor
mod
eofu
seRe
ference
Fruits
Analgesic
Massaging
pregnant
wom
enrsquosbellies
with
teao
rgarrafadalowast
whenthey
areinpain
[77]
Analgesic(headache)
Teao
rgarrafadalowast
[77]
Analgesic(to
othache)
Teao
rgarrafadalowast
[77]
Laxativ
eIngestion
innatura
ofthep
owderfruit
[102]
Num
bnessa
fterb
ugsting
sTeao
rgarrafadalowast
[77]
Latex
Alopecia
Not
specified
[25]
Analgesic(eye
pain)
Not
specified
[78]
Analgesic(painin
general)
Drin
kor
massage
thea
ffected
area
with
latex
[80]
Analgesic(to
othache)
Cottonsoaked
with
latexkept
incontactw
iththes
oretoo
th[103]
Drin
kor
massage
thea
ffected
area
with
latex
[80]
Anticancer
Not
specified
[25]
Antihem
orrhagic
Not
specified
[9248695]
Antith
rombo
ticOralrou
te[80]
Antiulcerogenic
Not
specified
[2089]
Biteof
veno
mou
sanimals
Applicationof
fresh
latexatthea
ffected
site
[5]
Diuretic
Afewdrop
soffresh
latex
inwater
[6]
Eczema
Not
specified
[25]
Gingivitis
Not
specified
[89]
Gon
orrhea
Not
specified
[25]
Hem
ostatic
Not
specified
[2580]
Infected
wou
nds
Applicationof
fresh
latex
atthea
ffected
site
[520]
Leprosy
Not
specified
[89]
Mycosis
Not
specified
[25]
Purgative
Afewdrop
soffresh
latexin
water
[6]
Not
specified
[9]
Rheumatism
Not
specified
[25]
Scabies
Not
specified
[25]
Skin
burns
Applicationof
fresh
latex
atthea
ffected
site
[104]
Not
specified
[25]
Stop
ofitching
ofcutsandscratches
Not
specified
[95]
Syph
ilis
Not
specified
[25]
Thrush
(oralcandidiasis)
Not
specified
[25]
Verm
ifuge
Not
specified
[25]
Wou
ndhealing
Applicationof
latexatthea
ffected
site
[5]
Drin
kor
massage
thea
ffected
sitew
ithlatex
[80]
Not
specified
[7475]
Resin
Toothache
Toothp
owder
[27]
Wou
ndsinlip
sand
tong
ueTo
picalapp
lication
[27]
Oil
Arthritis
Appliedlocally
[89]
Purgative
Not
specified
[89]
Skin
disease
Appliedlocally
[89]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 19
Table3Con
tinued
Plantp
art
Popu
laru
sePreparationandor
mod
eofu
seRe
ference
Not
specified
Alopecia
Teaa
ppliedlocally
indo
gs[105]
Analgesic
Not
specified
[13]
Poultic
es[95]
Anticancer
Not
specified
[1366]
Antidiarrheal
Not
specified
[2845106]
Antihypertensive
Not
specified
[45]
Anti-infl
ammatory
Not
specified
[1328]
Antipyretic
Not
specified
[28]
Antise
ptic
Not
specified
[45]
Antiulcerogenic
Not
specified
[28]
Cou
ghsa
ndcolds
Bark
juice(4spoo
nfuls3tim
esad
ay)b
yoralroute
[107]
Detoxication
Not
specified
[28]
Diuretic
Not
specified
[45]
Eczema
Not
specified
[28]
Gum
infection
Not
specified
[28]
Healin
gNot
specified
[45108]
Hydropsy
Not
specified
[5]
Leprosy
Not
specified
[28]
Obstructio
nsof
thea
bdom
inaltract
Not
specified
[5]
Purgative
Not
specified
[5]
Regu
latem
enses
Not
specified
[109]
Rheumatism
Not
specified
[5]
Snakea
ndscorpion
bites
Not
specified
[322]
Stom
achpain
Not
specified
[28]
Venerealdiseases
Not
specified
[28]
Wou
nds
Poultic
es[95]
Usedas
bath
[28]
lowast
Garrafadapreparatio
ndo
neby
maceratingplantp
artsin
alcoho
lorh
ydroalcoho
licmediumsin
generalbrandies
20 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative MedicineTa
ble4Ph
armacologicalstu
dies
ofJatro
phagossy
piifolia
Ldescrib
edin
theliterature
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Analgesic
Aeria
lparts
Methano
land
petro
lether
extracts
At100and200m
gkgdayover7
daysbyoralrouteinmiceon
lythe
methano
lextractpresentedsig
nificantanalgesicactiv
ityin
Eddyrsquosho
tplatea
ndtail-flack
mod
els[92]
Fruits
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmicehigh
lysig
nificantly
inhibitedthew
rithing
respon
sesind
uced
byaceticacid
[110]
Leaves
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmicesig
nificantly
inhibited
thew
rithing
respon
sesind
uced
byaceticacid
[111]
Antibacteria
l
Latex
Crud
elatex
At100120583
Lvolumeinh
ibitedin
vitro
Liste
riamonocytogenes
Salm
onellatyhimuriumSalmonellatyphiandStaphylococcus
aureus
[112]
Latex
Not
specified
Presentedbactericidaleffectinvitro
againstShigella
dysenteriaea
ndStaphylococcus
aureuslowast
[113]
Leaves
Fractio
nsobtained
bysequ
entia
lextractionof
the
vegetalm
aterialw
ithpetro
letherbenzenechloroform
aceton
eethano
lmethano
landwater
Petro
lether
fractio
nwas
inactiv
eagainstEscherich
iacoliandBa
cillus
subtilisBe
nzenefractionwas
them
ostactiveagainstb
oth
microorganism
sCh
loroform
andmethano
lfractions
werea
ctive
onlyagainstB
acillus
subtilisAc
eton
eand
ethano
lfractions
were
activ
eonlyagainstE
scheric
hiacoliAq
ueou
sfractionwas
activ
eagainstb
othmicroorganism
salthou
ghto
amuchlesser
degree
than
theo
ther
fractions
[52]
Methano
lchloroform
and
water
extracts
Allextractswerea
ctiveinvitro
againstShigella
dysenteriaelowast
[113]
Petro
lether
andethyl
acetatefractions
from
ethano
ldichloromethane
(11vv)extract
Thep
etrolether
fractio
n(1mgmL)
inhibitedin
vitro
Pseudomonas
aeruginosaStaphylo
coccus
epidermidis
andSalm
onellatyphim
urium
Thee
thylacetatefraction(1mgmL)
was
activ
eagainstStaphylococcus
aureus
[87]
Who
leplant
Jatro
phenon
ePresentedin
vitro
antib
acteria
lactivity
againstStaphylo
coccus
aureus
comparabletopenicillin
[41]
Aeria
lparts
Water
andethylacetate
fractio
nsfro
mmethano
lextract
Both
fractio
nsat1
mgdidno
tprodu
cezoneso
finh
ibition
for
Escherich
iacoliStaphylococcus
aureusSaccharom
yces
cerevisia
enor
Cand
idaalbicans
[114]
Leaves
Chloroform
extract
Presentedantib
acteria
lactivity
againstSalmonellatyphiPseudomonas
aeruginosaand
Staphylococcus
aureus
andantifun
galactivity
against
Cand
idaalbicansD
idno
tprodu
ceinhibitio
nzonesa
gainst
Escherich
iacoliBa
cillussubtilis
Proteusm
irabilisC
orynebacteriu
mdiptheria
eShigelladysenteriaea
ndStreptococcusp
enum
oniae
[50]
Leaves
Dichlorom
ethane
methano
l(11vv)extract
At05and1m
gmLshow
edsig
nificantantibacteria
lactivity
invitro
againstB
acillus
cereus
varm
ycoidesBa
cillusp
umilu
sBa
cillussubtilis
Bordetellabronchise
ptica
MicrococcusluteusStaphylococcus
aureus
Staphylococcus
epidermidis
Klebsiella
pneumoniaeandStreptococcus
faecalisandantifun
galactivity
invitro
againstC
andida
albicans
[88]
Methano
lextract
Presentedantib
acteria
lactivity
againstSalmonellatyphiPseudomonas
aeruginosaand
Staphylococcus
aureus
andantifun
galactivity
against
Cand
idaalbicansD
idno
tprodu
ceinhibitio
nzonesa
gainst
Escherich
iacoliBa
cillussubtilis
Proteusm
irabilisC
orynebacteriu
mdiptheria
eShigelladysenteriaea
ndStreptococcusp
enum
oniae
[50]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 21
Table4Con
tinued
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Antibacteria
land
antifun
gal
Not
specified
Extractsob
tained
bysequ
entia
lextractionof
the
vegetalm
aterialw
ithn-hexanechloroform
aceton
emethano
land
water
n-Hexanee
xtracthadinhibitory
activ
ityin
vitro
againstE
scheric
hia
coliSalm
onellatyphiPseudomonas
aeruginosaB
acillus
cereus
Klebsiella
aerogenesandCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainst
Shiguella
boydiAspergillus
fumiga
tusAspergillus
flavusand
Aspergillus
nigerCh
loroform
extractinh
ibitedin
vitro
Salm
onella
typhiPseudomonas
aeruginosaB
acillus
cereusan
dCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainstEscherich
iacoliStaphylococcus
aureus
Shiguella
boydiAspergillus
fumiga
tusAspergillus
flavusand
Aspergillus
nigerAc
eton
eextractinhibitedin
vitro
Escherich
iacoli
Pseudomonas
aeruginosaStaphylococcusa
ureusKlebsiella
aerogenes
Proteusv
ulgarisan
dCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainst
Salm
onellatyphiAspergillus
fumiga
tusAspergillus
flavusa
ndAspergillus
nigerMethano
lextractinhibitedin
vitro
Escherich
iacoli
Salm
onellatyphiPseudomonas
aeruginosaStaphylococcusa
ureus
Bacilluscereusa
ndCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainst
Aspergillus
fumigatusA
spergillu
sflavusan
dAspergillus
nigerWater
extractw
asactiv
einvitro
againstE
scheric
hiacoliSalm
onellatyphi
Pseudomonas
aeruginosaStaphylococcusa
ureusBa
cilluscereus
Klebsiella
aerogenesProteusv
ulgarisan
dCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainstAspergillus
fumigatusA
spergillu
sflavusand
Aspergillus
niger
[89]
Methano
land
petro
lether
extractsfro
mbark
At200120583
g100120583
Lon
lythem
ethano
lextractshow
edin
vitro
antib
acteria
lactivity
upon
Staphylococcus
aureusStre
ptococcus
pyogenesand
Escherich
iacoliandantifun
galactivity
upon
Aspergillus
nigerCa
ndidaalbicansPenicillium
notatumand
Saccharomyces
cerevisia
e
[115]
Anticho
linesterase
Latex
Lyop
hilized
latex
Inhibitedtim
e-anddo
se-dependentlythea
cetylch
olinesterase
enzymeinnervou
stissue
offre
shwater
airb
reathing
fishCh
anna
marulius
[116]
Leaves
Fractio
nsobtained
bysequ
entia
lextractionof
the
vegetalm
aterialw
ithethyl
acetatea
ndmethano
l
At2m
gmLconcentration
thee
thylacetatea
ndmethano
lfractions
presentedinhibitory
activ
ities
invitro
of71
and100
Them
ethano
lfractio
npresentedIC
50of
005
mgmL
[117]
Antidiarrheal
Fruits
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmiceinhibitedthec
astoro
ilindu
ceddiarrhea
[110]
Leaves
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmiceinhibitedthec
astoro
ilindu
ceddiarrhea
[111]
Antifu
ngal
(antidermatop
hytic
fung
i)Ae
rialp
arts
Water
andethylacetate
fractio
nsfro
mmethano
lextract
Them
inim
alconcentrationprod
ucing75of
inhibitio
nor
high
eragainstM
icrosporuscanis
forb
othfractio
nsw
as1120583
gmLFo
rthe
fung
usMicrosporusg
ypseum
Microsporusfulvuman
dMicrosporus
gallina
eno
neof
thefractionpresentedinhibitory
activ
ity
[114]
22 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative MedicineTa
ble4Con
tinued
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Anti-infl
ammatory
Aeria
lparts
Methano
land
petro
lether
extracts
At100and200m
gkgdayover7
daysbyoralrouteinmiceon
lythe
methano
lextractpresentedsig
nificantanti-infl
ammatoryactiv
ityon
carrageenan-indu
cedpawedem
a[92]
Leaves
Aqueou
sextract
At100and200120583
gmLsig
nificantly
preventedthelysisof
human
red
bloo
dcells
inmem
branes
tabilizationmetho
din
vitro
[118]
Ethano
lextract
At100120583
gmLsig
nificantly
preventedthelysisof
human
redbloo
dcells
inmem
branes
tabilizationmetho
din
vitro
[118]
Methano
lextractandleaf
paste
At500and1000
mgkgbyoralrouteinrats
inhibitedthe
carrageenan-indu
cedpawedem
aAt
50and100m
gkgbyoralroute
inrats
inhibitedthec
ottonpelletind
uced
granulom
aformationin
rats
At05and1m
geartheleafp
asteredu
cedtheinfl
ammation
respon
sein
mou
seeare
demam
odel
[28]
Not
specified
Methano
land
petro
lether
extractsfro
mbark
At200m
gkgbyoralrouteinratsbothextractsredu
cedthe
carrageenan-indu
cedpawedem
a[115]
Antim
alarial
Leaves
Aqueou
sextract
30120583ginhibitedin
vitro
theg
rowth
ofPlasmodium
falciparum
[31]
Dichlorom
ethane
extract
Activ
einvitro
againstP
lasm
odium
falciparumw
ithIC
50of
abou
t35120583gmL
[81]
Antineoplasic
Roots
Ethano
licextractand
jatro
phon
e
Thee
thanolextractas
wellasjatroph
oneexhibitedsig
nificant
inhibitory
activ
ityin
vitro
againstcellsderiv
edfro
mhu
man
carcinom
aofthe
nasoph
aryn
xandlymph
ocyticleuk
emiaP-388and
invivo
againstfou
rstand
ardanim
altumor
syste
ms
[66]
Falodo
neShow
edpo
tent
proliferatio
ninhibitory
activ
ityagainstA
-549
human
cancer
celllin
ewith
IC50of
120120583
gmL
[13]
2120572-H
ydroxyjatro
phon
e2120573
-hydroxy-56-iso
jatro
phon
eand2120573
-hydroxyjatro
phon
editerpenes
isolatedfro
mpetro
lether
extract
Presentedantin
eoplasicactiv
ityup
onP-388lymph
ocyticleuk
emia
testsyste
mbo
thin
vivo
andin
vitro
asw
ellasfor
theE
aglersquos
carcinom
aofthe
nasoph
aryn
xtestsyste
min
vitro
[64]
Not
specified
Abiodo
neNot
specifiedlowast
[73]
Antioxidant
Leaves
Methano
lethylacetateand
aqueou
sextract
Allextractsshow
edsig
nificantantioxidant
activ
ityin
vitro
inDPP
Hfre
eradicalferric
thiocyanateandnitricoxides
caveng
ingmetho
dslowast
[55]
Who
leplant
Petro
letherchloroform
ethylacetateand
n-bu
tano
lextracts
Allextractsshow
edon
lypo
orDPP
Hscavenging
activ
ityTh
etotal
antio
xidant
capacitywas
high
erin
ethylacetateandn-bu
tano
lextracts
having
thep
etrolether
andchloroform
show
ingon
lypo
oractiv
ityTh
elipid
peroxidatio
nwas
inhibitedon
lypartially
bythe
extracts
with
thee
thylacetateb
eing
them
ostactivea
ndthep
etrol
etherb
eing
theleast
[48]
Antisp
asmod
icAe
rialp
arts
Ethano
lextractfractions
andsubfractions
At5001000and
2000
mgkgbyoralrouteinmiceshow
edsig
nificantantisp
asmod
icactiv
ityin
mou
seintestinaltransit
mod
elandat0510
and
20m
gmLinhibitedin
vitro
thea
cetylch
olinea
ndcalcium-in
ducedcontractions
ofiso
lated
ratjeju
numO
nlythe
organicfractionof
thee
xtracthadac
alcium
-antagon
isteffect
whereas
both
chloroform
icandaqueou
sfractions
hadanticho
linergic
effect
[119]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 23Ta
ble4Con
tinued
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Antivira
lAe
rialp
arts
Water
andethylacetate
fractio
nsfro
mmethano
lextract
At110and
100120583
gmLbo
thfractio
nspresented100
ofinhibitio
nof
plaque-fo
rmingabilityof
Sind
bisv
irusintre
atmentp
reinfection
protocol(IC 5
0lt1120583
gmL)w
hilein
treatmentp
ostin
fection
theIC 5
0of
water
fractio
nincreasedto
512andacetatefractionincreasedto
37120583gmLFo
rmurinec
ytom
egaloviru
sIC
50of
17and15
towater
andethylacetatefractio
nswereo
bservedrespectiv
elyintre
atment
preinfectio
nprotocolInthetreatmentp
ostin
fection
howe
verno
inhibitio
nwas
observed
inthismicroorganism
[114]
Not
specified
Methano
lextractfro
mbarks
Partially
activ
eagainstSind
bisv
irusand
herpes
simplex
virus-l
Inactiv
eagainsthu
man
polio
virus
[107]
Bron
chod
ilator
Stem
sAq
ueou
sextract
Thee
xtractwas
inactiv
einbron
chod
ilatora
ctivity
inguinea
pigs
[120]
Con
traceptiv
eLeaves
Ethano
lextract
At450m
gkgdayover2
1daysby
oralroutecaused
anantifertility
activ
ityin
femalem
ice
[121]
Healin
g
Aeria
lparts
Ethano
l70
extract
At1m
Lkg
dosebyintraperito
nealrouteinrats
presentedbeneficial
activ
ityin
healingprocesso
fcolon
icanastomosis
[122]
Aeria
lparts
Ethano
l70
extract
At200m
gkgbyintraperito
nealrouteinrats
favoredtheh
ealin
gprocesso
fgastro
rrhaph
iesa
ndredu
cedthea
cuteinflammatory
reactio
nin
vivo
[123]
Leaves
Hydroethano
lextract
At200m
gkgbyintraperito
nealroutedecreasedtheinfl
ammation
andincreasedvascular
neoformationandcollagendepo
sitionwhen
comparedto
thec
ontro
lgroup
inhealingprocesso
fsutures
perfo
rmed
ontheb
ladd
erof
rats
How
everingeneralno
favorable
healingeffectw
asob
served
[108]
Not
specified
Ethano
licextract
Alth
ough
someimprovem
entcou
ldbe
observed
insuture
healingof
ventralabd
ominalwallofratstreated
with
100m
gkg
ofextract
(intraperito
nealinstillationintraperito
nealcavity)in
generalon
lya
poor
healingactiv
itywas
observed
[124]
Not
specified
At01m
Lvolumeby
topicalapp
lication
thec
rude
extractp
resented
significantd
ifferencesc
oncerningthem
acroscop
icandmicroscop
icaspectso
fhealin
gprocesso
ccurrin
gin
open
skin
lesio
nsin
rats
[125]
Hem
ostatic
Latex
Crud
efresh
latex
Decreased
clotting
andbleeding
timeinhealthysubjects
[101]
Hepatop
rotective
Aeria
lparts
Petro
letherm
ethano
land
water
extracts
At200m
gkgdayover7
daysbyoralrouteinrats
both
extracts
presentedhepatoprotectiv
eactivity
incarbon
tetrachlorideind
uced
liver
damagewith
thep
etrolether
beingthem
ostactivea
ndthe
methano
lbeing
theleast
[126]
Hypotensiv
eand
vasorelaxant
Aeria
lparts
Ethano
licextract
At125and250m
gkgdayover4
weeksby
oralrouteinrats
ina
dose-dependent
mannerredu
cedthes
ystolic
bloo
dpressure
and
prod
uced
acon
centratio
n-depend
entrelaxanteffectin
ratisolated
(ex
vivo)end
otheliu
m-depriv
edmesenteric
artery
precon
tractedwith
norepineph
rineo
rCaC
l 2
[45]
Immun
omod
ulatory
Who
leplant
Petro
lether
extract
At100200and40
0120583gmLincreasedthep
roliferationof
mou
sespleen
cellin
vitro
[127]
Localanesthetic
Not
specified
Methano
land
aqueou
sextracts
Both
extractspresentedsig
nificantlocalanestheticactiv
ityby
plexus
anesthesiain
frogslowast
[128]
24 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table4Con
tinued
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Relaxant
effecto
nuterine
smoo
thmuscle
(tocolytic
activ
ity)
Aeria
lparts
Ethano
licextractand
chloroform
icandaqueou
sfractio
ns
At05and10
mgmLthee
thanolicextractreduced
the
calcium
-evokedcontractile
respon
seof
theu
terin
esmoo
thmuscle
as
wellas
thec
hloroformicfractio
nTh
eaqu
eous
fractio
npresented
onlyslighteffect
[129]
Sedativ
eand
anxiolytic
Fruits
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmicepresentedsedativ
eeffect
intheh
olec
rosstest
At200m
gkgpresented
anxiolyticactiv
ityin
holebo
ardtest
At40
0mgkgpresented
anxiolyticactiv
ityin
elevated
plus-m
azetest
[110]
Leaves
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmicepresentedsedativ
eeffect
intheh
olec
rosstest
At200m
gkgpresented
anxiolyticactiv
ityin
holebo
ardtest
At40
0mgkgpresented
anxiolyticin
elevated
plus-m
azetest
[111]
lowast
Thec
ompletev
ersio
nof
thep
aper
was
notaccessib
leso
theinformationwas
obtained
from
itsabstr
act
IC50con
centratio
nthatinhibits50of
ther
eferredactiv
ity
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 25
about extract preparation and plant part not specified) theauthors also observed an absence of healing action althoughsome histological improvement was shown [125]
However studying the influence of J gossypiifolia on thehealing process of colonic anastomosis in rats Servin et alshowed that the administration of 1mLkg single dose ofthe hydro alcoholic extract from aerial parts has beneficialeffect on the healing process [122] However according tothese authors on the seventh day of the experiment therewas a decrease in the action of the extract suggestingthat the extract in this experiment was less active in laterstages of healing process [122] A plausible hypothesis notraised by the authors could be the fact that the extract wasadministered in a single dose which may not have beensufficient to maintain the effect throughout the time of theexperiment Additionally Vale et al showed that the ethanolicextract from aerial parts of J gossypiifolia at single intraperi-toneal dose of 200mgkg favored the healing process ofgastrorrhaphies and reduced the acute inflammatory reactionin vivo [123]
65 Hemostatic Action The use of J gossypiifolia especiallythe latex is widespread as a hemostatic agent for preventingbleeding disorders The results of whole blood clotting timeusing Lee and White method and bleeding time using Ivyrsquosmethod were significantly reduced when stem latex wasintroduced suggesting procoagulant activity [101] Regardingthe possible mechanism of action based on experimentsthat show the precipitating action of the latex upon bovinealbumin the authors suggest that the latex precipitatesclotting factors thereby bringing the coagulation factors intoclose contact and then the activation of coagulation cascadeleads to the generation of thrombin and formation of aclot takes place in a matter of seconds when compared tothe control experiment which took minutes to completecoagulation [101] It is important to emphasize that to the bestof our knowledge this is the only study performed on humansubjects
66 Anticholinesterase Action Based on the cholinergichypothesis acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are widely usedto treat Alzheimerrsquos disease J gossypiifolia presented animportant anticholinesterase activity since the methanolicextract from leaves showed an IC
50of 005mgmL [117]
Another study showed that the lyophilized latex of theplant was able to inhibit time- and dose-dependently theacetylcholinesterase enzyme in nervous tissue of freshwaterair breathing fish Channa marulius [116]
67 Antioxidant Action The antioxidant activity of extractsfrom J gossypiifoliawas evaluated by Kharat et al [55] In thiswork the high content of phenols tannins and flavonoids inthe leaves prompted the authors to evaluate the antioxidantactivity of the leaves DPPH free radical ferric thiocyanateand nitric oxide scavengingmethods were used to analyze theantioxidant activity in vitro of methanol ethyl acetate andaqueous extracts demonstrating positive resultsThe authorsattributed the free radical scavenging activity to the presence
of flavonoids [55] On the other hand a study showed thatdifferent extracts (petrol ether chloroform ethyl acetate andn-butanol) fromwhole plant of J gossypiifolia had only partialantioxidant activity in DPPH scavenging total antioxidantcapacity and lipid peroxidation tests [48] Among them theethyl acetate extract was the most active which correlatespositively with its higher content of phenolic compounds incomparison with the other extracts [48]
68 Contraceptive Action Based on its popular use J gossypi-ifoliawas assessed for its antifertility activity as an alternativeto oral contraceptive agents J gossypiifolia leaf extract byoral route altered the major hormones involved in estrouscycle regulation indicating its antifertility effect on mice[121] Evaluating other parameters (estrogenic and earlyabortifacient activities) the anti-infertility effect of the extractwas once more demonstrated later [130]
69 Tocolytic Action Based on the ethnopharmacologicalapplication of the plant as tocolytic remedy the effects oncalcium-evoked uterine smooth muscle contraction of theethanolic extract and fractions were evaluated [129] Thecrude extract and to a higher extent the chloroformic frac-tion reduced the calcium-evoked contractile response of theuterine smooth muscle promoting a rightward displacementof calciumcumulative curves aswell as reducing themaximalcontractions [129]
610 Antineoplasic Action One of the most well-knownpharmacological activities of J gossypiifolia is its antineopla-sic action which is frequently associated with the contentof lignoids and terpenoids One of the first reports wasmade by Kupchan et al [66] when the authors found thatthe ethanolic extract from roots as well as the isolatedditerpene jatrophone exhibited significant inhibitory activityin vitro against cells derived from human carcinoma of thenasopharynx and lymphocytic leukemia P-388 and in vivoagainst four standard animal tumor systems such as sarcoma180 Lewis lung carcinoma P-388 lymphocytic leukemiaand Walker 256 intramuscular carcinosarcoma [66] Laterthree new antitumor derivatives of jatrophone were isolatedfrom petrol ether extracts from roots of J gossypiifolia 2120572-hydroxyjatrophone 2120573-hydroxy-56-isojatrophone and 2120573-hydroxyjatrophone [64] Recently two other diterpenes withpotent antineoplasic activity were isolated from J gossypi-ifolia falodone and abiodone Falodone was isolated frommethanol extract from roots and showed potent proliferationinhibitory activity against A-549 human cancer cell line [13]Abiodone a lathyrane diterpenoid compound was isolatedfrom J gossypiifolia and presented potent anticancer activity[73]
611 Local Anesthetic Action The local anesthetic action ofJ gossypiifolia was evaluated by plexus anaesthesia in frogs[128] The authors observed that the aqueous and methanolextract (plant part not specified) presented significant anes-thetic action when compared to control group
26 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
612 Neuropharmacological Action The neuropharmacolog-ical action of the methanol extract of the leaves of J gossypi-ifolia was evaluated by Apu et al [111] The authors observedthat in hole cross test the extract at 200 and 400mgkg byoral route showed significant sedative effect in mice In holeboard test the extract showed highly significant anxiolyticactivity at a dose of 200mgkg whereas the same activity wasobserved at 400mgkg dose in elevated plus-maze test [111]Similar results were observed in the methanolic extract fromfruits [110]
613 Antidiarrheal Action Although it may seem contradic-tory as shown in Table 3 J gossypiifolia species is popularlyused both as purgative and as antidiarrheal remedy Howeverin literature there are interesting results about the antidiar-rheal properties of different extracts of this species
At 200 and 400mgkg oral doses in mice the methanolextract of J gossypiifolia leaves produced highly signifi-cant antidiarrheal activity upon castor oil-induced diarrheadecreasing themean number of stool and total weight of fecaloutput when compared to control group [111] Similar resultswere observed in the methanolic extract from fruits [110]
Aiming to determine the possible action mechanism of Jgossypiifolia aerial parts ethanol extract as antidiarrheal agentSilva et al [119] have investigated the effect of this extracton intestinal transit velocity and on isolated rat jejunumAt 500 1000 and 2000mgkg by oral route in mice theextract showed significant antispasmodic activity in mouseintestinal transit model when compared to control At 0510 and 20mgmL the crude extract inhibited in vitro theacetylcholine and calcium-induced contractions of isolatedrat jejunum The chloroform and aqueous fractions wereobtained and it was observed that only the chloroform frac-tion of the extract had a calcium-antagonist effect whereasboth chloroformic and aqueous fractions had anticholinergiceffect suggesting that the antispasmodic effect of J gossypi-ifolia may be due to a combination of anticholinergic andcalcium-antagonist mechanisms [119]
614 Immunomodulatory Action The immunomodulatoryaction of synthetic lignan compounds was evaluated by theassay of proliferation of mouse spleen cell in vitro andcompared with petrol ether extract of whole plant of Jgossypiifolia since it is a natural source of this kind ofcompound [127] The authors showed that both syntheticand naturally occurring 1-phenylnaphthalene lignans couldpositively modulate the immunity of the host since theysignificantly increased the proliferation of mouse spleen cellin vitro [127]
615 Hepatoprotective Action Despite some studies havingshown the hepatotoxic potential of J gossypiifolia a study wasperformed to analyze the possible hepatoprotective action ofextracts of this plant in carbon tetrachloride-induced liverdamage in rats [126] In fact the petrol ether methanoland water extracts from the aerial parts of J gossypiifoliapresented significant hepatoprotective action in this model
substantially restoring towards normalization the serum lev-els of serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase serum glu-tamate pyruvate transaminase serum alkaline phosphatasetotal bilirubin superoxide dismutase and catalase [126] Theauthors also discuss the close relationship between the hep-atoprotective action observed and the possible antioxidantmechanism present in the extracts
7 Other Actions andBiotechnological Applications
In addition to studies demonstrating scientific evidences ofthe pharmacological properties of J gossypiifolia severalstudies have demonstrated the potential of this species toobtain molecules with various applications thus showing itsmultipurpose character
Among the main applications described the use ofJ gossypiifolia seed oil for biodiesel production could bementioned Jatropha species has drawn the attention ofresearchers in recent years due to its emergence as a highlysuitable feedstock plant for biodiesel production [11] Amongthe species J gossypiifolia J curcas and J pohliana produceseeds with high oil content [11] In a study investigatingthe potential of two plants of the Jatropha genus (includ-ing J gossypiifolia) the authors observed that the studiedphysicochemical properties of the produced biodiesel are inthe acceptable range for use as biodiesel in diesel enginesshowing a promising economic exploitation of these rawmaterials [131]
Studies have shown the potential of the species for thedevelopment of new tools for biochemical analysis A recentstudy showed that the diluted fresh latex J gossypiifolia can beused as precipitating agent for biochemical determination ofproteins in plasma urine and cerebrospinal fluid with valuescomparable to those obtained from the conventional proteinprecipitants sodium tungstate and trichloroacetic acid [24]According to the authors the precipitating potential couldbe related to the capacity of the latex to form clots whenapplied to a bleeding sore or wound when it is used in folkmedicine [24] Another study showed the potentiality of thejuice extracted from the fresh leaves of J gossypiifolia asan anticoagulant for haematological analyses [86] 01mL ofextract per mL of blood proved to be suitable for obtainingplasmas for biochemical analysis comparable with conven-tional anticoagulants [86] However the authors emphasizethat the extract must be purified to remove interferingsubstances for it to be perfectly suitable for biochemicalanalysis [86]
Some studies have demonstrated the potentiality of Jgossypiifolia as a source of pesticide biomolecules Bullang-poti et al [49] isolated ricinine from the ethyl acetate extractfrom senescent leaves the main compound responsible forthe toxicity of the crude extract in Spodoptera exigua larvaethus demonstrating that it could be an alternative choiceto chemical insecticides In another study Bullangpoti etal [132] showed that the ethanol extract of J gossypiifoliain association with the ethanol extract of Melia azedarachwas toxic and inhibited some enzymes from Spodoptera
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 27
frugiperda larvae demonstrating once more the potentialityof the species as insecticide agent Calatayud et al [56]showed the presence of proteins of about 100 kDa with toxicactivity upon Phenacoccus herreni another type of insectIn this work the authors performed a strategy of extrac-tion that eliminated nonprotein compounds being able todemonstrate the potential of the species to obtain insecticidalproteins [56] Leaf extract of J gossypiifolia reduced thefecundity and egg viability against stored product insect pestsTribolium castaneum [133]
The potential molluscicidal activity of J gossypiifolia hasalso been evaluated as an alternative mode of preventionof schistosomiasis Sukumaran et al [134] showed that themethanol and n-butanol extracts from unripened seeds of Jgossypiifoliawas toxic against eggs and adults of two species offreshwater snails Lymnaea luteola and Indoplanorbis exustusThe results indicated that n-butanol extract was the mosteffective and that the eggs were more susceptible than adults[134]
8 Toxicology
Species of Jatropha are notably known for their toxic potential[135 136] This toxicity is related primarily to latex andseeds The latex is released from the aerial parts of theplant by mechanical injury and it is extremely caustic andirritating to skin and mucous membranes The seeds arerich in toxalbumins that cause agglutination and hemolysisto erythrocytes as well as damage to other cell types andcontain a lipoid resin complex that can cause dermatitis[3 12 135] The symptomatology consists in general ofgastrointestinal disorders (abdominal pain nausea vomitingand diarrhea) Additionally the clinical course can bringcardiovascular neurological and renal complications [136]Cases of poisoning in humans usually occur by eating fruitand seeds because of its similarity to edible chestnuts [136]
Some toxicological studies have demonstrated the toxicproperties of J gossypiifolia while others show the absence oftoxicity However it is important to observe the models useddoses administrated and types of extract employed (solventand plant part) among other aspects to make the properconclusions about the toxicity
The study of experimental poisoning in sheep showedthat the intake of fresh plant leaves in a single dose of40 gkg was lethal to these animals [137] The clinical andpathological picture in the experimental sheep was charac-terized by digestive lung and heart disturbances and alsoby slight regressive changes evidenced in hepatic and renalhistological examinations [137] However as observed byMariz et al [7] it is important to note that the medicinaluse of the plant is rarely in natura but instead by differentpreparations such as infusions or decoctions sometimes ofthe dried material which could inactivate the possible toxiccomponents However this is only a hypothesis and so thetoxicity of extracts from leaves cannot be discarded
One of the first studies relating the identification of theconstituents responsible for the toxic effects of the Jatrophaspecies was published by Adolf et al [69] In this work
by a bioguided isolation the irritant polyunsaturated ester12-deoxy-16-hydroxylphorbol was isolated from the etherextract from the seeds of J gossypiifolia by countercurrentchromatography [69] The irritant activity was visualized inmouse ear after 24 h of the application of the fractions andisolated compounds [69]
The in vitro cytotoxicity assay using brine shrimp larvaetest revealed that ethanol and methanol extracts (plant organunspecified) showed low toxicity [138] An earlier studyshowed that thewater and ethyl acetate fraction of amethanolextract from aerial parts of J gossypiifolia did not presenttoxicity against the same organisms [114]
A study performed in Wistar rats evaluated the toxicityof the ethanolic root extract of J gossypiifolia at 10 20 and30mgkg by oral route [139] The authors observed that theextract was toxic to the kidney and caused increased urearetention in the blood as observed by histological studies andbiochemical analysis of blood [139]
A preclinical toxicological assessment of the crudeethanol extract from J gossypiifolia leaves showed that theextract presents relatively low oral acute toxicity in Wistarrats [18 19] Rats treated with single doses of 12ndash50 gkgby oral route were observed for 14 days and the mostimportant signs of toxicity were ptosis reduction of bodyweight and hind limb paralysis Other significant alterationsoccurred only in males treated with 50 gkg dose increasein creatinine aspartate aminotransferase sodium and potas-sium seric levels reduction of urea and albumin leucopeniaand small alteration in color and consistency of visceraThe median lethal dose (LD
50) was higher than 40 gkg
for males and higher than 50 gkg for females [19] In thehistopathological evaluation some alteration was observedin liver and lung only at 50 gkg suggesting the relativelylow toxicity of the extract [18] However in the chronictoxicological study (thirteen weeks of treatment) this extractshowed significant oral chronic toxicity in rats [17] The mostsignificant toxic signs indicated a reduction of the activityin the central nervous system and digestive disturbancesThe histopathological analysis revealed hepatotoxicity andpulmonary damages The lethality was 466 and 133among males and females under the higher tested dose(405mgkg) respectively [17] Based on this Mariz et al [7]discussed that the development of herbal medicine based onthis species needs to prioritize the chemical refinement of thecrude extracts to obtain less toxic fractions which should betested for their safety and therapeutic efficacy
Another study on the other hand evaluating the oralacute toxicity of the aqueous and ethanol extracts from leavesof J gossypiifolia did not show any sign of toxicity in upto 2 gkg in rats enabling the authors to conclude that thisextract could be considered safe [118] This is an interestingresult since in most cases the plant is used popularly as tea(aqueous extract)
The toxicity of the stem latex of J gossypiifoliawas studiedin Wistar rats by applying different doses of crude latex onincised skin daily for 18 days based on the popular useof the latex as hemostatic agent in skin lesions [140] Theauthors observed that the application of the latex did notproduce any significant difference in results of biochemical
28 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
and hematological parameters obtained from the control andexperimental animals leading to the conclusion that the stemlatex has no harmful effects [140]
9 Conclusions
As demonstrated by this review J gossypiifolia presents animportant potential for the generation of pharmacologicalandor biotechnological products based on popular usesand biological studies scientifically showing its propertiesHowever regarding specifically its medicinal propertiesfurther studies are still necessary to assay important folkuses of the species and characterize the major compoundsresponsible for the bioactivityThus studies of bioprospectingcould prioritize this species since many popular uses forvariousmedical purposes are reported demonstrating a greatpotential to originate bioactive molecules with pharmaco-logical relevance Furthermore future phytochemical studiesof this plant are important to obtain the best knowledgeof the chemical composition of different extracts of theplant in order to recognize the really important compoundsin the pharmacological actions aspiring to the chemicalrefinement of the products to eliminate the eventual toxiceffects that could reduce the medicinal value of the speciesIn conclusion the data presented in this review could provideinsights for future research aimed at both ethnopharmaco-logical validation of the popular use of J gossypiifolia andits exploration as a new source of bioactive molecules forherbal drugs andor bioactive natural products for potentialapplication in complementary and alternative medicine
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper
Acknowledgments
The authors thank BNB CNPq and CAPES (Brazil) forthe financial support Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosagives thanks to CNPq for Scholarship in Research Produc-tivity The authors also thank Andrew Alastair Cumming forediting this paper for the English revision
References
[1] G L Webster ldquoClassification of the euphorbiaceaerdquo Annals ofthe Missouri Botanical Garden vol 81 pp 3ndash143 1994
[2] M V Alves ldquoChecklist das especies de Euphorbiaceae Jussocorrentes no semi-arido pernambucano BrasilrdquoActa BotanciaBrasileira vol 12 no 3 pp 485ndash495 1998
[3] C W Sabandar N Ahmat F M Jaafar and I Sahidin ldquoMedic-inal property phytochemistry and pharmacology of severalJatropha species (Euphorbiaceae) a reviewrdquo Phytochemistryvol 85 pp 7ndash29 2013
[4] C K A Leal and M D F Agra ldquoEstudo farmacobotanicocomparativo das folhas de Jatrophamolissima (Pohl) BaillrdquoActaFarmaceutica Bonaerense vol 24 no 1 pp 5ndash13 2005
[5] L C Di Stasi and C A Hiruma-Lima Plantas medicinais naAmazonia e na Mata Atlantica UNESP Sao Paulo Brazil 2ndedition 2002
[6] M D F Agra K N Silva I J L D Basılio P F De Freitasand JM Barbosa-Filho ldquoSurvey ofmedicinal plants used in theregionNortheast of BrazilrdquoBrazilian Journal of Pharmacognosyvol 18 no 3 pp 472ndash508 2008
[7] S R Mariz A C R Borges M F F Melo-Diniz and I AMedeiros ldquoPossibilidades terapeuticas e riscos toxicologicosde Jatropha gossypiifolia L uma revisao narrativardquo RevistaBrasileiraDe PlantasMedicinais vol 12 no 3 pp 346ndash357 2010
[8] I Cordeiro and R Secco ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia L Lista deespecies da flora do Brasilrdquo Jardim Botanico do Rio de JaneirohttpfloradobrasiljbrjgovbrjabotfloradobrasilFB17581
[9] U P de Albuquerque P M de Medeiros A L S de Almeida etal ldquoMedicinal plants of the caatinga (semi-arid) vegetation ofNE Brazil a quantitative approachrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacol-ogy vol 114 no 3 pp 325ndash354 2007
[10] U P Albuquerque L H C Andrade and J Caballero ldquoStruc-ture and floristics of homegardens in Northeastern BrazilrdquoJournal of Arid Environments vol 62 no 3 pp 491ndash506 2005
[11] S A Ceasar and S Ignacimuthu ldquoApplications of biotechnologyand biochemical engineering for the improvement of Jatrophaand Biodiesel a reviewrdquo Renewable and Sustainable EnergyReviews vol 15 no 9 pp 5176ndash5185 2011
[12] U P de Albuquerque J MMonteiro M A Ramos and E L Cde Amorim ldquoMedicinal and magic plants from a public marketin northeastern Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 110no 1 pp 76ndash91 2007
[13] A Falodun Q Sheng-Xiang G Parkinson and S GibbonsldquoIsolation and characterization of a new anticancer diterpenoidfrom Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journalvol 45 no 10 pp 636ndash639 2012
[14] BRASIL ldquoFitoterapia plantas de interesse ao SUSrdquo Braz-ilian Health Ministry httpportalsaudegovbrportalarqu-ivospdfRENISUSpdf
[15] X-P Zhang M-L Zhang X-H Su C-H Huo Y-C Gu andQ-W Shi ldquoChemical constituents of the plants from genusJatrophardquo Chemistry and Biodiversity vol 6 no 12 pp 2166ndash2183 2009
[16] S K Sharma and H Singh ldquoA review on pharmacological sig-nificance of genus Jatropha (Euphorbiaceae)rdquoChinese Journal ofIntegrative Medicine vol 18 no 11 pp 868ndash880 2012
[17] S RMariz G S CerqueiraWCAraujo et al ldquoChronic toxico-logic study of the ethanolic extract of the aerial parts of Jatrophagossypiifolia in ratsrdquoRevista Brasileira de Farmacognosia vol 22no 3 pp 663ndash668 2012
[18] S R Mariz M S T Araujo G S Cerqueira et al ldquoHistopatho-logical evaluation in rats after acute treatment with the ethanolextract from aerial parts of Jatropha gossypiifolia Lrdquo RevistaBrasileira De Farmacognosia vol 18 no 2 pp 213ndash216 2008
[19] S R Mariz G S Cerqueira W C Araujo et al ldquoEstudo toxi-cologico agudo do extrato etanolico de partes aereas de Jatrophagossypiifolia L em ratosrdquo Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosiavol 16 no 3 pp 372ndash378 2006
[20] C Auvin-Guette C Baraguey A Blond J L Pousset andB Bodo ldquoCyclogossine B a cyclic octapeptide from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Journal of Natural Products vol 60 pp 1155ndash11571997
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 29
[21] V S Parvathi B S Jyothi T Lakshmi P S Babu and RKarthikeyan ldquoMorpho-anatomical and physicochemical stud-ies of Jatropha gossypifolia (L)rdquo Der Pharmacia Lettre vol 4no 1 pp 256ndash262 2012
[22] M N S Rios and F Pastore Junior Plantas da Amazonia450 Especies de Uso Geral Universidade de BrasıliamdashBibliotecaCentral Brasılia 2011
[23] S R Mariz Estudo toxicologico pre-clınico de Jatropha gossypi-ifolia L [PhD thesis] Universidade Federal da Paraıba JoaoPessoa Brazil 2007
[24] O G Adeosun T Oduola F A Fagbomedo et al ldquoSuitabilityof stem latex of Jatropha gossypifolia as a protein precipitant forbiochemical analysisrdquo Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistryvol 29 no 2 pp 210ndash212 2014
[25] F O A Ajose ldquoSome Nigerian plants of dermatologic impor-tancerdquo International Journal of Dermatology vol 46 no 1 pp48ndash55 2007
[26] J S Ashidi P J Houghton P J Hylands and T EfferthldquoEthnobotanical survey and cytotoxicity testing of plants ofSouth-western Nigeria used to treat cancer with isolationof cytotoxic constituents from Cajanus cajan Millsp leavesrdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 128 no 2 pp 501ndash512 2010
[27] M Ayyanar and S Ignacimuthu ldquoEthnobotanical survey ofmedicinal plants commonly used by Kani tribals in Tirunelvelihills of Western Ghats Indiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 134 no 3 pp 851ndash864 2011
[28] R Bhagat S D Ambavade A V Misar and D K KulkarnildquoAnti-inflammatory activity of Jatropha gossypifolia L leaves inalbino mice and Wistar ratrdquo Journal of Scientific and IndustrialResearch vol 70 no 4 pp 289ndash292 2011
[29] J H Cano and G Volpato ldquoHerbal mixtures in the traditionalmedicine of Eastern Cubardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol90 no 2-3 pp 293ndash316 2004
[30] F G Coe and G J Anderson ldquoScreening of medicinal plantsused by the Garıfuna of Eastern Nicaragua for bioactive com-poundsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 53 no 1 pp 29ndash501996
[31] MGbeassor Y Kossou K Amegbo C De Souza K Koumagloand A Denke ldquoAntimalarial effects of eight African medicinalplantsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 25 no 1 pp 115ndash1181989
[32] National Center for Biotechnology Information ldquoJatropha gos-sypiifoliardquo Taxonomy Browser httpwwwncbinlmnihgovTaxonomyBrowserwwwtaxcgiid=454931
[33] Tropicos ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia Lrdquo httpwwwtropicosorgNamePrintaspxnameid=12802174amptab=details
[34] The Plant List ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia Lrdquo httpwwwtheplant-listorgtplrecordkew-104621
[35] M S Khyade and N P Vaikos ldquoPharmacognostical andphytochemical evaluation of leaf of Jatropha gossypifolia LrdquoInternational Journal of Research in Ayurveda amp Pharmacy vol2 no 1 pp 177ndash180 2011
[36] D O Aworinde D U Nwoye A A Jayeola A O Olagoke andA A Ogundele ldquoTaxonomic significance of foliar epidermis insome members of euphorbiaceae family in Nigeriardquo ResearchJournal of Botany vol 4 no 1 pp 17ndash28 2009
[37] J D Olowokudejo ldquoComparative epidermal morphology ofWest African species of Jatropha L (Euphorbiaceae)rdquo BotanicalJournal of the Linnean Society vol 111 no 2 pp 139ndash154 1993
[38] B Das and B Venkataiah ldquoA minor coumarino-lignoid fromJatropha gossypifoliardquo Biochemical Systematics and Ecology vol29 no 2 pp 213ndash214 2001
[39] B Das B Venkataiah and A Kashinatham ldquoVenkatasin a newcoumarino-lignoid from Jatropha gossypifoliardquoNatural ProductLetters vol 13 no 4 pp 293ndash297 1999
[40] B Das and B Venkataiah ldquoA rare diterpene from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Biochemical Systematics and Ecology vol 27 no 7pp 759ndash760 1999
[41] N Ravindranath B Venkataiah C Ramesh P Jayaprakash andB Das ldquoJatrophenone a novel macrocyclic bioactive diterpenefrom Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bul-letin vol 51 no 7 pp 870ndash871 2003
[42] B Das and J Banerji ldquoArylnaphthalene lignan from JatrophagossypifoliardquoPhytochemistry vol 27 no 11 pp 3684ndash3686 1988
[43] J Banerji B Das A Chatterjee and J N Shoolery ldquoGadain alignan from Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Phytochemistry vol 23 no10 pp 2323ndash2327 1984
[44] A Chatterjee B Das C Pascard and T Prange ldquoCrystalstructure of a lignan from Jatropha gossypifoliardquoPhytochemistryvol 20 no 8 pp 2047ndash2048 1981
[45] I C Abreu A S S Marinho A M A Paes et al ldquoHypotensiveand vasorelaxant effects of ethanolic extract from Jatrophagossypiifolia L in ratsrdquo Fitoterapia vol 74 no 7-8 pp 650ndash6572003
[46] B Das and R Das ldquoGossypifan a lignan from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Phytochemistry vol 40 no 3 pp 931ndash932 1995
[47] R Das B Das and A Kashinatham ldquoGossypiline a new lignanfrom Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Natural Product Sciences vol 4 no4 pp 238ndash240 1998
[48] D Shahwar S-U Shafiq N Ahmad S Ullah and M A RazaldquoAntioxidant activities of the selected plants from the fam-ily Euphorbiaceae Lauraceae Malvaceae and BalsaminaceaerdquoAfrican Journal of Biotechnology vol 9 no 7 pp 1086ndash10962010
[49] V Bullangpoti N Khumrungsee W Pluempanupat Y Kainohand U Saguanpong ldquoToxicity of ethyl acetate extract andricinine from Jatropha gossypifolia senescent leaves againstSpodoptera exigua Hubner (Lepidoptera Noctuidae)rdquo Journalof Pesticide Science vol 36 no 2 pp 260ndash263 2011
[50] A O Ogundare ldquoAntimicrobial effect of Tithonia diversifoliaand Jatropha gossypifolia leaf extractsrdquo Trends in Applied Sci-ences Research vol 2 no 2 pp 145ndash150 2007
[51] N Nwokocha A Blessing I O Agbagwa and B E OkolildquoComparative phytochemical screening of Jatropha L Speciesin the Niger Deltardquo Research Journal of Phytochemistry vol 5no 2 pp 107ndash114 2011
[52] R Seth and R Sarin ldquoAnalysis of the phytochemical contentand anti-microbial activity of Jatropha gossypifolia Lrdquo Archivesof Applied Science Research vol 2 no 5 pp 285ndash291 2010
[53] S Sankara Subramanian S Nagarajan and N SulochanaldquoFlavonoids of the leaves of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Phytochem-istry vol 10 no 7 p 1690 1971
[54] A C Pilon R L Carneiro F Carnevale Neto V S Bolzaniand I Castro-Gamboa ldquoInterval multivariate curve resolutionin the dereplication of HPLC-DAD data from Jatropha gossypi-foliardquo Phytochemical Analysis vol 24 no 4 pp 401ndash406 2013
[55] A R Kharat A K Dolui and S Das ldquoFree radical scavengingpotential of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Asian Journal of Chemistryvol 23 no 2 pp 799ndash801 2011
[56] P-A Calatayud D F Munera S Calatayud A Valencia-Jimenez and A C Bellotti ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia (Euphor-biaceae) a source of proteins toxic to Phenacoccus herreni(Sternorryncha Pseudococcidae)rdquo Florida Entomologist vol94 no 3 pp 649ndash654 2011
30 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
[57] W F Tinto L M D John W F Reynolds and S McLeanldquoTriterpenoids of Jatropha gossypiifoliardquo Journal of NaturalProducts vol 55 no 6 pp 807ndash809 1992
[58] R Das K Venkateswarlu V Saidi Reddy and B Das ldquo41015840-O-demethyl retrochinensin a minor new lignan from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Indian Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry vol 14no 2 pp 169ndash170 2004
[59] B Das A Kashinatham B Venkataiah K V N S Srinivas GMahender and M R Reddy ldquoCleomiscosin A a coumarino-lignoid from Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Biochemical Systematics andEcology vol 31 no 10 pp 1189ndash1191 2003
[60] B Das and G Anjani ldquoGossypidien a lignan from stems ofJatropha gossypifolliardquo Phytochemistry vol 51 no 1 pp 115ndash1171999
[61] B Das S P Rao and K V Srinivas ldquoIsolation of isogadain fromJatropha gossypifoliardquo Planta Medica vol 62 no 1 article 901996
[62] B Das S P Rao K V N S Srinivas and R Das ldquoJatrodien alignan from stems of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Phytochemistry vol41 no 3 pp 985ndash987 1996
[63] A Chatterjee B Das R Chakrabarti et al ldquoPrasanthaline anew lignan from Jatropha gossypifolia Linnrdquo Indian Journal ofChemistry vol 27 pp 740ndash741 1988
[64] M D Taylor A B Smith III G T Furst et al ldquoNewantileukemic jatrophone derivatives from Jatropha gossypiifoliastructural and stereochemical assignment through nuclearmagnetic resonance Spectroscopyrdquo Journal of the AmericanChemical Society vol 105 no 10 pp 3177ndash3183 1983
[65] K K Purushothaman S Chandrasekharan A F Cameron etal ldquoJatropholones A and B new diterpenoids from the roots ofJatropha gossypiifolia (Euphorbiaceae)mdashcrystal structure anal-ysis of Jatropholone Brdquo Tetrahedron Letters vol 20 no 11 pp979ndash980 1979
[66] S M Kupchan C W Sigel M J Matz J A S Renauld R CHaltiwanger and R F Bryan ldquoJatrophone a novel macrocyclicditerpenoid tumor inhibitor from Jatropha gossypiifoliardquo Jour-nal of the American Chemical Society vol 92 no 14 pp 4476ndash4477 1970
[67] Y R Prasad G S J G Alankararao and P Baby ldquoConstituentsof the seeds of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Fitoterapia vol 64 no 4p 376 1993
[68] O Ogbobe and V Akano ldquoThe physico-chemical properties ofthe seed and seed oil of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Plant Foods forHuman Nutrition vol 43 no 3 pp 197ndash200 1993
[69] W Adolf H J Opferkuch and E Hecker ldquoIrritant phorbolderivatives from four Jatropha speciesrdquo Phytochemistry vol 23no 1 pp 129ndash132 1984
[70] K M Hosamani and K S Katagi ldquoCharacterization andstructure elucidation of 12-hydroxyoctadec-cis-9-enoic acid inJatropha gossypifolia and Hevea brasiliensis seed oils a richsource of hydroxy fatty acidrdquo Chemistry and Physics of Lipidsvol 152 no 1 pp 9ndash12 2008
[71] S F A J Horsten A J J Van Den Berg J J Kettenes-VanDen Bosch B R Leeflang and R P Labadie ldquoCyclogossine Aa novel cyclic heptapeptide isolated from the latex of Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Planta Medica vol 62 no 1 pp 46ndash50 1996
[72] M U Ahmad M R Islam A H Mirza B H Chowdhuryand N Nahar ldquoAlkaloids of Jatropha gossypifolia Linnrdquo IndianJournal of Chemistry B Organic Chemistry Including MedicinalChemistry vol 31 no 1 pp 67ndash69 1992
[73] A Falodun U Kragl S-M T Touem A Villinger T Fahren-waldt and P Langer ldquoA novel anticancer diterpenoid fromJatropha gossypifoliardquo Natural Product Communications vol 7no 2 pp 151ndash152 2012
[74] G D Wadankar S N Malode and S L Sarambekar ldquoTra-ditionally used medicinal plants for ound healing in theWashim district Maharashtra (India)rdquo International Journal ofPharmTech Research vol 3 no 4 pp 2080ndash2084 2011
[75] B Kumar M Vijayakumar R Govindarajan and P Pushpan-gadan ldquoEthnopharmacological approaches to wound healing-Exploring medicinal plants of Indiardquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 114 no 2 pp 103ndash113 2007
[76] K Koudouvo D S Karou K Kokou et al ldquoAn ethnobotanicalstudy of antimalarial plants in Togo Maritime Regionrdquo Journalof Ethnopharmacology vol 134 no 1 pp 183ndash190 2011
[77] M Coelho-Ferreira ldquoMedicinal knowledge and plant utiliza-tion in an Amazonian coastal community ofMaruda Para State(Brazil)rdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 126 no 1 pp 159ndash175 2009
[78] F C S Oliveira R F M Barros and J M Moita Neto ldquoPlan-tas medicinais utilizadas em comunidades rurais de Oeirassemiarido piauienserdquo Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinaisvol 12 no 3 pp 282ndash301 2010
[79] J D F L Santos E Pagani J Ramos and E Rodrigues ldquoObser-vations on the therapeutic practices of riverine communities oftheUnini River AM Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol142 no 2 pp 503ndash515 2012
[80] S L Cartaxo M M de Almeida Souza and U P de Albu-querque ldquoMedicinal plants with bioprospecting potential usedin semi-arid northeastern Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacol-ogy vol 131 no 2 pp 326ndash342 2010
[81] O Jansen L Angenot M Tits et al ldquoEvaluation of 13 selectedmedicinal plants from Burkina Faso for their antiplasmodialpropertiesrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 130 no 1 pp143ndash150 2010
[82] M H Yetein L G Houessou T O Lougbegnon O Teka andB Tente ldquoEthnobotanical study of medicinal plants used for thetreatment of malaria in plateau of Allada Benin (West Africa)rdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 146 no 1 pp 154ndash163 2013
[83] L J Quintans Junior J R G S Almeida J T Lima et al ldquoPlantswith anticonvulsivant propertiesmdasha reviewrdquo Revista Brasileirade Farmacognosia vol 18 pp 798ndash819 2008
[84] A Diallo M S Traore S M Keita et al ldquoManagement ofdiabetes in Guinean traditional medicine an ethnobotanicalinvestigation in the coastal lowlandsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 144 no 2 pp 353ndash361 2012
[85] S O Olabanji A C Adebajo O R Omobuwajo et al ldquoPIXEanalysis of some Nigerian anti-diabetic medicinal plants (II)rdquoNuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B BeamInteractions With Materials and Atoms vol 318 pp 187ndash1902014
[86] T Oduola O G Avwioro and T B Ayanniyi ldquoSuitability ofthe leaf extract of Jatropha gossypifolia as an anticoagulant forbiochemical and haematological analysesrdquo African Journal ofBiotechnology vol 4 no 7 pp 679ndash681 2005
[87] CM Chariandy C E Seaforth R H Phelps G V Pollard andB P S Khambay ldquoScreening of medicinal plants from Trinidadand Tobago for antimicrobial and insecticidal propertiesrdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 64 no 3 pp 265ndash270 1999
[88] V P Kumar N S Chauhan H Padh and M Rajani ldquoSearchfor antibacterial and antifungal agents from selected Indian
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 31
medicinal plantsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 107 no2 pp 182ndash188 2006
[89] R Dabur A Gupta T K Mandal et al ldquoAntimicrobial activityof some medicinal plantsrdquo African Journal of TraditionalComplementary and AlternativeMedicines vol 4 no 3 pp 313ndash318 2007
[90] H C Ong and M Nordiana ldquoMalay ethno-medico botany inMachang Kelantan Malaysiardquo Fitoterapia vol 70 no 5 pp502ndash513 1999
[91] J Sanz-Biset J Campos-de-la-Cruz M A Epiquien-Riveraand S Canigueral ldquoA first survey on the medicinal plants of theChazuta valley (Peruvian Amazon)rdquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 122 no 2 pp 333ndash362 2009
[92] B B Panda K Gaur M L Kori et al ldquoAnti-inflammatoryand analgesic activity of Jatropha gossypifolia in experimentalanimal modelsrdquo Global Journal of Pharmacology vol 3 no 12009
[93] S S Ningthoujam A D Talukdar K S Potsangbam and MD Choudhury ldquoTraditional uses of herbal vapour therapy inManipur North East India an ethnobotanical surveyrdquo Journalof Ethnopharmacology vol 147 no 1 pp 136ndash147 2013
[94] A Asase A A Oteng-Yeboah G T Odamtten and M SJ Simmonds ldquoEthnobotanical study of some Ghanaian anti-malarial plantsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 99 no 2pp 273ndash279 2005
[95] C Lans T Harper K Georges and E Bridgewater ldquoMedicinaland ethnoveterinary remedies of hunters in Trinidadrdquo BMCComplementary and AlternativeMedicine vol 1 article 10 2001
[96] L Rasingam S Jeeva andD Kannan ldquoDental care of Andamanand Nicobar folks medicinal plants use as tooth stickrdquo AsianPacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine vol 2 no 2 pp S1013ndashS1016 2012
[97] P J Houghton and I M Osibogun ldquoFlowering plants usedagainst snakebiterdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 39 no 1pp 1ndash29 1993
[98] M Molander C H Saslis-Lagoudakis A K Jager and NRoslashnsted ldquoCross-cultural comparison of medicinal floras usedagainst snakebitesrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 139 no3 pp 863ndash872 2012
[99] A Jain S S Katewa B L Chaudhary and P Galav ldquoFolk herbalmedicines used in birth control and sexual diseases by tribals ofsouthern Rajasthan Indiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol90 no 1 pp 171ndash177 2004
[100] A Jain S S Katewa P K Galav and P Sharma ldquoMedicinalplant diversity of Sitamata wildlife sanctuary Rajasthan IndiardquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 102 no 2 pp 143ndash157 2005
[101] T Oduola G O Adeosun T A Oduola G O Avwioro andM A Oyeniyi ldquoMechanism of action of Jatropha gossypifoliastem latex as a haemostatic agentrdquo European Journal of GeneralMedicine vol 2 no 4 pp 140ndash143 2005
[102] D Garcia M V Domingues and E Rodrigues ldquoEthnophar-macological survey among migrants living in the SoutheastAtlantic Forest of Diadema Sao Paulo Brazilrdquo Journal ofEthnobiology and Ethnomedicine vol 6 article 29 2010
[103] S S Hebbar V H Harsha V Shripathi and G R HegdeldquoEthnomedicine of Dharwad district in Karnataka Indiamdashplants used in oral health carerdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 94 no 2-3 pp 261ndash266 2004
[104] S B Kosalge and R A Fursule ldquoInvestigation of ethnomedic-inal claims of some plants used by tribals of Satpuda Hills inIndiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 121 no 3 pp 456ndash461 2009
[105] R A Ritter M V B Monteiro F O B Monteiro et al ldquoEth-noveterinary knowledge and practices at Colares island Parastate eastern Amazon Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 144 no 2 pp 346ndash352 2012
[106] S K Dash and S Padhy ldquoReview on ethnomedicines fordiarrhoea diseases from Orissa prevalence versus culturerdquoJournal of Human Ecology vol 20 no 1 pp 59ndash64 2006
[107] R S L Taylor J B Hudson N P Manandhar and G H NTowers ldquoAntiviral activities of medicinal plants of southernNepalrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 53 pp 97ndash104 1996
[108] J M A Maia N G Czeczko J M R Filho et al ldquoEstudoda cicatrizacao de suturas na bexiga urinaria de ratos come sem utilizacao de extrato bruto de Jatropha gossypiifolia Lintraperitonealrdquo Acta Cirurgica Brasileira vol 21 no 2 pp 23ndash30 2006
[109] A L Ososki P Lohr M Reiff et al ldquoEthnobotanical literaturesurvey of medicinal plants in the Dominican Republic used forwomens health conditionsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol79 no 3 pp 285ndash298 2002
[110] A S Apu FHossain F Rizwan et al ldquoStudy of pharmacologicalactivities of methanol extract of Jatropha gossypifolia fruitsrdquoJournal of Basic and Clinical Pharmacy vol 4 no 1 pp 20ndash242013
[111] A S Apu K Ireen S Hossan Bhuyan et al ldquoEvaluation ofanalgesic neuropharmacological and anti-diarrheal potential ofJatropha gossypifolia (Linn) leaves in micerdquo Journal of MedicalSciences vol 12 no 8 pp 274ndash279 2012
[112] F A G Rocha and L I S Dantas ldquoAtividade antimicrobianain vitro do latex do aveloz (Euphorbia tirucalli L) pinhao bravo(Jatrophamollissima L) e pinhao roxo (Jatropha gossypiifolia L)sobre microrganismos patogenicosrdquo Holos vol 25 no 4 2009
[113] O M David and J O Oluyege ldquoIn vitro susceptibility ofselected pathogenic bacteria to leaf extracts and latex of Jatrophagossypiifolia(L) and Jatropha curcas (L)rdquo Biosciences Biotechnol-ogy Research Asia vol 3 no 1 pp 91ndash94 2006
[114] W D MacBae J B Hudson and G H N Towers ldquoStudieson the pharmacological activity of amazonian euphorbiaceaerdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 22 no 2 pp 143ndash172 1988
[115] M C Purohit and R Purohit ldquoEvaluation of antimicrobial andanti-inflammatory activities of bark of Jatropha gossypifoliardquoWorld Journal of Science and Technology vol 1 no 10 pp 1ndash52011
[116] D Singh and A Singh ldquoThe toxicity of four native Indianplants effect on AChE and acidalkaline phosphatase level infish Channa maruliusrdquo Chemosphere vol 60 no 1 pp 135ndash1402005
[117] C M Feitosa R M Freitas N N N Luz M Z B BezerraandM T S Trevisan ldquoAcetylcholinesterase inhibition by somespromising Brazilian medicinal plantsrdquo Brazilian Journal ofBiology vol 71 no 3 pp 783ndash789 2011
[118] Y Nagaharika V Kalyani S Rasheed and R KarthikeyanldquoAnti-inflammatory activity of leaves of Jatropha gossypifolia Lby HRBC membrane stabilization methodrdquo Journal of AcuteDisease vol 2 no 2 pp 156ndash158 2013
[119] S D N Silva I C Abreu S M D F Freire et al ldquoAntispas-modic effect of Jatropha gossypiifolia is mediated through dualblockade of muscarinic receptors and Ca2+ channelsrdquo BrazilianJournal of Pharmacognosy vol 21 no 4 pp 715ndash720 2011
[120] D Carabajal A Casaco L Arruzazabala R Gonzalez andV Fuentes ldquoPharmacological screening of plant decoctionscommonly used in Cuban folk medicinerdquo Journal of Ethnophar-macology vol 33 no 1-2 pp 21ndash24 1991
32 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
[121] S Jain G P Choudhary and D K Jain ldquoPharmacological eval-uation of anti-fertility activity of ethanolic extract of Jatrophagossypifolia leaf in female albino micerdquo Asian Pacific Journal ofTropical Biomedicine vol 2 no 3 pp S1671ndashS1674 2012
[122] S C N Servin O J M Torres J E F Matias et al ldquoAcao doextrato de Jatropha gossypiifolia L (piao roxo) na cicatrizacaode anastomose colonica estudo experimental em ratosrdquo ActaCirurgica Brasileira vol 21 no 3 pp 89ndash96 2006
[123] J R Vale N G Czeczko J U Aquino et al ldquoEstudo compara-tivo da cicatrizacao de gastrorrafias com e sem o uso do extratode Jatropha gossypiifolia L (piao roxo) em ratosrdquoActa CirurgicaBrasileira vol 21 no 3 pp 40ndash48 2006
[124] J U Aquino N G Czeczko O Malafaia et al ldquoAvaliacaofitoterapica da Jatropha gossypiifolia L na cicatrizacao desuturas na parede abdominal ventral de ratosrdquo Acta CirurgicaBrasileira vol 21 no 2 pp 61ndash66 2006
[125] M F D S Santos N G Czeczko P A N Nassif et alldquoAvaliacao do uso do extrato bruto de Jatropha gossypiifolia Lna cicatrizacao de feridas cutaneas em ratosrdquo Acta CirurgicaBrasileira vol 21 no 3 pp 2ndash7 2006
[126] B B Panda K Gaur R K Nema C S Sharma A K Jain andC P Jain ldquoHepatoprotective activity of Jatropha gossypifoliaagainst carbon tetrachloride- induced hepatic injury in ratsrdquoAsian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research vol 2no 1 pp 50ndash54 2009
[127] S S Deo T M Chaudhari and F Inam ldquoEvaluation ofthe immunomodulatory effects of 1-phenylnaphthalene andpericarbonyl lactone lignan compoundsrdquoDer PharmaChemicavol 4 no 2 pp 771ndash776 2012
[128] S K Rasheed S Kunapareddy and R Karthikeyan ldquoLocalanesthetic activity of Jatropha gossypifolia L on frogsrdquo Biomed-ical and Pharmacology Journal vol 5 no 2 pp 395ndash397 2012
[129] AM A Paes A L Camara SM F Freire andMO R BorgesldquoRelaxant effect of Jatropha gossypiifolia L on uterine smoothmusclerdquo International Journal of Phytomedicine vol 4 no 3 pp310ndash313 2012
[130] S J Jain G P Choudhary and D K Jain ldquoPharmacologicalevaluation and antifertility activity of Jatropha gossypifoliain ratsrdquo BioMed Research International vol 2013 Article ID125980 5 pages 2013
[131] J S de Oliveira PM Leite L B de Souza et al ldquoCharacteristicsand composition of Jatropha gossypiifolia and Jatropha curcasL oils and application for biodiesel productionrdquo Biomass andBioenergy vol 33 no 3 pp 449ndash453 2009
[132] V Bullangpoti E Wajnberg P Audant and R FeyereisenldquoAntifeedant activity of Jatropha gossypifolia and Meliaazedarach senescent leaf extracts on Spodoptera frugiperda(Lepidoptera Noctuidae) and their potential use as synergistsrdquoPest Management Science vol 68 no 9 pp 1255ndash1264 2012
[133] S N K JilaniW Islam andM Kamsh ldquoPotential of pyrethroidinsecticides and plant extracts on fecundity and egg viability oftribolium castaneum (Herbst)rdquo Journal of Bio-Science vol 19no 1 pp 95ndash97 2011
[134] D Sukumaran B D Parashar and K M Rao ldquoToxicity of Jat-ropha gossypiifolia and Vaccaria pyramidata against freshwatersnails vectors of animal schistosomiasisrdquo Fitoterapia vol 66 no5 pp 393ndash398 1995
[135] R K Devappa H P S Makkar and K Becker ldquoJatrophatoxicitymdasha reviewrdquo Journal of Toxicology and EnvironmentalHealth B Critical Reviews vol 13 no 6 pp 476ndash507 2010
[136] E P Schenkel M Zannin L A Mentz S A L Bordignonand B Irgang ldquoPlantas toxicasrdquo in Farmacognosia Da Planta
ao Medicamento C M O Simoes E P Schenkel G GosmannJ C P Mello L A Mentz and P R Petrovick Eds pp 959ndash993 Editora da UFRGSUFSC Porto Alegre Brazil 3d edition2007
[137] L I Oliveira F F Jabour V A Nogueira and E M YamasakildquoIntoxicacao experimental com as folhas de Jatropha gossypifo-lia(Euphorbiaceae) em ovinosrdquo Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileiravol 28 no 6 pp 275ndash278 2008
[138] P I A Awachie and F O Ugwu ldquoPreliminary investigationof the antimicrobial and brine shrimp lethality propertiesof some nigerian medicinal plantsrdquo International Journal ofPharmacognosy vol 35 no 5 pp 338ndash343 1997
[139] L J Medubi V O Ukwenya O T Aderinto et al ldquoEffects ofadministration of ethanolic root extract of Jatropha gossypiifoliaand prednisolone on the kidneys of Wistar ratsrdquo ElectronicJournal of Biomedicine vol 2 pp 41ndash48 2010
[140] T Oduola G B Popoola G O Avwioro et al ldquoUse of Jatrophagossypifolia stem latex as a haemostatic agent how safe is itrdquoJournal of Medicinal Plants Reasearch vol 1 no 1 pp 14ndash172007
Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom
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Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
MEDIATORSINFLAMMATION
of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Behavioural Neurology
EndocrinologyInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Disease Markers
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
BioMed Research International
OncologyJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
PPAR Research
The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Immunology ResearchHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of
ObesityJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine
OphthalmologyJournal of
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Diabetes ResearchJournal of
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Research and TreatmentAIDS
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Gastroenterology Research and Practice
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Parkinsonrsquos Disease
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Volume 2014Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom
18 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table3Con
tinued
Plantp
art
Popu
laru
sePreparationandor
mod
eofu
seRe
ference
Fruits
Analgesic
Massaging
pregnant
wom
enrsquosbellies
with
teao
rgarrafadalowast
whenthey
areinpain
[77]
Analgesic(headache)
Teao
rgarrafadalowast
[77]
Analgesic(to
othache)
Teao
rgarrafadalowast
[77]
Laxativ
eIngestion
innatura
ofthep
owderfruit
[102]
Num
bnessa
fterb
ugsting
sTeao
rgarrafadalowast
[77]
Latex
Alopecia
Not
specified
[25]
Analgesic(eye
pain)
Not
specified
[78]
Analgesic(painin
general)
Drin
kor
massage
thea
ffected
area
with
latex
[80]
Analgesic(to
othache)
Cottonsoaked
with
latexkept
incontactw
iththes
oretoo
th[103]
Drin
kor
massage
thea
ffected
area
with
latex
[80]
Anticancer
Not
specified
[25]
Antihem
orrhagic
Not
specified
[9248695]
Antith
rombo
ticOralrou
te[80]
Antiulcerogenic
Not
specified
[2089]
Biteof
veno
mou
sanimals
Applicationof
fresh
latexatthea
ffected
site
[5]
Diuretic
Afewdrop
soffresh
latex
inwater
[6]
Eczema
Not
specified
[25]
Gingivitis
Not
specified
[89]
Gon
orrhea
Not
specified
[25]
Hem
ostatic
Not
specified
[2580]
Infected
wou
nds
Applicationof
fresh
latex
atthea
ffected
site
[520]
Leprosy
Not
specified
[89]
Mycosis
Not
specified
[25]
Purgative
Afewdrop
soffresh
latexin
water
[6]
Not
specified
[9]
Rheumatism
Not
specified
[25]
Scabies
Not
specified
[25]
Skin
burns
Applicationof
fresh
latex
atthea
ffected
site
[104]
Not
specified
[25]
Stop
ofitching
ofcutsandscratches
Not
specified
[95]
Syph
ilis
Not
specified
[25]
Thrush
(oralcandidiasis)
Not
specified
[25]
Verm
ifuge
Not
specified
[25]
Wou
ndhealing
Applicationof
latexatthea
ffected
site
[5]
Drin
kor
massage
thea
ffected
sitew
ithlatex
[80]
Not
specified
[7475]
Resin
Toothache
Toothp
owder
[27]
Wou
ndsinlip
sand
tong
ueTo
picalapp
lication
[27]
Oil
Arthritis
Appliedlocally
[89]
Purgative
Not
specified
[89]
Skin
disease
Appliedlocally
[89]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 19
Table3Con
tinued
Plantp
art
Popu
laru
sePreparationandor
mod
eofu
seRe
ference
Not
specified
Alopecia
Teaa
ppliedlocally
indo
gs[105]
Analgesic
Not
specified
[13]
Poultic
es[95]
Anticancer
Not
specified
[1366]
Antidiarrheal
Not
specified
[2845106]
Antihypertensive
Not
specified
[45]
Anti-infl
ammatory
Not
specified
[1328]
Antipyretic
Not
specified
[28]
Antise
ptic
Not
specified
[45]
Antiulcerogenic
Not
specified
[28]
Cou
ghsa
ndcolds
Bark
juice(4spoo
nfuls3tim
esad
ay)b
yoralroute
[107]
Detoxication
Not
specified
[28]
Diuretic
Not
specified
[45]
Eczema
Not
specified
[28]
Gum
infection
Not
specified
[28]
Healin
gNot
specified
[45108]
Hydropsy
Not
specified
[5]
Leprosy
Not
specified
[28]
Obstructio
nsof
thea
bdom
inaltract
Not
specified
[5]
Purgative
Not
specified
[5]
Regu
latem
enses
Not
specified
[109]
Rheumatism
Not
specified
[5]
Snakea
ndscorpion
bites
Not
specified
[322]
Stom
achpain
Not
specified
[28]
Venerealdiseases
Not
specified
[28]
Wou
nds
Poultic
es[95]
Usedas
bath
[28]
lowast
Garrafadapreparatio
ndo
neby
maceratingplantp
artsin
alcoho
lorh
ydroalcoho
licmediumsin
generalbrandies
20 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative MedicineTa
ble4Ph
armacologicalstu
dies
ofJatro
phagossy
piifolia
Ldescrib
edin
theliterature
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Analgesic
Aeria
lparts
Methano
land
petro
lether
extracts
At100and200m
gkgdayover7
daysbyoralrouteinmiceon
lythe
methano
lextractpresentedsig
nificantanalgesicactiv
ityin
Eddyrsquosho
tplatea
ndtail-flack
mod
els[92]
Fruits
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmicehigh
lysig
nificantly
inhibitedthew
rithing
respon
sesind
uced
byaceticacid
[110]
Leaves
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmicesig
nificantly
inhibited
thew
rithing
respon
sesind
uced
byaceticacid
[111]
Antibacteria
l
Latex
Crud
elatex
At100120583
Lvolumeinh
ibitedin
vitro
Liste
riamonocytogenes
Salm
onellatyhimuriumSalmonellatyphiandStaphylococcus
aureus
[112]
Latex
Not
specified
Presentedbactericidaleffectinvitro
againstShigella
dysenteriaea
ndStaphylococcus
aureuslowast
[113]
Leaves
Fractio
nsobtained
bysequ
entia
lextractionof
the
vegetalm
aterialw
ithpetro
letherbenzenechloroform
aceton
eethano
lmethano
landwater
Petro
lether
fractio
nwas
inactiv
eagainstEscherich
iacoliandBa
cillus
subtilisBe
nzenefractionwas
them
ostactiveagainstb
oth
microorganism
sCh
loroform
andmethano
lfractions
werea
ctive
onlyagainstB
acillus
subtilisAc
eton
eand
ethano
lfractions
were
activ
eonlyagainstE
scheric
hiacoliAq
ueou
sfractionwas
activ
eagainstb
othmicroorganism
salthou
ghto
amuchlesser
degree
than
theo
ther
fractions
[52]
Methano
lchloroform
and
water
extracts
Allextractswerea
ctiveinvitro
againstShigella
dysenteriaelowast
[113]
Petro
lether
andethyl
acetatefractions
from
ethano
ldichloromethane
(11vv)extract
Thep
etrolether
fractio
n(1mgmL)
inhibitedin
vitro
Pseudomonas
aeruginosaStaphylo
coccus
epidermidis
andSalm
onellatyphim
urium
Thee
thylacetatefraction(1mgmL)
was
activ
eagainstStaphylococcus
aureus
[87]
Who
leplant
Jatro
phenon
ePresentedin
vitro
antib
acteria
lactivity
againstStaphylo
coccus
aureus
comparabletopenicillin
[41]
Aeria
lparts
Water
andethylacetate
fractio
nsfro
mmethano
lextract
Both
fractio
nsat1
mgdidno
tprodu
cezoneso
finh
ibition
for
Escherich
iacoliStaphylococcus
aureusSaccharom
yces
cerevisia
enor
Cand
idaalbicans
[114]
Leaves
Chloroform
extract
Presentedantib
acteria
lactivity
againstSalmonellatyphiPseudomonas
aeruginosaand
Staphylococcus
aureus
andantifun
galactivity
against
Cand
idaalbicansD
idno
tprodu
ceinhibitio
nzonesa
gainst
Escherich
iacoliBa
cillussubtilis
Proteusm
irabilisC
orynebacteriu
mdiptheria
eShigelladysenteriaea
ndStreptococcusp
enum
oniae
[50]
Leaves
Dichlorom
ethane
methano
l(11vv)extract
At05and1m
gmLshow
edsig
nificantantibacteria
lactivity
invitro
againstB
acillus
cereus
varm
ycoidesBa
cillusp
umilu
sBa
cillussubtilis
Bordetellabronchise
ptica
MicrococcusluteusStaphylococcus
aureus
Staphylococcus
epidermidis
Klebsiella
pneumoniaeandStreptococcus
faecalisandantifun
galactivity
invitro
againstC
andida
albicans
[88]
Methano
lextract
Presentedantib
acteria
lactivity
againstSalmonellatyphiPseudomonas
aeruginosaand
Staphylococcus
aureus
andantifun
galactivity
against
Cand
idaalbicansD
idno
tprodu
ceinhibitio
nzonesa
gainst
Escherich
iacoliBa
cillussubtilis
Proteusm
irabilisC
orynebacteriu
mdiptheria
eShigelladysenteriaea
ndStreptococcusp
enum
oniae
[50]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 21
Table4Con
tinued
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Antibacteria
land
antifun
gal
Not
specified
Extractsob
tained
bysequ
entia
lextractionof
the
vegetalm
aterialw
ithn-hexanechloroform
aceton
emethano
land
water
n-Hexanee
xtracthadinhibitory
activ
ityin
vitro
againstE
scheric
hia
coliSalm
onellatyphiPseudomonas
aeruginosaB
acillus
cereus
Klebsiella
aerogenesandCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainst
Shiguella
boydiAspergillus
fumiga
tusAspergillus
flavusand
Aspergillus
nigerCh
loroform
extractinh
ibitedin
vitro
Salm
onella
typhiPseudomonas
aeruginosaB
acillus
cereusan
dCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainstEscherich
iacoliStaphylococcus
aureus
Shiguella
boydiAspergillus
fumiga
tusAspergillus
flavusand
Aspergillus
nigerAc
eton
eextractinhibitedin
vitro
Escherich
iacoli
Pseudomonas
aeruginosaStaphylococcusa
ureusKlebsiella
aerogenes
Proteusv
ulgarisan
dCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainst
Salm
onellatyphiAspergillus
fumiga
tusAspergillus
flavusa
ndAspergillus
nigerMethano
lextractinhibitedin
vitro
Escherich
iacoli
Salm
onellatyphiPseudomonas
aeruginosaStaphylococcusa
ureus
Bacilluscereusa
ndCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainst
Aspergillus
fumigatusA
spergillu
sflavusan
dAspergillus
nigerWater
extractw
asactiv
einvitro
againstE
scheric
hiacoliSalm
onellatyphi
Pseudomonas
aeruginosaStaphylococcusa
ureusBa
cilluscereus
Klebsiella
aerogenesProteusv
ulgarisan
dCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainstAspergillus
fumigatusA
spergillu
sflavusand
Aspergillus
niger
[89]
Methano
land
petro
lether
extractsfro
mbark
At200120583
g100120583
Lon
lythem
ethano
lextractshow
edin
vitro
antib
acteria
lactivity
upon
Staphylococcus
aureusStre
ptococcus
pyogenesand
Escherich
iacoliandantifun
galactivity
upon
Aspergillus
nigerCa
ndidaalbicansPenicillium
notatumand
Saccharomyces
cerevisia
e
[115]
Anticho
linesterase
Latex
Lyop
hilized
latex
Inhibitedtim
e-anddo
se-dependentlythea
cetylch
olinesterase
enzymeinnervou
stissue
offre
shwater
airb
reathing
fishCh
anna
marulius
[116]
Leaves
Fractio
nsobtained
bysequ
entia
lextractionof
the
vegetalm
aterialw
ithethyl
acetatea
ndmethano
l
At2m
gmLconcentration
thee
thylacetatea
ndmethano
lfractions
presentedinhibitory
activ
ities
invitro
of71
and100
Them
ethano
lfractio
npresentedIC
50of
005
mgmL
[117]
Antidiarrheal
Fruits
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmiceinhibitedthec
astoro
ilindu
ceddiarrhea
[110]
Leaves
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmiceinhibitedthec
astoro
ilindu
ceddiarrhea
[111]
Antifu
ngal
(antidermatop
hytic
fung
i)Ae
rialp
arts
Water
andethylacetate
fractio
nsfro
mmethano
lextract
Them
inim
alconcentrationprod
ucing75of
inhibitio
nor
high
eragainstM
icrosporuscanis
forb
othfractio
nsw
as1120583
gmLFo
rthe
fung
usMicrosporusg
ypseum
Microsporusfulvuman
dMicrosporus
gallina
eno
neof
thefractionpresentedinhibitory
activ
ity
[114]
22 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative MedicineTa
ble4Con
tinued
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Anti-infl
ammatory
Aeria
lparts
Methano
land
petro
lether
extracts
At100and200m
gkgdayover7
daysbyoralrouteinmiceon
lythe
methano
lextractpresentedsig
nificantanti-infl
ammatoryactiv
ityon
carrageenan-indu
cedpawedem
a[92]
Leaves
Aqueou
sextract
At100and200120583
gmLsig
nificantly
preventedthelysisof
human
red
bloo
dcells
inmem
branes
tabilizationmetho
din
vitro
[118]
Ethano
lextract
At100120583
gmLsig
nificantly
preventedthelysisof
human
redbloo
dcells
inmem
branes
tabilizationmetho
din
vitro
[118]
Methano
lextractandleaf
paste
At500and1000
mgkgbyoralrouteinrats
inhibitedthe
carrageenan-indu
cedpawedem
aAt
50and100m
gkgbyoralroute
inrats
inhibitedthec
ottonpelletind
uced
granulom
aformationin
rats
At05and1m
geartheleafp
asteredu
cedtheinfl
ammation
respon
sein
mou
seeare
demam
odel
[28]
Not
specified
Methano
land
petro
lether
extractsfro
mbark
At200m
gkgbyoralrouteinratsbothextractsredu
cedthe
carrageenan-indu
cedpawedem
a[115]
Antim
alarial
Leaves
Aqueou
sextract
30120583ginhibitedin
vitro
theg
rowth
ofPlasmodium
falciparum
[31]
Dichlorom
ethane
extract
Activ
einvitro
againstP
lasm
odium
falciparumw
ithIC
50of
abou
t35120583gmL
[81]
Antineoplasic
Roots
Ethano
licextractand
jatro
phon
e
Thee
thanolextractas
wellasjatroph
oneexhibitedsig
nificant
inhibitory
activ
ityin
vitro
againstcellsderiv
edfro
mhu
man
carcinom
aofthe
nasoph
aryn
xandlymph
ocyticleuk
emiaP-388and
invivo
againstfou
rstand
ardanim
altumor
syste
ms
[66]
Falodo
neShow
edpo
tent
proliferatio
ninhibitory
activ
ityagainstA
-549
human
cancer
celllin
ewith
IC50of
120120583
gmL
[13]
2120572-H
ydroxyjatro
phon
e2120573
-hydroxy-56-iso
jatro
phon
eand2120573
-hydroxyjatro
phon
editerpenes
isolatedfro
mpetro
lether
extract
Presentedantin
eoplasicactiv
ityup
onP-388lymph
ocyticleuk
emia
testsyste
mbo
thin
vivo
andin
vitro
asw
ellasfor
theE
aglersquos
carcinom
aofthe
nasoph
aryn
xtestsyste
min
vitro
[64]
Not
specified
Abiodo
neNot
specifiedlowast
[73]
Antioxidant
Leaves
Methano
lethylacetateand
aqueou
sextract
Allextractsshow
edsig
nificantantioxidant
activ
ityin
vitro
inDPP
Hfre
eradicalferric
thiocyanateandnitricoxides
caveng
ingmetho
dslowast
[55]
Who
leplant
Petro
letherchloroform
ethylacetateand
n-bu
tano
lextracts
Allextractsshow
edon
lypo
orDPP
Hscavenging
activ
ityTh
etotal
antio
xidant
capacitywas
high
erin
ethylacetateandn-bu
tano
lextracts
having
thep
etrolether
andchloroform
show
ingon
lypo
oractiv
ityTh
elipid
peroxidatio
nwas
inhibitedon
lypartially
bythe
extracts
with
thee
thylacetateb
eing
them
ostactivea
ndthep
etrol
etherb
eing
theleast
[48]
Antisp
asmod
icAe
rialp
arts
Ethano
lextractfractions
andsubfractions
At5001000and
2000
mgkgbyoralrouteinmiceshow
edsig
nificantantisp
asmod
icactiv
ityin
mou
seintestinaltransit
mod
elandat0510
and
20m
gmLinhibitedin
vitro
thea
cetylch
olinea
ndcalcium-in
ducedcontractions
ofiso
lated
ratjeju
numO
nlythe
organicfractionof
thee
xtracthadac
alcium
-antagon
isteffect
whereas
both
chloroform
icandaqueou
sfractions
hadanticho
linergic
effect
[119]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 23Ta
ble4Con
tinued
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Antivira
lAe
rialp
arts
Water
andethylacetate
fractio
nsfro
mmethano
lextract
At110and
100120583
gmLbo
thfractio
nspresented100
ofinhibitio
nof
plaque-fo
rmingabilityof
Sind
bisv
irusintre
atmentp
reinfection
protocol(IC 5
0lt1120583
gmL)w
hilein
treatmentp
ostin
fection
theIC 5
0of
water
fractio
nincreasedto
512andacetatefractionincreasedto
37120583gmLFo
rmurinec
ytom
egaloviru
sIC
50of
17and15
towater
andethylacetatefractio
nswereo
bservedrespectiv
elyintre
atment
preinfectio
nprotocolInthetreatmentp
ostin
fection
howe
verno
inhibitio
nwas
observed
inthismicroorganism
[114]
Not
specified
Methano
lextractfro
mbarks
Partially
activ
eagainstSind
bisv
irusand
herpes
simplex
virus-l
Inactiv
eagainsthu
man
polio
virus
[107]
Bron
chod
ilator
Stem
sAq
ueou
sextract
Thee
xtractwas
inactiv
einbron
chod
ilatora
ctivity
inguinea
pigs
[120]
Con
traceptiv
eLeaves
Ethano
lextract
At450m
gkgdayover2
1daysby
oralroutecaused
anantifertility
activ
ityin
femalem
ice
[121]
Healin
g
Aeria
lparts
Ethano
l70
extract
At1m
Lkg
dosebyintraperito
nealrouteinrats
presentedbeneficial
activ
ityin
healingprocesso
fcolon
icanastomosis
[122]
Aeria
lparts
Ethano
l70
extract
At200m
gkgbyintraperito
nealrouteinrats
favoredtheh
ealin
gprocesso
fgastro
rrhaph
iesa
ndredu
cedthea
cuteinflammatory
reactio
nin
vivo
[123]
Leaves
Hydroethano
lextract
At200m
gkgbyintraperito
nealroutedecreasedtheinfl
ammation
andincreasedvascular
neoformationandcollagendepo
sitionwhen
comparedto
thec
ontro
lgroup
inhealingprocesso
fsutures
perfo
rmed
ontheb
ladd
erof
rats
How
everingeneralno
favorable
healingeffectw
asob
served
[108]
Not
specified
Ethano
licextract
Alth
ough
someimprovem
entcou
ldbe
observed
insuture
healingof
ventralabd
ominalwallofratstreated
with
100m
gkg
ofextract
(intraperito
nealinstillationintraperito
nealcavity)in
generalon
lya
poor
healingactiv
itywas
observed
[124]
Not
specified
At01m
Lvolumeby
topicalapp
lication
thec
rude
extractp
resented
significantd
ifferencesc
oncerningthem
acroscop
icandmicroscop
icaspectso
fhealin
gprocesso
ccurrin
gin
open
skin
lesio
nsin
rats
[125]
Hem
ostatic
Latex
Crud
efresh
latex
Decreased
clotting
andbleeding
timeinhealthysubjects
[101]
Hepatop
rotective
Aeria
lparts
Petro
letherm
ethano
land
water
extracts
At200m
gkgdayover7
daysbyoralrouteinrats
both
extracts
presentedhepatoprotectiv
eactivity
incarbon
tetrachlorideind
uced
liver
damagewith
thep
etrolether
beingthem
ostactivea
ndthe
methano
lbeing
theleast
[126]
Hypotensiv
eand
vasorelaxant
Aeria
lparts
Ethano
licextract
At125and250m
gkgdayover4
weeksby
oralrouteinrats
ina
dose-dependent
mannerredu
cedthes
ystolic
bloo
dpressure
and
prod
uced
acon
centratio
n-depend
entrelaxanteffectin
ratisolated
(ex
vivo)end
otheliu
m-depriv
edmesenteric
artery
precon
tractedwith
norepineph
rineo
rCaC
l 2
[45]
Immun
omod
ulatory
Who
leplant
Petro
lether
extract
At100200and40
0120583gmLincreasedthep
roliferationof
mou
sespleen
cellin
vitro
[127]
Localanesthetic
Not
specified
Methano
land
aqueou
sextracts
Both
extractspresentedsig
nificantlocalanestheticactiv
ityby
plexus
anesthesiain
frogslowast
[128]
24 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table4Con
tinued
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Relaxant
effecto
nuterine
smoo
thmuscle
(tocolytic
activ
ity)
Aeria
lparts
Ethano
licextractand
chloroform
icandaqueou
sfractio
ns
At05and10
mgmLthee
thanolicextractreduced
the
calcium
-evokedcontractile
respon
seof
theu
terin
esmoo
thmuscle
as
wellas
thec
hloroformicfractio
nTh
eaqu
eous
fractio
npresented
onlyslighteffect
[129]
Sedativ
eand
anxiolytic
Fruits
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmicepresentedsedativ
eeffect
intheh
olec
rosstest
At200m
gkgpresented
anxiolyticactiv
ityin
holebo
ardtest
At40
0mgkgpresented
anxiolyticactiv
ityin
elevated
plus-m
azetest
[110]
Leaves
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmicepresentedsedativ
eeffect
intheh
olec
rosstest
At200m
gkgpresented
anxiolyticactiv
ityin
holebo
ardtest
At40
0mgkgpresented
anxiolyticin
elevated
plus-m
azetest
[111]
lowast
Thec
ompletev
ersio
nof
thep
aper
was
notaccessib
leso
theinformationwas
obtained
from
itsabstr
act
IC50con
centratio
nthatinhibits50of
ther
eferredactiv
ity
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 25
about extract preparation and plant part not specified) theauthors also observed an absence of healing action althoughsome histological improvement was shown [125]
However studying the influence of J gossypiifolia on thehealing process of colonic anastomosis in rats Servin et alshowed that the administration of 1mLkg single dose ofthe hydro alcoholic extract from aerial parts has beneficialeffect on the healing process [122] However according tothese authors on the seventh day of the experiment therewas a decrease in the action of the extract suggestingthat the extract in this experiment was less active in laterstages of healing process [122] A plausible hypothesis notraised by the authors could be the fact that the extract wasadministered in a single dose which may not have beensufficient to maintain the effect throughout the time of theexperiment Additionally Vale et al showed that the ethanolicextract from aerial parts of J gossypiifolia at single intraperi-toneal dose of 200mgkg favored the healing process ofgastrorrhaphies and reduced the acute inflammatory reactionin vivo [123]
65 Hemostatic Action The use of J gossypiifolia especiallythe latex is widespread as a hemostatic agent for preventingbleeding disorders The results of whole blood clotting timeusing Lee and White method and bleeding time using Ivyrsquosmethod were significantly reduced when stem latex wasintroduced suggesting procoagulant activity [101] Regardingthe possible mechanism of action based on experimentsthat show the precipitating action of the latex upon bovinealbumin the authors suggest that the latex precipitatesclotting factors thereby bringing the coagulation factors intoclose contact and then the activation of coagulation cascadeleads to the generation of thrombin and formation of aclot takes place in a matter of seconds when compared tothe control experiment which took minutes to completecoagulation [101] It is important to emphasize that to the bestof our knowledge this is the only study performed on humansubjects
66 Anticholinesterase Action Based on the cholinergichypothesis acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are widely usedto treat Alzheimerrsquos disease J gossypiifolia presented animportant anticholinesterase activity since the methanolicextract from leaves showed an IC
50of 005mgmL [117]
Another study showed that the lyophilized latex of theplant was able to inhibit time- and dose-dependently theacetylcholinesterase enzyme in nervous tissue of freshwaterair breathing fish Channa marulius [116]
67 Antioxidant Action The antioxidant activity of extractsfrom J gossypiifoliawas evaluated by Kharat et al [55] In thiswork the high content of phenols tannins and flavonoids inthe leaves prompted the authors to evaluate the antioxidantactivity of the leaves DPPH free radical ferric thiocyanateand nitric oxide scavengingmethods were used to analyze theantioxidant activity in vitro of methanol ethyl acetate andaqueous extracts demonstrating positive resultsThe authorsattributed the free radical scavenging activity to the presence
of flavonoids [55] On the other hand a study showed thatdifferent extracts (petrol ether chloroform ethyl acetate andn-butanol) fromwhole plant of J gossypiifolia had only partialantioxidant activity in DPPH scavenging total antioxidantcapacity and lipid peroxidation tests [48] Among them theethyl acetate extract was the most active which correlatespositively with its higher content of phenolic compounds incomparison with the other extracts [48]
68 Contraceptive Action Based on its popular use J gossypi-ifoliawas assessed for its antifertility activity as an alternativeto oral contraceptive agents J gossypiifolia leaf extract byoral route altered the major hormones involved in estrouscycle regulation indicating its antifertility effect on mice[121] Evaluating other parameters (estrogenic and earlyabortifacient activities) the anti-infertility effect of the extractwas once more demonstrated later [130]
69 Tocolytic Action Based on the ethnopharmacologicalapplication of the plant as tocolytic remedy the effects oncalcium-evoked uterine smooth muscle contraction of theethanolic extract and fractions were evaluated [129] Thecrude extract and to a higher extent the chloroformic frac-tion reduced the calcium-evoked contractile response of theuterine smooth muscle promoting a rightward displacementof calciumcumulative curves aswell as reducing themaximalcontractions [129]
610 Antineoplasic Action One of the most well-knownpharmacological activities of J gossypiifolia is its antineopla-sic action which is frequently associated with the contentof lignoids and terpenoids One of the first reports wasmade by Kupchan et al [66] when the authors found thatthe ethanolic extract from roots as well as the isolatedditerpene jatrophone exhibited significant inhibitory activityin vitro against cells derived from human carcinoma of thenasopharynx and lymphocytic leukemia P-388 and in vivoagainst four standard animal tumor systems such as sarcoma180 Lewis lung carcinoma P-388 lymphocytic leukemiaand Walker 256 intramuscular carcinosarcoma [66] Laterthree new antitumor derivatives of jatrophone were isolatedfrom petrol ether extracts from roots of J gossypiifolia 2120572-hydroxyjatrophone 2120573-hydroxy-56-isojatrophone and 2120573-hydroxyjatrophone [64] Recently two other diterpenes withpotent antineoplasic activity were isolated from J gossypi-ifolia falodone and abiodone Falodone was isolated frommethanol extract from roots and showed potent proliferationinhibitory activity against A-549 human cancer cell line [13]Abiodone a lathyrane diterpenoid compound was isolatedfrom J gossypiifolia and presented potent anticancer activity[73]
611 Local Anesthetic Action The local anesthetic action ofJ gossypiifolia was evaluated by plexus anaesthesia in frogs[128] The authors observed that the aqueous and methanolextract (plant part not specified) presented significant anes-thetic action when compared to control group
26 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
612 Neuropharmacological Action The neuropharmacolog-ical action of the methanol extract of the leaves of J gossypi-ifolia was evaluated by Apu et al [111] The authors observedthat in hole cross test the extract at 200 and 400mgkg byoral route showed significant sedative effect in mice In holeboard test the extract showed highly significant anxiolyticactivity at a dose of 200mgkg whereas the same activity wasobserved at 400mgkg dose in elevated plus-maze test [111]Similar results were observed in the methanolic extract fromfruits [110]
613 Antidiarrheal Action Although it may seem contradic-tory as shown in Table 3 J gossypiifolia species is popularlyused both as purgative and as antidiarrheal remedy Howeverin literature there are interesting results about the antidiar-rheal properties of different extracts of this species
At 200 and 400mgkg oral doses in mice the methanolextract of J gossypiifolia leaves produced highly signifi-cant antidiarrheal activity upon castor oil-induced diarrheadecreasing themean number of stool and total weight of fecaloutput when compared to control group [111] Similar resultswere observed in the methanolic extract from fruits [110]
Aiming to determine the possible action mechanism of Jgossypiifolia aerial parts ethanol extract as antidiarrheal agentSilva et al [119] have investigated the effect of this extracton intestinal transit velocity and on isolated rat jejunumAt 500 1000 and 2000mgkg by oral route in mice theextract showed significant antispasmodic activity in mouseintestinal transit model when compared to control At 0510 and 20mgmL the crude extract inhibited in vitro theacetylcholine and calcium-induced contractions of isolatedrat jejunum The chloroform and aqueous fractions wereobtained and it was observed that only the chloroform frac-tion of the extract had a calcium-antagonist effect whereasboth chloroformic and aqueous fractions had anticholinergiceffect suggesting that the antispasmodic effect of J gossypi-ifolia may be due to a combination of anticholinergic andcalcium-antagonist mechanisms [119]
614 Immunomodulatory Action The immunomodulatoryaction of synthetic lignan compounds was evaluated by theassay of proliferation of mouse spleen cell in vitro andcompared with petrol ether extract of whole plant of Jgossypiifolia since it is a natural source of this kind ofcompound [127] The authors showed that both syntheticand naturally occurring 1-phenylnaphthalene lignans couldpositively modulate the immunity of the host since theysignificantly increased the proliferation of mouse spleen cellin vitro [127]
615 Hepatoprotective Action Despite some studies havingshown the hepatotoxic potential of J gossypiifolia a study wasperformed to analyze the possible hepatoprotective action ofextracts of this plant in carbon tetrachloride-induced liverdamage in rats [126] In fact the petrol ether methanoland water extracts from the aerial parts of J gossypiifoliapresented significant hepatoprotective action in this model
substantially restoring towards normalization the serum lev-els of serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase serum glu-tamate pyruvate transaminase serum alkaline phosphatasetotal bilirubin superoxide dismutase and catalase [126] Theauthors also discuss the close relationship between the hep-atoprotective action observed and the possible antioxidantmechanism present in the extracts
7 Other Actions andBiotechnological Applications
In addition to studies demonstrating scientific evidences ofthe pharmacological properties of J gossypiifolia severalstudies have demonstrated the potential of this species toobtain molecules with various applications thus showing itsmultipurpose character
Among the main applications described the use ofJ gossypiifolia seed oil for biodiesel production could bementioned Jatropha species has drawn the attention ofresearchers in recent years due to its emergence as a highlysuitable feedstock plant for biodiesel production [11] Amongthe species J gossypiifolia J curcas and J pohliana produceseeds with high oil content [11] In a study investigatingthe potential of two plants of the Jatropha genus (includ-ing J gossypiifolia) the authors observed that the studiedphysicochemical properties of the produced biodiesel are inthe acceptable range for use as biodiesel in diesel enginesshowing a promising economic exploitation of these rawmaterials [131]
Studies have shown the potential of the species for thedevelopment of new tools for biochemical analysis A recentstudy showed that the diluted fresh latex J gossypiifolia can beused as precipitating agent for biochemical determination ofproteins in plasma urine and cerebrospinal fluid with valuescomparable to those obtained from the conventional proteinprecipitants sodium tungstate and trichloroacetic acid [24]According to the authors the precipitating potential couldbe related to the capacity of the latex to form clots whenapplied to a bleeding sore or wound when it is used in folkmedicine [24] Another study showed the potentiality of thejuice extracted from the fresh leaves of J gossypiifolia asan anticoagulant for haematological analyses [86] 01mL ofextract per mL of blood proved to be suitable for obtainingplasmas for biochemical analysis comparable with conven-tional anticoagulants [86] However the authors emphasizethat the extract must be purified to remove interferingsubstances for it to be perfectly suitable for biochemicalanalysis [86]
Some studies have demonstrated the potentiality of Jgossypiifolia as a source of pesticide biomolecules Bullang-poti et al [49] isolated ricinine from the ethyl acetate extractfrom senescent leaves the main compound responsible forthe toxicity of the crude extract in Spodoptera exigua larvaethus demonstrating that it could be an alternative choiceto chemical insecticides In another study Bullangpoti etal [132] showed that the ethanol extract of J gossypiifoliain association with the ethanol extract of Melia azedarachwas toxic and inhibited some enzymes from Spodoptera
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 27
frugiperda larvae demonstrating once more the potentialityof the species as insecticide agent Calatayud et al [56]showed the presence of proteins of about 100 kDa with toxicactivity upon Phenacoccus herreni another type of insectIn this work the authors performed a strategy of extrac-tion that eliminated nonprotein compounds being able todemonstrate the potential of the species to obtain insecticidalproteins [56] Leaf extract of J gossypiifolia reduced thefecundity and egg viability against stored product insect pestsTribolium castaneum [133]
The potential molluscicidal activity of J gossypiifolia hasalso been evaluated as an alternative mode of preventionof schistosomiasis Sukumaran et al [134] showed that themethanol and n-butanol extracts from unripened seeds of Jgossypiifoliawas toxic against eggs and adults of two species offreshwater snails Lymnaea luteola and Indoplanorbis exustusThe results indicated that n-butanol extract was the mosteffective and that the eggs were more susceptible than adults[134]
8 Toxicology
Species of Jatropha are notably known for their toxic potential[135 136] This toxicity is related primarily to latex andseeds The latex is released from the aerial parts of theplant by mechanical injury and it is extremely caustic andirritating to skin and mucous membranes The seeds arerich in toxalbumins that cause agglutination and hemolysisto erythrocytes as well as damage to other cell types andcontain a lipoid resin complex that can cause dermatitis[3 12 135] The symptomatology consists in general ofgastrointestinal disorders (abdominal pain nausea vomitingand diarrhea) Additionally the clinical course can bringcardiovascular neurological and renal complications [136]Cases of poisoning in humans usually occur by eating fruitand seeds because of its similarity to edible chestnuts [136]
Some toxicological studies have demonstrated the toxicproperties of J gossypiifolia while others show the absence oftoxicity However it is important to observe the models useddoses administrated and types of extract employed (solventand plant part) among other aspects to make the properconclusions about the toxicity
The study of experimental poisoning in sheep showedthat the intake of fresh plant leaves in a single dose of40 gkg was lethal to these animals [137] The clinical andpathological picture in the experimental sheep was charac-terized by digestive lung and heart disturbances and alsoby slight regressive changes evidenced in hepatic and renalhistological examinations [137] However as observed byMariz et al [7] it is important to note that the medicinaluse of the plant is rarely in natura but instead by differentpreparations such as infusions or decoctions sometimes ofthe dried material which could inactivate the possible toxiccomponents However this is only a hypothesis and so thetoxicity of extracts from leaves cannot be discarded
One of the first studies relating the identification of theconstituents responsible for the toxic effects of the Jatrophaspecies was published by Adolf et al [69] In this work
by a bioguided isolation the irritant polyunsaturated ester12-deoxy-16-hydroxylphorbol was isolated from the etherextract from the seeds of J gossypiifolia by countercurrentchromatography [69] The irritant activity was visualized inmouse ear after 24 h of the application of the fractions andisolated compounds [69]
The in vitro cytotoxicity assay using brine shrimp larvaetest revealed that ethanol and methanol extracts (plant organunspecified) showed low toxicity [138] An earlier studyshowed that thewater and ethyl acetate fraction of amethanolextract from aerial parts of J gossypiifolia did not presenttoxicity against the same organisms [114]
A study performed in Wistar rats evaluated the toxicityof the ethanolic root extract of J gossypiifolia at 10 20 and30mgkg by oral route [139] The authors observed that theextract was toxic to the kidney and caused increased urearetention in the blood as observed by histological studies andbiochemical analysis of blood [139]
A preclinical toxicological assessment of the crudeethanol extract from J gossypiifolia leaves showed that theextract presents relatively low oral acute toxicity in Wistarrats [18 19] Rats treated with single doses of 12ndash50 gkgby oral route were observed for 14 days and the mostimportant signs of toxicity were ptosis reduction of bodyweight and hind limb paralysis Other significant alterationsoccurred only in males treated with 50 gkg dose increasein creatinine aspartate aminotransferase sodium and potas-sium seric levels reduction of urea and albumin leucopeniaand small alteration in color and consistency of visceraThe median lethal dose (LD
50) was higher than 40 gkg
for males and higher than 50 gkg for females [19] In thehistopathological evaluation some alteration was observedin liver and lung only at 50 gkg suggesting the relativelylow toxicity of the extract [18] However in the chronictoxicological study (thirteen weeks of treatment) this extractshowed significant oral chronic toxicity in rats [17] The mostsignificant toxic signs indicated a reduction of the activityin the central nervous system and digestive disturbancesThe histopathological analysis revealed hepatotoxicity andpulmonary damages The lethality was 466 and 133among males and females under the higher tested dose(405mgkg) respectively [17] Based on this Mariz et al [7]discussed that the development of herbal medicine based onthis species needs to prioritize the chemical refinement of thecrude extracts to obtain less toxic fractions which should betested for their safety and therapeutic efficacy
Another study on the other hand evaluating the oralacute toxicity of the aqueous and ethanol extracts from leavesof J gossypiifolia did not show any sign of toxicity in upto 2 gkg in rats enabling the authors to conclude that thisextract could be considered safe [118] This is an interestingresult since in most cases the plant is used popularly as tea(aqueous extract)
The toxicity of the stem latex of J gossypiifoliawas studiedin Wistar rats by applying different doses of crude latex onincised skin daily for 18 days based on the popular useof the latex as hemostatic agent in skin lesions [140] Theauthors observed that the application of the latex did notproduce any significant difference in results of biochemical
28 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
and hematological parameters obtained from the control andexperimental animals leading to the conclusion that the stemlatex has no harmful effects [140]
9 Conclusions
As demonstrated by this review J gossypiifolia presents animportant potential for the generation of pharmacologicalandor biotechnological products based on popular usesand biological studies scientifically showing its propertiesHowever regarding specifically its medicinal propertiesfurther studies are still necessary to assay important folkuses of the species and characterize the major compoundsresponsible for the bioactivityThus studies of bioprospectingcould prioritize this species since many popular uses forvariousmedical purposes are reported demonstrating a greatpotential to originate bioactive molecules with pharmaco-logical relevance Furthermore future phytochemical studiesof this plant are important to obtain the best knowledgeof the chemical composition of different extracts of theplant in order to recognize the really important compoundsin the pharmacological actions aspiring to the chemicalrefinement of the products to eliminate the eventual toxiceffects that could reduce the medicinal value of the speciesIn conclusion the data presented in this review could provideinsights for future research aimed at both ethnopharmaco-logical validation of the popular use of J gossypiifolia andits exploration as a new source of bioactive molecules forherbal drugs andor bioactive natural products for potentialapplication in complementary and alternative medicine
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper
Acknowledgments
The authors thank BNB CNPq and CAPES (Brazil) forthe financial support Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosagives thanks to CNPq for Scholarship in Research Produc-tivity The authors also thank Andrew Alastair Cumming forediting this paper for the English revision
References
[1] G L Webster ldquoClassification of the euphorbiaceaerdquo Annals ofthe Missouri Botanical Garden vol 81 pp 3ndash143 1994
[2] M V Alves ldquoChecklist das especies de Euphorbiaceae Jussocorrentes no semi-arido pernambucano BrasilrdquoActa BotanciaBrasileira vol 12 no 3 pp 485ndash495 1998
[3] C W Sabandar N Ahmat F M Jaafar and I Sahidin ldquoMedic-inal property phytochemistry and pharmacology of severalJatropha species (Euphorbiaceae) a reviewrdquo Phytochemistryvol 85 pp 7ndash29 2013
[4] C K A Leal and M D F Agra ldquoEstudo farmacobotanicocomparativo das folhas de Jatrophamolissima (Pohl) BaillrdquoActaFarmaceutica Bonaerense vol 24 no 1 pp 5ndash13 2005
[5] L C Di Stasi and C A Hiruma-Lima Plantas medicinais naAmazonia e na Mata Atlantica UNESP Sao Paulo Brazil 2ndedition 2002
[6] M D F Agra K N Silva I J L D Basılio P F De Freitasand JM Barbosa-Filho ldquoSurvey ofmedicinal plants used in theregionNortheast of BrazilrdquoBrazilian Journal of Pharmacognosyvol 18 no 3 pp 472ndash508 2008
[7] S R Mariz A C R Borges M F F Melo-Diniz and I AMedeiros ldquoPossibilidades terapeuticas e riscos toxicologicosde Jatropha gossypiifolia L uma revisao narrativardquo RevistaBrasileiraDe PlantasMedicinais vol 12 no 3 pp 346ndash357 2010
[8] I Cordeiro and R Secco ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia L Lista deespecies da flora do Brasilrdquo Jardim Botanico do Rio de JaneirohttpfloradobrasiljbrjgovbrjabotfloradobrasilFB17581
[9] U P de Albuquerque P M de Medeiros A L S de Almeida etal ldquoMedicinal plants of the caatinga (semi-arid) vegetation ofNE Brazil a quantitative approachrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacol-ogy vol 114 no 3 pp 325ndash354 2007
[10] U P Albuquerque L H C Andrade and J Caballero ldquoStruc-ture and floristics of homegardens in Northeastern BrazilrdquoJournal of Arid Environments vol 62 no 3 pp 491ndash506 2005
[11] S A Ceasar and S Ignacimuthu ldquoApplications of biotechnologyand biochemical engineering for the improvement of Jatrophaand Biodiesel a reviewrdquo Renewable and Sustainable EnergyReviews vol 15 no 9 pp 5176ndash5185 2011
[12] U P de Albuquerque J MMonteiro M A Ramos and E L Cde Amorim ldquoMedicinal and magic plants from a public marketin northeastern Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 110no 1 pp 76ndash91 2007
[13] A Falodun Q Sheng-Xiang G Parkinson and S GibbonsldquoIsolation and characterization of a new anticancer diterpenoidfrom Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journalvol 45 no 10 pp 636ndash639 2012
[14] BRASIL ldquoFitoterapia plantas de interesse ao SUSrdquo Braz-ilian Health Ministry httpportalsaudegovbrportalarqu-ivospdfRENISUSpdf
[15] X-P Zhang M-L Zhang X-H Su C-H Huo Y-C Gu andQ-W Shi ldquoChemical constituents of the plants from genusJatrophardquo Chemistry and Biodiversity vol 6 no 12 pp 2166ndash2183 2009
[16] S K Sharma and H Singh ldquoA review on pharmacological sig-nificance of genus Jatropha (Euphorbiaceae)rdquoChinese Journal ofIntegrative Medicine vol 18 no 11 pp 868ndash880 2012
[17] S RMariz G S CerqueiraWCAraujo et al ldquoChronic toxico-logic study of the ethanolic extract of the aerial parts of Jatrophagossypiifolia in ratsrdquoRevista Brasileira de Farmacognosia vol 22no 3 pp 663ndash668 2012
[18] S R Mariz M S T Araujo G S Cerqueira et al ldquoHistopatho-logical evaluation in rats after acute treatment with the ethanolextract from aerial parts of Jatropha gossypiifolia Lrdquo RevistaBrasileira De Farmacognosia vol 18 no 2 pp 213ndash216 2008
[19] S R Mariz G S Cerqueira W C Araujo et al ldquoEstudo toxi-cologico agudo do extrato etanolico de partes aereas de Jatrophagossypiifolia L em ratosrdquo Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosiavol 16 no 3 pp 372ndash378 2006
[20] C Auvin-Guette C Baraguey A Blond J L Pousset andB Bodo ldquoCyclogossine B a cyclic octapeptide from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Journal of Natural Products vol 60 pp 1155ndash11571997
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 29
[21] V S Parvathi B S Jyothi T Lakshmi P S Babu and RKarthikeyan ldquoMorpho-anatomical and physicochemical stud-ies of Jatropha gossypifolia (L)rdquo Der Pharmacia Lettre vol 4no 1 pp 256ndash262 2012
[22] M N S Rios and F Pastore Junior Plantas da Amazonia450 Especies de Uso Geral Universidade de BrasıliamdashBibliotecaCentral Brasılia 2011
[23] S R Mariz Estudo toxicologico pre-clınico de Jatropha gossypi-ifolia L [PhD thesis] Universidade Federal da Paraıba JoaoPessoa Brazil 2007
[24] O G Adeosun T Oduola F A Fagbomedo et al ldquoSuitabilityof stem latex of Jatropha gossypifolia as a protein precipitant forbiochemical analysisrdquo Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistryvol 29 no 2 pp 210ndash212 2014
[25] F O A Ajose ldquoSome Nigerian plants of dermatologic impor-tancerdquo International Journal of Dermatology vol 46 no 1 pp48ndash55 2007
[26] J S Ashidi P J Houghton P J Hylands and T EfferthldquoEthnobotanical survey and cytotoxicity testing of plants ofSouth-western Nigeria used to treat cancer with isolationof cytotoxic constituents from Cajanus cajan Millsp leavesrdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 128 no 2 pp 501ndash512 2010
[27] M Ayyanar and S Ignacimuthu ldquoEthnobotanical survey ofmedicinal plants commonly used by Kani tribals in Tirunelvelihills of Western Ghats Indiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 134 no 3 pp 851ndash864 2011
[28] R Bhagat S D Ambavade A V Misar and D K KulkarnildquoAnti-inflammatory activity of Jatropha gossypifolia L leaves inalbino mice and Wistar ratrdquo Journal of Scientific and IndustrialResearch vol 70 no 4 pp 289ndash292 2011
[29] J H Cano and G Volpato ldquoHerbal mixtures in the traditionalmedicine of Eastern Cubardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol90 no 2-3 pp 293ndash316 2004
[30] F G Coe and G J Anderson ldquoScreening of medicinal plantsused by the Garıfuna of Eastern Nicaragua for bioactive com-poundsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 53 no 1 pp 29ndash501996
[31] MGbeassor Y Kossou K Amegbo C De Souza K Koumagloand A Denke ldquoAntimalarial effects of eight African medicinalplantsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 25 no 1 pp 115ndash1181989
[32] National Center for Biotechnology Information ldquoJatropha gos-sypiifoliardquo Taxonomy Browser httpwwwncbinlmnihgovTaxonomyBrowserwwwtaxcgiid=454931
[33] Tropicos ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia Lrdquo httpwwwtropicosorgNamePrintaspxnameid=12802174amptab=details
[34] The Plant List ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia Lrdquo httpwwwtheplant-listorgtplrecordkew-104621
[35] M S Khyade and N P Vaikos ldquoPharmacognostical andphytochemical evaluation of leaf of Jatropha gossypifolia LrdquoInternational Journal of Research in Ayurveda amp Pharmacy vol2 no 1 pp 177ndash180 2011
[36] D O Aworinde D U Nwoye A A Jayeola A O Olagoke andA A Ogundele ldquoTaxonomic significance of foliar epidermis insome members of euphorbiaceae family in Nigeriardquo ResearchJournal of Botany vol 4 no 1 pp 17ndash28 2009
[37] J D Olowokudejo ldquoComparative epidermal morphology ofWest African species of Jatropha L (Euphorbiaceae)rdquo BotanicalJournal of the Linnean Society vol 111 no 2 pp 139ndash154 1993
[38] B Das and B Venkataiah ldquoA minor coumarino-lignoid fromJatropha gossypifoliardquo Biochemical Systematics and Ecology vol29 no 2 pp 213ndash214 2001
[39] B Das B Venkataiah and A Kashinatham ldquoVenkatasin a newcoumarino-lignoid from Jatropha gossypifoliardquoNatural ProductLetters vol 13 no 4 pp 293ndash297 1999
[40] B Das and B Venkataiah ldquoA rare diterpene from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Biochemical Systematics and Ecology vol 27 no 7pp 759ndash760 1999
[41] N Ravindranath B Venkataiah C Ramesh P Jayaprakash andB Das ldquoJatrophenone a novel macrocyclic bioactive diterpenefrom Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bul-letin vol 51 no 7 pp 870ndash871 2003
[42] B Das and J Banerji ldquoArylnaphthalene lignan from JatrophagossypifoliardquoPhytochemistry vol 27 no 11 pp 3684ndash3686 1988
[43] J Banerji B Das A Chatterjee and J N Shoolery ldquoGadain alignan from Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Phytochemistry vol 23 no10 pp 2323ndash2327 1984
[44] A Chatterjee B Das C Pascard and T Prange ldquoCrystalstructure of a lignan from Jatropha gossypifoliardquoPhytochemistryvol 20 no 8 pp 2047ndash2048 1981
[45] I C Abreu A S S Marinho A M A Paes et al ldquoHypotensiveand vasorelaxant effects of ethanolic extract from Jatrophagossypiifolia L in ratsrdquo Fitoterapia vol 74 no 7-8 pp 650ndash6572003
[46] B Das and R Das ldquoGossypifan a lignan from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Phytochemistry vol 40 no 3 pp 931ndash932 1995
[47] R Das B Das and A Kashinatham ldquoGossypiline a new lignanfrom Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Natural Product Sciences vol 4 no4 pp 238ndash240 1998
[48] D Shahwar S-U Shafiq N Ahmad S Ullah and M A RazaldquoAntioxidant activities of the selected plants from the fam-ily Euphorbiaceae Lauraceae Malvaceae and BalsaminaceaerdquoAfrican Journal of Biotechnology vol 9 no 7 pp 1086ndash10962010
[49] V Bullangpoti N Khumrungsee W Pluempanupat Y Kainohand U Saguanpong ldquoToxicity of ethyl acetate extract andricinine from Jatropha gossypifolia senescent leaves againstSpodoptera exigua Hubner (Lepidoptera Noctuidae)rdquo Journalof Pesticide Science vol 36 no 2 pp 260ndash263 2011
[50] A O Ogundare ldquoAntimicrobial effect of Tithonia diversifoliaand Jatropha gossypifolia leaf extractsrdquo Trends in Applied Sci-ences Research vol 2 no 2 pp 145ndash150 2007
[51] N Nwokocha A Blessing I O Agbagwa and B E OkolildquoComparative phytochemical screening of Jatropha L Speciesin the Niger Deltardquo Research Journal of Phytochemistry vol 5no 2 pp 107ndash114 2011
[52] R Seth and R Sarin ldquoAnalysis of the phytochemical contentand anti-microbial activity of Jatropha gossypifolia Lrdquo Archivesof Applied Science Research vol 2 no 5 pp 285ndash291 2010
[53] S Sankara Subramanian S Nagarajan and N SulochanaldquoFlavonoids of the leaves of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Phytochem-istry vol 10 no 7 p 1690 1971
[54] A C Pilon R L Carneiro F Carnevale Neto V S Bolzaniand I Castro-Gamboa ldquoInterval multivariate curve resolutionin the dereplication of HPLC-DAD data from Jatropha gossypi-foliardquo Phytochemical Analysis vol 24 no 4 pp 401ndash406 2013
[55] A R Kharat A K Dolui and S Das ldquoFree radical scavengingpotential of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Asian Journal of Chemistryvol 23 no 2 pp 799ndash801 2011
[56] P-A Calatayud D F Munera S Calatayud A Valencia-Jimenez and A C Bellotti ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia (Euphor-biaceae) a source of proteins toxic to Phenacoccus herreni(Sternorryncha Pseudococcidae)rdquo Florida Entomologist vol94 no 3 pp 649ndash654 2011
30 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
[57] W F Tinto L M D John W F Reynolds and S McLeanldquoTriterpenoids of Jatropha gossypiifoliardquo Journal of NaturalProducts vol 55 no 6 pp 807ndash809 1992
[58] R Das K Venkateswarlu V Saidi Reddy and B Das ldquo41015840-O-demethyl retrochinensin a minor new lignan from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Indian Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry vol 14no 2 pp 169ndash170 2004
[59] B Das A Kashinatham B Venkataiah K V N S Srinivas GMahender and M R Reddy ldquoCleomiscosin A a coumarino-lignoid from Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Biochemical Systematics andEcology vol 31 no 10 pp 1189ndash1191 2003
[60] B Das and G Anjani ldquoGossypidien a lignan from stems ofJatropha gossypifolliardquo Phytochemistry vol 51 no 1 pp 115ndash1171999
[61] B Das S P Rao and K V Srinivas ldquoIsolation of isogadain fromJatropha gossypifoliardquo Planta Medica vol 62 no 1 article 901996
[62] B Das S P Rao K V N S Srinivas and R Das ldquoJatrodien alignan from stems of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Phytochemistry vol41 no 3 pp 985ndash987 1996
[63] A Chatterjee B Das R Chakrabarti et al ldquoPrasanthaline anew lignan from Jatropha gossypifolia Linnrdquo Indian Journal ofChemistry vol 27 pp 740ndash741 1988
[64] M D Taylor A B Smith III G T Furst et al ldquoNewantileukemic jatrophone derivatives from Jatropha gossypiifoliastructural and stereochemical assignment through nuclearmagnetic resonance Spectroscopyrdquo Journal of the AmericanChemical Society vol 105 no 10 pp 3177ndash3183 1983
[65] K K Purushothaman S Chandrasekharan A F Cameron etal ldquoJatropholones A and B new diterpenoids from the roots ofJatropha gossypiifolia (Euphorbiaceae)mdashcrystal structure anal-ysis of Jatropholone Brdquo Tetrahedron Letters vol 20 no 11 pp979ndash980 1979
[66] S M Kupchan C W Sigel M J Matz J A S Renauld R CHaltiwanger and R F Bryan ldquoJatrophone a novel macrocyclicditerpenoid tumor inhibitor from Jatropha gossypiifoliardquo Jour-nal of the American Chemical Society vol 92 no 14 pp 4476ndash4477 1970
[67] Y R Prasad G S J G Alankararao and P Baby ldquoConstituentsof the seeds of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Fitoterapia vol 64 no 4p 376 1993
[68] O Ogbobe and V Akano ldquoThe physico-chemical properties ofthe seed and seed oil of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Plant Foods forHuman Nutrition vol 43 no 3 pp 197ndash200 1993
[69] W Adolf H J Opferkuch and E Hecker ldquoIrritant phorbolderivatives from four Jatropha speciesrdquo Phytochemistry vol 23no 1 pp 129ndash132 1984
[70] K M Hosamani and K S Katagi ldquoCharacterization andstructure elucidation of 12-hydroxyoctadec-cis-9-enoic acid inJatropha gossypifolia and Hevea brasiliensis seed oils a richsource of hydroxy fatty acidrdquo Chemistry and Physics of Lipidsvol 152 no 1 pp 9ndash12 2008
[71] S F A J Horsten A J J Van Den Berg J J Kettenes-VanDen Bosch B R Leeflang and R P Labadie ldquoCyclogossine Aa novel cyclic heptapeptide isolated from the latex of Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Planta Medica vol 62 no 1 pp 46ndash50 1996
[72] M U Ahmad M R Islam A H Mirza B H Chowdhuryand N Nahar ldquoAlkaloids of Jatropha gossypifolia Linnrdquo IndianJournal of Chemistry B Organic Chemistry Including MedicinalChemistry vol 31 no 1 pp 67ndash69 1992
[73] A Falodun U Kragl S-M T Touem A Villinger T Fahren-waldt and P Langer ldquoA novel anticancer diterpenoid fromJatropha gossypifoliardquo Natural Product Communications vol 7no 2 pp 151ndash152 2012
[74] G D Wadankar S N Malode and S L Sarambekar ldquoTra-ditionally used medicinal plants for ound healing in theWashim district Maharashtra (India)rdquo International Journal ofPharmTech Research vol 3 no 4 pp 2080ndash2084 2011
[75] B Kumar M Vijayakumar R Govindarajan and P Pushpan-gadan ldquoEthnopharmacological approaches to wound healing-Exploring medicinal plants of Indiardquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 114 no 2 pp 103ndash113 2007
[76] K Koudouvo D S Karou K Kokou et al ldquoAn ethnobotanicalstudy of antimalarial plants in Togo Maritime Regionrdquo Journalof Ethnopharmacology vol 134 no 1 pp 183ndash190 2011
[77] M Coelho-Ferreira ldquoMedicinal knowledge and plant utiliza-tion in an Amazonian coastal community ofMaruda Para State(Brazil)rdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 126 no 1 pp 159ndash175 2009
[78] F C S Oliveira R F M Barros and J M Moita Neto ldquoPlan-tas medicinais utilizadas em comunidades rurais de Oeirassemiarido piauienserdquo Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinaisvol 12 no 3 pp 282ndash301 2010
[79] J D F L Santos E Pagani J Ramos and E Rodrigues ldquoObser-vations on the therapeutic practices of riverine communities oftheUnini River AM Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol142 no 2 pp 503ndash515 2012
[80] S L Cartaxo M M de Almeida Souza and U P de Albu-querque ldquoMedicinal plants with bioprospecting potential usedin semi-arid northeastern Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacol-ogy vol 131 no 2 pp 326ndash342 2010
[81] O Jansen L Angenot M Tits et al ldquoEvaluation of 13 selectedmedicinal plants from Burkina Faso for their antiplasmodialpropertiesrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 130 no 1 pp143ndash150 2010
[82] M H Yetein L G Houessou T O Lougbegnon O Teka andB Tente ldquoEthnobotanical study of medicinal plants used for thetreatment of malaria in plateau of Allada Benin (West Africa)rdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 146 no 1 pp 154ndash163 2013
[83] L J Quintans Junior J R G S Almeida J T Lima et al ldquoPlantswith anticonvulsivant propertiesmdasha reviewrdquo Revista Brasileirade Farmacognosia vol 18 pp 798ndash819 2008
[84] A Diallo M S Traore S M Keita et al ldquoManagement ofdiabetes in Guinean traditional medicine an ethnobotanicalinvestigation in the coastal lowlandsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 144 no 2 pp 353ndash361 2012
[85] S O Olabanji A C Adebajo O R Omobuwajo et al ldquoPIXEanalysis of some Nigerian anti-diabetic medicinal plants (II)rdquoNuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B BeamInteractions With Materials and Atoms vol 318 pp 187ndash1902014
[86] T Oduola O G Avwioro and T B Ayanniyi ldquoSuitability ofthe leaf extract of Jatropha gossypifolia as an anticoagulant forbiochemical and haematological analysesrdquo African Journal ofBiotechnology vol 4 no 7 pp 679ndash681 2005
[87] CM Chariandy C E Seaforth R H Phelps G V Pollard andB P S Khambay ldquoScreening of medicinal plants from Trinidadand Tobago for antimicrobial and insecticidal propertiesrdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 64 no 3 pp 265ndash270 1999
[88] V P Kumar N S Chauhan H Padh and M Rajani ldquoSearchfor antibacterial and antifungal agents from selected Indian
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 31
medicinal plantsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 107 no2 pp 182ndash188 2006
[89] R Dabur A Gupta T K Mandal et al ldquoAntimicrobial activityof some medicinal plantsrdquo African Journal of TraditionalComplementary and AlternativeMedicines vol 4 no 3 pp 313ndash318 2007
[90] H C Ong and M Nordiana ldquoMalay ethno-medico botany inMachang Kelantan Malaysiardquo Fitoterapia vol 70 no 5 pp502ndash513 1999
[91] J Sanz-Biset J Campos-de-la-Cruz M A Epiquien-Riveraand S Canigueral ldquoA first survey on the medicinal plants of theChazuta valley (Peruvian Amazon)rdquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 122 no 2 pp 333ndash362 2009
[92] B B Panda K Gaur M L Kori et al ldquoAnti-inflammatoryand analgesic activity of Jatropha gossypifolia in experimentalanimal modelsrdquo Global Journal of Pharmacology vol 3 no 12009
[93] S S Ningthoujam A D Talukdar K S Potsangbam and MD Choudhury ldquoTraditional uses of herbal vapour therapy inManipur North East India an ethnobotanical surveyrdquo Journalof Ethnopharmacology vol 147 no 1 pp 136ndash147 2013
[94] A Asase A A Oteng-Yeboah G T Odamtten and M SJ Simmonds ldquoEthnobotanical study of some Ghanaian anti-malarial plantsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 99 no 2pp 273ndash279 2005
[95] C Lans T Harper K Georges and E Bridgewater ldquoMedicinaland ethnoveterinary remedies of hunters in Trinidadrdquo BMCComplementary and AlternativeMedicine vol 1 article 10 2001
[96] L Rasingam S Jeeva andD Kannan ldquoDental care of Andamanand Nicobar folks medicinal plants use as tooth stickrdquo AsianPacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine vol 2 no 2 pp S1013ndashS1016 2012
[97] P J Houghton and I M Osibogun ldquoFlowering plants usedagainst snakebiterdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 39 no 1pp 1ndash29 1993
[98] M Molander C H Saslis-Lagoudakis A K Jager and NRoslashnsted ldquoCross-cultural comparison of medicinal floras usedagainst snakebitesrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 139 no3 pp 863ndash872 2012
[99] A Jain S S Katewa B L Chaudhary and P Galav ldquoFolk herbalmedicines used in birth control and sexual diseases by tribals ofsouthern Rajasthan Indiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol90 no 1 pp 171ndash177 2004
[100] A Jain S S Katewa P K Galav and P Sharma ldquoMedicinalplant diversity of Sitamata wildlife sanctuary Rajasthan IndiardquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 102 no 2 pp 143ndash157 2005
[101] T Oduola G O Adeosun T A Oduola G O Avwioro andM A Oyeniyi ldquoMechanism of action of Jatropha gossypifoliastem latex as a haemostatic agentrdquo European Journal of GeneralMedicine vol 2 no 4 pp 140ndash143 2005
[102] D Garcia M V Domingues and E Rodrigues ldquoEthnophar-macological survey among migrants living in the SoutheastAtlantic Forest of Diadema Sao Paulo Brazilrdquo Journal ofEthnobiology and Ethnomedicine vol 6 article 29 2010
[103] S S Hebbar V H Harsha V Shripathi and G R HegdeldquoEthnomedicine of Dharwad district in Karnataka Indiamdashplants used in oral health carerdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 94 no 2-3 pp 261ndash266 2004
[104] S B Kosalge and R A Fursule ldquoInvestigation of ethnomedic-inal claims of some plants used by tribals of Satpuda Hills inIndiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 121 no 3 pp 456ndash461 2009
[105] R A Ritter M V B Monteiro F O B Monteiro et al ldquoEth-noveterinary knowledge and practices at Colares island Parastate eastern Amazon Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 144 no 2 pp 346ndash352 2012
[106] S K Dash and S Padhy ldquoReview on ethnomedicines fordiarrhoea diseases from Orissa prevalence versus culturerdquoJournal of Human Ecology vol 20 no 1 pp 59ndash64 2006
[107] R S L Taylor J B Hudson N P Manandhar and G H NTowers ldquoAntiviral activities of medicinal plants of southernNepalrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 53 pp 97ndash104 1996
[108] J M A Maia N G Czeczko J M R Filho et al ldquoEstudoda cicatrizacao de suturas na bexiga urinaria de ratos come sem utilizacao de extrato bruto de Jatropha gossypiifolia Lintraperitonealrdquo Acta Cirurgica Brasileira vol 21 no 2 pp 23ndash30 2006
[109] A L Ososki P Lohr M Reiff et al ldquoEthnobotanical literaturesurvey of medicinal plants in the Dominican Republic used forwomens health conditionsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol79 no 3 pp 285ndash298 2002
[110] A S Apu FHossain F Rizwan et al ldquoStudy of pharmacologicalactivities of methanol extract of Jatropha gossypifolia fruitsrdquoJournal of Basic and Clinical Pharmacy vol 4 no 1 pp 20ndash242013
[111] A S Apu K Ireen S Hossan Bhuyan et al ldquoEvaluation ofanalgesic neuropharmacological and anti-diarrheal potential ofJatropha gossypifolia (Linn) leaves in micerdquo Journal of MedicalSciences vol 12 no 8 pp 274ndash279 2012
[112] F A G Rocha and L I S Dantas ldquoAtividade antimicrobianain vitro do latex do aveloz (Euphorbia tirucalli L) pinhao bravo(Jatrophamollissima L) e pinhao roxo (Jatropha gossypiifolia L)sobre microrganismos patogenicosrdquo Holos vol 25 no 4 2009
[113] O M David and J O Oluyege ldquoIn vitro susceptibility ofselected pathogenic bacteria to leaf extracts and latex of Jatrophagossypiifolia(L) and Jatropha curcas (L)rdquo Biosciences Biotechnol-ogy Research Asia vol 3 no 1 pp 91ndash94 2006
[114] W D MacBae J B Hudson and G H N Towers ldquoStudieson the pharmacological activity of amazonian euphorbiaceaerdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 22 no 2 pp 143ndash172 1988
[115] M C Purohit and R Purohit ldquoEvaluation of antimicrobial andanti-inflammatory activities of bark of Jatropha gossypifoliardquoWorld Journal of Science and Technology vol 1 no 10 pp 1ndash52011
[116] D Singh and A Singh ldquoThe toxicity of four native Indianplants effect on AChE and acidalkaline phosphatase level infish Channa maruliusrdquo Chemosphere vol 60 no 1 pp 135ndash1402005
[117] C M Feitosa R M Freitas N N N Luz M Z B BezerraandM T S Trevisan ldquoAcetylcholinesterase inhibition by somespromising Brazilian medicinal plantsrdquo Brazilian Journal ofBiology vol 71 no 3 pp 783ndash789 2011
[118] Y Nagaharika V Kalyani S Rasheed and R KarthikeyanldquoAnti-inflammatory activity of leaves of Jatropha gossypifolia Lby HRBC membrane stabilization methodrdquo Journal of AcuteDisease vol 2 no 2 pp 156ndash158 2013
[119] S D N Silva I C Abreu S M D F Freire et al ldquoAntispas-modic effect of Jatropha gossypiifolia is mediated through dualblockade of muscarinic receptors and Ca2+ channelsrdquo BrazilianJournal of Pharmacognosy vol 21 no 4 pp 715ndash720 2011
[120] D Carabajal A Casaco L Arruzazabala R Gonzalez andV Fuentes ldquoPharmacological screening of plant decoctionscommonly used in Cuban folk medicinerdquo Journal of Ethnophar-macology vol 33 no 1-2 pp 21ndash24 1991
32 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
[121] S Jain G P Choudhary and D K Jain ldquoPharmacological eval-uation of anti-fertility activity of ethanolic extract of Jatrophagossypifolia leaf in female albino micerdquo Asian Pacific Journal ofTropical Biomedicine vol 2 no 3 pp S1671ndashS1674 2012
[122] S C N Servin O J M Torres J E F Matias et al ldquoAcao doextrato de Jatropha gossypiifolia L (piao roxo) na cicatrizacaode anastomose colonica estudo experimental em ratosrdquo ActaCirurgica Brasileira vol 21 no 3 pp 89ndash96 2006
[123] J R Vale N G Czeczko J U Aquino et al ldquoEstudo compara-tivo da cicatrizacao de gastrorrafias com e sem o uso do extratode Jatropha gossypiifolia L (piao roxo) em ratosrdquoActa CirurgicaBrasileira vol 21 no 3 pp 40ndash48 2006
[124] J U Aquino N G Czeczko O Malafaia et al ldquoAvaliacaofitoterapica da Jatropha gossypiifolia L na cicatrizacao desuturas na parede abdominal ventral de ratosrdquo Acta CirurgicaBrasileira vol 21 no 2 pp 61ndash66 2006
[125] M F D S Santos N G Czeczko P A N Nassif et alldquoAvaliacao do uso do extrato bruto de Jatropha gossypiifolia Lna cicatrizacao de feridas cutaneas em ratosrdquo Acta CirurgicaBrasileira vol 21 no 3 pp 2ndash7 2006
[126] B B Panda K Gaur R K Nema C S Sharma A K Jain andC P Jain ldquoHepatoprotective activity of Jatropha gossypifoliaagainst carbon tetrachloride- induced hepatic injury in ratsrdquoAsian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research vol 2no 1 pp 50ndash54 2009
[127] S S Deo T M Chaudhari and F Inam ldquoEvaluation ofthe immunomodulatory effects of 1-phenylnaphthalene andpericarbonyl lactone lignan compoundsrdquoDer PharmaChemicavol 4 no 2 pp 771ndash776 2012
[128] S K Rasheed S Kunapareddy and R Karthikeyan ldquoLocalanesthetic activity of Jatropha gossypifolia L on frogsrdquo Biomed-ical and Pharmacology Journal vol 5 no 2 pp 395ndash397 2012
[129] AM A Paes A L Camara SM F Freire andMO R BorgesldquoRelaxant effect of Jatropha gossypiifolia L on uterine smoothmusclerdquo International Journal of Phytomedicine vol 4 no 3 pp310ndash313 2012
[130] S J Jain G P Choudhary and D K Jain ldquoPharmacologicalevaluation and antifertility activity of Jatropha gossypifoliain ratsrdquo BioMed Research International vol 2013 Article ID125980 5 pages 2013
[131] J S de Oliveira PM Leite L B de Souza et al ldquoCharacteristicsand composition of Jatropha gossypiifolia and Jatropha curcasL oils and application for biodiesel productionrdquo Biomass andBioenergy vol 33 no 3 pp 449ndash453 2009
[132] V Bullangpoti E Wajnberg P Audant and R FeyereisenldquoAntifeedant activity of Jatropha gossypifolia and Meliaazedarach senescent leaf extracts on Spodoptera frugiperda(Lepidoptera Noctuidae) and their potential use as synergistsrdquoPest Management Science vol 68 no 9 pp 1255ndash1264 2012
[133] S N K JilaniW Islam andM Kamsh ldquoPotential of pyrethroidinsecticides and plant extracts on fecundity and egg viability oftribolium castaneum (Herbst)rdquo Journal of Bio-Science vol 19no 1 pp 95ndash97 2011
[134] D Sukumaran B D Parashar and K M Rao ldquoToxicity of Jat-ropha gossypiifolia and Vaccaria pyramidata against freshwatersnails vectors of animal schistosomiasisrdquo Fitoterapia vol 66 no5 pp 393ndash398 1995
[135] R K Devappa H P S Makkar and K Becker ldquoJatrophatoxicitymdasha reviewrdquo Journal of Toxicology and EnvironmentalHealth B Critical Reviews vol 13 no 6 pp 476ndash507 2010
[136] E P Schenkel M Zannin L A Mentz S A L Bordignonand B Irgang ldquoPlantas toxicasrdquo in Farmacognosia Da Planta
ao Medicamento C M O Simoes E P Schenkel G GosmannJ C P Mello L A Mentz and P R Petrovick Eds pp 959ndash993 Editora da UFRGSUFSC Porto Alegre Brazil 3d edition2007
[137] L I Oliveira F F Jabour V A Nogueira and E M YamasakildquoIntoxicacao experimental com as folhas de Jatropha gossypifo-lia(Euphorbiaceae) em ovinosrdquo Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileiravol 28 no 6 pp 275ndash278 2008
[138] P I A Awachie and F O Ugwu ldquoPreliminary investigationof the antimicrobial and brine shrimp lethality propertiesof some nigerian medicinal plantsrdquo International Journal ofPharmacognosy vol 35 no 5 pp 338ndash343 1997
[139] L J Medubi V O Ukwenya O T Aderinto et al ldquoEffects ofadministration of ethanolic root extract of Jatropha gossypiifoliaand prednisolone on the kidneys of Wistar ratsrdquo ElectronicJournal of Biomedicine vol 2 pp 41ndash48 2010
[140] T Oduola G B Popoola G O Avwioro et al ldquoUse of Jatrophagossypifolia stem latex as a haemostatic agent how safe is itrdquoJournal of Medicinal Plants Reasearch vol 1 no 1 pp 14ndash172007
Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom
Stem CellsInternational
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
MEDIATORSINFLAMMATION
of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Behavioural Neurology
EndocrinologyInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Disease Markers
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
BioMed Research International
OncologyJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
PPAR Research
The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Immunology ResearchHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of
ObesityJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine
OphthalmologyJournal of
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Diabetes ResearchJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Research and TreatmentAIDS
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Gastroenterology Research and Practice
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Parkinsonrsquos Disease
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Volume 2014Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 19
Table3Con
tinued
Plantp
art
Popu
laru
sePreparationandor
mod
eofu
seRe
ference
Not
specified
Alopecia
Teaa
ppliedlocally
indo
gs[105]
Analgesic
Not
specified
[13]
Poultic
es[95]
Anticancer
Not
specified
[1366]
Antidiarrheal
Not
specified
[2845106]
Antihypertensive
Not
specified
[45]
Anti-infl
ammatory
Not
specified
[1328]
Antipyretic
Not
specified
[28]
Antise
ptic
Not
specified
[45]
Antiulcerogenic
Not
specified
[28]
Cou
ghsa
ndcolds
Bark
juice(4spoo
nfuls3tim
esad
ay)b
yoralroute
[107]
Detoxication
Not
specified
[28]
Diuretic
Not
specified
[45]
Eczema
Not
specified
[28]
Gum
infection
Not
specified
[28]
Healin
gNot
specified
[45108]
Hydropsy
Not
specified
[5]
Leprosy
Not
specified
[28]
Obstructio
nsof
thea
bdom
inaltract
Not
specified
[5]
Purgative
Not
specified
[5]
Regu
latem
enses
Not
specified
[109]
Rheumatism
Not
specified
[5]
Snakea
ndscorpion
bites
Not
specified
[322]
Stom
achpain
Not
specified
[28]
Venerealdiseases
Not
specified
[28]
Wou
nds
Poultic
es[95]
Usedas
bath
[28]
lowast
Garrafadapreparatio
ndo
neby
maceratingplantp
artsin
alcoho
lorh
ydroalcoho
licmediumsin
generalbrandies
20 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative MedicineTa
ble4Ph
armacologicalstu
dies
ofJatro
phagossy
piifolia
Ldescrib
edin
theliterature
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Analgesic
Aeria
lparts
Methano
land
petro
lether
extracts
At100and200m
gkgdayover7
daysbyoralrouteinmiceon
lythe
methano
lextractpresentedsig
nificantanalgesicactiv
ityin
Eddyrsquosho
tplatea
ndtail-flack
mod
els[92]
Fruits
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmicehigh
lysig
nificantly
inhibitedthew
rithing
respon
sesind
uced
byaceticacid
[110]
Leaves
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmicesig
nificantly
inhibited
thew
rithing
respon
sesind
uced
byaceticacid
[111]
Antibacteria
l
Latex
Crud
elatex
At100120583
Lvolumeinh
ibitedin
vitro
Liste
riamonocytogenes
Salm
onellatyhimuriumSalmonellatyphiandStaphylococcus
aureus
[112]
Latex
Not
specified
Presentedbactericidaleffectinvitro
againstShigella
dysenteriaea
ndStaphylococcus
aureuslowast
[113]
Leaves
Fractio
nsobtained
bysequ
entia
lextractionof
the
vegetalm
aterialw
ithpetro
letherbenzenechloroform
aceton
eethano
lmethano
landwater
Petro
lether
fractio
nwas
inactiv
eagainstEscherich
iacoliandBa
cillus
subtilisBe
nzenefractionwas
them
ostactiveagainstb
oth
microorganism
sCh
loroform
andmethano
lfractions
werea
ctive
onlyagainstB
acillus
subtilisAc
eton
eand
ethano
lfractions
were
activ
eonlyagainstE
scheric
hiacoliAq
ueou
sfractionwas
activ
eagainstb
othmicroorganism
salthou
ghto
amuchlesser
degree
than
theo
ther
fractions
[52]
Methano
lchloroform
and
water
extracts
Allextractswerea
ctiveinvitro
againstShigella
dysenteriaelowast
[113]
Petro
lether
andethyl
acetatefractions
from
ethano
ldichloromethane
(11vv)extract
Thep
etrolether
fractio
n(1mgmL)
inhibitedin
vitro
Pseudomonas
aeruginosaStaphylo
coccus
epidermidis
andSalm
onellatyphim
urium
Thee
thylacetatefraction(1mgmL)
was
activ
eagainstStaphylococcus
aureus
[87]
Who
leplant
Jatro
phenon
ePresentedin
vitro
antib
acteria
lactivity
againstStaphylo
coccus
aureus
comparabletopenicillin
[41]
Aeria
lparts
Water
andethylacetate
fractio
nsfro
mmethano
lextract
Both
fractio
nsat1
mgdidno
tprodu
cezoneso
finh
ibition
for
Escherich
iacoliStaphylococcus
aureusSaccharom
yces
cerevisia
enor
Cand
idaalbicans
[114]
Leaves
Chloroform
extract
Presentedantib
acteria
lactivity
againstSalmonellatyphiPseudomonas
aeruginosaand
Staphylococcus
aureus
andantifun
galactivity
against
Cand
idaalbicansD
idno
tprodu
ceinhibitio
nzonesa
gainst
Escherich
iacoliBa
cillussubtilis
Proteusm
irabilisC
orynebacteriu
mdiptheria
eShigelladysenteriaea
ndStreptococcusp
enum
oniae
[50]
Leaves
Dichlorom
ethane
methano
l(11vv)extract
At05and1m
gmLshow
edsig
nificantantibacteria
lactivity
invitro
againstB
acillus
cereus
varm
ycoidesBa
cillusp
umilu
sBa
cillussubtilis
Bordetellabronchise
ptica
MicrococcusluteusStaphylococcus
aureus
Staphylococcus
epidermidis
Klebsiella
pneumoniaeandStreptococcus
faecalisandantifun
galactivity
invitro
againstC
andida
albicans
[88]
Methano
lextract
Presentedantib
acteria
lactivity
againstSalmonellatyphiPseudomonas
aeruginosaand
Staphylococcus
aureus
andantifun
galactivity
against
Cand
idaalbicansD
idno
tprodu
ceinhibitio
nzonesa
gainst
Escherich
iacoliBa
cillussubtilis
Proteusm
irabilisC
orynebacteriu
mdiptheria
eShigelladysenteriaea
ndStreptococcusp
enum
oniae
[50]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 21
Table4Con
tinued
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Antibacteria
land
antifun
gal
Not
specified
Extractsob
tained
bysequ
entia
lextractionof
the
vegetalm
aterialw
ithn-hexanechloroform
aceton
emethano
land
water
n-Hexanee
xtracthadinhibitory
activ
ityin
vitro
againstE
scheric
hia
coliSalm
onellatyphiPseudomonas
aeruginosaB
acillus
cereus
Klebsiella
aerogenesandCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainst
Shiguella
boydiAspergillus
fumiga
tusAspergillus
flavusand
Aspergillus
nigerCh
loroform
extractinh
ibitedin
vitro
Salm
onella
typhiPseudomonas
aeruginosaB
acillus
cereusan
dCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainstEscherich
iacoliStaphylococcus
aureus
Shiguella
boydiAspergillus
fumiga
tusAspergillus
flavusand
Aspergillus
nigerAc
eton
eextractinhibitedin
vitro
Escherich
iacoli
Pseudomonas
aeruginosaStaphylococcusa
ureusKlebsiella
aerogenes
Proteusv
ulgarisan
dCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainst
Salm
onellatyphiAspergillus
fumiga
tusAspergillus
flavusa
ndAspergillus
nigerMethano
lextractinhibitedin
vitro
Escherich
iacoli
Salm
onellatyphiPseudomonas
aeruginosaStaphylococcusa
ureus
Bacilluscereusa
ndCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainst
Aspergillus
fumigatusA
spergillu
sflavusan
dAspergillus
nigerWater
extractw
asactiv
einvitro
againstE
scheric
hiacoliSalm
onellatyphi
Pseudomonas
aeruginosaStaphylococcusa
ureusBa
cilluscereus
Klebsiella
aerogenesProteusv
ulgarisan
dCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainstAspergillus
fumigatusA
spergillu
sflavusand
Aspergillus
niger
[89]
Methano
land
petro
lether
extractsfro
mbark
At200120583
g100120583
Lon
lythem
ethano
lextractshow
edin
vitro
antib
acteria
lactivity
upon
Staphylococcus
aureusStre
ptococcus
pyogenesand
Escherich
iacoliandantifun
galactivity
upon
Aspergillus
nigerCa
ndidaalbicansPenicillium
notatumand
Saccharomyces
cerevisia
e
[115]
Anticho
linesterase
Latex
Lyop
hilized
latex
Inhibitedtim
e-anddo
se-dependentlythea
cetylch
olinesterase
enzymeinnervou
stissue
offre
shwater
airb
reathing
fishCh
anna
marulius
[116]
Leaves
Fractio
nsobtained
bysequ
entia
lextractionof
the
vegetalm
aterialw
ithethyl
acetatea
ndmethano
l
At2m
gmLconcentration
thee
thylacetatea
ndmethano
lfractions
presentedinhibitory
activ
ities
invitro
of71
and100
Them
ethano
lfractio
npresentedIC
50of
005
mgmL
[117]
Antidiarrheal
Fruits
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmiceinhibitedthec
astoro
ilindu
ceddiarrhea
[110]
Leaves
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmiceinhibitedthec
astoro
ilindu
ceddiarrhea
[111]
Antifu
ngal
(antidermatop
hytic
fung
i)Ae
rialp
arts
Water
andethylacetate
fractio
nsfro
mmethano
lextract
Them
inim
alconcentrationprod
ucing75of
inhibitio
nor
high
eragainstM
icrosporuscanis
forb
othfractio
nsw
as1120583
gmLFo
rthe
fung
usMicrosporusg
ypseum
Microsporusfulvuman
dMicrosporus
gallina
eno
neof
thefractionpresentedinhibitory
activ
ity
[114]
22 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative MedicineTa
ble4Con
tinued
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Anti-infl
ammatory
Aeria
lparts
Methano
land
petro
lether
extracts
At100and200m
gkgdayover7
daysbyoralrouteinmiceon
lythe
methano
lextractpresentedsig
nificantanti-infl
ammatoryactiv
ityon
carrageenan-indu
cedpawedem
a[92]
Leaves
Aqueou
sextract
At100and200120583
gmLsig
nificantly
preventedthelysisof
human
red
bloo
dcells
inmem
branes
tabilizationmetho
din
vitro
[118]
Ethano
lextract
At100120583
gmLsig
nificantly
preventedthelysisof
human
redbloo
dcells
inmem
branes
tabilizationmetho
din
vitro
[118]
Methano
lextractandleaf
paste
At500and1000
mgkgbyoralrouteinrats
inhibitedthe
carrageenan-indu
cedpawedem
aAt
50and100m
gkgbyoralroute
inrats
inhibitedthec
ottonpelletind
uced
granulom
aformationin
rats
At05and1m
geartheleafp
asteredu
cedtheinfl
ammation
respon
sein
mou
seeare
demam
odel
[28]
Not
specified
Methano
land
petro
lether
extractsfro
mbark
At200m
gkgbyoralrouteinratsbothextractsredu
cedthe
carrageenan-indu
cedpawedem
a[115]
Antim
alarial
Leaves
Aqueou
sextract
30120583ginhibitedin
vitro
theg
rowth
ofPlasmodium
falciparum
[31]
Dichlorom
ethane
extract
Activ
einvitro
againstP
lasm
odium
falciparumw
ithIC
50of
abou
t35120583gmL
[81]
Antineoplasic
Roots
Ethano
licextractand
jatro
phon
e
Thee
thanolextractas
wellasjatroph
oneexhibitedsig
nificant
inhibitory
activ
ityin
vitro
againstcellsderiv
edfro
mhu
man
carcinom
aofthe
nasoph
aryn
xandlymph
ocyticleuk
emiaP-388and
invivo
againstfou
rstand
ardanim
altumor
syste
ms
[66]
Falodo
neShow
edpo
tent
proliferatio
ninhibitory
activ
ityagainstA
-549
human
cancer
celllin
ewith
IC50of
120120583
gmL
[13]
2120572-H
ydroxyjatro
phon
e2120573
-hydroxy-56-iso
jatro
phon
eand2120573
-hydroxyjatro
phon
editerpenes
isolatedfro
mpetro
lether
extract
Presentedantin
eoplasicactiv
ityup
onP-388lymph
ocyticleuk
emia
testsyste
mbo
thin
vivo
andin
vitro
asw
ellasfor
theE
aglersquos
carcinom
aofthe
nasoph
aryn
xtestsyste
min
vitro
[64]
Not
specified
Abiodo
neNot
specifiedlowast
[73]
Antioxidant
Leaves
Methano
lethylacetateand
aqueou
sextract
Allextractsshow
edsig
nificantantioxidant
activ
ityin
vitro
inDPP
Hfre
eradicalferric
thiocyanateandnitricoxides
caveng
ingmetho
dslowast
[55]
Who
leplant
Petro
letherchloroform
ethylacetateand
n-bu
tano
lextracts
Allextractsshow
edon
lypo
orDPP
Hscavenging
activ
ityTh
etotal
antio
xidant
capacitywas
high
erin
ethylacetateandn-bu
tano
lextracts
having
thep
etrolether
andchloroform
show
ingon
lypo
oractiv
ityTh
elipid
peroxidatio
nwas
inhibitedon
lypartially
bythe
extracts
with
thee
thylacetateb
eing
them
ostactivea
ndthep
etrol
etherb
eing
theleast
[48]
Antisp
asmod
icAe
rialp
arts
Ethano
lextractfractions
andsubfractions
At5001000and
2000
mgkgbyoralrouteinmiceshow
edsig
nificantantisp
asmod
icactiv
ityin
mou
seintestinaltransit
mod
elandat0510
and
20m
gmLinhibitedin
vitro
thea
cetylch
olinea
ndcalcium-in
ducedcontractions
ofiso
lated
ratjeju
numO
nlythe
organicfractionof
thee
xtracthadac
alcium
-antagon
isteffect
whereas
both
chloroform
icandaqueou
sfractions
hadanticho
linergic
effect
[119]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 23Ta
ble4Con
tinued
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Antivira
lAe
rialp
arts
Water
andethylacetate
fractio
nsfro
mmethano
lextract
At110and
100120583
gmLbo
thfractio
nspresented100
ofinhibitio
nof
plaque-fo
rmingabilityof
Sind
bisv
irusintre
atmentp
reinfection
protocol(IC 5
0lt1120583
gmL)w
hilein
treatmentp
ostin
fection
theIC 5
0of
water
fractio
nincreasedto
512andacetatefractionincreasedto
37120583gmLFo
rmurinec
ytom
egaloviru
sIC
50of
17and15
towater
andethylacetatefractio
nswereo
bservedrespectiv
elyintre
atment
preinfectio
nprotocolInthetreatmentp
ostin
fection
howe
verno
inhibitio
nwas
observed
inthismicroorganism
[114]
Not
specified
Methano
lextractfro
mbarks
Partially
activ
eagainstSind
bisv
irusand
herpes
simplex
virus-l
Inactiv
eagainsthu
man
polio
virus
[107]
Bron
chod
ilator
Stem
sAq
ueou
sextract
Thee
xtractwas
inactiv
einbron
chod
ilatora
ctivity
inguinea
pigs
[120]
Con
traceptiv
eLeaves
Ethano
lextract
At450m
gkgdayover2
1daysby
oralroutecaused
anantifertility
activ
ityin
femalem
ice
[121]
Healin
g
Aeria
lparts
Ethano
l70
extract
At1m
Lkg
dosebyintraperito
nealrouteinrats
presentedbeneficial
activ
ityin
healingprocesso
fcolon
icanastomosis
[122]
Aeria
lparts
Ethano
l70
extract
At200m
gkgbyintraperito
nealrouteinrats
favoredtheh
ealin
gprocesso
fgastro
rrhaph
iesa
ndredu
cedthea
cuteinflammatory
reactio
nin
vivo
[123]
Leaves
Hydroethano
lextract
At200m
gkgbyintraperito
nealroutedecreasedtheinfl
ammation
andincreasedvascular
neoformationandcollagendepo
sitionwhen
comparedto
thec
ontro
lgroup
inhealingprocesso
fsutures
perfo
rmed
ontheb
ladd
erof
rats
How
everingeneralno
favorable
healingeffectw
asob
served
[108]
Not
specified
Ethano
licextract
Alth
ough
someimprovem
entcou
ldbe
observed
insuture
healingof
ventralabd
ominalwallofratstreated
with
100m
gkg
ofextract
(intraperito
nealinstillationintraperito
nealcavity)in
generalon
lya
poor
healingactiv
itywas
observed
[124]
Not
specified
At01m
Lvolumeby
topicalapp
lication
thec
rude
extractp
resented
significantd
ifferencesc
oncerningthem
acroscop
icandmicroscop
icaspectso
fhealin
gprocesso
ccurrin
gin
open
skin
lesio
nsin
rats
[125]
Hem
ostatic
Latex
Crud
efresh
latex
Decreased
clotting
andbleeding
timeinhealthysubjects
[101]
Hepatop
rotective
Aeria
lparts
Petro
letherm
ethano
land
water
extracts
At200m
gkgdayover7
daysbyoralrouteinrats
both
extracts
presentedhepatoprotectiv
eactivity
incarbon
tetrachlorideind
uced
liver
damagewith
thep
etrolether
beingthem
ostactivea
ndthe
methano
lbeing
theleast
[126]
Hypotensiv
eand
vasorelaxant
Aeria
lparts
Ethano
licextract
At125and250m
gkgdayover4
weeksby
oralrouteinrats
ina
dose-dependent
mannerredu
cedthes
ystolic
bloo
dpressure
and
prod
uced
acon
centratio
n-depend
entrelaxanteffectin
ratisolated
(ex
vivo)end
otheliu
m-depriv
edmesenteric
artery
precon
tractedwith
norepineph
rineo
rCaC
l 2
[45]
Immun
omod
ulatory
Who
leplant
Petro
lether
extract
At100200and40
0120583gmLincreasedthep
roliferationof
mou
sespleen
cellin
vitro
[127]
Localanesthetic
Not
specified
Methano
land
aqueou
sextracts
Both
extractspresentedsig
nificantlocalanestheticactiv
ityby
plexus
anesthesiain
frogslowast
[128]
24 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table4Con
tinued
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Relaxant
effecto
nuterine
smoo
thmuscle
(tocolytic
activ
ity)
Aeria
lparts
Ethano
licextractand
chloroform
icandaqueou
sfractio
ns
At05and10
mgmLthee
thanolicextractreduced
the
calcium
-evokedcontractile
respon
seof
theu
terin
esmoo
thmuscle
as
wellas
thec
hloroformicfractio
nTh
eaqu
eous
fractio
npresented
onlyslighteffect
[129]
Sedativ
eand
anxiolytic
Fruits
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmicepresentedsedativ
eeffect
intheh
olec
rosstest
At200m
gkgpresented
anxiolyticactiv
ityin
holebo
ardtest
At40
0mgkgpresented
anxiolyticactiv
ityin
elevated
plus-m
azetest
[110]
Leaves
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmicepresentedsedativ
eeffect
intheh
olec
rosstest
At200m
gkgpresented
anxiolyticactiv
ityin
holebo
ardtest
At40
0mgkgpresented
anxiolyticin
elevated
plus-m
azetest
[111]
lowast
Thec
ompletev
ersio
nof
thep
aper
was
notaccessib
leso
theinformationwas
obtained
from
itsabstr
act
IC50con
centratio
nthatinhibits50of
ther
eferredactiv
ity
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 25
about extract preparation and plant part not specified) theauthors also observed an absence of healing action althoughsome histological improvement was shown [125]
However studying the influence of J gossypiifolia on thehealing process of colonic anastomosis in rats Servin et alshowed that the administration of 1mLkg single dose ofthe hydro alcoholic extract from aerial parts has beneficialeffect on the healing process [122] However according tothese authors on the seventh day of the experiment therewas a decrease in the action of the extract suggestingthat the extract in this experiment was less active in laterstages of healing process [122] A plausible hypothesis notraised by the authors could be the fact that the extract wasadministered in a single dose which may not have beensufficient to maintain the effect throughout the time of theexperiment Additionally Vale et al showed that the ethanolicextract from aerial parts of J gossypiifolia at single intraperi-toneal dose of 200mgkg favored the healing process ofgastrorrhaphies and reduced the acute inflammatory reactionin vivo [123]
65 Hemostatic Action The use of J gossypiifolia especiallythe latex is widespread as a hemostatic agent for preventingbleeding disorders The results of whole blood clotting timeusing Lee and White method and bleeding time using Ivyrsquosmethod were significantly reduced when stem latex wasintroduced suggesting procoagulant activity [101] Regardingthe possible mechanism of action based on experimentsthat show the precipitating action of the latex upon bovinealbumin the authors suggest that the latex precipitatesclotting factors thereby bringing the coagulation factors intoclose contact and then the activation of coagulation cascadeleads to the generation of thrombin and formation of aclot takes place in a matter of seconds when compared tothe control experiment which took minutes to completecoagulation [101] It is important to emphasize that to the bestof our knowledge this is the only study performed on humansubjects
66 Anticholinesterase Action Based on the cholinergichypothesis acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are widely usedto treat Alzheimerrsquos disease J gossypiifolia presented animportant anticholinesterase activity since the methanolicextract from leaves showed an IC
50of 005mgmL [117]
Another study showed that the lyophilized latex of theplant was able to inhibit time- and dose-dependently theacetylcholinesterase enzyme in nervous tissue of freshwaterair breathing fish Channa marulius [116]
67 Antioxidant Action The antioxidant activity of extractsfrom J gossypiifoliawas evaluated by Kharat et al [55] In thiswork the high content of phenols tannins and flavonoids inthe leaves prompted the authors to evaluate the antioxidantactivity of the leaves DPPH free radical ferric thiocyanateand nitric oxide scavengingmethods were used to analyze theantioxidant activity in vitro of methanol ethyl acetate andaqueous extracts demonstrating positive resultsThe authorsattributed the free radical scavenging activity to the presence
of flavonoids [55] On the other hand a study showed thatdifferent extracts (petrol ether chloroform ethyl acetate andn-butanol) fromwhole plant of J gossypiifolia had only partialantioxidant activity in DPPH scavenging total antioxidantcapacity and lipid peroxidation tests [48] Among them theethyl acetate extract was the most active which correlatespositively with its higher content of phenolic compounds incomparison with the other extracts [48]
68 Contraceptive Action Based on its popular use J gossypi-ifoliawas assessed for its antifertility activity as an alternativeto oral contraceptive agents J gossypiifolia leaf extract byoral route altered the major hormones involved in estrouscycle regulation indicating its antifertility effect on mice[121] Evaluating other parameters (estrogenic and earlyabortifacient activities) the anti-infertility effect of the extractwas once more demonstrated later [130]
69 Tocolytic Action Based on the ethnopharmacologicalapplication of the plant as tocolytic remedy the effects oncalcium-evoked uterine smooth muscle contraction of theethanolic extract and fractions were evaluated [129] Thecrude extract and to a higher extent the chloroformic frac-tion reduced the calcium-evoked contractile response of theuterine smooth muscle promoting a rightward displacementof calciumcumulative curves aswell as reducing themaximalcontractions [129]
610 Antineoplasic Action One of the most well-knownpharmacological activities of J gossypiifolia is its antineopla-sic action which is frequently associated with the contentof lignoids and terpenoids One of the first reports wasmade by Kupchan et al [66] when the authors found thatthe ethanolic extract from roots as well as the isolatedditerpene jatrophone exhibited significant inhibitory activityin vitro against cells derived from human carcinoma of thenasopharynx and lymphocytic leukemia P-388 and in vivoagainst four standard animal tumor systems such as sarcoma180 Lewis lung carcinoma P-388 lymphocytic leukemiaand Walker 256 intramuscular carcinosarcoma [66] Laterthree new antitumor derivatives of jatrophone were isolatedfrom petrol ether extracts from roots of J gossypiifolia 2120572-hydroxyjatrophone 2120573-hydroxy-56-isojatrophone and 2120573-hydroxyjatrophone [64] Recently two other diterpenes withpotent antineoplasic activity were isolated from J gossypi-ifolia falodone and abiodone Falodone was isolated frommethanol extract from roots and showed potent proliferationinhibitory activity against A-549 human cancer cell line [13]Abiodone a lathyrane diterpenoid compound was isolatedfrom J gossypiifolia and presented potent anticancer activity[73]
611 Local Anesthetic Action The local anesthetic action ofJ gossypiifolia was evaluated by plexus anaesthesia in frogs[128] The authors observed that the aqueous and methanolextract (plant part not specified) presented significant anes-thetic action when compared to control group
26 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
612 Neuropharmacological Action The neuropharmacolog-ical action of the methanol extract of the leaves of J gossypi-ifolia was evaluated by Apu et al [111] The authors observedthat in hole cross test the extract at 200 and 400mgkg byoral route showed significant sedative effect in mice In holeboard test the extract showed highly significant anxiolyticactivity at a dose of 200mgkg whereas the same activity wasobserved at 400mgkg dose in elevated plus-maze test [111]Similar results were observed in the methanolic extract fromfruits [110]
613 Antidiarrheal Action Although it may seem contradic-tory as shown in Table 3 J gossypiifolia species is popularlyused both as purgative and as antidiarrheal remedy Howeverin literature there are interesting results about the antidiar-rheal properties of different extracts of this species
At 200 and 400mgkg oral doses in mice the methanolextract of J gossypiifolia leaves produced highly signifi-cant antidiarrheal activity upon castor oil-induced diarrheadecreasing themean number of stool and total weight of fecaloutput when compared to control group [111] Similar resultswere observed in the methanolic extract from fruits [110]
Aiming to determine the possible action mechanism of Jgossypiifolia aerial parts ethanol extract as antidiarrheal agentSilva et al [119] have investigated the effect of this extracton intestinal transit velocity and on isolated rat jejunumAt 500 1000 and 2000mgkg by oral route in mice theextract showed significant antispasmodic activity in mouseintestinal transit model when compared to control At 0510 and 20mgmL the crude extract inhibited in vitro theacetylcholine and calcium-induced contractions of isolatedrat jejunum The chloroform and aqueous fractions wereobtained and it was observed that only the chloroform frac-tion of the extract had a calcium-antagonist effect whereasboth chloroformic and aqueous fractions had anticholinergiceffect suggesting that the antispasmodic effect of J gossypi-ifolia may be due to a combination of anticholinergic andcalcium-antagonist mechanisms [119]
614 Immunomodulatory Action The immunomodulatoryaction of synthetic lignan compounds was evaluated by theassay of proliferation of mouse spleen cell in vitro andcompared with petrol ether extract of whole plant of Jgossypiifolia since it is a natural source of this kind ofcompound [127] The authors showed that both syntheticand naturally occurring 1-phenylnaphthalene lignans couldpositively modulate the immunity of the host since theysignificantly increased the proliferation of mouse spleen cellin vitro [127]
615 Hepatoprotective Action Despite some studies havingshown the hepatotoxic potential of J gossypiifolia a study wasperformed to analyze the possible hepatoprotective action ofextracts of this plant in carbon tetrachloride-induced liverdamage in rats [126] In fact the petrol ether methanoland water extracts from the aerial parts of J gossypiifoliapresented significant hepatoprotective action in this model
substantially restoring towards normalization the serum lev-els of serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase serum glu-tamate pyruvate transaminase serum alkaline phosphatasetotal bilirubin superoxide dismutase and catalase [126] Theauthors also discuss the close relationship between the hep-atoprotective action observed and the possible antioxidantmechanism present in the extracts
7 Other Actions andBiotechnological Applications
In addition to studies demonstrating scientific evidences ofthe pharmacological properties of J gossypiifolia severalstudies have demonstrated the potential of this species toobtain molecules with various applications thus showing itsmultipurpose character
Among the main applications described the use ofJ gossypiifolia seed oil for biodiesel production could bementioned Jatropha species has drawn the attention ofresearchers in recent years due to its emergence as a highlysuitable feedstock plant for biodiesel production [11] Amongthe species J gossypiifolia J curcas and J pohliana produceseeds with high oil content [11] In a study investigatingthe potential of two plants of the Jatropha genus (includ-ing J gossypiifolia) the authors observed that the studiedphysicochemical properties of the produced biodiesel are inthe acceptable range for use as biodiesel in diesel enginesshowing a promising economic exploitation of these rawmaterials [131]
Studies have shown the potential of the species for thedevelopment of new tools for biochemical analysis A recentstudy showed that the diluted fresh latex J gossypiifolia can beused as precipitating agent for biochemical determination ofproteins in plasma urine and cerebrospinal fluid with valuescomparable to those obtained from the conventional proteinprecipitants sodium tungstate and trichloroacetic acid [24]According to the authors the precipitating potential couldbe related to the capacity of the latex to form clots whenapplied to a bleeding sore or wound when it is used in folkmedicine [24] Another study showed the potentiality of thejuice extracted from the fresh leaves of J gossypiifolia asan anticoagulant for haematological analyses [86] 01mL ofextract per mL of blood proved to be suitable for obtainingplasmas for biochemical analysis comparable with conven-tional anticoagulants [86] However the authors emphasizethat the extract must be purified to remove interferingsubstances for it to be perfectly suitable for biochemicalanalysis [86]
Some studies have demonstrated the potentiality of Jgossypiifolia as a source of pesticide biomolecules Bullang-poti et al [49] isolated ricinine from the ethyl acetate extractfrom senescent leaves the main compound responsible forthe toxicity of the crude extract in Spodoptera exigua larvaethus demonstrating that it could be an alternative choiceto chemical insecticides In another study Bullangpoti etal [132] showed that the ethanol extract of J gossypiifoliain association with the ethanol extract of Melia azedarachwas toxic and inhibited some enzymes from Spodoptera
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 27
frugiperda larvae demonstrating once more the potentialityof the species as insecticide agent Calatayud et al [56]showed the presence of proteins of about 100 kDa with toxicactivity upon Phenacoccus herreni another type of insectIn this work the authors performed a strategy of extrac-tion that eliminated nonprotein compounds being able todemonstrate the potential of the species to obtain insecticidalproteins [56] Leaf extract of J gossypiifolia reduced thefecundity and egg viability against stored product insect pestsTribolium castaneum [133]
The potential molluscicidal activity of J gossypiifolia hasalso been evaluated as an alternative mode of preventionof schistosomiasis Sukumaran et al [134] showed that themethanol and n-butanol extracts from unripened seeds of Jgossypiifoliawas toxic against eggs and adults of two species offreshwater snails Lymnaea luteola and Indoplanorbis exustusThe results indicated that n-butanol extract was the mosteffective and that the eggs were more susceptible than adults[134]
8 Toxicology
Species of Jatropha are notably known for their toxic potential[135 136] This toxicity is related primarily to latex andseeds The latex is released from the aerial parts of theplant by mechanical injury and it is extremely caustic andirritating to skin and mucous membranes The seeds arerich in toxalbumins that cause agglutination and hemolysisto erythrocytes as well as damage to other cell types andcontain a lipoid resin complex that can cause dermatitis[3 12 135] The symptomatology consists in general ofgastrointestinal disorders (abdominal pain nausea vomitingand diarrhea) Additionally the clinical course can bringcardiovascular neurological and renal complications [136]Cases of poisoning in humans usually occur by eating fruitand seeds because of its similarity to edible chestnuts [136]
Some toxicological studies have demonstrated the toxicproperties of J gossypiifolia while others show the absence oftoxicity However it is important to observe the models useddoses administrated and types of extract employed (solventand plant part) among other aspects to make the properconclusions about the toxicity
The study of experimental poisoning in sheep showedthat the intake of fresh plant leaves in a single dose of40 gkg was lethal to these animals [137] The clinical andpathological picture in the experimental sheep was charac-terized by digestive lung and heart disturbances and alsoby slight regressive changes evidenced in hepatic and renalhistological examinations [137] However as observed byMariz et al [7] it is important to note that the medicinaluse of the plant is rarely in natura but instead by differentpreparations such as infusions or decoctions sometimes ofthe dried material which could inactivate the possible toxiccomponents However this is only a hypothesis and so thetoxicity of extracts from leaves cannot be discarded
One of the first studies relating the identification of theconstituents responsible for the toxic effects of the Jatrophaspecies was published by Adolf et al [69] In this work
by a bioguided isolation the irritant polyunsaturated ester12-deoxy-16-hydroxylphorbol was isolated from the etherextract from the seeds of J gossypiifolia by countercurrentchromatography [69] The irritant activity was visualized inmouse ear after 24 h of the application of the fractions andisolated compounds [69]
The in vitro cytotoxicity assay using brine shrimp larvaetest revealed that ethanol and methanol extracts (plant organunspecified) showed low toxicity [138] An earlier studyshowed that thewater and ethyl acetate fraction of amethanolextract from aerial parts of J gossypiifolia did not presenttoxicity against the same organisms [114]
A study performed in Wistar rats evaluated the toxicityof the ethanolic root extract of J gossypiifolia at 10 20 and30mgkg by oral route [139] The authors observed that theextract was toxic to the kidney and caused increased urearetention in the blood as observed by histological studies andbiochemical analysis of blood [139]
A preclinical toxicological assessment of the crudeethanol extract from J gossypiifolia leaves showed that theextract presents relatively low oral acute toxicity in Wistarrats [18 19] Rats treated with single doses of 12ndash50 gkgby oral route were observed for 14 days and the mostimportant signs of toxicity were ptosis reduction of bodyweight and hind limb paralysis Other significant alterationsoccurred only in males treated with 50 gkg dose increasein creatinine aspartate aminotransferase sodium and potas-sium seric levels reduction of urea and albumin leucopeniaand small alteration in color and consistency of visceraThe median lethal dose (LD
50) was higher than 40 gkg
for males and higher than 50 gkg for females [19] In thehistopathological evaluation some alteration was observedin liver and lung only at 50 gkg suggesting the relativelylow toxicity of the extract [18] However in the chronictoxicological study (thirteen weeks of treatment) this extractshowed significant oral chronic toxicity in rats [17] The mostsignificant toxic signs indicated a reduction of the activityin the central nervous system and digestive disturbancesThe histopathological analysis revealed hepatotoxicity andpulmonary damages The lethality was 466 and 133among males and females under the higher tested dose(405mgkg) respectively [17] Based on this Mariz et al [7]discussed that the development of herbal medicine based onthis species needs to prioritize the chemical refinement of thecrude extracts to obtain less toxic fractions which should betested for their safety and therapeutic efficacy
Another study on the other hand evaluating the oralacute toxicity of the aqueous and ethanol extracts from leavesof J gossypiifolia did not show any sign of toxicity in upto 2 gkg in rats enabling the authors to conclude that thisextract could be considered safe [118] This is an interestingresult since in most cases the plant is used popularly as tea(aqueous extract)
The toxicity of the stem latex of J gossypiifoliawas studiedin Wistar rats by applying different doses of crude latex onincised skin daily for 18 days based on the popular useof the latex as hemostatic agent in skin lesions [140] Theauthors observed that the application of the latex did notproduce any significant difference in results of biochemical
28 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
and hematological parameters obtained from the control andexperimental animals leading to the conclusion that the stemlatex has no harmful effects [140]
9 Conclusions
As demonstrated by this review J gossypiifolia presents animportant potential for the generation of pharmacologicalandor biotechnological products based on popular usesand biological studies scientifically showing its propertiesHowever regarding specifically its medicinal propertiesfurther studies are still necessary to assay important folkuses of the species and characterize the major compoundsresponsible for the bioactivityThus studies of bioprospectingcould prioritize this species since many popular uses forvariousmedical purposes are reported demonstrating a greatpotential to originate bioactive molecules with pharmaco-logical relevance Furthermore future phytochemical studiesof this plant are important to obtain the best knowledgeof the chemical composition of different extracts of theplant in order to recognize the really important compoundsin the pharmacological actions aspiring to the chemicalrefinement of the products to eliminate the eventual toxiceffects that could reduce the medicinal value of the speciesIn conclusion the data presented in this review could provideinsights for future research aimed at both ethnopharmaco-logical validation of the popular use of J gossypiifolia andits exploration as a new source of bioactive molecules forherbal drugs andor bioactive natural products for potentialapplication in complementary and alternative medicine
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper
Acknowledgments
The authors thank BNB CNPq and CAPES (Brazil) forthe financial support Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosagives thanks to CNPq for Scholarship in Research Produc-tivity The authors also thank Andrew Alastair Cumming forediting this paper for the English revision
References
[1] G L Webster ldquoClassification of the euphorbiaceaerdquo Annals ofthe Missouri Botanical Garden vol 81 pp 3ndash143 1994
[2] M V Alves ldquoChecklist das especies de Euphorbiaceae Jussocorrentes no semi-arido pernambucano BrasilrdquoActa BotanciaBrasileira vol 12 no 3 pp 485ndash495 1998
[3] C W Sabandar N Ahmat F M Jaafar and I Sahidin ldquoMedic-inal property phytochemistry and pharmacology of severalJatropha species (Euphorbiaceae) a reviewrdquo Phytochemistryvol 85 pp 7ndash29 2013
[4] C K A Leal and M D F Agra ldquoEstudo farmacobotanicocomparativo das folhas de Jatrophamolissima (Pohl) BaillrdquoActaFarmaceutica Bonaerense vol 24 no 1 pp 5ndash13 2005
[5] L C Di Stasi and C A Hiruma-Lima Plantas medicinais naAmazonia e na Mata Atlantica UNESP Sao Paulo Brazil 2ndedition 2002
[6] M D F Agra K N Silva I J L D Basılio P F De Freitasand JM Barbosa-Filho ldquoSurvey ofmedicinal plants used in theregionNortheast of BrazilrdquoBrazilian Journal of Pharmacognosyvol 18 no 3 pp 472ndash508 2008
[7] S R Mariz A C R Borges M F F Melo-Diniz and I AMedeiros ldquoPossibilidades terapeuticas e riscos toxicologicosde Jatropha gossypiifolia L uma revisao narrativardquo RevistaBrasileiraDe PlantasMedicinais vol 12 no 3 pp 346ndash357 2010
[8] I Cordeiro and R Secco ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia L Lista deespecies da flora do Brasilrdquo Jardim Botanico do Rio de JaneirohttpfloradobrasiljbrjgovbrjabotfloradobrasilFB17581
[9] U P de Albuquerque P M de Medeiros A L S de Almeida etal ldquoMedicinal plants of the caatinga (semi-arid) vegetation ofNE Brazil a quantitative approachrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacol-ogy vol 114 no 3 pp 325ndash354 2007
[10] U P Albuquerque L H C Andrade and J Caballero ldquoStruc-ture and floristics of homegardens in Northeastern BrazilrdquoJournal of Arid Environments vol 62 no 3 pp 491ndash506 2005
[11] S A Ceasar and S Ignacimuthu ldquoApplications of biotechnologyand biochemical engineering for the improvement of Jatrophaand Biodiesel a reviewrdquo Renewable and Sustainable EnergyReviews vol 15 no 9 pp 5176ndash5185 2011
[12] U P de Albuquerque J MMonteiro M A Ramos and E L Cde Amorim ldquoMedicinal and magic plants from a public marketin northeastern Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 110no 1 pp 76ndash91 2007
[13] A Falodun Q Sheng-Xiang G Parkinson and S GibbonsldquoIsolation and characterization of a new anticancer diterpenoidfrom Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journalvol 45 no 10 pp 636ndash639 2012
[14] BRASIL ldquoFitoterapia plantas de interesse ao SUSrdquo Braz-ilian Health Ministry httpportalsaudegovbrportalarqu-ivospdfRENISUSpdf
[15] X-P Zhang M-L Zhang X-H Su C-H Huo Y-C Gu andQ-W Shi ldquoChemical constituents of the plants from genusJatrophardquo Chemistry and Biodiversity vol 6 no 12 pp 2166ndash2183 2009
[16] S K Sharma and H Singh ldquoA review on pharmacological sig-nificance of genus Jatropha (Euphorbiaceae)rdquoChinese Journal ofIntegrative Medicine vol 18 no 11 pp 868ndash880 2012
[17] S RMariz G S CerqueiraWCAraujo et al ldquoChronic toxico-logic study of the ethanolic extract of the aerial parts of Jatrophagossypiifolia in ratsrdquoRevista Brasileira de Farmacognosia vol 22no 3 pp 663ndash668 2012
[18] S R Mariz M S T Araujo G S Cerqueira et al ldquoHistopatho-logical evaluation in rats after acute treatment with the ethanolextract from aerial parts of Jatropha gossypiifolia Lrdquo RevistaBrasileira De Farmacognosia vol 18 no 2 pp 213ndash216 2008
[19] S R Mariz G S Cerqueira W C Araujo et al ldquoEstudo toxi-cologico agudo do extrato etanolico de partes aereas de Jatrophagossypiifolia L em ratosrdquo Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosiavol 16 no 3 pp 372ndash378 2006
[20] C Auvin-Guette C Baraguey A Blond J L Pousset andB Bodo ldquoCyclogossine B a cyclic octapeptide from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Journal of Natural Products vol 60 pp 1155ndash11571997
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 29
[21] V S Parvathi B S Jyothi T Lakshmi P S Babu and RKarthikeyan ldquoMorpho-anatomical and physicochemical stud-ies of Jatropha gossypifolia (L)rdquo Der Pharmacia Lettre vol 4no 1 pp 256ndash262 2012
[22] M N S Rios and F Pastore Junior Plantas da Amazonia450 Especies de Uso Geral Universidade de BrasıliamdashBibliotecaCentral Brasılia 2011
[23] S R Mariz Estudo toxicologico pre-clınico de Jatropha gossypi-ifolia L [PhD thesis] Universidade Federal da Paraıba JoaoPessoa Brazil 2007
[24] O G Adeosun T Oduola F A Fagbomedo et al ldquoSuitabilityof stem latex of Jatropha gossypifolia as a protein precipitant forbiochemical analysisrdquo Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistryvol 29 no 2 pp 210ndash212 2014
[25] F O A Ajose ldquoSome Nigerian plants of dermatologic impor-tancerdquo International Journal of Dermatology vol 46 no 1 pp48ndash55 2007
[26] J S Ashidi P J Houghton P J Hylands and T EfferthldquoEthnobotanical survey and cytotoxicity testing of plants ofSouth-western Nigeria used to treat cancer with isolationof cytotoxic constituents from Cajanus cajan Millsp leavesrdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 128 no 2 pp 501ndash512 2010
[27] M Ayyanar and S Ignacimuthu ldquoEthnobotanical survey ofmedicinal plants commonly used by Kani tribals in Tirunelvelihills of Western Ghats Indiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 134 no 3 pp 851ndash864 2011
[28] R Bhagat S D Ambavade A V Misar and D K KulkarnildquoAnti-inflammatory activity of Jatropha gossypifolia L leaves inalbino mice and Wistar ratrdquo Journal of Scientific and IndustrialResearch vol 70 no 4 pp 289ndash292 2011
[29] J H Cano and G Volpato ldquoHerbal mixtures in the traditionalmedicine of Eastern Cubardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol90 no 2-3 pp 293ndash316 2004
[30] F G Coe and G J Anderson ldquoScreening of medicinal plantsused by the Garıfuna of Eastern Nicaragua for bioactive com-poundsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 53 no 1 pp 29ndash501996
[31] MGbeassor Y Kossou K Amegbo C De Souza K Koumagloand A Denke ldquoAntimalarial effects of eight African medicinalplantsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 25 no 1 pp 115ndash1181989
[32] National Center for Biotechnology Information ldquoJatropha gos-sypiifoliardquo Taxonomy Browser httpwwwncbinlmnihgovTaxonomyBrowserwwwtaxcgiid=454931
[33] Tropicos ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia Lrdquo httpwwwtropicosorgNamePrintaspxnameid=12802174amptab=details
[34] The Plant List ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia Lrdquo httpwwwtheplant-listorgtplrecordkew-104621
[35] M S Khyade and N P Vaikos ldquoPharmacognostical andphytochemical evaluation of leaf of Jatropha gossypifolia LrdquoInternational Journal of Research in Ayurveda amp Pharmacy vol2 no 1 pp 177ndash180 2011
[36] D O Aworinde D U Nwoye A A Jayeola A O Olagoke andA A Ogundele ldquoTaxonomic significance of foliar epidermis insome members of euphorbiaceae family in Nigeriardquo ResearchJournal of Botany vol 4 no 1 pp 17ndash28 2009
[37] J D Olowokudejo ldquoComparative epidermal morphology ofWest African species of Jatropha L (Euphorbiaceae)rdquo BotanicalJournal of the Linnean Society vol 111 no 2 pp 139ndash154 1993
[38] B Das and B Venkataiah ldquoA minor coumarino-lignoid fromJatropha gossypifoliardquo Biochemical Systematics and Ecology vol29 no 2 pp 213ndash214 2001
[39] B Das B Venkataiah and A Kashinatham ldquoVenkatasin a newcoumarino-lignoid from Jatropha gossypifoliardquoNatural ProductLetters vol 13 no 4 pp 293ndash297 1999
[40] B Das and B Venkataiah ldquoA rare diterpene from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Biochemical Systematics and Ecology vol 27 no 7pp 759ndash760 1999
[41] N Ravindranath B Venkataiah C Ramesh P Jayaprakash andB Das ldquoJatrophenone a novel macrocyclic bioactive diterpenefrom Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bul-letin vol 51 no 7 pp 870ndash871 2003
[42] B Das and J Banerji ldquoArylnaphthalene lignan from JatrophagossypifoliardquoPhytochemistry vol 27 no 11 pp 3684ndash3686 1988
[43] J Banerji B Das A Chatterjee and J N Shoolery ldquoGadain alignan from Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Phytochemistry vol 23 no10 pp 2323ndash2327 1984
[44] A Chatterjee B Das C Pascard and T Prange ldquoCrystalstructure of a lignan from Jatropha gossypifoliardquoPhytochemistryvol 20 no 8 pp 2047ndash2048 1981
[45] I C Abreu A S S Marinho A M A Paes et al ldquoHypotensiveand vasorelaxant effects of ethanolic extract from Jatrophagossypiifolia L in ratsrdquo Fitoterapia vol 74 no 7-8 pp 650ndash6572003
[46] B Das and R Das ldquoGossypifan a lignan from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Phytochemistry vol 40 no 3 pp 931ndash932 1995
[47] R Das B Das and A Kashinatham ldquoGossypiline a new lignanfrom Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Natural Product Sciences vol 4 no4 pp 238ndash240 1998
[48] D Shahwar S-U Shafiq N Ahmad S Ullah and M A RazaldquoAntioxidant activities of the selected plants from the fam-ily Euphorbiaceae Lauraceae Malvaceae and BalsaminaceaerdquoAfrican Journal of Biotechnology vol 9 no 7 pp 1086ndash10962010
[49] V Bullangpoti N Khumrungsee W Pluempanupat Y Kainohand U Saguanpong ldquoToxicity of ethyl acetate extract andricinine from Jatropha gossypifolia senescent leaves againstSpodoptera exigua Hubner (Lepidoptera Noctuidae)rdquo Journalof Pesticide Science vol 36 no 2 pp 260ndash263 2011
[50] A O Ogundare ldquoAntimicrobial effect of Tithonia diversifoliaand Jatropha gossypifolia leaf extractsrdquo Trends in Applied Sci-ences Research vol 2 no 2 pp 145ndash150 2007
[51] N Nwokocha A Blessing I O Agbagwa and B E OkolildquoComparative phytochemical screening of Jatropha L Speciesin the Niger Deltardquo Research Journal of Phytochemistry vol 5no 2 pp 107ndash114 2011
[52] R Seth and R Sarin ldquoAnalysis of the phytochemical contentand anti-microbial activity of Jatropha gossypifolia Lrdquo Archivesof Applied Science Research vol 2 no 5 pp 285ndash291 2010
[53] S Sankara Subramanian S Nagarajan and N SulochanaldquoFlavonoids of the leaves of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Phytochem-istry vol 10 no 7 p 1690 1971
[54] A C Pilon R L Carneiro F Carnevale Neto V S Bolzaniand I Castro-Gamboa ldquoInterval multivariate curve resolutionin the dereplication of HPLC-DAD data from Jatropha gossypi-foliardquo Phytochemical Analysis vol 24 no 4 pp 401ndash406 2013
[55] A R Kharat A K Dolui and S Das ldquoFree radical scavengingpotential of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Asian Journal of Chemistryvol 23 no 2 pp 799ndash801 2011
[56] P-A Calatayud D F Munera S Calatayud A Valencia-Jimenez and A C Bellotti ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia (Euphor-biaceae) a source of proteins toxic to Phenacoccus herreni(Sternorryncha Pseudococcidae)rdquo Florida Entomologist vol94 no 3 pp 649ndash654 2011
30 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
[57] W F Tinto L M D John W F Reynolds and S McLeanldquoTriterpenoids of Jatropha gossypiifoliardquo Journal of NaturalProducts vol 55 no 6 pp 807ndash809 1992
[58] R Das K Venkateswarlu V Saidi Reddy and B Das ldquo41015840-O-demethyl retrochinensin a minor new lignan from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Indian Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry vol 14no 2 pp 169ndash170 2004
[59] B Das A Kashinatham B Venkataiah K V N S Srinivas GMahender and M R Reddy ldquoCleomiscosin A a coumarino-lignoid from Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Biochemical Systematics andEcology vol 31 no 10 pp 1189ndash1191 2003
[60] B Das and G Anjani ldquoGossypidien a lignan from stems ofJatropha gossypifolliardquo Phytochemistry vol 51 no 1 pp 115ndash1171999
[61] B Das S P Rao and K V Srinivas ldquoIsolation of isogadain fromJatropha gossypifoliardquo Planta Medica vol 62 no 1 article 901996
[62] B Das S P Rao K V N S Srinivas and R Das ldquoJatrodien alignan from stems of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Phytochemistry vol41 no 3 pp 985ndash987 1996
[63] A Chatterjee B Das R Chakrabarti et al ldquoPrasanthaline anew lignan from Jatropha gossypifolia Linnrdquo Indian Journal ofChemistry vol 27 pp 740ndash741 1988
[64] M D Taylor A B Smith III G T Furst et al ldquoNewantileukemic jatrophone derivatives from Jatropha gossypiifoliastructural and stereochemical assignment through nuclearmagnetic resonance Spectroscopyrdquo Journal of the AmericanChemical Society vol 105 no 10 pp 3177ndash3183 1983
[65] K K Purushothaman S Chandrasekharan A F Cameron etal ldquoJatropholones A and B new diterpenoids from the roots ofJatropha gossypiifolia (Euphorbiaceae)mdashcrystal structure anal-ysis of Jatropholone Brdquo Tetrahedron Letters vol 20 no 11 pp979ndash980 1979
[66] S M Kupchan C W Sigel M J Matz J A S Renauld R CHaltiwanger and R F Bryan ldquoJatrophone a novel macrocyclicditerpenoid tumor inhibitor from Jatropha gossypiifoliardquo Jour-nal of the American Chemical Society vol 92 no 14 pp 4476ndash4477 1970
[67] Y R Prasad G S J G Alankararao and P Baby ldquoConstituentsof the seeds of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Fitoterapia vol 64 no 4p 376 1993
[68] O Ogbobe and V Akano ldquoThe physico-chemical properties ofthe seed and seed oil of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Plant Foods forHuman Nutrition vol 43 no 3 pp 197ndash200 1993
[69] W Adolf H J Opferkuch and E Hecker ldquoIrritant phorbolderivatives from four Jatropha speciesrdquo Phytochemistry vol 23no 1 pp 129ndash132 1984
[70] K M Hosamani and K S Katagi ldquoCharacterization andstructure elucidation of 12-hydroxyoctadec-cis-9-enoic acid inJatropha gossypifolia and Hevea brasiliensis seed oils a richsource of hydroxy fatty acidrdquo Chemistry and Physics of Lipidsvol 152 no 1 pp 9ndash12 2008
[71] S F A J Horsten A J J Van Den Berg J J Kettenes-VanDen Bosch B R Leeflang and R P Labadie ldquoCyclogossine Aa novel cyclic heptapeptide isolated from the latex of Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Planta Medica vol 62 no 1 pp 46ndash50 1996
[72] M U Ahmad M R Islam A H Mirza B H Chowdhuryand N Nahar ldquoAlkaloids of Jatropha gossypifolia Linnrdquo IndianJournal of Chemistry B Organic Chemistry Including MedicinalChemistry vol 31 no 1 pp 67ndash69 1992
[73] A Falodun U Kragl S-M T Touem A Villinger T Fahren-waldt and P Langer ldquoA novel anticancer diterpenoid fromJatropha gossypifoliardquo Natural Product Communications vol 7no 2 pp 151ndash152 2012
[74] G D Wadankar S N Malode and S L Sarambekar ldquoTra-ditionally used medicinal plants for ound healing in theWashim district Maharashtra (India)rdquo International Journal ofPharmTech Research vol 3 no 4 pp 2080ndash2084 2011
[75] B Kumar M Vijayakumar R Govindarajan and P Pushpan-gadan ldquoEthnopharmacological approaches to wound healing-Exploring medicinal plants of Indiardquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 114 no 2 pp 103ndash113 2007
[76] K Koudouvo D S Karou K Kokou et al ldquoAn ethnobotanicalstudy of antimalarial plants in Togo Maritime Regionrdquo Journalof Ethnopharmacology vol 134 no 1 pp 183ndash190 2011
[77] M Coelho-Ferreira ldquoMedicinal knowledge and plant utiliza-tion in an Amazonian coastal community ofMaruda Para State(Brazil)rdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 126 no 1 pp 159ndash175 2009
[78] F C S Oliveira R F M Barros and J M Moita Neto ldquoPlan-tas medicinais utilizadas em comunidades rurais de Oeirassemiarido piauienserdquo Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinaisvol 12 no 3 pp 282ndash301 2010
[79] J D F L Santos E Pagani J Ramos and E Rodrigues ldquoObser-vations on the therapeutic practices of riverine communities oftheUnini River AM Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol142 no 2 pp 503ndash515 2012
[80] S L Cartaxo M M de Almeida Souza and U P de Albu-querque ldquoMedicinal plants with bioprospecting potential usedin semi-arid northeastern Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacol-ogy vol 131 no 2 pp 326ndash342 2010
[81] O Jansen L Angenot M Tits et al ldquoEvaluation of 13 selectedmedicinal plants from Burkina Faso for their antiplasmodialpropertiesrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 130 no 1 pp143ndash150 2010
[82] M H Yetein L G Houessou T O Lougbegnon O Teka andB Tente ldquoEthnobotanical study of medicinal plants used for thetreatment of malaria in plateau of Allada Benin (West Africa)rdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 146 no 1 pp 154ndash163 2013
[83] L J Quintans Junior J R G S Almeida J T Lima et al ldquoPlantswith anticonvulsivant propertiesmdasha reviewrdquo Revista Brasileirade Farmacognosia vol 18 pp 798ndash819 2008
[84] A Diallo M S Traore S M Keita et al ldquoManagement ofdiabetes in Guinean traditional medicine an ethnobotanicalinvestigation in the coastal lowlandsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 144 no 2 pp 353ndash361 2012
[85] S O Olabanji A C Adebajo O R Omobuwajo et al ldquoPIXEanalysis of some Nigerian anti-diabetic medicinal plants (II)rdquoNuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B BeamInteractions With Materials and Atoms vol 318 pp 187ndash1902014
[86] T Oduola O G Avwioro and T B Ayanniyi ldquoSuitability ofthe leaf extract of Jatropha gossypifolia as an anticoagulant forbiochemical and haematological analysesrdquo African Journal ofBiotechnology vol 4 no 7 pp 679ndash681 2005
[87] CM Chariandy C E Seaforth R H Phelps G V Pollard andB P S Khambay ldquoScreening of medicinal plants from Trinidadand Tobago for antimicrobial and insecticidal propertiesrdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 64 no 3 pp 265ndash270 1999
[88] V P Kumar N S Chauhan H Padh and M Rajani ldquoSearchfor antibacterial and antifungal agents from selected Indian
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 31
medicinal plantsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 107 no2 pp 182ndash188 2006
[89] R Dabur A Gupta T K Mandal et al ldquoAntimicrobial activityof some medicinal plantsrdquo African Journal of TraditionalComplementary and AlternativeMedicines vol 4 no 3 pp 313ndash318 2007
[90] H C Ong and M Nordiana ldquoMalay ethno-medico botany inMachang Kelantan Malaysiardquo Fitoterapia vol 70 no 5 pp502ndash513 1999
[91] J Sanz-Biset J Campos-de-la-Cruz M A Epiquien-Riveraand S Canigueral ldquoA first survey on the medicinal plants of theChazuta valley (Peruvian Amazon)rdquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 122 no 2 pp 333ndash362 2009
[92] B B Panda K Gaur M L Kori et al ldquoAnti-inflammatoryand analgesic activity of Jatropha gossypifolia in experimentalanimal modelsrdquo Global Journal of Pharmacology vol 3 no 12009
[93] S S Ningthoujam A D Talukdar K S Potsangbam and MD Choudhury ldquoTraditional uses of herbal vapour therapy inManipur North East India an ethnobotanical surveyrdquo Journalof Ethnopharmacology vol 147 no 1 pp 136ndash147 2013
[94] A Asase A A Oteng-Yeboah G T Odamtten and M SJ Simmonds ldquoEthnobotanical study of some Ghanaian anti-malarial plantsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 99 no 2pp 273ndash279 2005
[95] C Lans T Harper K Georges and E Bridgewater ldquoMedicinaland ethnoveterinary remedies of hunters in Trinidadrdquo BMCComplementary and AlternativeMedicine vol 1 article 10 2001
[96] L Rasingam S Jeeva andD Kannan ldquoDental care of Andamanand Nicobar folks medicinal plants use as tooth stickrdquo AsianPacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine vol 2 no 2 pp S1013ndashS1016 2012
[97] P J Houghton and I M Osibogun ldquoFlowering plants usedagainst snakebiterdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 39 no 1pp 1ndash29 1993
[98] M Molander C H Saslis-Lagoudakis A K Jager and NRoslashnsted ldquoCross-cultural comparison of medicinal floras usedagainst snakebitesrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 139 no3 pp 863ndash872 2012
[99] A Jain S S Katewa B L Chaudhary and P Galav ldquoFolk herbalmedicines used in birth control and sexual diseases by tribals ofsouthern Rajasthan Indiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol90 no 1 pp 171ndash177 2004
[100] A Jain S S Katewa P K Galav and P Sharma ldquoMedicinalplant diversity of Sitamata wildlife sanctuary Rajasthan IndiardquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 102 no 2 pp 143ndash157 2005
[101] T Oduola G O Adeosun T A Oduola G O Avwioro andM A Oyeniyi ldquoMechanism of action of Jatropha gossypifoliastem latex as a haemostatic agentrdquo European Journal of GeneralMedicine vol 2 no 4 pp 140ndash143 2005
[102] D Garcia M V Domingues and E Rodrigues ldquoEthnophar-macological survey among migrants living in the SoutheastAtlantic Forest of Diadema Sao Paulo Brazilrdquo Journal ofEthnobiology and Ethnomedicine vol 6 article 29 2010
[103] S S Hebbar V H Harsha V Shripathi and G R HegdeldquoEthnomedicine of Dharwad district in Karnataka Indiamdashplants used in oral health carerdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 94 no 2-3 pp 261ndash266 2004
[104] S B Kosalge and R A Fursule ldquoInvestigation of ethnomedic-inal claims of some plants used by tribals of Satpuda Hills inIndiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 121 no 3 pp 456ndash461 2009
[105] R A Ritter M V B Monteiro F O B Monteiro et al ldquoEth-noveterinary knowledge and practices at Colares island Parastate eastern Amazon Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 144 no 2 pp 346ndash352 2012
[106] S K Dash and S Padhy ldquoReview on ethnomedicines fordiarrhoea diseases from Orissa prevalence versus culturerdquoJournal of Human Ecology vol 20 no 1 pp 59ndash64 2006
[107] R S L Taylor J B Hudson N P Manandhar and G H NTowers ldquoAntiviral activities of medicinal plants of southernNepalrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 53 pp 97ndash104 1996
[108] J M A Maia N G Czeczko J M R Filho et al ldquoEstudoda cicatrizacao de suturas na bexiga urinaria de ratos come sem utilizacao de extrato bruto de Jatropha gossypiifolia Lintraperitonealrdquo Acta Cirurgica Brasileira vol 21 no 2 pp 23ndash30 2006
[109] A L Ososki P Lohr M Reiff et al ldquoEthnobotanical literaturesurvey of medicinal plants in the Dominican Republic used forwomens health conditionsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol79 no 3 pp 285ndash298 2002
[110] A S Apu FHossain F Rizwan et al ldquoStudy of pharmacologicalactivities of methanol extract of Jatropha gossypifolia fruitsrdquoJournal of Basic and Clinical Pharmacy vol 4 no 1 pp 20ndash242013
[111] A S Apu K Ireen S Hossan Bhuyan et al ldquoEvaluation ofanalgesic neuropharmacological and anti-diarrheal potential ofJatropha gossypifolia (Linn) leaves in micerdquo Journal of MedicalSciences vol 12 no 8 pp 274ndash279 2012
[112] F A G Rocha and L I S Dantas ldquoAtividade antimicrobianain vitro do latex do aveloz (Euphorbia tirucalli L) pinhao bravo(Jatrophamollissima L) e pinhao roxo (Jatropha gossypiifolia L)sobre microrganismos patogenicosrdquo Holos vol 25 no 4 2009
[113] O M David and J O Oluyege ldquoIn vitro susceptibility ofselected pathogenic bacteria to leaf extracts and latex of Jatrophagossypiifolia(L) and Jatropha curcas (L)rdquo Biosciences Biotechnol-ogy Research Asia vol 3 no 1 pp 91ndash94 2006
[114] W D MacBae J B Hudson and G H N Towers ldquoStudieson the pharmacological activity of amazonian euphorbiaceaerdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 22 no 2 pp 143ndash172 1988
[115] M C Purohit and R Purohit ldquoEvaluation of antimicrobial andanti-inflammatory activities of bark of Jatropha gossypifoliardquoWorld Journal of Science and Technology vol 1 no 10 pp 1ndash52011
[116] D Singh and A Singh ldquoThe toxicity of four native Indianplants effect on AChE and acidalkaline phosphatase level infish Channa maruliusrdquo Chemosphere vol 60 no 1 pp 135ndash1402005
[117] C M Feitosa R M Freitas N N N Luz M Z B BezerraandM T S Trevisan ldquoAcetylcholinesterase inhibition by somespromising Brazilian medicinal plantsrdquo Brazilian Journal ofBiology vol 71 no 3 pp 783ndash789 2011
[118] Y Nagaharika V Kalyani S Rasheed and R KarthikeyanldquoAnti-inflammatory activity of leaves of Jatropha gossypifolia Lby HRBC membrane stabilization methodrdquo Journal of AcuteDisease vol 2 no 2 pp 156ndash158 2013
[119] S D N Silva I C Abreu S M D F Freire et al ldquoAntispas-modic effect of Jatropha gossypiifolia is mediated through dualblockade of muscarinic receptors and Ca2+ channelsrdquo BrazilianJournal of Pharmacognosy vol 21 no 4 pp 715ndash720 2011
[120] D Carabajal A Casaco L Arruzazabala R Gonzalez andV Fuentes ldquoPharmacological screening of plant decoctionscommonly used in Cuban folk medicinerdquo Journal of Ethnophar-macology vol 33 no 1-2 pp 21ndash24 1991
32 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
[121] S Jain G P Choudhary and D K Jain ldquoPharmacological eval-uation of anti-fertility activity of ethanolic extract of Jatrophagossypifolia leaf in female albino micerdquo Asian Pacific Journal ofTropical Biomedicine vol 2 no 3 pp S1671ndashS1674 2012
[122] S C N Servin O J M Torres J E F Matias et al ldquoAcao doextrato de Jatropha gossypiifolia L (piao roxo) na cicatrizacaode anastomose colonica estudo experimental em ratosrdquo ActaCirurgica Brasileira vol 21 no 3 pp 89ndash96 2006
[123] J R Vale N G Czeczko J U Aquino et al ldquoEstudo compara-tivo da cicatrizacao de gastrorrafias com e sem o uso do extratode Jatropha gossypiifolia L (piao roxo) em ratosrdquoActa CirurgicaBrasileira vol 21 no 3 pp 40ndash48 2006
[124] J U Aquino N G Czeczko O Malafaia et al ldquoAvaliacaofitoterapica da Jatropha gossypiifolia L na cicatrizacao desuturas na parede abdominal ventral de ratosrdquo Acta CirurgicaBrasileira vol 21 no 2 pp 61ndash66 2006
[125] M F D S Santos N G Czeczko P A N Nassif et alldquoAvaliacao do uso do extrato bruto de Jatropha gossypiifolia Lna cicatrizacao de feridas cutaneas em ratosrdquo Acta CirurgicaBrasileira vol 21 no 3 pp 2ndash7 2006
[126] B B Panda K Gaur R K Nema C S Sharma A K Jain andC P Jain ldquoHepatoprotective activity of Jatropha gossypifoliaagainst carbon tetrachloride- induced hepatic injury in ratsrdquoAsian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research vol 2no 1 pp 50ndash54 2009
[127] S S Deo T M Chaudhari and F Inam ldquoEvaluation ofthe immunomodulatory effects of 1-phenylnaphthalene andpericarbonyl lactone lignan compoundsrdquoDer PharmaChemicavol 4 no 2 pp 771ndash776 2012
[128] S K Rasheed S Kunapareddy and R Karthikeyan ldquoLocalanesthetic activity of Jatropha gossypifolia L on frogsrdquo Biomed-ical and Pharmacology Journal vol 5 no 2 pp 395ndash397 2012
[129] AM A Paes A L Camara SM F Freire andMO R BorgesldquoRelaxant effect of Jatropha gossypiifolia L on uterine smoothmusclerdquo International Journal of Phytomedicine vol 4 no 3 pp310ndash313 2012
[130] S J Jain G P Choudhary and D K Jain ldquoPharmacologicalevaluation and antifertility activity of Jatropha gossypifoliain ratsrdquo BioMed Research International vol 2013 Article ID125980 5 pages 2013
[131] J S de Oliveira PM Leite L B de Souza et al ldquoCharacteristicsand composition of Jatropha gossypiifolia and Jatropha curcasL oils and application for biodiesel productionrdquo Biomass andBioenergy vol 33 no 3 pp 449ndash453 2009
[132] V Bullangpoti E Wajnberg P Audant and R FeyereisenldquoAntifeedant activity of Jatropha gossypifolia and Meliaazedarach senescent leaf extracts on Spodoptera frugiperda(Lepidoptera Noctuidae) and their potential use as synergistsrdquoPest Management Science vol 68 no 9 pp 1255ndash1264 2012
[133] S N K JilaniW Islam andM Kamsh ldquoPotential of pyrethroidinsecticides and plant extracts on fecundity and egg viability oftribolium castaneum (Herbst)rdquo Journal of Bio-Science vol 19no 1 pp 95ndash97 2011
[134] D Sukumaran B D Parashar and K M Rao ldquoToxicity of Jat-ropha gossypiifolia and Vaccaria pyramidata against freshwatersnails vectors of animal schistosomiasisrdquo Fitoterapia vol 66 no5 pp 393ndash398 1995
[135] R K Devappa H P S Makkar and K Becker ldquoJatrophatoxicitymdasha reviewrdquo Journal of Toxicology and EnvironmentalHealth B Critical Reviews vol 13 no 6 pp 476ndash507 2010
[136] E P Schenkel M Zannin L A Mentz S A L Bordignonand B Irgang ldquoPlantas toxicasrdquo in Farmacognosia Da Planta
ao Medicamento C M O Simoes E P Schenkel G GosmannJ C P Mello L A Mentz and P R Petrovick Eds pp 959ndash993 Editora da UFRGSUFSC Porto Alegre Brazil 3d edition2007
[137] L I Oliveira F F Jabour V A Nogueira and E M YamasakildquoIntoxicacao experimental com as folhas de Jatropha gossypifo-lia(Euphorbiaceae) em ovinosrdquo Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileiravol 28 no 6 pp 275ndash278 2008
[138] P I A Awachie and F O Ugwu ldquoPreliminary investigationof the antimicrobial and brine shrimp lethality propertiesof some nigerian medicinal plantsrdquo International Journal ofPharmacognosy vol 35 no 5 pp 338ndash343 1997
[139] L J Medubi V O Ukwenya O T Aderinto et al ldquoEffects ofadministration of ethanolic root extract of Jatropha gossypiifoliaand prednisolone on the kidneys of Wistar ratsrdquo ElectronicJournal of Biomedicine vol 2 pp 41ndash48 2010
[140] T Oduola G B Popoola G O Avwioro et al ldquoUse of Jatrophagossypifolia stem latex as a haemostatic agent how safe is itrdquoJournal of Medicinal Plants Reasearch vol 1 no 1 pp 14ndash172007
Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom
Stem CellsInternational
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
MEDIATORSINFLAMMATION
of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Behavioural Neurology
EndocrinologyInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Disease Markers
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
BioMed Research International
OncologyJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
PPAR Research
The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Immunology ResearchHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of
ObesityJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine
OphthalmologyJournal of
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Diabetes ResearchJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
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Research and TreatmentAIDS
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Gastroenterology Research and Practice
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Parkinsonrsquos Disease
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Volume 2014Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom
20 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative MedicineTa
ble4Ph
armacologicalstu
dies
ofJatro
phagossy
piifolia
Ldescrib
edin
theliterature
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Analgesic
Aeria
lparts
Methano
land
petro
lether
extracts
At100and200m
gkgdayover7
daysbyoralrouteinmiceon
lythe
methano
lextractpresentedsig
nificantanalgesicactiv
ityin
Eddyrsquosho
tplatea
ndtail-flack
mod
els[92]
Fruits
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmicehigh
lysig
nificantly
inhibitedthew
rithing
respon
sesind
uced
byaceticacid
[110]
Leaves
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmicesig
nificantly
inhibited
thew
rithing
respon
sesind
uced
byaceticacid
[111]
Antibacteria
l
Latex
Crud
elatex
At100120583
Lvolumeinh
ibitedin
vitro
Liste
riamonocytogenes
Salm
onellatyhimuriumSalmonellatyphiandStaphylococcus
aureus
[112]
Latex
Not
specified
Presentedbactericidaleffectinvitro
againstShigella
dysenteriaea
ndStaphylococcus
aureuslowast
[113]
Leaves
Fractio
nsobtained
bysequ
entia
lextractionof
the
vegetalm
aterialw
ithpetro
letherbenzenechloroform
aceton
eethano
lmethano
landwater
Petro
lether
fractio
nwas
inactiv
eagainstEscherich
iacoliandBa
cillus
subtilisBe
nzenefractionwas
them
ostactiveagainstb
oth
microorganism
sCh
loroform
andmethano
lfractions
werea
ctive
onlyagainstB
acillus
subtilisAc
eton
eand
ethano
lfractions
were
activ
eonlyagainstE
scheric
hiacoliAq
ueou
sfractionwas
activ
eagainstb
othmicroorganism
salthou
ghto
amuchlesser
degree
than
theo
ther
fractions
[52]
Methano
lchloroform
and
water
extracts
Allextractswerea
ctiveinvitro
againstShigella
dysenteriaelowast
[113]
Petro
lether
andethyl
acetatefractions
from
ethano
ldichloromethane
(11vv)extract
Thep
etrolether
fractio
n(1mgmL)
inhibitedin
vitro
Pseudomonas
aeruginosaStaphylo
coccus
epidermidis
andSalm
onellatyphim
urium
Thee
thylacetatefraction(1mgmL)
was
activ
eagainstStaphylococcus
aureus
[87]
Who
leplant
Jatro
phenon
ePresentedin
vitro
antib
acteria
lactivity
againstStaphylo
coccus
aureus
comparabletopenicillin
[41]
Aeria
lparts
Water
andethylacetate
fractio
nsfro
mmethano
lextract
Both
fractio
nsat1
mgdidno
tprodu
cezoneso
finh
ibition
for
Escherich
iacoliStaphylococcus
aureusSaccharom
yces
cerevisia
enor
Cand
idaalbicans
[114]
Leaves
Chloroform
extract
Presentedantib
acteria
lactivity
againstSalmonellatyphiPseudomonas
aeruginosaand
Staphylococcus
aureus
andantifun
galactivity
against
Cand
idaalbicansD
idno
tprodu
ceinhibitio
nzonesa
gainst
Escherich
iacoliBa
cillussubtilis
Proteusm
irabilisC
orynebacteriu
mdiptheria
eShigelladysenteriaea
ndStreptococcusp
enum
oniae
[50]
Leaves
Dichlorom
ethane
methano
l(11vv)extract
At05and1m
gmLshow
edsig
nificantantibacteria
lactivity
invitro
againstB
acillus
cereus
varm
ycoidesBa
cillusp
umilu
sBa
cillussubtilis
Bordetellabronchise
ptica
MicrococcusluteusStaphylococcus
aureus
Staphylococcus
epidermidis
Klebsiella
pneumoniaeandStreptococcus
faecalisandantifun
galactivity
invitro
againstC
andida
albicans
[88]
Methano
lextract
Presentedantib
acteria
lactivity
againstSalmonellatyphiPseudomonas
aeruginosaand
Staphylococcus
aureus
andantifun
galactivity
against
Cand
idaalbicansD
idno
tprodu
ceinhibitio
nzonesa
gainst
Escherich
iacoliBa
cillussubtilis
Proteusm
irabilisC
orynebacteriu
mdiptheria
eShigelladysenteriaea
ndStreptococcusp
enum
oniae
[50]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 21
Table4Con
tinued
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Antibacteria
land
antifun
gal
Not
specified
Extractsob
tained
bysequ
entia
lextractionof
the
vegetalm
aterialw
ithn-hexanechloroform
aceton
emethano
land
water
n-Hexanee
xtracthadinhibitory
activ
ityin
vitro
againstE
scheric
hia
coliSalm
onellatyphiPseudomonas
aeruginosaB
acillus
cereus
Klebsiella
aerogenesandCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainst
Shiguella
boydiAspergillus
fumiga
tusAspergillus
flavusand
Aspergillus
nigerCh
loroform
extractinh
ibitedin
vitro
Salm
onella
typhiPseudomonas
aeruginosaB
acillus
cereusan
dCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainstEscherich
iacoliStaphylococcus
aureus
Shiguella
boydiAspergillus
fumiga
tusAspergillus
flavusand
Aspergillus
nigerAc
eton
eextractinhibitedin
vitro
Escherich
iacoli
Pseudomonas
aeruginosaStaphylococcusa
ureusKlebsiella
aerogenes
Proteusv
ulgarisan
dCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainst
Salm
onellatyphiAspergillus
fumiga
tusAspergillus
flavusa
ndAspergillus
nigerMethano
lextractinhibitedin
vitro
Escherich
iacoli
Salm
onellatyphiPseudomonas
aeruginosaStaphylococcusa
ureus
Bacilluscereusa
ndCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainst
Aspergillus
fumigatusA
spergillu
sflavusan
dAspergillus
nigerWater
extractw
asactiv
einvitro
againstE
scheric
hiacoliSalm
onellatyphi
Pseudomonas
aeruginosaStaphylococcusa
ureusBa
cilluscereus
Klebsiella
aerogenesProteusv
ulgarisan
dCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainstAspergillus
fumigatusA
spergillu
sflavusand
Aspergillus
niger
[89]
Methano
land
petro
lether
extractsfro
mbark
At200120583
g100120583
Lon
lythem
ethano
lextractshow
edin
vitro
antib
acteria
lactivity
upon
Staphylococcus
aureusStre
ptococcus
pyogenesand
Escherich
iacoliandantifun
galactivity
upon
Aspergillus
nigerCa
ndidaalbicansPenicillium
notatumand
Saccharomyces
cerevisia
e
[115]
Anticho
linesterase
Latex
Lyop
hilized
latex
Inhibitedtim
e-anddo
se-dependentlythea
cetylch
olinesterase
enzymeinnervou
stissue
offre
shwater
airb
reathing
fishCh
anna
marulius
[116]
Leaves
Fractio
nsobtained
bysequ
entia
lextractionof
the
vegetalm
aterialw
ithethyl
acetatea
ndmethano
l
At2m
gmLconcentration
thee
thylacetatea
ndmethano
lfractions
presentedinhibitory
activ
ities
invitro
of71
and100
Them
ethano
lfractio
npresentedIC
50of
005
mgmL
[117]
Antidiarrheal
Fruits
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmiceinhibitedthec
astoro
ilindu
ceddiarrhea
[110]
Leaves
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmiceinhibitedthec
astoro
ilindu
ceddiarrhea
[111]
Antifu
ngal
(antidermatop
hytic
fung
i)Ae
rialp
arts
Water
andethylacetate
fractio
nsfro
mmethano
lextract
Them
inim
alconcentrationprod
ucing75of
inhibitio
nor
high
eragainstM
icrosporuscanis
forb
othfractio
nsw
as1120583
gmLFo
rthe
fung
usMicrosporusg
ypseum
Microsporusfulvuman
dMicrosporus
gallina
eno
neof
thefractionpresentedinhibitory
activ
ity
[114]
22 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative MedicineTa
ble4Con
tinued
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Anti-infl
ammatory
Aeria
lparts
Methano
land
petro
lether
extracts
At100and200m
gkgdayover7
daysbyoralrouteinmiceon
lythe
methano
lextractpresentedsig
nificantanti-infl
ammatoryactiv
ityon
carrageenan-indu
cedpawedem
a[92]
Leaves
Aqueou
sextract
At100and200120583
gmLsig
nificantly
preventedthelysisof
human
red
bloo
dcells
inmem
branes
tabilizationmetho
din
vitro
[118]
Ethano
lextract
At100120583
gmLsig
nificantly
preventedthelysisof
human
redbloo
dcells
inmem
branes
tabilizationmetho
din
vitro
[118]
Methano
lextractandleaf
paste
At500and1000
mgkgbyoralrouteinrats
inhibitedthe
carrageenan-indu
cedpawedem
aAt
50and100m
gkgbyoralroute
inrats
inhibitedthec
ottonpelletind
uced
granulom
aformationin
rats
At05and1m
geartheleafp
asteredu
cedtheinfl
ammation
respon
sein
mou
seeare
demam
odel
[28]
Not
specified
Methano
land
petro
lether
extractsfro
mbark
At200m
gkgbyoralrouteinratsbothextractsredu
cedthe
carrageenan-indu
cedpawedem
a[115]
Antim
alarial
Leaves
Aqueou
sextract
30120583ginhibitedin
vitro
theg
rowth
ofPlasmodium
falciparum
[31]
Dichlorom
ethane
extract
Activ
einvitro
againstP
lasm
odium
falciparumw
ithIC
50of
abou
t35120583gmL
[81]
Antineoplasic
Roots
Ethano
licextractand
jatro
phon
e
Thee
thanolextractas
wellasjatroph
oneexhibitedsig
nificant
inhibitory
activ
ityin
vitro
againstcellsderiv
edfro
mhu
man
carcinom
aofthe
nasoph
aryn
xandlymph
ocyticleuk
emiaP-388and
invivo
againstfou
rstand
ardanim
altumor
syste
ms
[66]
Falodo
neShow
edpo
tent
proliferatio
ninhibitory
activ
ityagainstA
-549
human
cancer
celllin
ewith
IC50of
120120583
gmL
[13]
2120572-H
ydroxyjatro
phon
e2120573
-hydroxy-56-iso
jatro
phon
eand2120573
-hydroxyjatro
phon
editerpenes
isolatedfro
mpetro
lether
extract
Presentedantin
eoplasicactiv
ityup
onP-388lymph
ocyticleuk
emia
testsyste
mbo
thin
vivo
andin
vitro
asw
ellasfor
theE
aglersquos
carcinom
aofthe
nasoph
aryn
xtestsyste
min
vitro
[64]
Not
specified
Abiodo
neNot
specifiedlowast
[73]
Antioxidant
Leaves
Methano
lethylacetateand
aqueou
sextract
Allextractsshow
edsig
nificantantioxidant
activ
ityin
vitro
inDPP
Hfre
eradicalferric
thiocyanateandnitricoxides
caveng
ingmetho
dslowast
[55]
Who
leplant
Petro
letherchloroform
ethylacetateand
n-bu
tano
lextracts
Allextractsshow
edon
lypo
orDPP
Hscavenging
activ
ityTh
etotal
antio
xidant
capacitywas
high
erin
ethylacetateandn-bu
tano
lextracts
having
thep
etrolether
andchloroform
show
ingon
lypo
oractiv
ityTh
elipid
peroxidatio
nwas
inhibitedon
lypartially
bythe
extracts
with
thee
thylacetateb
eing
them
ostactivea
ndthep
etrol
etherb
eing
theleast
[48]
Antisp
asmod
icAe
rialp
arts
Ethano
lextractfractions
andsubfractions
At5001000and
2000
mgkgbyoralrouteinmiceshow
edsig
nificantantisp
asmod
icactiv
ityin
mou
seintestinaltransit
mod
elandat0510
and
20m
gmLinhibitedin
vitro
thea
cetylch
olinea
ndcalcium-in
ducedcontractions
ofiso
lated
ratjeju
numO
nlythe
organicfractionof
thee
xtracthadac
alcium
-antagon
isteffect
whereas
both
chloroform
icandaqueou
sfractions
hadanticho
linergic
effect
[119]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 23Ta
ble4Con
tinued
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Antivira
lAe
rialp
arts
Water
andethylacetate
fractio
nsfro
mmethano
lextract
At110and
100120583
gmLbo
thfractio
nspresented100
ofinhibitio
nof
plaque-fo
rmingabilityof
Sind
bisv
irusintre
atmentp
reinfection
protocol(IC 5
0lt1120583
gmL)w
hilein
treatmentp
ostin
fection
theIC 5
0of
water
fractio
nincreasedto
512andacetatefractionincreasedto
37120583gmLFo
rmurinec
ytom
egaloviru
sIC
50of
17and15
towater
andethylacetatefractio
nswereo
bservedrespectiv
elyintre
atment
preinfectio
nprotocolInthetreatmentp
ostin
fection
howe
verno
inhibitio
nwas
observed
inthismicroorganism
[114]
Not
specified
Methano
lextractfro
mbarks
Partially
activ
eagainstSind
bisv
irusand
herpes
simplex
virus-l
Inactiv
eagainsthu
man
polio
virus
[107]
Bron
chod
ilator
Stem
sAq
ueou
sextract
Thee
xtractwas
inactiv
einbron
chod
ilatora
ctivity
inguinea
pigs
[120]
Con
traceptiv
eLeaves
Ethano
lextract
At450m
gkgdayover2
1daysby
oralroutecaused
anantifertility
activ
ityin
femalem
ice
[121]
Healin
g
Aeria
lparts
Ethano
l70
extract
At1m
Lkg
dosebyintraperito
nealrouteinrats
presentedbeneficial
activ
ityin
healingprocesso
fcolon
icanastomosis
[122]
Aeria
lparts
Ethano
l70
extract
At200m
gkgbyintraperito
nealrouteinrats
favoredtheh
ealin
gprocesso
fgastro
rrhaph
iesa
ndredu
cedthea
cuteinflammatory
reactio
nin
vivo
[123]
Leaves
Hydroethano
lextract
At200m
gkgbyintraperito
nealroutedecreasedtheinfl
ammation
andincreasedvascular
neoformationandcollagendepo
sitionwhen
comparedto
thec
ontro
lgroup
inhealingprocesso
fsutures
perfo
rmed
ontheb
ladd
erof
rats
How
everingeneralno
favorable
healingeffectw
asob
served
[108]
Not
specified
Ethano
licextract
Alth
ough
someimprovem
entcou
ldbe
observed
insuture
healingof
ventralabd
ominalwallofratstreated
with
100m
gkg
ofextract
(intraperito
nealinstillationintraperito
nealcavity)in
generalon
lya
poor
healingactiv
itywas
observed
[124]
Not
specified
At01m
Lvolumeby
topicalapp
lication
thec
rude
extractp
resented
significantd
ifferencesc
oncerningthem
acroscop
icandmicroscop
icaspectso
fhealin
gprocesso
ccurrin
gin
open
skin
lesio
nsin
rats
[125]
Hem
ostatic
Latex
Crud
efresh
latex
Decreased
clotting
andbleeding
timeinhealthysubjects
[101]
Hepatop
rotective
Aeria
lparts
Petro
letherm
ethano
land
water
extracts
At200m
gkgdayover7
daysbyoralrouteinrats
both
extracts
presentedhepatoprotectiv
eactivity
incarbon
tetrachlorideind
uced
liver
damagewith
thep
etrolether
beingthem
ostactivea
ndthe
methano
lbeing
theleast
[126]
Hypotensiv
eand
vasorelaxant
Aeria
lparts
Ethano
licextract
At125and250m
gkgdayover4
weeksby
oralrouteinrats
ina
dose-dependent
mannerredu
cedthes
ystolic
bloo
dpressure
and
prod
uced
acon
centratio
n-depend
entrelaxanteffectin
ratisolated
(ex
vivo)end
otheliu
m-depriv
edmesenteric
artery
precon
tractedwith
norepineph
rineo
rCaC
l 2
[45]
Immun
omod
ulatory
Who
leplant
Petro
lether
extract
At100200and40
0120583gmLincreasedthep
roliferationof
mou
sespleen
cellin
vitro
[127]
Localanesthetic
Not
specified
Methano
land
aqueou
sextracts
Both
extractspresentedsig
nificantlocalanestheticactiv
ityby
plexus
anesthesiain
frogslowast
[128]
24 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table4Con
tinued
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Relaxant
effecto
nuterine
smoo
thmuscle
(tocolytic
activ
ity)
Aeria
lparts
Ethano
licextractand
chloroform
icandaqueou
sfractio
ns
At05and10
mgmLthee
thanolicextractreduced
the
calcium
-evokedcontractile
respon
seof
theu
terin
esmoo
thmuscle
as
wellas
thec
hloroformicfractio
nTh
eaqu
eous
fractio
npresented
onlyslighteffect
[129]
Sedativ
eand
anxiolytic
Fruits
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmicepresentedsedativ
eeffect
intheh
olec
rosstest
At200m
gkgpresented
anxiolyticactiv
ityin
holebo
ardtest
At40
0mgkgpresented
anxiolyticactiv
ityin
elevated
plus-m
azetest
[110]
Leaves
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmicepresentedsedativ
eeffect
intheh
olec
rosstest
At200m
gkgpresented
anxiolyticactiv
ityin
holebo
ardtest
At40
0mgkgpresented
anxiolyticin
elevated
plus-m
azetest
[111]
lowast
Thec
ompletev
ersio
nof
thep
aper
was
notaccessib
leso
theinformationwas
obtained
from
itsabstr
act
IC50con
centratio
nthatinhibits50of
ther
eferredactiv
ity
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 25
about extract preparation and plant part not specified) theauthors also observed an absence of healing action althoughsome histological improvement was shown [125]
However studying the influence of J gossypiifolia on thehealing process of colonic anastomosis in rats Servin et alshowed that the administration of 1mLkg single dose ofthe hydro alcoholic extract from aerial parts has beneficialeffect on the healing process [122] However according tothese authors on the seventh day of the experiment therewas a decrease in the action of the extract suggestingthat the extract in this experiment was less active in laterstages of healing process [122] A plausible hypothesis notraised by the authors could be the fact that the extract wasadministered in a single dose which may not have beensufficient to maintain the effect throughout the time of theexperiment Additionally Vale et al showed that the ethanolicextract from aerial parts of J gossypiifolia at single intraperi-toneal dose of 200mgkg favored the healing process ofgastrorrhaphies and reduced the acute inflammatory reactionin vivo [123]
65 Hemostatic Action The use of J gossypiifolia especiallythe latex is widespread as a hemostatic agent for preventingbleeding disorders The results of whole blood clotting timeusing Lee and White method and bleeding time using Ivyrsquosmethod were significantly reduced when stem latex wasintroduced suggesting procoagulant activity [101] Regardingthe possible mechanism of action based on experimentsthat show the precipitating action of the latex upon bovinealbumin the authors suggest that the latex precipitatesclotting factors thereby bringing the coagulation factors intoclose contact and then the activation of coagulation cascadeleads to the generation of thrombin and formation of aclot takes place in a matter of seconds when compared tothe control experiment which took minutes to completecoagulation [101] It is important to emphasize that to the bestof our knowledge this is the only study performed on humansubjects
66 Anticholinesterase Action Based on the cholinergichypothesis acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are widely usedto treat Alzheimerrsquos disease J gossypiifolia presented animportant anticholinesterase activity since the methanolicextract from leaves showed an IC
50of 005mgmL [117]
Another study showed that the lyophilized latex of theplant was able to inhibit time- and dose-dependently theacetylcholinesterase enzyme in nervous tissue of freshwaterair breathing fish Channa marulius [116]
67 Antioxidant Action The antioxidant activity of extractsfrom J gossypiifoliawas evaluated by Kharat et al [55] In thiswork the high content of phenols tannins and flavonoids inthe leaves prompted the authors to evaluate the antioxidantactivity of the leaves DPPH free radical ferric thiocyanateand nitric oxide scavengingmethods were used to analyze theantioxidant activity in vitro of methanol ethyl acetate andaqueous extracts demonstrating positive resultsThe authorsattributed the free radical scavenging activity to the presence
of flavonoids [55] On the other hand a study showed thatdifferent extracts (petrol ether chloroform ethyl acetate andn-butanol) fromwhole plant of J gossypiifolia had only partialantioxidant activity in DPPH scavenging total antioxidantcapacity and lipid peroxidation tests [48] Among them theethyl acetate extract was the most active which correlatespositively with its higher content of phenolic compounds incomparison with the other extracts [48]
68 Contraceptive Action Based on its popular use J gossypi-ifoliawas assessed for its antifertility activity as an alternativeto oral contraceptive agents J gossypiifolia leaf extract byoral route altered the major hormones involved in estrouscycle regulation indicating its antifertility effect on mice[121] Evaluating other parameters (estrogenic and earlyabortifacient activities) the anti-infertility effect of the extractwas once more demonstrated later [130]
69 Tocolytic Action Based on the ethnopharmacologicalapplication of the plant as tocolytic remedy the effects oncalcium-evoked uterine smooth muscle contraction of theethanolic extract and fractions were evaluated [129] Thecrude extract and to a higher extent the chloroformic frac-tion reduced the calcium-evoked contractile response of theuterine smooth muscle promoting a rightward displacementof calciumcumulative curves aswell as reducing themaximalcontractions [129]
610 Antineoplasic Action One of the most well-knownpharmacological activities of J gossypiifolia is its antineopla-sic action which is frequently associated with the contentof lignoids and terpenoids One of the first reports wasmade by Kupchan et al [66] when the authors found thatthe ethanolic extract from roots as well as the isolatedditerpene jatrophone exhibited significant inhibitory activityin vitro against cells derived from human carcinoma of thenasopharynx and lymphocytic leukemia P-388 and in vivoagainst four standard animal tumor systems such as sarcoma180 Lewis lung carcinoma P-388 lymphocytic leukemiaand Walker 256 intramuscular carcinosarcoma [66] Laterthree new antitumor derivatives of jatrophone were isolatedfrom petrol ether extracts from roots of J gossypiifolia 2120572-hydroxyjatrophone 2120573-hydroxy-56-isojatrophone and 2120573-hydroxyjatrophone [64] Recently two other diterpenes withpotent antineoplasic activity were isolated from J gossypi-ifolia falodone and abiodone Falodone was isolated frommethanol extract from roots and showed potent proliferationinhibitory activity against A-549 human cancer cell line [13]Abiodone a lathyrane diterpenoid compound was isolatedfrom J gossypiifolia and presented potent anticancer activity[73]
611 Local Anesthetic Action The local anesthetic action ofJ gossypiifolia was evaluated by plexus anaesthesia in frogs[128] The authors observed that the aqueous and methanolextract (plant part not specified) presented significant anes-thetic action when compared to control group
26 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
612 Neuropharmacological Action The neuropharmacolog-ical action of the methanol extract of the leaves of J gossypi-ifolia was evaluated by Apu et al [111] The authors observedthat in hole cross test the extract at 200 and 400mgkg byoral route showed significant sedative effect in mice In holeboard test the extract showed highly significant anxiolyticactivity at a dose of 200mgkg whereas the same activity wasobserved at 400mgkg dose in elevated plus-maze test [111]Similar results were observed in the methanolic extract fromfruits [110]
613 Antidiarrheal Action Although it may seem contradic-tory as shown in Table 3 J gossypiifolia species is popularlyused both as purgative and as antidiarrheal remedy Howeverin literature there are interesting results about the antidiar-rheal properties of different extracts of this species
At 200 and 400mgkg oral doses in mice the methanolextract of J gossypiifolia leaves produced highly signifi-cant antidiarrheal activity upon castor oil-induced diarrheadecreasing themean number of stool and total weight of fecaloutput when compared to control group [111] Similar resultswere observed in the methanolic extract from fruits [110]
Aiming to determine the possible action mechanism of Jgossypiifolia aerial parts ethanol extract as antidiarrheal agentSilva et al [119] have investigated the effect of this extracton intestinal transit velocity and on isolated rat jejunumAt 500 1000 and 2000mgkg by oral route in mice theextract showed significant antispasmodic activity in mouseintestinal transit model when compared to control At 0510 and 20mgmL the crude extract inhibited in vitro theacetylcholine and calcium-induced contractions of isolatedrat jejunum The chloroform and aqueous fractions wereobtained and it was observed that only the chloroform frac-tion of the extract had a calcium-antagonist effect whereasboth chloroformic and aqueous fractions had anticholinergiceffect suggesting that the antispasmodic effect of J gossypi-ifolia may be due to a combination of anticholinergic andcalcium-antagonist mechanisms [119]
614 Immunomodulatory Action The immunomodulatoryaction of synthetic lignan compounds was evaluated by theassay of proliferation of mouse spleen cell in vitro andcompared with petrol ether extract of whole plant of Jgossypiifolia since it is a natural source of this kind ofcompound [127] The authors showed that both syntheticand naturally occurring 1-phenylnaphthalene lignans couldpositively modulate the immunity of the host since theysignificantly increased the proliferation of mouse spleen cellin vitro [127]
615 Hepatoprotective Action Despite some studies havingshown the hepatotoxic potential of J gossypiifolia a study wasperformed to analyze the possible hepatoprotective action ofextracts of this plant in carbon tetrachloride-induced liverdamage in rats [126] In fact the petrol ether methanoland water extracts from the aerial parts of J gossypiifoliapresented significant hepatoprotective action in this model
substantially restoring towards normalization the serum lev-els of serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase serum glu-tamate pyruvate transaminase serum alkaline phosphatasetotal bilirubin superoxide dismutase and catalase [126] Theauthors also discuss the close relationship between the hep-atoprotective action observed and the possible antioxidantmechanism present in the extracts
7 Other Actions andBiotechnological Applications
In addition to studies demonstrating scientific evidences ofthe pharmacological properties of J gossypiifolia severalstudies have demonstrated the potential of this species toobtain molecules with various applications thus showing itsmultipurpose character
Among the main applications described the use ofJ gossypiifolia seed oil for biodiesel production could bementioned Jatropha species has drawn the attention ofresearchers in recent years due to its emergence as a highlysuitable feedstock plant for biodiesel production [11] Amongthe species J gossypiifolia J curcas and J pohliana produceseeds with high oil content [11] In a study investigatingthe potential of two plants of the Jatropha genus (includ-ing J gossypiifolia) the authors observed that the studiedphysicochemical properties of the produced biodiesel are inthe acceptable range for use as biodiesel in diesel enginesshowing a promising economic exploitation of these rawmaterials [131]
Studies have shown the potential of the species for thedevelopment of new tools for biochemical analysis A recentstudy showed that the diluted fresh latex J gossypiifolia can beused as precipitating agent for biochemical determination ofproteins in plasma urine and cerebrospinal fluid with valuescomparable to those obtained from the conventional proteinprecipitants sodium tungstate and trichloroacetic acid [24]According to the authors the precipitating potential couldbe related to the capacity of the latex to form clots whenapplied to a bleeding sore or wound when it is used in folkmedicine [24] Another study showed the potentiality of thejuice extracted from the fresh leaves of J gossypiifolia asan anticoagulant for haematological analyses [86] 01mL ofextract per mL of blood proved to be suitable for obtainingplasmas for biochemical analysis comparable with conven-tional anticoagulants [86] However the authors emphasizethat the extract must be purified to remove interferingsubstances for it to be perfectly suitable for biochemicalanalysis [86]
Some studies have demonstrated the potentiality of Jgossypiifolia as a source of pesticide biomolecules Bullang-poti et al [49] isolated ricinine from the ethyl acetate extractfrom senescent leaves the main compound responsible forthe toxicity of the crude extract in Spodoptera exigua larvaethus demonstrating that it could be an alternative choiceto chemical insecticides In another study Bullangpoti etal [132] showed that the ethanol extract of J gossypiifoliain association with the ethanol extract of Melia azedarachwas toxic and inhibited some enzymes from Spodoptera
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 27
frugiperda larvae demonstrating once more the potentialityof the species as insecticide agent Calatayud et al [56]showed the presence of proteins of about 100 kDa with toxicactivity upon Phenacoccus herreni another type of insectIn this work the authors performed a strategy of extrac-tion that eliminated nonprotein compounds being able todemonstrate the potential of the species to obtain insecticidalproteins [56] Leaf extract of J gossypiifolia reduced thefecundity and egg viability against stored product insect pestsTribolium castaneum [133]
The potential molluscicidal activity of J gossypiifolia hasalso been evaluated as an alternative mode of preventionof schistosomiasis Sukumaran et al [134] showed that themethanol and n-butanol extracts from unripened seeds of Jgossypiifoliawas toxic against eggs and adults of two species offreshwater snails Lymnaea luteola and Indoplanorbis exustusThe results indicated that n-butanol extract was the mosteffective and that the eggs were more susceptible than adults[134]
8 Toxicology
Species of Jatropha are notably known for their toxic potential[135 136] This toxicity is related primarily to latex andseeds The latex is released from the aerial parts of theplant by mechanical injury and it is extremely caustic andirritating to skin and mucous membranes The seeds arerich in toxalbumins that cause agglutination and hemolysisto erythrocytes as well as damage to other cell types andcontain a lipoid resin complex that can cause dermatitis[3 12 135] The symptomatology consists in general ofgastrointestinal disorders (abdominal pain nausea vomitingand diarrhea) Additionally the clinical course can bringcardiovascular neurological and renal complications [136]Cases of poisoning in humans usually occur by eating fruitand seeds because of its similarity to edible chestnuts [136]
Some toxicological studies have demonstrated the toxicproperties of J gossypiifolia while others show the absence oftoxicity However it is important to observe the models useddoses administrated and types of extract employed (solventand plant part) among other aspects to make the properconclusions about the toxicity
The study of experimental poisoning in sheep showedthat the intake of fresh plant leaves in a single dose of40 gkg was lethal to these animals [137] The clinical andpathological picture in the experimental sheep was charac-terized by digestive lung and heart disturbances and alsoby slight regressive changes evidenced in hepatic and renalhistological examinations [137] However as observed byMariz et al [7] it is important to note that the medicinaluse of the plant is rarely in natura but instead by differentpreparations such as infusions or decoctions sometimes ofthe dried material which could inactivate the possible toxiccomponents However this is only a hypothesis and so thetoxicity of extracts from leaves cannot be discarded
One of the first studies relating the identification of theconstituents responsible for the toxic effects of the Jatrophaspecies was published by Adolf et al [69] In this work
by a bioguided isolation the irritant polyunsaturated ester12-deoxy-16-hydroxylphorbol was isolated from the etherextract from the seeds of J gossypiifolia by countercurrentchromatography [69] The irritant activity was visualized inmouse ear after 24 h of the application of the fractions andisolated compounds [69]
The in vitro cytotoxicity assay using brine shrimp larvaetest revealed that ethanol and methanol extracts (plant organunspecified) showed low toxicity [138] An earlier studyshowed that thewater and ethyl acetate fraction of amethanolextract from aerial parts of J gossypiifolia did not presenttoxicity against the same organisms [114]
A study performed in Wistar rats evaluated the toxicityof the ethanolic root extract of J gossypiifolia at 10 20 and30mgkg by oral route [139] The authors observed that theextract was toxic to the kidney and caused increased urearetention in the blood as observed by histological studies andbiochemical analysis of blood [139]
A preclinical toxicological assessment of the crudeethanol extract from J gossypiifolia leaves showed that theextract presents relatively low oral acute toxicity in Wistarrats [18 19] Rats treated with single doses of 12ndash50 gkgby oral route were observed for 14 days and the mostimportant signs of toxicity were ptosis reduction of bodyweight and hind limb paralysis Other significant alterationsoccurred only in males treated with 50 gkg dose increasein creatinine aspartate aminotransferase sodium and potas-sium seric levels reduction of urea and albumin leucopeniaand small alteration in color and consistency of visceraThe median lethal dose (LD
50) was higher than 40 gkg
for males and higher than 50 gkg for females [19] In thehistopathological evaluation some alteration was observedin liver and lung only at 50 gkg suggesting the relativelylow toxicity of the extract [18] However in the chronictoxicological study (thirteen weeks of treatment) this extractshowed significant oral chronic toxicity in rats [17] The mostsignificant toxic signs indicated a reduction of the activityin the central nervous system and digestive disturbancesThe histopathological analysis revealed hepatotoxicity andpulmonary damages The lethality was 466 and 133among males and females under the higher tested dose(405mgkg) respectively [17] Based on this Mariz et al [7]discussed that the development of herbal medicine based onthis species needs to prioritize the chemical refinement of thecrude extracts to obtain less toxic fractions which should betested for their safety and therapeutic efficacy
Another study on the other hand evaluating the oralacute toxicity of the aqueous and ethanol extracts from leavesof J gossypiifolia did not show any sign of toxicity in upto 2 gkg in rats enabling the authors to conclude that thisextract could be considered safe [118] This is an interestingresult since in most cases the plant is used popularly as tea(aqueous extract)
The toxicity of the stem latex of J gossypiifoliawas studiedin Wistar rats by applying different doses of crude latex onincised skin daily for 18 days based on the popular useof the latex as hemostatic agent in skin lesions [140] Theauthors observed that the application of the latex did notproduce any significant difference in results of biochemical
28 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
and hematological parameters obtained from the control andexperimental animals leading to the conclusion that the stemlatex has no harmful effects [140]
9 Conclusions
As demonstrated by this review J gossypiifolia presents animportant potential for the generation of pharmacologicalandor biotechnological products based on popular usesand biological studies scientifically showing its propertiesHowever regarding specifically its medicinal propertiesfurther studies are still necessary to assay important folkuses of the species and characterize the major compoundsresponsible for the bioactivityThus studies of bioprospectingcould prioritize this species since many popular uses forvariousmedical purposes are reported demonstrating a greatpotential to originate bioactive molecules with pharmaco-logical relevance Furthermore future phytochemical studiesof this plant are important to obtain the best knowledgeof the chemical composition of different extracts of theplant in order to recognize the really important compoundsin the pharmacological actions aspiring to the chemicalrefinement of the products to eliminate the eventual toxiceffects that could reduce the medicinal value of the speciesIn conclusion the data presented in this review could provideinsights for future research aimed at both ethnopharmaco-logical validation of the popular use of J gossypiifolia andits exploration as a new source of bioactive molecules forherbal drugs andor bioactive natural products for potentialapplication in complementary and alternative medicine
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper
Acknowledgments
The authors thank BNB CNPq and CAPES (Brazil) forthe financial support Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosagives thanks to CNPq for Scholarship in Research Produc-tivity The authors also thank Andrew Alastair Cumming forediting this paper for the English revision
References
[1] G L Webster ldquoClassification of the euphorbiaceaerdquo Annals ofthe Missouri Botanical Garden vol 81 pp 3ndash143 1994
[2] M V Alves ldquoChecklist das especies de Euphorbiaceae Jussocorrentes no semi-arido pernambucano BrasilrdquoActa BotanciaBrasileira vol 12 no 3 pp 485ndash495 1998
[3] C W Sabandar N Ahmat F M Jaafar and I Sahidin ldquoMedic-inal property phytochemistry and pharmacology of severalJatropha species (Euphorbiaceae) a reviewrdquo Phytochemistryvol 85 pp 7ndash29 2013
[4] C K A Leal and M D F Agra ldquoEstudo farmacobotanicocomparativo das folhas de Jatrophamolissima (Pohl) BaillrdquoActaFarmaceutica Bonaerense vol 24 no 1 pp 5ndash13 2005
[5] L C Di Stasi and C A Hiruma-Lima Plantas medicinais naAmazonia e na Mata Atlantica UNESP Sao Paulo Brazil 2ndedition 2002
[6] M D F Agra K N Silva I J L D Basılio P F De Freitasand JM Barbosa-Filho ldquoSurvey ofmedicinal plants used in theregionNortheast of BrazilrdquoBrazilian Journal of Pharmacognosyvol 18 no 3 pp 472ndash508 2008
[7] S R Mariz A C R Borges M F F Melo-Diniz and I AMedeiros ldquoPossibilidades terapeuticas e riscos toxicologicosde Jatropha gossypiifolia L uma revisao narrativardquo RevistaBrasileiraDe PlantasMedicinais vol 12 no 3 pp 346ndash357 2010
[8] I Cordeiro and R Secco ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia L Lista deespecies da flora do Brasilrdquo Jardim Botanico do Rio de JaneirohttpfloradobrasiljbrjgovbrjabotfloradobrasilFB17581
[9] U P de Albuquerque P M de Medeiros A L S de Almeida etal ldquoMedicinal plants of the caatinga (semi-arid) vegetation ofNE Brazil a quantitative approachrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacol-ogy vol 114 no 3 pp 325ndash354 2007
[10] U P Albuquerque L H C Andrade and J Caballero ldquoStruc-ture and floristics of homegardens in Northeastern BrazilrdquoJournal of Arid Environments vol 62 no 3 pp 491ndash506 2005
[11] S A Ceasar and S Ignacimuthu ldquoApplications of biotechnologyand biochemical engineering for the improvement of Jatrophaand Biodiesel a reviewrdquo Renewable and Sustainable EnergyReviews vol 15 no 9 pp 5176ndash5185 2011
[12] U P de Albuquerque J MMonteiro M A Ramos and E L Cde Amorim ldquoMedicinal and magic plants from a public marketin northeastern Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 110no 1 pp 76ndash91 2007
[13] A Falodun Q Sheng-Xiang G Parkinson and S GibbonsldquoIsolation and characterization of a new anticancer diterpenoidfrom Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journalvol 45 no 10 pp 636ndash639 2012
[14] BRASIL ldquoFitoterapia plantas de interesse ao SUSrdquo Braz-ilian Health Ministry httpportalsaudegovbrportalarqu-ivospdfRENISUSpdf
[15] X-P Zhang M-L Zhang X-H Su C-H Huo Y-C Gu andQ-W Shi ldquoChemical constituents of the plants from genusJatrophardquo Chemistry and Biodiversity vol 6 no 12 pp 2166ndash2183 2009
[16] S K Sharma and H Singh ldquoA review on pharmacological sig-nificance of genus Jatropha (Euphorbiaceae)rdquoChinese Journal ofIntegrative Medicine vol 18 no 11 pp 868ndash880 2012
[17] S RMariz G S CerqueiraWCAraujo et al ldquoChronic toxico-logic study of the ethanolic extract of the aerial parts of Jatrophagossypiifolia in ratsrdquoRevista Brasileira de Farmacognosia vol 22no 3 pp 663ndash668 2012
[18] S R Mariz M S T Araujo G S Cerqueira et al ldquoHistopatho-logical evaluation in rats after acute treatment with the ethanolextract from aerial parts of Jatropha gossypiifolia Lrdquo RevistaBrasileira De Farmacognosia vol 18 no 2 pp 213ndash216 2008
[19] S R Mariz G S Cerqueira W C Araujo et al ldquoEstudo toxi-cologico agudo do extrato etanolico de partes aereas de Jatrophagossypiifolia L em ratosrdquo Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosiavol 16 no 3 pp 372ndash378 2006
[20] C Auvin-Guette C Baraguey A Blond J L Pousset andB Bodo ldquoCyclogossine B a cyclic octapeptide from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Journal of Natural Products vol 60 pp 1155ndash11571997
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 29
[21] V S Parvathi B S Jyothi T Lakshmi P S Babu and RKarthikeyan ldquoMorpho-anatomical and physicochemical stud-ies of Jatropha gossypifolia (L)rdquo Der Pharmacia Lettre vol 4no 1 pp 256ndash262 2012
[22] M N S Rios and F Pastore Junior Plantas da Amazonia450 Especies de Uso Geral Universidade de BrasıliamdashBibliotecaCentral Brasılia 2011
[23] S R Mariz Estudo toxicologico pre-clınico de Jatropha gossypi-ifolia L [PhD thesis] Universidade Federal da Paraıba JoaoPessoa Brazil 2007
[24] O G Adeosun T Oduola F A Fagbomedo et al ldquoSuitabilityof stem latex of Jatropha gossypifolia as a protein precipitant forbiochemical analysisrdquo Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistryvol 29 no 2 pp 210ndash212 2014
[25] F O A Ajose ldquoSome Nigerian plants of dermatologic impor-tancerdquo International Journal of Dermatology vol 46 no 1 pp48ndash55 2007
[26] J S Ashidi P J Houghton P J Hylands and T EfferthldquoEthnobotanical survey and cytotoxicity testing of plants ofSouth-western Nigeria used to treat cancer with isolationof cytotoxic constituents from Cajanus cajan Millsp leavesrdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 128 no 2 pp 501ndash512 2010
[27] M Ayyanar and S Ignacimuthu ldquoEthnobotanical survey ofmedicinal plants commonly used by Kani tribals in Tirunelvelihills of Western Ghats Indiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 134 no 3 pp 851ndash864 2011
[28] R Bhagat S D Ambavade A V Misar and D K KulkarnildquoAnti-inflammatory activity of Jatropha gossypifolia L leaves inalbino mice and Wistar ratrdquo Journal of Scientific and IndustrialResearch vol 70 no 4 pp 289ndash292 2011
[29] J H Cano and G Volpato ldquoHerbal mixtures in the traditionalmedicine of Eastern Cubardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol90 no 2-3 pp 293ndash316 2004
[30] F G Coe and G J Anderson ldquoScreening of medicinal plantsused by the Garıfuna of Eastern Nicaragua for bioactive com-poundsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 53 no 1 pp 29ndash501996
[31] MGbeassor Y Kossou K Amegbo C De Souza K Koumagloand A Denke ldquoAntimalarial effects of eight African medicinalplantsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 25 no 1 pp 115ndash1181989
[32] National Center for Biotechnology Information ldquoJatropha gos-sypiifoliardquo Taxonomy Browser httpwwwncbinlmnihgovTaxonomyBrowserwwwtaxcgiid=454931
[33] Tropicos ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia Lrdquo httpwwwtropicosorgNamePrintaspxnameid=12802174amptab=details
[34] The Plant List ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia Lrdquo httpwwwtheplant-listorgtplrecordkew-104621
[35] M S Khyade and N P Vaikos ldquoPharmacognostical andphytochemical evaluation of leaf of Jatropha gossypifolia LrdquoInternational Journal of Research in Ayurveda amp Pharmacy vol2 no 1 pp 177ndash180 2011
[36] D O Aworinde D U Nwoye A A Jayeola A O Olagoke andA A Ogundele ldquoTaxonomic significance of foliar epidermis insome members of euphorbiaceae family in Nigeriardquo ResearchJournal of Botany vol 4 no 1 pp 17ndash28 2009
[37] J D Olowokudejo ldquoComparative epidermal morphology ofWest African species of Jatropha L (Euphorbiaceae)rdquo BotanicalJournal of the Linnean Society vol 111 no 2 pp 139ndash154 1993
[38] B Das and B Venkataiah ldquoA minor coumarino-lignoid fromJatropha gossypifoliardquo Biochemical Systematics and Ecology vol29 no 2 pp 213ndash214 2001
[39] B Das B Venkataiah and A Kashinatham ldquoVenkatasin a newcoumarino-lignoid from Jatropha gossypifoliardquoNatural ProductLetters vol 13 no 4 pp 293ndash297 1999
[40] B Das and B Venkataiah ldquoA rare diterpene from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Biochemical Systematics and Ecology vol 27 no 7pp 759ndash760 1999
[41] N Ravindranath B Venkataiah C Ramesh P Jayaprakash andB Das ldquoJatrophenone a novel macrocyclic bioactive diterpenefrom Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bul-letin vol 51 no 7 pp 870ndash871 2003
[42] B Das and J Banerji ldquoArylnaphthalene lignan from JatrophagossypifoliardquoPhytochemistry vol 27 no 11 pp 3684ndash3686 1988
[43] J Banerji B Das A Chatterjee and J N Shoolery ldquoGadain alignan from Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Phytochemistry vol 23 no10 pp 2323ndash2327 1984
[44] A Chatterjee B Das C Pascard and T Prange ldquoCrystalstructure of a lignan from Jatropha gossypifoliardquoPhytochemistryvol 20 no 8 pp 2047ndash2048 1981
[45] I C Abreu A S S Marinho A M A Paes et al ldquoHypotensiveand vasorelaxant effects of ethanolic extract from Jatrophagossypiifolia L in ratsrdquo Fitoterapia vol 74 no 7-8 pp 650ndash6572003
[46] B Das and R Das ldquoGossypifan a lignan from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Phytochemistry vol 40 no 3 pp 931ndash932 1995
[47] R Das B Das and A Kashinatham ldquoGossypiline a new lignanfrom Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Natural Product Sciences vol 4 no4 pp 238ndash240 1998
[48] D Shahwar S-U Shafiq N Ahmad S Ullah and M A RazaldquoAntioxidant activities of the selected plants from the fam-ily Euphorbiaceae Lauraceae Malvaceae and BalsaminaceaerdquoAfrican Journal of Biotechnology vol 9 no 7 pp 1086ndash10962010
[49] V Bullangpoti N Khumrungsee W Pluempanupat Y Kainohand U Saguanpong ldquoToxicity of ethyl acetate extract andricinine from Jatropha gossypifolia senescent leaves againstSpodoptera exigua Hubner (Lepidoptera Noctuidae)rdquo Journalof Pesticide Science vol 36 no 2 pp 260ndash263 2011
[50] A O Ogundare ldquoAntimicrobial effect of Tithonia diversifoliaand Jatropha gossypifolia leaf extractsrdquo Trends in Applied Sci-ences Research vol 2 no 2 pp 145ndash150 2007
[51] N Nwokocha A Blessing I O Agbagwa and B E OkolildquoComparative phytochemical screening of Jatropha L Speciesin the Niger Deltardquo Research Journal of Phytochemistry vol 5no 2 pp 107ndash114 2011
[52] R Seth and R Sarin ldquoAnalysis of the phytochemical contentand anti-microbial activity of Jatropha gossypifolia Lrdquo Archivesof Applied Science Research vol 2 no 5 pp 285ndash291 2010
[53] S Sankara Subramanian S Nagarajan and N SulochanaldquoFlavonoids of the leaves of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Phytochem-istry vol 10 no 7 p 1690 1971
[54] A C Pilon R L Carneiro F Carnevale Neto V S Bolzaniand I Castro-Gamboa ldquoInterval multivariate curve resolutionin the dereplication of HPLC-DAD data from Jatropha gossypi-foliardquo Phytochemical Analysis vol 24 no 4 pp 401ndash406 2013
[55] A R Kharat A K Dolui and S Das ldquoFree radical scavengingpotential of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Asian Journal of Chemistryvol 23 no 2 pp 799ndash801 2011
[56] P-A Calatayud D F Munera S Calatayud A Valencia-Jimenez and A C Bellotti ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia (Euphor-biaceae) a source of proteins toxic to Phenacoccus herreni(Sternorryncha Pseudococcidae)rdquo Florida Entomologist vol94 no 3 pp 649ndash654 2011
30 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
[57] W F Tinto L M D John W F Reynolds and S McLeanldquoTriterpenoids of Jatropha gossypiifoliardquo Journal of NaturalProducts vol 55 no 6 pp 807ndash809 1992
[58] R Das K Venkateswarlu V Saidi Reddy and B Das ldquo41015840-O-demethyl retrochinensin a minor new lignan from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Indian Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry vol 14no 2 pp 169ndash170 2004
[59] B Das A Kashinatham B Venkataiah K V N S Srinivas GMahender and M R Reddy ldquoCleomiscosin A a coumarino-lignoid from Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Biochemical Systematics andEcology vol 31 no 10 pp 1189ndash1191 2003
[60] B Das and G Anjani ldquoGossypidien a lignan from stems ofJatropha gossypifolliardquo Phytochemistry vol 51 no 1 pp 115ndash1171999
[61] B Das S P Rao and K V Srinivas ldquoIsolation of isogadain fromJatropha gossypifoliardquo Planta Medica vol 62 no 1 article 901996
[62] B Das S P Rao K V N S Srinivas and R Das ldquoJatrodien alignan from stems of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Phytochemistry vol41 no 3 pp 985ndash987 1996
[63] A Chatterjee B Das R Chakrabarti et al ldquoPrasanthaline anew lignan from Jatropha gossypifolia Linnrdquo Indian Journal ofChemistry vol 27 pp 740ndash741 1988
[64] M D Taylor A B Smith III G T Furst et al ldquoNewantileukemic jatrophone derivatives from Jatropha gossypiifoliastructural and stereochemical assignment through nuclearmagnetic resonance Spectroscopyrdquo Journal of the AmericanChemical Society vol 105 no 10 pp 3177ndash3183 1983
[65] K K Purushothaman S Chandrasekharan A F Cameron etal ldquoJatropholones A and B new diterpenoids from the roots ofJatropha gossypiifolia (Euphorbiaceae)mdashcrystal structure anal-ysis of Jatropholone Brdquo Tetrahedron Letters vol 20 no 11 pp979ndash980 1979
[66] S M Kupchan C W Sigel M J Matz J A S Renauld R CHaltiwanger and R F Bryan ldquoJatrophone a novel macrocyclicditerpenoid tumor inhibitor from Jatropha gossypiifoliardquo Jour-nal of the American Chemical Society vol 92 no 14 pp 4476ndash4477 1970
[67] Y R Prasad G S J G Alankararao and P Baby ldquoConstituentsof the seeds of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Fitoterapia vol 64 no 4p 376 1993
[68] O Ogbobe and V Akano ldquoThe physico-chemical properties ofthe seed and seed oil of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Plant Foods forHuman Nutrition vol 43 no 3 pp 197ndash200 1993
[69] W Adolf H J Opferkuch and E Hecker ldquoIrritant phorbolderivatives from four Jatropha speciesrdquo Phytochemistry vol 23no 1 pp 129ndash132 1984
[70] K M Hosamani and K S Katagi ldquoCharacterization andstructure elucidation of 12-hydroxyoctadec-cis-9-enoic acid inJatropha gossypifolia and Hevea brasiliensis seed oils a richsource of hydroxy fatty acidrdquo Chemistry and Physics of Lipidsvol 152 no 1 pp 9ndash12 2008
[71] S F A J Horsten A J J Van Den Berg J J Kettenes-VanDen Bosch B R Leeflang and R P Labadie ldquoCyclogossine Aa novel cyclic heptapeptide isolated from the latex of Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Planta Medica vol 62 no 1 pp 46ndash50 1996
[72] M U Ahmad M R Islam A H Mirza B H Chowdhuryand N Nahar ldquoAlkaloids of Jatropha gossypifolia Linnrdquo IndianJournal of Chemistry B Organic Chemistry Including MedicinalChemistry vol 31 no 1 pp 67ndash69 1992
[73] A Falodun U Kragl S-M T Touem A Villinger T Fahren-waldt and P Langer ldquoA novel anticancer diterpenoid fromJatropha gossypifoliardquo Natural Product Communications vol 7no 2 pp 151ndash152 2012
[74] G D Wadankar S N Malode and S L Sarambekar ldquoTra-ditionally used medicinal plants for ound healing in theWashim district Maharashtra (India)rdquo International Journal ofPharmTech Research vol 3 no 4 pp 2080ndash2084 2011
[75] B Kumar M Vijayakumar R Govindarajan and P Pushpan-gadan ldquoEthnopharmacological approaches to wound healing-Exploring medicinal plants of Indiardquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 114 no 2 pp 103ndash113 2007
[76] K Koudouvo D S Karou K Kokou et al ldquoAn ethnobotanicalstudy of antimalarial plants in Togo Maritime Regionrdquo Journalof Ethnopharmacology vol 134 no 1 pp 183ndash190 2011
[77] M Coelho-Ferreira ldquoMedicinal knowledge and plant utiliza-tion in an Amazonian coastal community ofMaruda Para State(Brazil)rdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 126 no 1 pp 159ndash175 2009
[78] F C S Oliveira R F M Barros and J M Moita Neto ldquoPlan-tas medicinais utilizadas em comunidades rurais de Oeirassemiarido piauienserdquo Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinaisvol 12 no 3 pp 282ndash301 2010
[79] J D F L Santos E Pagani J Ramos and E Rodrigues ldquoObser-vations on the therapeutic practices of riverine communities oftheUnini River AM Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol142 no 2 pp 503ndash515 2012
[80] S L Cartaxo M M de Almeida Souza and U P de Albu-querque ldquoMedicinal plants with bioprospecting potential usedin semi-arid northeastern Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacol-ogy vol 131 no 2 pp 326ndash342 2010
[81] O Jansen L Angenot M Tits et al ldquoEvaluation of 13 selectedmedicinal plants from Burkina Faso for their antiplasmodialpropertiesrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 130 no 1 pp143ndash150 2010
[82] M H Yetein L G Houessou T O Lougbegnon O Teka andB Tente ldquoEthnobotanical study of medicinal plants used for thetreatment of malaria in plateau of Allada Benin (West Africa)rdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 146 no 1 pp 154ndash163 2013
[83] L J Quintans Junior J R G S Almeida J T Lima et al ldquoPlantswith anticonvulsivant propertiesmdasha reviewrdquo Revista Brasileirade Farmacognosia vol 18 pp 798ndash819 2008
[84] A Diallo M S Traore S M Keita et al ldquoManagement ofdiabetes in Guinean traditional medicine an ethnobotanicalinvestigation in the coastal lowlandsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 144 no 2 pp 353ndash361 2012
[85] S O Olabanji A C Adebajo O R Omobuwajo et al ldquoPIXEanalysis of some Nigerian anti-diabetic medicinal plants (II)rdquoNuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B BeamInteractions With Materials and Atoms vol 318 pp 187ndash1902014
[86] T Oduola O G Avwioro and T B Ayanniyi ldquoSuitability ofthe leaf extract of Jatropha gossypifolia as an anticoagulant forbiochemical and haematological analysesrdquo African Journal ofBiotechnology vol 4 no 7 pp 679ndash681 2005
[87] CM Chariandy C E Seaforth R H Phelps G V Pollard andB P S Khambay ldquoScreening of medicinal plants from Trinidadand Tobago for antimicrobial and insecticidal propertiesrdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 64 no 3 pp 265ndash270 1999
[88] V P Kumar N S Chauhan H Padh and M Rajani ldquoSearchfor antibacterial and antifungal agents from selected Indian
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 31
medicinal plantsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 107 no2 pp 182ndash188 2006
[89] R Dabur A Gupta T K Mandal et al ldquoAntimicrobial activityof some medicinal plantsrdquo African Journal of TraditionalComplementary and AlternativeMedicines vol 4 no 3 pp 313ndash318 2007
[90] H C Ong and M Nordiana ldquoMalay ethno-medico botany inMachang Kelantan Malaysiardquo Fitoterapia vol 70 no 5 pp502ndash513 1999
[91] J Sanz-Biset J Campos-de-la-Cruz M A Epiquien-Riveraand S Canigueral ldquoA first survey on the medicinal plants of theChazuta valley (Peruvian Amazon)rdquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 122 no 2 pp 333ndash362 2009
[92] B B Panda K Gaur M L Kori et al ldquoAnti-inflammatoryand analgesic activity of Jatropha gossypifolia in experimentalanimal modelsrdquo Global Journal of Pharmacology vol 3 no 12009
[93] S S Ningthoujam A D Talukdar K S Potsangbam and MD Choudhury ldquoTraditional uses of herbal vapour therapy inManipur North East India an ethnobotanical surveyrdquo Journalof Ethnopharmacology vol 147 no 1 pp 136ndash147 2013
[94] A Asase A A Oteng-Yeboah G T Odamtten and M SJ Simmonds ldquoEthnobotanical study of some Ghanaian anti-malarial plantsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 99 no 2pp 273ndash279 2005
[95] C Lans T Harper K Georges and E Bridgewater ldquoMedicinaland ethnoveterinary remedies of hunters in Trinidadrdquo BMCComplementary and AlternativeMedicine vol 1 article 10 2001
[96] L Rasingam S Jeeva andD Kannan ldquoDental care of Andamanand Nicobar folks medicinal plants use as tooth stickrdquo AsianPacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine vol 2 no 2 pp S1013ndashS1016 2012
[97] P J Houghton and I M Osibogun ldquoFlowering plants usedagainst snakebiterdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 39 no 1pp 1ndash29 1993
[98] M Molander C H Saslis-Lagoudakis A K Jager and NRoslashnsted ldquoCross-cultural comparison of medicinal floras usedagainst snakebitesrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 139 no3 pp 863ndash872 2012
[99] A Jain S S Katewa B L Chaudhary and P Galav ldquoFolk herbalmedicines used in birth control and sexual diseases by tribals ofsouthern Rajasthan Indiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol90 no 1 pp 171ndash177 2004
[100] A Jain S S Katewa P K Galav and P Sharma ldquoMedicinalplant diversity of Sitamata wildlife sanctuary Rajasthan IndiardquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 102 no 2 pp 143ndash157 2005
[101] T Oduola G O Adeosun T A Oduola G O Avwioro andM A Oyeniyi ldquoMechanism of action of Jatropha gossypifoliastem latex as a haemostatic agentrdquo European Journal of GeneralMedicine vol 2 no 4 pp 140ndash143 2005
[102] D Garcia M V Domingues and E Rodrigues ldquoEthnophar-macological survey among migrants living in the SoutheastAtlantic Forest of Diadema Sao Paulo Brazilrdquo Journal ofEthnobiology and Ethnomedicine vol 6 article 29 2010
[103] S S Hebbar V H Harsha V Shripathi and G R HegdeldquoEthnomedicine of Dharwad district in Karnataka Indiamdashplants used in oral health carerdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 94 no 2-3 pp 261ndash266 2004
[104] S B Kosalge and R A Fursule ldquoInvestigation of ethnomedic-inal claims of some plants used by tribals of Satpuda Hills inIndiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 121 no 3 pp 456ndash461 2009
[105] R A Ritter M V B Monteiro F O B Monteiro et al ldquoEth-noveterinary knowledge and practices at Colares island Parastate eastern Amazon Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 144 no 2 pp 346ndash352 2012
[106] S K Dash and S Padhy ldquoReview on ethnomedicines fordiarrhoea diseases from Orissa prevalence versus culturerdquoJournal of Human Ecology vol 20 no 1 pp 59ndash64 2006
[107] R S L Taylor J B Hudson N P Manandhar and G H NTowers ldquoAntiviral activities of medicinal plants of southernNepalrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 53 pp 97ndash104 1996
[108] J M A Maia N G Czeczko J M R Filho et al ldquoEstudoda cicatrizacao de suturas na bexiga urinaria de ratos come sem utilizacao de extrato bruto de Jatropha gossypiifolia Lintraperitonealrdquo Acta Cirurgica Brasileira vol 21 no 2 pp 23ndash30 2006
[109] A L Ososki P Lohr M Reiff et al ldquoEthnobotanical literaturesurvey of medicinal plants in the Dominican Republic used forwomens health conditionsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol79 no 3 pp 285ndash298 2002
[110] A S Apu FHossain F Rizwan et al ldquoStudy of pharmacologicalactivities of methanol extract of Jatropha gossypifolia fruitsrdquoJournal of Basic and Clinical Pharmacy vol 4 no 1 pp 20ndash242013
[111] A S Apu K Ireen S Hossan Bhuyan et al ldquoEvaluation ofanalgesic neuropharmacological and anti-diarrheal potential ofJatropha gossypifolia (Linn) leaves in micerdquo Journal of MedicalSciences vol 12 no 8 pp 274ndash279 2012
[112] F A G Rocha and L I S Dantas ldquoAtividade antimicrobianain vitro do latex do aveloz (Euphorbia tirucalli L) pinhao bravo(Jatrophamollissima L) e pinhao roxo (Jatropha gossypiifolia L)sobre microrganismos patogenicosrdquo Holos vol 25 no 4 2009
[113] O M David and J O Oluyege ldquoIn vitro susceptibility ofselected pathogenic bacteria to leaf extracts and latex of Jatrophagossypiifolia(L) and Jatropha curcas (L)rdquo Biosciences Biotechnol-ogy Research Asia vol 3 no 1 pp 91ndash94 2006
[114] W D MacBae J B Hudson and G H N Towers ldquoStudieson the pharmacological activity of amazonian euphorbiaceaerdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 22 no 2 pp 143ndash172 1988
[115] M C Purohit and R Purohit ldquoEvaluation of antimicrobial andanti-inflammatory activities of bark of Jatropha gossypifoliardquoWorld Journal of Science and Technology vol 1 no 10 pp 1ndash52011
[116] D Singh and A Singh ldquoThe toxicity of four native Indianplants effect on AChE and acidalkaline phosphatase level infish Channa maruliusrdquo Chemosphere vol 60 no 1 pp 135ndash1402005
[117] C M Feitosa R M Freitas N N N Luz M Z B BezerraandM T S Trevisan ldquoAcetylcholinesterase inhibition by somespromising Brazilian medicinal plantsrdquo Brazilian Journal ofBiology vol 71 no 3 pp 783ndash789 2011
[118] Y Nagaharika V Kalyani S Rasheed and R KarthikeyanldquoAnti-inflammatory activity of leaves of Jatropha gossypifolia Lby HRBC membrane stabilization methodrdquo Journal of AcuteDisease vol 2 no 2 pp 156ndash158 2013
[119] S D N Silva I C Abreu S M D F Freire et al ldquoAntispas-modic effect of Jatropha gossypiifolia is mediated through dualblockade of muscarinic receptors and Ca2+ channelsrdquo BrazilianJournal of Pharmacognosy vol 21 no 4 pp 715ndash720 2011
[120] D Carabajal A Casaco L Arruzazabala R Gonzalez andV Fuentes ldquoPharmacological screening of plant decoctionscommonly used in Cuban folk medicinerdquo Journal of Ethnophar-macology vol 33 no 1-2 pp 21ndash24 1991
32 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
[121] S Jain G P Choudhary and D K Jain ldquoPharmacological eval-uation of anti-fertility activity of ethanolic extract of Jatrophagossypifolia leaf in female albino micerdquo Asian Pacific Journal ofTropical Biomedicine vol 2 no 3 pp S1671ndashS1674 2012
[122] S C N Servin O J M Torres J E F Matias et al ldquoAcao doextrato de Jatropha gossypiifolia L (piao roxo) na cicatrizacaode anastomose colonica estudo experimental em ratosrdquo ActaCirurgica Brasileira vol 21 no 3 pp 89ndash96 2006
[123] J R Vale N G Czeczko J U Aquino et al ldquoEstudo compara-tivo da cicatrizacao de gastrorrafias com e sem o uso do extratode Jatropha gossypiifolia L (piao roxo) em ratosrdquoActa CirurgicaBrasileira vol 21 no 3 pp 40ndash48 2006
[124] J U Aquino N G Czeczko O Malafaia et al ldquoAvaliacaofitoterapica da Jatropha gossypiifolia L na cicatrizacao desuturas na parede abdominal ventral de ratosrdquo Acta CirurgicaBrasileira vol 21 no 2 pp 61ndash66 2006
[125] M F D S Santos N G Czeczko P A N Nassif et alldquoAvaliacao do uso do extrato bruto de Jatropha gossypiifolia Lna cicatrizacao de feridas cutaneas em ratosrdquo Acta CirurgicaBrasileira vol 21 no 3 pp 2ndash7 2006
[126] B B Panda K Gaur R K Nema C S Sharma A K Jain andC P Jain ldquoHepatoprotective activity of Jatropha gossypifoliaagainst carbon tetrachloride- induced hepatic injury in ratsrdquoAsian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research vol 2no 1 pp 50ndash54 2009
[127] S S Deo T M Chaudhari and F Inam ldquoEvaluation ofthe immunomodulatory effects of 1-phenylnaphthalene andpericarbonyl lactone lignan compoundsrdquoDer PharmaChemicavol 4 no 2 pp 771ndash776 2012
[128] S K Rasheed S Kunapareddy and R Karthikeyan ldquoLocalanesthetic activity of Jatropha gossypifolia L on frogsrdquo Biomed-ical and Pharmacology Journal vol 5 no 2 pp 395ndash397 2012
[129] AM A Paes A L Camara SM F Freire andMO R BorgesldquoRelaxant effect of Jatropha gossypiifolia L on uterine smoothmusclerdquo International Journal of Phytomedicine vol 4 no 3 pp310ndash313 2012
[130] S J Jain G P Choudhary and D K Jain ldquoPharmacologicalevaluation and antifertility activity of Jatropha gossypifoliain ratsrdquo BioMed Research International vol 2013 Article ID125980 5 pages 2013
[131] J S de Oliveira PM Leite L B de Souza et al ldquoCharacteristicsand composition of Jatropha gossypiifolia and Jatropha curcasL oils and application for biodiesel productionrdquo Biomass andBioenergy vol 33 no 3 pp 449ndash453 2009
[132] V Bullangpoti E Wajnberg P Audant and R FeyereisenldquoAntifeedant activity of Jatropha gossypifolia and Meliaazedarach senescent leaf extracts on Spodoptera frugiperda(Lepidoptera Noctuidae) and their potential use as synergistsrdquoPest Management Science vol 68 no 9 pp 1255ndash1264 2012
[133] S N K JilaniW Islam andM Kamsh ldquoPotential of pyrethroidinsecticides and plant extracts on fecundity and egg viability oftribolium castaneum (Herbst)rdquo Journal of Bio-Science vol 19no 1 pp 95ndash97 2011
[134] D Sukumaran B D Parashar and K M Rao ldquoToxicity of Jat-ropha gossypiifolia and Vaccaria pyramidata against freshwatersnails vectors of animal schistosomiasisrdquo Fitoterapia vol 66 no5 pp 393ndash398 1995
[135] R K Devappa H P S Makkar and K Becker ldquoJatrophatoxicitymdasha reviewrdquo Journal of Toxicology and EnvironmentalHealth B Critical Reviews vol 13 no 6 pp 476ndash507 2010
[136] E P Schenkel M Zannin L A Mentz S A L Bordignonand B Irgang ldquoPlantas toxicasrdquo in Farmacognosia Da Planta
ao Medicamento C M O Simoes E P Schenkel G GosmannJ C P Mello L A Mentz and P R Petrovick Eds pp 959ndash993 Editora da UFRGSUFSC Porto Alegre Brazil 3d edition2007
[137] L I Oliveira F F Jabour V A Nogueira and E M YamasakildquoIntoxicacao experimental com as folhas de Jatropha gossypifo-lia(Euphorbiaceae) em ovinosrdquo Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileiravol 28 no 6 pp 275ndash278 2008
[138] P I A Awachie and F O Ugwu ldquoPreliminary investigationof the antimicrobial and brine shrimp lethality propertiesof some nigerian medicinal plantsrdquo International Journal ofPharmacognosy vol 35 no 5 pp 338ndash343 1997
[139] L J Medubi V O Ukwenya O T Aderinto et al ldquoEffects ofadministration of ethanolic root extract of Jatropha gossypiifoliaand prednisolone on the kidneys of Wistar ratsrdquo ElectronicJournal of Biomedicine vol 2 pp 41ndash48 2010
[140] T Oduola G B Popoola G O Avwioro et al ldquoUse of Jatrophagossypifolia stem latex as a haemostatic agent how safe is itrdquoJournal of Medicinal Plants Reasearch vol 1 no 1 pp 14ndash172007
Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom
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Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
MEDIATORSINFLAMMATION
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Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Behavioural Neurology
EndocrinologyInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
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Disease Markers
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
BioMed Research International
OncologyJournal of
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Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
PPAR Research
The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Immunology ResearchHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of
ObesityJournal of
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Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine
OphthalmologyJournal of
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Diabetes ResearchJournal of
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Research and TreatmentAIDS
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Gastroenterology Research and Practice
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Parkinsonrsquos Disease
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Volume 2014Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 21
Table4Con
tinued
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Antibacteria
land
antifun
gal
Not
specified
Extractsob
tained
bysequ
entia
lextractionof
the
vegetalm
aterialw
ithn-hexanechloroform
aceton
emethano
land
water
n-Hexanee
xtracthadinhibitory
activ
ityin
vitro
againstE
scheric
hia
coliSalm
onellatyphiPseudomonas
aeruginosaB
acillus
cereus
Klebsiella
aerogenesandCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainst
Shiguella
boydiAspergillus
fumiga
tusAspergillus
flavusand
Aspergillus
nigerCh
loroform
extractinh
ibitedin
vitro
Salm
onella
typhiPseudomonas
aeruginosaB
acillus
cereusan
dCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainstEscherich
iacoliStaphylococcus
aureus
Shiguella
boydiAspergillus
fumiga
tusAspergillus
flavusand
Aspergillus
nigerAc
eton
eextractinhibitedin
vitro
Escherich
iacoli
Pseudomonas
aeruginosaStaphylococcusa
ureusKlebsiella
aerogenes
Proteusv
ulgarisan
dCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainst
Salm
onellatyphiAspergillus
fumiga
tusAspergillus
flavusa
ndAspergillus
nigerMethano
lextractinhibitedin
vitro
Escherich
iacoli
Salm
onellatyphiPseudomonas
aeruginosaStaphylococcusa
ureus
Bacilluscereusa
ndCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainst
Aspergillus
fumigatusA
spergillu
sflavusan
dAspergillus
nigerWater
extractw
asactiv
einvitro
againstE
scheric
hiacoliSalm
onellatyphi
Pseudomonas
aeruginosaStaphylococcusa
ureusBa
cilluscereus
Klebsiella
aerogenesProteusv
ulgarisan
dCa
ndidaalbicans
butw
asinactiv
eagainstAspergillus
fumigatusA
spergillu
sflavusand
Aspergillus
niger
[89]
Methano
land
petro
lether
extractsfro
mbark
At200120583
g100120583
Lon
lythem
ethano
lextractshow
edin
vitro
antib
acteria
lactivity
upon
Staphylococcus
aureusStre
ptococcus
pyogenesand
Escherich
iacoliandantifun
galactivity
upon
Aspergillus
nigerCa
ndidaalbicansPenicillium
notatumand
Saccharomyces
cerevisia
e
[115]
Anticho
linesterase
Latex
Lyop
hilized
latex
Inhibitedtim
e-anddo
se-dependentlythea
cetylch
olinesterase
enzymeinnervou
stissue
offre
shwater
airb
reathing
fishCh
anna
marulius
[116]
Leaves
Fractio
nsobtained
bysequ
entia
lextractionof
the
vegetalm
aterialw
ithethyl
acetatea
ndmethano
l
At2m
gmLconcentration
thee
thylacetatea
ndmethano
lfractions
presentedinhibitory
activ
ities
invitro
of71
and100
Them
ethano
lfractio
npresentedIC
50of
005
mgmL
[117]
Antidiarrheal
Fruits
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmiceinhibitedthec
astoro
ilindu
ceddiarrhea
[110]
Leaves
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmiceinhibitedthec
astoro
ilindu
ceddiarrhea
[111]
Antifu
ngal
(antidermatop
hytic
fung
i)Ae
rialp
arts
Water
andethylacetate
fractio
nsfro
mmethano
lextract
Them
inim
alconcentrationprod
ucing75of
inhibitio
nor
high
eragainstM
icrosporuscanis
forb
othfractio
nsw
as1120583
gmLFo
rthe
fung
usMicrosporusg
ypseum
Microsporusfulvuman
dMicrosporus
gallina
eno
neof
thefractionpresentedinhibitory
activ
ity
[114]
22 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative MedicineTa
ble4Con
tinued
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Anti-infl
ammatory
Aeria
lparts
Methano
land
petro
lether
extracts
At100and200m
gkgdayover7
daysbyoralrouteinmiceon
lythe
methano
lextractpresentedsig
nificantanti-infl
ammatoryactiv
ityon
carrageenan-indu
cedpawedem
a[92]
Leaves
Aqueou
sextract
At100and200120583
gmLsig
nificantly
preventedthelysisof
human
red
bloo
dcells
inmem
branes
tabilizationmetho
din
vitro
[118]
Ethano
lextract
At100120583
gmLsig
nificantly
preventedthelysisof
human
redbloo
dcells
inmem
branes
tabilizationmetho
din
vitro
[118]
Methano
lextractandleaf
paste
At500and1000
mgkgbyoralrouteinrats
inhibitedthe
carrageenan-indu
cedpawedem
aAt
50and100m
gkgbyoralroute
inrats
inhibitedthec
ottonpelletind
uced
granulom
aformationin
rats
At05and1m
geartheleafp
asteredu
cedtheinfl
ammation
respon
sein
mou
seeare
demam
odel
[28]
Not
specified
Methano
land
petro
lether
extractsfro
mbark
At200m
gkgbyoralrouteinratsbothextractsredu
cedthe
carrageenan-indu
cedpawedem
a[115]
Antim
alarial
Leaves
Aqueou
sextract
30120583ginhibitedin
vitro
theg
rowth
ofPlasmodium
falciparum
[31]
Dichlorom
ethane
extract
Activ
einvitro
againstP
lasm
odium
falciparumw
ithIC
50of
abou
t35120583gmL
[81]
Antineoplasic
Roots
Ethano
licextractand
jatro
phon
e
Thee
thanolextractas
wellasjatroph
oneexhibitedsig
nificant
inhibitory
activ
ityin
vitro
againstcellsderiv
edfro
mhu
man
carcinom
aofthe
nasoph
aryn
xandlymph
ocyticleuk
emiaP-388and
invivo
againstfou
rstand
ardanim
altumor
syste
ms
[66]
Falodo
neShow
edpo
tent
proliferatio
ninhibitory
activ
ityagainstA
-549
human
cancer
celllin
ewith
IC50of
120120583
gmL
[13]
2120572-H
ydroxyjatro
phon
e2120573
-hydroxy-56-iso
jatro
phon
eand2120573
-hydroxyjatro
phon
editerpenes
isolatedfro
mpetro
lether
extract
Presentedantin
eoplasicactiv
ityup
onP-388lymph
ocyticleuk
emia
testsyste
mbo
thin
vivo
andin
vitro
asw
ellasfor
theE
aglersquos
carcinom
aofthe
nasoph
aryn
xtestsyste
min
vitro
[64]
Not
specified
Abiodo
neNot
specifiedlowast
[73]
Antioxidant
Leaves
Methano
lethylacetateand
aqueou
sextract
Allextractsshow
edsig
nificantantioxidant
activ
ityin
vitro
inDPP
Hfre
eradicalferric
thiocyanateandnitricoxides
caveng
ingmetho
dslowast
[55]
Who
leplant
Petro
letherchloroform
ethylacetateand
n-bu
tano
lextracts
Allextractsshow
edon
lypo
orDPP
Hscavenging
activ
ityTh
etotal
antio
xidant
capacitywas
high
erin
ethylacetateandn-bu
tano
lextracts
having
thep
etrolether
andchloroform
show
ingon
lypo
oractiv
ityTh
elipid
peroxidatio
nwas
inhibitedon
lypartially
bythe
extracts
with
thee
thylacetateb
eing
them
ostactivea
ndthep
etrol
etherb
eing
theleast
[48]
Antisp
asmod
icAe
rialp
arts
Ethano
lextractfractions
andsubfractions
At5001000and
2000
mgkgbyoralrouteinmiceshow
edsig
nificantantisp
asmod
icactiv
ityin
mou
seintestinaltransit
mod
elandat0510
and
20m
gmLinhibitedin
vitro
thea
cetylch
olinea
ndcalcium-in
ducedcontractions
ofiso
lated
ratjeju
numO
nlythe
organicfractionof
thee
xtracthadac
alcium
-antagon
isteffect
whereas
both
chloroform
icandaqueou
sfractions
hadanticho
linergic
effect
[119]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 23Ta
ble4Con
tinued
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Antivira
lAe
rialp
arts
Water
andethylacetate
fractio
nsfro
mmethano
lextract
At110and
100120583
gmLbo
thfractio
nspresented100
ofinhibitio
nof
plaque-fo
rmingabilityof
Sind
bisv
irusintre
atmentp
reinfection
protocol(IC 5
0lt1120583
gmL)w
hilein
treatmentp
ostin
fection
theIC 5
0of
water
fractio
nincreasedto
512andacetatefractionincreasedto
37120583gmLFo
rmurinec
ytom
egaloviru
sIC
50of
17and15
towater
andethylacetatefractio
nswereo
bservedrespectiv
elyintre
atment
preinfectio
nprotocolInthetreatmentp
ostin
fection
howe
verno
inhibitio
nwas
observed
inthismicroorganism
[114]
Not
specified
Methano
lextractfro
mbarks
Partially
activ
eagainstSind
bisv
irusand
herpes
simplex
virus-l
Inactiv
eagainsthu
man
polio
virus
[107]
Bron
chod
ilator
Stem
sAq
ueou
sextract
Thee
xtractwas
inactiv
einbron
chod
ilatora
ctivity
inguinea
pigs
[120]
Con
traceptiv
eLeaves
Ethano
lextract
At450m
gkgdayover2
1daysby
oralroutecaused
anantifertility
activ
ityin
femalem
ice
[121]
Healin
g
Aeria
lparts
Ethano
l70
extract
At1m
Lkg
dosebyintraperito
nealrouteinrats
presentedbeneficial
activ
ityin
healingprocesso
fcolon
icanastomosis
[122]
Aeria
lparts
Ethano
l70
extract
At200m
gkgbyintraperito
nealrouteinrats
favoredtheh
ealin
gprocesso
fgastro
rrhaph
iesa
ndredu
cedthea
cuteinflammatory
reactio
nin
vivo
[123]
Leaves
Hydroethano
lextract
At200m
gkgbyintraperito
nealroutedecreasedtheinfl
ammation
andincreasedvascular
neoformationandcollagendepo
sitionwhen
comparedto
thec
ontro
lgroup
inhealingprocesso
fsutures
perfo
rmed
ontheb
ladd
erof
rats
How
everingeneralno
favorable
healingeffectw
asob
served
[108]
Not
specified
Ethano
licextract
Alth
ough
someimprovem
entcou
ldbe
observed
insuture
healingof
ventralabd
ominalwallofratstreated
with
100m
gkg
ofextract
(intraperito
nealinstillationintraperito
nealcavity)in
generalon
lya
poor
healingactiv
itywas
observed
[124]
Not
specified
At01m
Lvolumeby
topicalapp
lication
thec
rude
extractp
resented
significantd
ifferencesc
oncerningthem
acroscop
icandmicroscop
icaspectso
fhealin
gprocesso
ccurrin
gin
open
skin
lesio
nsin
rats
[125]
Hem
ostatic
Latex
Crud
efresh
latex
Decreased
clotting
andbleeding
timeinhealthysubjects
[101]
Hepatop
rotective
Aeria
lparts
Petro
letherm
ethano
land
water
extracts
At200m
gkgdayover7
daysbyoralrouteinrats
both
extracts
presentedhepatoprotectiv
eactivity
incarbon
tetrachlorideind
uced
liver
damagewith
thep
etrolether
beingthem
ostactivea
ndthe
methano
lbeing
theleast
[126]
Hypotensiv
eand
vasorelaxant
Aeria
lparts
Ethano
licextract
At125and250m
gkgdayover4
weeksby
oralrouteinrats
ina
dose-dependent
mannerredu
cedthes
ystolic
bloo
dpressure
and
prod
uced
acon
centratio
n-depend
entrelaxanteffectin
ratisolated
(ex
vivo)end
otheliu
m-depriv
edmesenteric
artery
precon
tractedwith
norepineph
rineo
rCaC
l 2
[45]
Immun
omod
ulatory
Who
leplant
Petro
lether
extract
At100200and40
0120583gmLincreasedthep
roliferationof
mou
sespleen
cellin
vitro
[127]
Localanesthetic
Not
specified
Methano
land
aqueou
sextracts
Both
extractspresentedsig
nificantlocalanestheticactiv
ityby
plexus
anesthesiain
frogslowast
[128]
24 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table4Con
tinued
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Relaxant
effecto
nuterine
smoo
thmuscle
(tocolytic
activ
ity)
Aeria
lparts
Ethano
licextractand
chloroform
icandaqueou
sfractio
ns
At05and10
mgmLthee
thanolicextractreduced
the
calcium
-evokedcontractile
respon
seof
theu
terin
esmoo
thmuscle
as
wellas
thec
hloroformicfractio
nTh
eaqu
eous
fractio
npresented
onlyslighteffect
[129]
Sedativ
eand
anxiolytic
Fruits
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmicepresentedsedativ
eeffect
intheh
olec
rosstest
At200m
gkgpresented
anxiolyticactiv
ityin
holebo
ardtest
At40
0mgkgpresented
anxiolyticactiv
ityin
elevated
plus-m
azetest
[110]
Leaves
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmicepresentedsedativ
eeffect
intheh
olec
rosstest
At200m
gkgpresented
anxiolyticactiv
ityin
holebo
ardtest
At40
0mgkgpresented
anxiolyticin
elevated
plus-m
azetest
[111]
lowast
Thec
ompletev
ersio
nof
thep
aper
was
notaccessib
leso
theinformationwas
obtained
from
itsabstr
act
IC50con
centratio
nthatinhibits50of
ther
eferredactiv
ity
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 25
about extract preparation and plant part not specified) theauthors also observed an absence of healing action althoughsome histological improvement was shown [125]
However studying the influence of J gossypiifolia on thehealing process of colonic anastomosis in rats Servin et alshowed that the administration of 1mLkg single dose ofthe hydro alcoholic extract from aerial parts has beneficialeffect on the healing process [122] However according tothese authors on the seventh day of the experiment therewas a decrease in the action of the extract suggestingthat the extract in this experiment was less active in laterstages of healing process [122] A plausible hypothesis notraised by the authors could be the fact that the extract wasadministered in a single dose which may not have beensufficient to maintain the effect throughout the time of theexperiment Additionally Vale et al showed that the ethanolicextract from aerial parts of J gossypiifolia at single intraperi-toneal dose of 200mgkg favored the healing process ofgastrorrhaphies and reduced the acute inflammatory reactionin vivo [123]
65 Hemostatic Action The use of J gossypiifolia especiallythe latex is widespread as a hemostatic agent for preventingbleeding disorders The results of whole blood clotting timeusing Lee and White method and bleeding time using Ivyrsquosmethod were significantly reduced when stem latex wasintroduced suggesting procoagulant activity [101] Regardingthe possible mechanism of action based on experimentsthat show the precipitating action of the latex upon bovinealbumin the authors suggest that the latex precipitatesclotting factors thereby bringing the coagulation factors intoclose contact and then the activation of coagulation cascadeleads to the generation of thrombin and formation of aclot takes place in a matter of seconds when compared tothe control experiment which took minutes to completecoagulation [101] It is important to emphasize that to the bestof our knowledge this is the only study performed on humansubjects
66 Anticholinesterase Action Based on the cholinergichypothesis acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are widely usedto treat Alzheimerrsquos disease J gossypiifolia presented animportant anticholinesterase activity since the methanolicextract from leaves showed an IC
50of 005mgmL [117]
Another study showed that the lyophilized latex of theplant was able to inhibit time- and dose-dependently theacetylcholinesterase enzyme in nervous tissue of freshwaterair breathing fish Channa marulius [116]
67 Antioxidant Action The antioxidant activity of extractsfrom J gossypiifoliawas evaluated by Kharat et al [55] In thiswork the high content of phenols tannins and flavonoids inthe leaves prompted the authors to evaluate the antioxidantactivity of the leaves DPPH free radical ferric thiocyanateand nitric oxide scavengingmethods were used to analyze theantioxidant activity in vitro of methanol ethyl acetate andaqueous extracts demonstrating positive resultsThe authorsattributed the free radical scavenging activity to the presence
of flavonoids [55] On the other hand a study showed thatdifferent extracts (petrol ether chloroform ethyl acetate andn-butanol) fromwhole plant of J gossypiifolia had only partialantioxidant activity in DPPH scavenging total antioxidantcapacity and lipid peroxidation tests [48] Among them theethyl acetate extract was the most active which correlatespositively with its higher content of phenolic compounds incomparison with the other extracts [48]
68 Contraceptive Action Based on its popular use J gossypi-ifoliawas assessed for its antifertility activity as an alternativeto oral contraceptive agents J gossypiifolia leaf extract byoral route altered the major hormones involved in estrouscycle regulation indicating its antifertility effect on mice[121] Evaluating other parameters (estrogenic and earlyabortifacient activities) the anti-infertility effect of the extractwas once more demonstrated later [130]
69 Tocolytic Action Based on the ethnopharmacologicalapplication of the plant as tocolytic remedy the effects oncalcium-evoked uterine smooth muscle contraction of theethanolic extract and fractions were evaluated [129] Thecrude extract and to a higher extent the chloroformic frac-tion reduced the calcium-evoked contractile response of theuterine smooth muscle promoting a rightward displacementof calciumcumulative curves aswell as reducing themaximalcontractions [129]
610 Antineoplasic Action One of the most well-knownpharmacological activities of J gossypiifolia is its antineopla-sic action which is frequently associated with the contentof lignoids and terpenoids One of the first reports wasmade by Kupchan et al [66] when the authors found thatthe ethanolic extract from roots as well as the isolatedditerpene jatrophone exhibited significant inhibitory activityin vitro against cells derived from human carcinoma of thenasopharynx and lymphocytic leukemia P-388 and in vivoagainst four standard animal tumor systems such as sarcoma180 Lewis lung carcinoma P-388 lymphocytic leukemiaand Walker 256 intramuscular carcinosarcoma [66] Laterthree new antitumor derivatives of jatrophone were isolatedfrom petrol ether extracts from roots of J gossypiifolia 2120572-hydroxyjatrophone 2120573-hydroxy-56-isojatrophone and 2120573-hydroxyjatrophone [64] Recently two other diterpenes withpotent antineoplasic activity were isolated from J gossypi-ifolia falodone and abiodone Falodone was isolated frommethanol extract from roots and showed potent proliferationinhibitory activity against A-549 human cancer cell line [13]Abiodone a lathyrane diterpenoid compound was isolatedfrom J gossypiifolia and presented potent anticancer activity[73]
611 Local Anesthetic Action The local anesthetic action ofJ gossypiifolia was evaluated by plexus anaesthesia in frogs[128] The authors observed that the aqueous and methanolextract (plant part not specified) presented significant anes-thetic action when compared to control group
26 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
612 Neuropharmacological Action The neuropharmacolog-ical action of the methanol extract of the leaves of J gossypi-ifolia was evaluated by Apu et al [111] The authors observedthat in hole cross test the extract at 200 and 400mgkg byoral route showed significant sedative effect in mice In holeboard test the extract showed highly significant anxiolyticactivity at a dose of 200mgkg whereas the same activity wasobserved at 400mgkg dose in elevated plus-maze test [111]Similar results were observed in the methanolic extract fromfruits [110]
613 Antidiarrheal Action Although it may seem contradic-tory as shown in Table 3 J gossypiifolia species is popularlyused both as purgative and as antidiarrheal remedy Howeverin literature there are interesting results about the antidiar-rheal properties of different extracts of this species
At 200 and 400mgkg oral doses in mice the methanolextract of J gossypiifolia leaves produced highly signifi-cant antidiarrheal activity upon castor oil-induced diarrheadecreasing themean number of stool and total weight of fecaloutput when compared to control group [111] Similar resultswere observed in the methanolic extract from fruits [110]
Aiming to determine the possible action mechanism of Jgossypiifolia aerial parts ethanol extract as antidiarrheal agentSilva et al [119] have investigated the effect of this extracton intestinal transit velocity and on isolated rat jejunumAt 500 1000 and 2000mgkg by oral route in mice theextract showed significant antispasmodic activity in mouseintestinal transit model when compared to control At 0510 and 20mgmL the crude extract inhibited in vitro theacetylcholine and calcium-induced contractions of isolatedrat jejunum The chloroform and aqueous fractions wereobtained and it was observed that only the chloroform frac-tion of the extract had a calcium-antagonist effect whereasboth chloroformic and aqueous fractions had anticholinergiceffect suggesting that the antispasmodic effect of J gossypi-ifolia may be due to a combination of anticholinergic andcalcium-antagonist mechanisms [119]
614 Immunomodulatory Action The immunomodulatoryaction of synthetic lignan compounds was evaluated by theassay of proliferation of mouse spleen cell in vitro andcompared with petrol ether extract of whole plant of Jgossypiifolia since it is a natural source of this kind ofcompound [127] The authors showed that both syntheticand naturally occurring 1-phenylnaphthalene lignans couldpositively modulate the immunity of the host since theysignificantly increased the proliferation of mouse spleen cellin vitro [127]
615 Hepatoprotective Action Despite some studies havingshown the hepatotoxic potential of J gossypiifolia a study wasperformed to analyze the possible hepatoprotective action ofextracts of this plant in carbon tetrachloride-induced liverdamage in rats [126] In fact the petrol ether methanoland water extracts from the aerial parts of J gossypiifoliapresented significant hepatoprotective action in this model
substantially restoring towards normalization the serum lev-els of serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase serum glu-tamate pyruvate transaminase serum alkaline phosphatasetotal bilirubin superoxide dismutase and catalase [126] Theauthors also discuss the close relationship between the hep-atoprotective action observed and the possible antioxidantmechanism present in the extracts
7 Other Actions andBiotechnological Applications
In addition to studies demonstrating scientific evidences ofthe pharmacological properties of J gossypiifolia severalstudies have demonstrated the potential of this species toobtain molecules with various applications thus showing itsmultipurpose character
Among the main applications described the use ofJ gossypiifolia seed oil for biodiesel production could bementioned Jatropha species has drawn the attention ofresearchers in recent years due to its emergence as a highlysuitable feedstock plant for biodiesel production [11] Amongthe species J gossypiifolia J curcas and J pohliana produceseeds with high oil content [11] In a study investigatingthe potential of two plants of the Jatropha genus (includ-ing J gossypiifolia) the authors observed that the studiedphysicochemical properties of the produced biodiesel are inthe acceptable range for use as biodiesel in diesel enginesshowing a promising economic exploitation of these rawmaterials [131]
Studies have shown the potential of the species for thedevelopment of new tools for biochemical analysis A recentstudy showed that the diluted fresh latex J gossypiifolia can beused as precipitating agent for biochemical determination ofproteins in plasma urine and cerebrospinal fluid with valuescomparable to those obtained from the conventional proteinprecipitants sodium tungstate and trichloroacetic acid [24]According to the authors the precipitating potential couldbe related to the capacity of the latex to form clots whenapplied to a bleeding sore or wound when it is used in folkmedicine [24] Another study showed the potentiality of thejuice extracted from the fresh leaves of J gossypiifolia asan anticoagulant for haematological analyses [86] 01mL ofextract per mL of blood proved to be suitable for obtainingplasmas for biochemical analysis comparable with conven-tional anticoagulants [86] However the authors emphasizethat the extract must be purified to remove interferingsubstances for it to be perfectly suitable for biochemicalanalysis [86]
Some studies have demonstrated the potentiality of Jgossypiifolia as a source of pesticide biomolecules Bullang-poti et al [49] isolated ricinine from the ethyl acetate extractfrom senescent leaves the main compound responsible forthe toxicity of the crude extract in Spodoptera exigua larvaethus demonstrating that it could be an alternative choiceto chemical insecticides In another study Bullangpoti etal [132] showed that the ethanol extract of J gossypiifoliain association with the ethanol extract of Melia azedarachwas toxic and inhibited some enzymes from Spodoptera
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 27
frugiperda larvae demonstrating once more the potentialityof the species as insecticide agent Calatayud et al [56]showed the presence of proteins of about 100 kDa with toxicactivity upon Phenacoccus herreni another type of insectIn this work the authors performed a strategy of extrac-tion that eliminated nonprotein compounds being able todemonstrate the potential of the species to obtain insecticidalproteins [56] Leaf extract of J gossypiifolia reduced thefecundity and egg viability against stored product insect pestsTribolium castaneum [133]
The potential molluscicidal activity of J gossypiifolia hasalso been evaluated as an alternative mode of preventionof schistosomiasis Sukumaran et al [134] showed that themethanol and n-butanol extracts from unripened seeds of Jgossypiifoliawas toxic against eggs and adults of two species offreshwater snails Lymnaea luteola and Indoplanorbis exustusThe results indicated that n-butanol extract was the mosteffective and that the eggs were more susceptible than adults[134]
8 Toxicology
Species of Jatropha are notably known for their toxic potential[135 136] This toxicity is related primarily to latex andseeds The latex is released from the aerial parts of theplant by mechanical injury and it is extremely caustic andirritating to skin and mucous membranes The seeds arerich in toxalbumins that cause agglutination and hemolysisto erythrocytes as well as damage to other cell types andcontain a lipoid resin complex that can cause dermatitis[3 12 135] The symptomatology consists in general ofgastrointestinal disorders (abdominal pain nausea vomitingand diarrhea) Additionally the clinical course can bringcardiovascular neurological and renal complications [136]Cases of poisoning in humans usually occur by eating fruitand seeds because of its similarity to edible chestnuts [136]
Some toxicological studies have demonstrated the toxicproperties of J gossypiifolia while others show the absence oftoxicity However it is important to observe the models useddoses administrated and types of extract employed (solventand plant part) among other aspects to make the properconclusions about the toxicity
The study of experimental poisoning in sheep showedthat the intake of fresh plant leaves in a single dose of40 gkg was lethal to these animals [137] The clinical andpathological picture in the experimental sheep was charac-terized by digestive lung and heart disturbances and alsoby slight regressive changes evidenced in hepatic and renalhistological examinations [137] However as observed byMariz et al [7] it is important to note that the medicinaluse of the plant is rarely in natura but instead by differentpreparations such as infusions or decoctions sometimes ofthe dried material which could inactivate the possible toxiccomponents However this is only a hypothesis and so thetoxicity of extracts from leaves cannot be discarded
One of the first studies relating the identification of theconstituents responsible for the toxic effects of the Jatrophaspecies was published by Adolf et al [69] In this work
by a bioguided isolation the irritant polyunsaturated ester12-deoxy-16-hydroxylphorbol was isolated from the etherextract from the seeds of J gossypiifolia by countercurrentchromatography [69] The irritant activity was visualized inmouse ear after 24 h of the application of the fractions andisolated compounds [69]
The in vitro cytotoxicity assay using brine shrimp larvaetest revealed that ethanol and methanol extracts (plant organunspecified) showed low toxicity [138] An earlier studyshowed that thewater and ethyl acetate fraction of amethanolextract from aerial parts of J gossypiifolia did not presenttoxicity against the same organisms [114]
A study performed in Wistar rats evaluated the toxicityof the ethanolic root extract of J gossypiifolia at 10 20 and30mgkg by oral route [139] The authors observed that theextract was toxic to the kidney and caused increased urearetention in the blood as observed by histological studies andbiochemical analysis of blood [139]
A preclinical toxicological assessment of the crudeethanol extract from J gossypiifolia leaves showed that theextract presents relatively low oral acute toxicity in Wistarrats [18 19] Rats treated with single doses of 12ndash50 gkgby oral route were observed for 14 days and the mostimportant signs of toxicity were ptosis reduction of bodyweight and hind limb paralysis Other significant alterationsoccurred only in males treated with 50 gkg dose increasein creatinine aspartate aminotransferase sodium and potas-sium seric levels reduction of urea and albumin leucopeniaand small alteration in color and consistency of visceraThe median lethal dose (LD
50) was higher than 40 gkg
for males and higher than 50 gkg for females [19] In thehistopathological evaluation some alteration was observedin liver and lung only at 50 gkg suggesting the relativelylow toxicity of the extract [18] However in the chronictoxicological study (thirteen weeks of treatment) this extractshowed significant oral chronic toxicity in rats [17] The mostsignificant toxic signs indicated a reduction of the activityin the central nervous system and digestive disturbancesThe histopathological analysis revealed hepatotoxicity andpulmonary damages The lethality was 466 and 133among males and females under the higher tested dose(405mgkg) respectively [17] Based on this Mariz et al [7]discussed that the development of herbal medicine based onthis species needs to prioritize the chemical refinement of thecrude extracts to obtain less toxic fractions which should betested for their safety and therapeutic efficacy
Another study on the other hand evaluating the oralacute toxicity of the aqueous and ethanol extracts from leavesof J gossypiifolia did not show any sign of toxicity in upto 2 gkg in rats enabling the authors to conclude that thisextract could be considered safe [118] This is an interestingresult since in most cases the plant is used popularly as tea(aqueous extract)
The toxicity of the stem latex of J gossypiifoliawas studiedin Wistar rats by applying different doses of crude latex onincised skin daily for 18 days based on the popular useof the latex as hemostatic agent in skin lesions [140] Theauthors observed that the application of the latex did notproduce any significant difference in results of biochemical
28 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
and hematological parameters obtained from the control andexperimental animals leading to the conclusion that the stemlatex has no harmful effects [140]
9 Conclusions
As demonstrated by this review J gossypiifolia presents animportant potential for the generation of pharmacologicalandor biotechnological products based on popular usesand biological studies scientifically showing its propertiesHowever regarding specifically its medicinal propertiesfurther studies are still necessary to assay important folkuses of the species and characterize the major compoundsresponsible for the bioactivityThus studies of bioprospectingcould prioritize this species since many popular uses forvariousmedical purposes are reported demonstrating a greatpotential to originate bioactive molecules with pharmaco-logical relevance Furthermore future phytochemical studiesof this plant are important to obtain the best knowledgeof the chemical composition of different extracts of theplant in order to recognize the really important compoundsin the pharmacological actions aspiring to the chemicalrefinement of the products to eliminate the eventual toxiceffects that could reduce the medicinal value of the speciesIn conclusion the data presented in this review could provideinsights for future research aimed at both ethnopharmaco-logical validation of the popular use of J gossypiifolia andits exploration as a new source of bioactive molecules forherbal drugs andor bioactive natural products for potentialapplication in complementary and alternative medicine
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper
Acknowledgments
The authors thank BNB CNPq and CAPES (Brazil) forthe financial support Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosagives thanks to CNPq for Scholarship in Research Produc-tivity The authors also thank Andrew Alastair Cumming forediting this paper for the English revision
References
[1] G L Webster ldquoClassification of the euphorbiaceaerdquo Annals ofthe Missouri Botanical Garden vol 81 pp 3ndash143 1994
[2] M V Alves ldquoChecklist das especies de Euphorbiaceae Jussocorrentes no semi-arido pernambucano BrasilrdquoActa BotanciaBrasileira vol 12 no 3 pp 485ndash495 1998
[3] C W Sabandar N Ahmat F M Jaafar and I Sahidin ldquoMedic-inal property phytochemistry and pharmacology of severalJatropha species (Euphorbiaceae) a reviewrdquo Phytochemistryvol 85 pp 7ndash29 2013
[4] C K A Leal and M D F Agra ldquoEstudo farmacobotanicocomparativo das folhas de Jatrophamolissima (Pohl) BaillrdquoActaFarmaceutica Bonaerense vol 24 no 1 pp 5ndash13 2005
[5] L C Di Stasi and C A Hiruma-Lima Plantas medicinais naAmazonia e na Mata Atlantica UNESP Sao Paulo Brazil 2ndedition 2002
[6] M D F Agra K N Silva I J L D Basılio P F De Freitasand JM Barbosa-Filho ldquoSurvey ofmedicinal plants used in theregionNortheast of BrazilrdquoBrazilian Journal of Pharmacognosyvol 18 no 3 pp 472ndash508 2008
[7] S R Mariz A C R Borges M F F Melo-Diniz and I AMedeiros ldquoPossibilidades terapeuticas e riscos toxicologicosde Jatropha gossypiifolia L uma revisao narrativardquo RevistaBrasileiraDe PlantasMedicinais vol 12 no 3 pp 346ndash357 2010
[8] I Cordeiro and R Secco ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia L Lista deespecies da flora do Brasilrdquo Jardim Botanico do Rio de JaneirohttpfloradobrasiljbrjgovbrjabotfloradobrasilFB17581
[9] U P de Albuquerque P M de Medeiros A L S de Almeida etal ldquoMedicinal plants of the caatinga (semi-arid) vegetation ofNE Brazil a quantitative approachrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacol-ogy vol 114 no 3 pp 325ndash354 2007
[10] U P Albuquerque L H C Andrade and J Caballero ldquoStruc-ture and floristics of homegardens in Northeastern BrazilrdquoJournal of Arid Environments vol 62 no 3 pp 491ndash506 2005
[11] S A Ceasar and S Ignacimuthu ldquoApplications of biotechnologyand biochemical engineering for the improvement of Jatrophaand Biodiesel a reviewrdquo Renewable and Sustainable EnergyReviews vol 15 no 9 pp 5176ndash5185 2011
[12] U P de Albuquerque J MMonteiro M A Ramos and E L Cde Amorim ldquoMedicinal and magic plants from a public marketin northeastern Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 110no 1 pp 76ndash91 2007
[13] A Falodun Q Sheng-Xiang G Parkinson and S GibbonsldquoIsolation and characterization of a new anticancer diterpenoidfrom Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journalvol 45 no 10 pp 636ndash639 2012
[14] BRASIL ldquoFitoterapia plantas de interesse ao SUSrdquo Braz-ilian Health Ministry httpportalsaudegovbrportalarqu-ivospdfRENISUSpdf
[15] X-P Zhang M-L Zhang X-H Su C-H Huo Y-C Gu andQ-W Shi ldquoChemical constituents of the plants from genusJatrophardquo Chemistry and Biodiversity vol 6 no 12 pp 2166ndash2183 2009
[16] S K Sharma and H Singh ldquoA review on pharmacological sig-nificance of genus Jatropha (Euphorbiaceae)rdquoChinese Journal ofIntegrative Medicine vol 18 no 11 pp 868ndash880 2012
[17] S RMariz G S CerqueiraWCAraujo et al ldquoChronic toxico-logic study of the ethanolic extract of the aerial parts of Jatrophagossypiifolia in ratsrdquoRevista Brasileira de Farmacognosia vol 22no 3 pp 663ndash668 2012
[18] S R Mariz M S T Araujo G S Cerqueira et al ldquoHistopatho-logical evaluation in rats after acute treatment with the ethanolextract from aerial parts of Jatropha gossypiifolia Lrdquo RevistaBrasileira De Farmacognosia vol 18 no 2 pp 213ndash216 2008
[19] S R Mariz G S Cerqueira W C Araujo et al ldquoEstudo toxi-cologico agudo do extrato etanolico de partes aereas de Jatrophagossypiifolia L em ratosrdquo Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosiavol 16 no 3 pp 372ndash378 2006
[20] C Auvin-Guette C Baraguey A Blond J L Pousset andB Bodo ldquoCyclogossine B a cyclic octapeptide from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Journal of Natural Products vol 60 pp 1155ndash11571997
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 29
[21] V S Parvathi B S Jyothi T Lakshmi P S Babu and RKarthikeyan ldquoMorpho-anatomical and physicochemical stud-ies of Jatropha gossypifolia (L)rdquo Der Pharmacia Lettre vol 4no 1 pp 256ndash262 2012
[22] M N S Rios and F Pastore Junior Plantas da Amazonia450 Especies de Uso Geral Universidade de BrasıliamdashBibliotecaCentral Brasılia 2011
[23] S R Mariz Estudo toxicologico pre-clınico de Jatropha gossypi-ifolia L [PhD thesis] Universidade Federal da Paraıba JoaoPessoa Brazil 2007
[24] O G Adeosun T Oduola F A Fagbomedo et al ldquoSuitabilityof stem latex of Jatropha gossypifolia as a protein precipitant forbiochemical analysisrdquo Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistryvol 29 no 2 pp 210ndash212 2014
[25] F O A Ajose ldquoSome Nigerian plants of dermatologic impor-tancerdquo International Journal of Dermatology vol 46 no 1 pp48ndash55 2007
[26] J S Ashidi P J Houghton P J Hylands and T EfferthldquoEthnobotanical survey and cytotoxicity testing of plants ofSouth-western Nigeria used to treat cancer with isolationof cytotoxic constituents from Cajanus cajan Millsp leavesrdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 128 no 2 pp 501ndash512 2010
[27] M Ayyanar and S Ignacimuthu ldquoEthnobotanical survey ofmedicinal plants commonly used by Kani tribals in Tirunelvelihills of Western Ghats Indiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 134 no 3 pp 851ndash864 2011
[28] R Bhagat S D Ambavade A V Misar and D K KulkarnildquoAnti-inflammatory activity of Jatropha gossypifolia L leaves inalbino mice and Wistar ratrdquo Journal of Scientific and IndustrialResearch vol 70 no 4 pp 289ndash292 2011
[29] J H Cano and G Volpato ldquoHerbal mixtures in the traditionalmedicine of Eastern Cubardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol90 no 2-3 pp 293ndash316 2004
[30] F G Coe and G J Anderson ldquoScreening of medicinal plantsused by the Garıfuna of Eastern Nicaragua for bioactive com-poundsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 53 no 1 pp 29ndash501996
[31] MGbeassor Y Kossou K Amegbo C De Souza K Koumagloand A Denke ldquoAntimalarial effects of eight African medicinalplantsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 25 no 1 pp 115ndash1181989
[32] National Center for Biotechnology Information ldquoJatropha gos-sypiifoliardquo Taxonomy Browser httpwwwncbinlmnihgovTaxonomyBrowserwwwtaxcgiid=454931
[33] Tropicos ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia Lrdquo httpwwwtropicosorgNamePrintaspxnameid=12802174amptab=details
[34] The Plant List ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia Lrdquo httpwwwtheplant-listorgtplrecordkew-104621
[35] M S Khyade and N P Vaikos ldquoPharmacognostical andphytochemical evaluation of leaf of Jatropha gossypifolia LrdquoInternational Journal of Research in Ayurveda amp Pharmacy vol2 no 1 pp 177ndash180 2011
[36] D O Aworinde D U Nwoye A A Jayeola A O Olagoke andA A Ogundele ldquoTaxonomic significance of foliar epidermis insome members of euphorbiaceae family in Nigeriardquo ResearchJournal of Botany vol 4 no 1 pp 17ndash28 2009
[37] J D Olowokudejo ldquoComparative epidermal morphology ofWest African species of Jatropha L (Euphorbiaceae)rdquo BotanicalJournal of the Linnean Society vol 111 no 2 pp 139ndash154 1993
[38] B Das and B Venkataiah ldquoA minor coumarino-lignoid fromJatropha gossypifoliardquo Biochemical Systematics and Ecology vol29 no 2 pp 213ndash214 2001
[39] B Das B Venkataiah and A Kashinatham ldquoVenkatasin a newcoumarino-lignoid from Jatropha gossypifoliardquoNatural ProductLetters vol 13 no 4 pp 293ndash297 1999
[40] B Das and B Venkataiah ldquoA rare diterpene from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Biochemical Systematics and Ecology vol 27 no 7pp 759ndash760 1999
[41] N Ravindranath B Venkataiah C Ramesh P Jayaprakash andB Das ldquoJatrophenone a novel macrocyclic bioactive diterpenefrom Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bul-letin vol 51 no 7 pp 870ndash871 2003
[42] B Das and J Banerji ldquoArylnaphthalene lignan from JatrophagossypifoliardquoPhytochemistry vol 27 no 11 pp 3684ndash3686 1988
[43] J Banerji B Das A Chatterjee and J N Shoolery ldquoGadain alignan from Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Phytochemistry vol 23 no10 pp 2323ndash2327 1984
[44] A Chatterjee B Das C Pascard and T Prange ldquoCrystalstructure of a lignan from Jatropha gossypifoliardquoPhytochemistryvol 20 no 8 pp 2047ndash2048 1981
[45] I C Abreu A S S Marinho A M A Paes et al ldquoHypotensiveand vasorelaxant effects of ethanolic extract from Jatrophagossypiifolia L in ratsrdquo Fitoterapia vol 74 no 7-8 pp 650ndash6572003
[46] B Das and R Das ldquoGossypifan a lignan from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Phytochemistry vol 40 no 3 pp 931ndash932 1995
[47] R Das B Das and A Kashinatham ldquoGossypiline a new lignanfrom Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Natural Product Sciences vol 4 no4 pp 238ndash240 1998
[48] D Shahwar S-U Shafiq N Ahmad S Ullah and M A RazaldquoAntioxidant activities of the selected plants from the fam-ily Euphorbiaceae Lauraceae Malvaceae and BalsaminaceaerdquoAfrican Journal of Biotechnology vol 9 no 7 pp 1086ndash10962010
[49] V Bullangpoti N Khumrungsee W Pluempanupat Y Kainohand U Saguanpong ldquoToxicity of ethyl acetate extract andricinine from Jatropha gossypifolia senescent leaves againstSpodoptera exigua Hubner (Lepidoptera Noctuidae)rdquo Journalof Pesticide Science vol 36 no 2 pp 260ndash263 2011
[50] A O Ogundare ldquoAntimicrobial effect of Tithonia diversifoliaand Jatropha gossypifolia leaf extractsrdquo Trends in Applied Sci-ences Research vol 2 no 2 pp 145ndash150 2007
[51] N Nwokocha A Blessing I O Agbagwa and B E OkolildquoComparative phytochemical screening of Jatropha L Speciesin the Niger Deltardquo Research Journal of Phytochemistry vol 5no 2 pp 107ndash114 2011
[52] R Seth and R Sarin ldquoAnalysis of the phytochemical contentand anti-microbial activity of Jatropha gossypifolia Lrdquo Archivesof Applied Science Research vol 2 no 5 pp 285ndash291 2010
[53] S Sankara Subramanian S Nagarajan and N SulochanaldquoFlavonoids of the leaves of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Phytochem-istry vol 10 no 7 p 1690 1971
[54] A C Pilon R L Carneiro F Carnevale Neto V S Bolzaniand I Castro-Gamboa ldquoInterval multivariate curve resolutionin the dereplication of HPLC-DAD data from Jatropha gossypi-foliardquo Phytochemical Analysis vol 24 no 4 pp 401ndash406 2013
[55] A R Kharat A K Dolui and S Das ldquoFree radical scavengingpotential of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Asian Journal of Chemistryvol 23 no 2 pp 799ndash801 2011
[56] P-A Calatayud D F Munera S Calatayud A Valencia-Jimenez and A C Bellotti ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia (Euphor-biaceae) a source of proteins toxic to Phenacoccus herreni(Sternorryncha Pseudococcidae)rdquo Florida Entomologist vol94 no 3 pp 649ndash654 2011
30 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
[57] W F Tinto L M D John W F Reynolds and S McLeanldquoTriterpenoids of Jatropha gossypiifoliardquo Journal of NaturalProducts vol 55 no 6 pp 807ndash809 1992
[58] R Das K Venkateswarlu V Saidi Reddy and B Das ldquo41015840-O-demethyl retrochinensin a minor new lignan from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Indian Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry vol 14no 2 pp 169ndash170 2004
[59] B Das A Kashinatham B Venkataiah K V N S Srinivas GMahender and M R Reddy ldquoCleomiscosin A a coumarino-lignoid from Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Biochemical Systematics andEcology vol 31 no 10 pp 1189ndash1191 2003
[60] B Das and G Anjani ldquoGossypidien a lignan from stems ofJatropha gossypifolliardquo Phytochemistry vol 51 no 1 pp 115ndash1171999
[61] B Das S P Rao and K V Srinivas ldquoIsolation of isogadain fromJatropha gossypifoliardquo Planta Medica vol 62 no 1 article 901996
[62] B Das S P Rao K V N S Srinivas and R Das ldquoJatrodien alignan from stems of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Phytochemistry vol41 no 3 pp 985ndash987 1996
[63] A Chatterjee B Das R Chakrabarti et al ldquoPrasanthaline anew lignan from Jatropha gossypifolia Linnrdquo Indian Journal ofChemistry vol 27 pp 740ndash741 1988
[64] M D Taylor A B Smith III G T Furst et al ldquoNewantileukemic jatrophone derivatives from Jatropha gossypiifoliastructural and stereochemical assignment through nuclearmagnetic resonance Spectroscopyrdquo Journal of the AmericanChemical Society vol 105 no 10 pp 3177ndash3183 1983
[65] K K Purushothaman S Chandrasekharan A F Cameron etal ldquoJatropholones A and B new diterpenoids from the roots ofJatropha gossypiifolia (Euphorbiaceae)mdashcrystal structure anal-ysis of Jatropholone Brdquo Tetrahedron Letters vol 20 no 11 pp979ndash980 1979
[66] S M Kupchan C W Sigel M J Matz J A S Renauld R CHaltiwanger and R F Bryan ldquoJatrophone a novel macrocyclicditerpenoid tumor inhibitor from Jatropha gossypiifoliardquo Jour-nal of the American Chemical Society vol 92 no 14 pp 4476ndash4477 1970
[67] Y R Prasad G S J G Alankararao and P Baby ldquoConstituentsof the seeds of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Fitoterapia vol 64 no 4p 376 1993
[68] O Ogbobe and V Akano ldquoThe physico-chemical properties ofthe seed and seed oil of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Plant Foods forHuman Nutrition vol 43 no 3 pp 197ndash200 1993
[69] W Adolf H J Opferkuch and E Hecker ldquoIrritant phorbolderivatives from four Jatropha speciesrdquo Phytochemistry vol 23no 1 pp 129ndash132 1984
[70] K M Hosamani and K S Katagi ldquoCharacterization andstructure elucidation of 12-hydroxyoctadec-cis-9-enoic acid inJatropha gossypifolia and Hevea brasiliensis seed oils a richsource of hydroxy fatty acidrdquo Chemistry and Physics of Lipidsvol 152 no 1 pp 9ndash12 2008
[71] S F A J Horsten A J J Van Den Berg J J Kettenes-VanDen Bosch B R Leeflang and R P Labadie ldquoCyclogossine Aa novel cyclic heptapeptide isolated from the latex of Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Planta Medica vol 62 no 1 pp 46ndash50 1996
[72] M U Ahmad M R Islam A H Mirza B H Chowdhuryand N Nahar ldquoAlkaloids of Jatropha gossypifolia Linnrdquo IndianJournal of Chemistry B Organic Chemistry Including MedicinalChemistry vol 31 no 1 pp 67ndash69 1992
[73] A Falodun U Kragl S-M T Touem A Villinger T Fahren-waldt and P Langer ldquoA novel anticancer diterpenoid fromJatropha gossypifoliardquo Natural Product Communications vol 7no 2 pp 151ndash152 2012
[74] G D Wadankar S N Malode and S L Sarambekar ldquoTra-ditionally used medicinal plants for ound healing in theWashim district Maharashtra (India)rdquo International Journal ofPharmTech Research vol 3 no 4 pp 2080ndash2084 2011
[75] B Kumar M Vijayakumar R Govindarajan and P Pushpan-gadan ldquoEthnopharmacological approaches to wound healing-Exploring medicinal plants of Indiardquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 114 no 2 pp 103ndash113 2007
[76] K Koudouvo D S Karou K Kokou et al ldquoAn ethnobotanicalstudy of antimalarial plants in Togo Maritime Regionrdquo Journalof Ethnopharmacology vol 134 no 1 pp 183ndash190 2011
[77] M Coelho-Ferreira ldquoMedicinal knowledge and plant utiliza-tion in an Amazonian coastal community ofMaruda Para State(Brazil)rdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 126 no 1 pp 159ndash175 2009
[78] F C S Oliveira R F M Barros and J M Moita Neto ldquoPlan-tas medicinais utilizadas em comunidades rurais de Oeirassemiarido piauienserdquo Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinaisvol 12 no 3 pp 282ndash301 2010
[79] J D F L Santos E Pagani J Ramos and E Rodrigues ldquoObser-vations on the therapeutic practices of riverine communities oftheUnini River AM Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol142 no 2 pp 503ndash515 2012
[80] S L Cartaxo M M de Almeida Souza and U P de Albu-querque ldquoMedicinal plants with bioprospecting potential usedin semi-arid northeastern Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacol-ogy vol 131 no 2 pp 326ndash342 2010
[81] O Jansen L Angenot M Tits et al ldquoEvaluation of 13 selectedmedicinal plants from Burkina Faso for their antiplasmodialpropertiesrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 130 no 1 pp143ndash150 2010
[82] M H Yetein L G Houessou T O Lougbegnon O Teka andB Tente ldquoEthnobotanical study of medicinal plants used for thetreatment of malaria in plateau of Allada Benin (West Africa)rdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 146 no 1 pp 154ndash163 2013
[83] L J Quintans Junior J R G S Almeida J T Lima et al ldquoPlantswith anticonvulsivant propertiesmdasha reviewrdquo Revista Brasileirade Farmacognosia vol 18 pp 798ndash819 2008
[84] A Diallo M S Traore S M Keita et al ldquoManagement ofdiabetes in Guinean traditional medicine an ethnobotanicalinvestigation in the coastal lowlandsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 144 no 2 pp 353ndash361 2012
[85] S O Olabanji A C Adebajo O R Omobuwajo et al ldquoPIXEanalysis of some Nigerian anti-diabetic medicinal plants (II)rdquoNuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B BeamInteractions With Materials and Atoms vol 318 pp 187ndash1902014
[86] T Oduola O G Avwioro and T B Ayanniyi ldquoSuitability ofthe leaf extract of Jatropha gossypifolia as an anticoagulant forbiochemical and haematological analysesrdquo African Journal ofBiotechnology vol 4 no 7 pp 679ndash681 2005
[87] CM Chariandy C E Seaforth R H Phelps G V Pollard andB P S Khambay ldquoScreening of medicinal plants from Trinidadand Tobago for antimicrobial and insecticidal propertiesrdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 64 no 3 pp 265ndash270 1999
[88] V P Kumar N S Chauhan H Padh and M Rajani ldquoSearchfor antibacterial and antifungal agents from selected Indian
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 31
medicinal plantsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 107 no2 pp 182ndash188 2006
[89] R Dabur A Gupta T K Mandal et al ldquoAntimicrobial activityof some medicinal plantsrdquo African Journal of TraditionalComplementary and AlternativeMedicines vol 4 no 3 pp 313ndash318 2007
[90] H C Ong and M Nordiana ldquoMalay ethno-medico botany inMachang Kelantan Malaysiardquo Fitoterapia vol 70 no 5 pp502ndash513 1999
[91] J Sanz-Biset J Campos-de-la-Cruz M A Epiquien-Riveraand S Canigueral ldquoA first survey on the medicinal plants of theChazuta valley (Peruvian Amazon)rdquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 122 no 2 pp 333ndash362 2009
[92] B B Panda K Gaur M L Kori et al ldquoAnti-inflammatoryand analgesic activity of Jatropha gossypifolia in experimentalanimal modelsrdquo Global Journal of Pharmacology vol 3 no 12009
[93] S S Ningthoujam A D Talukdar K S Potsangbam and MD Choudhury ldquoTraditional uses of herbal vapour therapy inManipur North East India an ethnobotanical surveyrdquo Journalof Ethnopharmacology vol 147 no 1 pp 136ndash147 2013
[94] A Asase A A Oteng-Yeboah G T Odamtten and M SJ Simmonds ldquoEthnobotanical study of some Ghanaian anti-malarial plantsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 99 no 2pp 273ndash279 2005
[95] C Lans T Harper K Georges and E Bridgewater ldquoMedicinaland ethnoveterinary remedies of hunters in Trinidadrdquo BMCComplementary and AlternativeMedicine vol 1 article 10 2001
[96] L Rasingam S Jeeva andD Kannan ldquoDental care of Andamanand Nicobar folks medicinal plants use as tooth stickrdquo AsianPacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine vol 2 no 2 pp S1013ndashS1016 2012
[97] P J Houghton and I M Osibogun ldquoFlowering plants usedagainst snakebiterdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 39 no 1pp 1ndash29 1993
[98] M Molander C H Saslis-Lagoudakis A K Jager and NRoslashnsted ldquoCross-cultural comparison of medicinal floras usedagainst snakebitesrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 139 no3 pp 863ndash872 2012
[99] A Jain S S Katewa B L Chaudhary and P Galav ldquoFolk herbalmedicines used in birth control and sexual diseases by tribals ofsouthern Rajasthan Indiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol90 no 1 pp 171ndash177 2004
[100] A Jain S S Katewa P K Galav and P Sharma ldquoMedicinalplant diversity of Sitamata wildlife sanctuary Rajasthan IndiardquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 102 no 2 pp 143ndash157 2005
[101] T Oduola G O Adeosun T A Oduola G O Avwioro andM A Oyeniyi ldquoMechanism of action of Jatropha gossypifoliastem latex as a haemostatic agentrdquo European Journal of GeneralMedicine vol 2 no 4 pp 140ndash143 2005
[102] D Garcia M V Domingues and E Rodrigues ldquoEthnophar-macological survey among migrants living in the SoutheastAtlantic Forest of Diadema Sao Paulo Brazilrdquo Journal ofEthnobiology and Ethnomedicine vol 6 article 29 2010
[103] S S Hebbar V H Harsha V Shripathi and G R HegdeldquoEthnomedicine of Dharwad district in Karnataka Indiamdashplants used in oral health carerdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 94 no 2-3 pp 261ndash266 2004
[104] S B Kosalge and R A Fursule ldquoInvestigation of ethnomedic-inal claims of some plants used by tribals of Satpuda Hills inIndiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 121 no 3 pp 456ndash461 2009
[105] R A Ritter M V B Monteiro F O B Monteiro et al ldquoEth-noveterinary knowledge and practices at Colares island Parastate eastern Amazon Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 144 no 2 pp 346ndash352 2012
[106] S K Dash and S Padhy ldquoReview on ethnomedicines fordiarrhoea diseases from Orissa prevalence versus culturerdquoJournal of Human Ecology vol 20 no 1 pp 59ndash64 2006
[107] R S L Taylor J B Hudson N P Manandhar and G H NTowers ldquoAntiviral activities of medicinal plants of southernNepalrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 53 pp 97ndash104 1996
[108] J M A Maia N G Czeczko J M R Filho et al ldquoEstudoda cicatrizacao de suturas na bexiga urinaria de ratos come sem utilizacao de extrato bruto de Jatropha gossypiifolia Lintraperitonealrdquo Acta Cirurgica Brasileira vol 21 no 2 pp 23ndash30 2006
[109] A L Ososki P Lohr M Reiff et al ldquoEthnobotanical literaturesurvey of medicinal plants in the Dominican Republic used forwomens health conditionsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol79 no 3 pp 285ndash298 2002
[110] A S Apu FHossain F Rizwan et al ldquoStudy of pharmacologicalactivities of methanol extract of Jatropha gossypifolia fruitsrdquoJournal of Basic and Clinical Pharmacy vol 4 no 1 pp 20ndash242013
[111] A S Apu K Ireen S Hossan Bhuyan et al ldquoEvaluation ofanalgesic neuropharmacological and anti-diarrheal potential ofJatropha gossypifolia (Linn) leaves in micerdquo Journal of MedicalSciences vol 12 no 8 pp 274ndash279 2012
[112] F A G Rocha and L I S Dantas ldquoAtividade antimicrobianain vitro do latex do aveloz (Euphorbia tirucalli L) pinhao bravo(Jatrophamollissima L) e pinhao roxo (Jatropha gossypiifolia L)sobre microrganismos patogenicosrdquo Holos vol 25 no 4 2009
[113] O M David and J O Oluyege ldquoIn vitro susceptibility ofselected pathogenic bacteria to leaf extracts and latex of Jatrophagossypiifolia(L) and Jatropha curcas (L)rdquo Biosciences Biotechnol-ogy Research Asia vol 3 no 1 pp 91ndash94 2006
[114] W D MacBae J B Hudson and G H N Towers ldquoStudieson the pharmacological activity of amazonian euphorbiaceaerdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 22 no 2 pp 143ndash172 1988
[115] M C Purohit and R Purohit ldquoEvaluation of antimicrobial andanti-inflammatory activities of bark of Jatropha gossypifoliardquoWorld Journal of Science and Technology vol 1 no 10 pp 1ndash52011
[116] D Singh and A Singh ldquoThe toxicity of four native Indianplants effect on AChE and acidalkaline phosphatase level infish Channa maruliusrdquo Chemosphere vol 60 no 1 pp 135ndash1402005
[117] C M Feitosa R M Freitas N N N Luz M Z B BezerraandM T S Trevisan ldquoAcetylcholinesterase inhibition by somespromising Brazilian medicinal plantsrdquo Brazilian Journal ofBiology vol 71 no 3 pp 783ndash789 2011
[118] Y Nagaharika V Kalyani S Rasheed and R KarthikeyanldquoAnti-inflammatory activity of leaves of Jatropha gossypifolia Lby HRBC membrane stabilization methodrdquo Journal of AcuteDisease vol 2 no 2 pp 156ndash158 2013
[119] S D N Silva I C Abreu S M D F Freire et al ldquoAntispas-modic effect of Jatropha gossypiifolia is mediated through dualblockade of muscarinic receptors and Ca2+ channelsrdquo BrazilianJournal of Pharmacognosy vol 21 no 4 pp 715ndash720 2011
[120] D Carabajal A Casaco L Arruzazabala R Gonzalez andV Fuentes ldquoPharmacological screening of plant decoctionscommonly used in Cuban folk medicinerdquo Journal of Ethnophar-macology vol 33 no 1-2 pp 21ndash24 1991
32 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
[121] S Jain G P Choudhary and D K Jain ldquoPharmacological eval-uation of anti-fertility activity of ethanolic extract of Jatrophagossypifolia leaf in female albino micerdquo Asian Pacific Journal ofTropical Biomedicine vol 2 no 3 pp S1671ndashS1674 2012
[122] S C N Servin O J M Torres J E F Matias et al ldquoAcao doextrato de Jatropha gossypiifolia L (piao roxo) na cicatrizacaode anastomose colonica estudo experimental em ratosrdquo ActaCirurgica Brasileira vol 21 no 3 pp 89ndash96 2006
[123] J R Vale N G Czeczko J U Aquino et al ldquoEstudo compara-tivo da cicatrizacao de gastrorrafias com e sem o uso do extratode Jatropha gossypiifolia L (piao roxo) em ratosrdquoActa CirurgicaBrasileira vol 21 no 3 pp 40ndash48 2006
[124] J U Aquino N G Czeczko O Malafaia et al ldquoAvaliacaofitoterapica da Jatropha gossypiifolia L na cicatrizacao desuturas na parede abdominal ventral de ratosrdquo Acta CirurgicaBrasileira vol 21 no 2 pp 61ndash66 2006
[125] M F D S Santos N G Czeczko P A N Nassif et alldquoAvaliacao do uso do extrato bruto de Jatropha gossypiifolia Lna cicatrizacao de feridas cutaneas em ratosrdquo Acta CirurgicaBrasileira vol 21 no 3 pp 2ndash7 2006
[126] B B Panda K Gaur R K Nema C S Sharma A K Jain andC P Jain ldquoHepatoprotective activity of Jatropha gossypifoliaagainst carbon tetrachloride- induced hepatic injury in ratsrdquoAsian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research vol 2no 1 pp 50ndash54 2009
[127] S S Deo T M Chaudhari and F Inam ldquoEvaluation ofthe immunomodulatory effects of 1-phenylnaphthalene andpericarbonyl lactone lignan compoundsrdquoDer PharmaChemicavol 4 no 2 pp 771ndash776 2012
[128] S K Rasheed S Kunapareddy and R Karthikeyan ldquoLocalanesthetic activity of Jatropha gossypifolia L on frogsrdquo Biomed-ical and Pharmacology Journal vol 5 no 2 pp 395ndash397 2012
[129] AM A Paes A L Camara SM F Freire andMO R BorgesldquoRelaxant effect of Jatropha gossypiifolia L on uterine smoothmusclerdquo International Journal of Phytomedicine vol 4 no 3 pp310ndash313 2012
[130] S J Jain G P Choudhary and D K Jain ldquoPharmacologicalevaluation and antifertility activity of Jatropha gossypifoliain ratsrdquo BioMed Research International vol 2013 Article ID125980 5 pages 2013
[131] J S de Oliveira PM Leite L B de Souza et al ldquoCharacteristicsand composition of Jatropha gossypiifolia and Jatropha curcasL oils and application for biodiesel productionrdquo Biomass andBioenergy vol 33 no 3 pp 449ndash453 2009
[132] V Bullangpoti E Wajnberg P Audant and R FeyereisenldquoAntifeedant activity of Jatropha gossypifolia and Meliaazedarach senescent leaf extracts on Spodoptera frugiperda(Lepidoptera Noctuidae) and their potential use as synergistsrdquoPest Management Science vol 68 no 9 pp 1255ndash1264 2012
[133] S N K JilaniW Islam andM Kamsh ldquoPotential of pyrethroidinsecticides and plant extracts on fecundity and egg viability oftribolium castaneum (Herbst)rdquo Journal of Bio-Science vol 19no 1 pp 95ndash97 2011
[134] D Sukumaran B D Parashar and K M Rao ldquoToxicity of Jat-ropha gossypiifolia and Vaccaria pyramidata against freshwatersnails vectors of animal schistosomiasisrdquo Fitoterapia vol 66 no5 pp 393ndash398 1995
[135] R K Devappa H P S Makkar and K Becker ldquoJatrophatoxicitymdasha reviewrdquo Journal of Toxicology and EnvironmentalHealth B Critical Reviews vol 13 no 6 pp 476ndash507 2010
[136] E P Schenkel M Zannin L A Mentz S A L Bordignonand B Irgang ldquoPlantas toxicasrdquo in Farmacognosia Da Planta
ao Medicamento C M O Simoes E P Schenkel G GosmannJ C P Mello L A Mentz and P R Petrovick Eds pp 959ndash993 Editora da UFRGSUFSC Porto Alegre Brazil 3d edition2007
[137] L I Oliveira F F Jabour V A Nogueira and E M YamasakildquoIntoxicacao experimental com as folhas de Jatropha gossypifo-lia(Euphorbiaceae) em ovinosrdquo Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileiravol 28 no 6 pp 275ndash278 2008
[138] P I A Awachie and F O Ugwu ldquoPreliminary investigationof the antimicrobial and brine shrimp lethality propertiesof some nigerian medicinal plantsrdquo International Journal ofPharmacognosy vol 35 no 5 pp 338ndash343 1997
[139] L J Medubi V O Ukwenya O T Aderinto et al ldquoEffects ofadministration of ethanolic root extract of Jatropha gossypiifoliaand prednisolone on the kidneys of Wistar ratsrdquo ElectronicJournal of Biomedicine vol 2 pp 41ndash48 2010
[140] T Oduola G B Popoola G O Avwioro et al ldquoUse of Jatrophagossypifolia stem latex as a haemostatic agent how safe is itrdquoJournal of Medicinal Plants Reasearch vol 1 no 1 pp 14ndash172007
Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom
Stem CellsInternational
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
MEDIATORSINFLAMMATION
of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Behavioural Neurology
EndocrinologyInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Disease Markers
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
BioMed Research International
OncologyJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
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Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
PPAR Research
The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Immunology ResearchHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of
ObesityJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine
OphthalmologyJournal of
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Diabetes ResearchJournal of
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Research and TreatmentAIDS
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Gastroenterology Research and Practice
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Parkinsonrsquos Disease
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Volume 2014Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom
22 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative MedicineTa
ble4Con
tinued
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Anti-infl
ammatory
Aeria
lparts
Methano
land
petro
lether
extracts
At100and200m
gkgdayover7
daysbyoralrouteinmiceon
lythe
methano
lextractpresentedsig
nificantanti-infl
ammatoryactiv
ityon
carrageenan-indu
cedpawedem
a[92]
Leaves
Aqueou
sextract
At100and200120583
gmLsig
nificantly
preventedthelysisof
human
red
bloo
dcells
inmem
branes
tabilizationmetho
din
vitro
[118]
Ethano
lextract
At100120583
gmLsig
nificantly
preventedthelysisof
human
redbloo
dcells
inmem
branes
tabilizationmetho
din
vitro
[118]
Methano
lextractandleaf
paste
At500and1000
mgkgbyoralrouteinrats
inhibitedthe
carrageenan-indu
cedpawedem
aAt
50and100m
gkgbyoralroute
inrats
inhibitedthec
ottonpelletind
uced
granulom
aformationin
rats
At05and1m
geartheleafp
asteredu
cedtheinfl
ammation
respon
sein
mou
seeare
demam
odel
[28]
Not
specified
Methano
land
petro
lether
extractsfro
mbark
At200m
gkgbyoralrouteinratsbothextractsredu
cedthe
carrageenan-indu
cedpawedem
a[115]
Antim
alarial
Leaves
Aqueou
sextract
30120583ginhibitedin
vitro
theg
rowth
ofPlasmodium
falciparum
[31]
Dichlorom
ethane
extract
Activ
einvitro
againstP
lasm
odium
falciparumw
ithIC
50of
abou
t35120583gmL
[81]
Antineoplasic
Roots
Ethano
licextractand
jatro
phon
e
Thee
thanolextractas
wellasjatroph
oneexhibitedsig
nificant
inhibitory
activ
ityin
vitro
againstcellsderiv
edfro
mhu
man
carcinom
aofthe
nasoph
aryn
xandlymph
ocyticleuk
emiaP-388and
invivo
againstfou
rstand
ardanim
altumor
syste
ms
[66]
Falodo
neShow
edpo
tent
proliferatio
ninhibitory
activ
ityagainstA
-549
human
cancer
celllin
ewith
IC50of
120120583
gmL
[13]
2120572-H
ydroxyjatro
phon
e2120573
-hydroxy-56-iso
jatro
phon
eand2120573
-hydroxyjatro
phon
editerpenes
isolatedfro
mpetro
lether
extract
Presentedantin
eoplasicactiv
ityup
onP-388lymph
ocyticleuk
emia
testsyste
mbo
thin
vivo
andin
vitro
asw
ellasfor
theE
aglersquos
carcinom
aofthe
nasoph
aryn
xtestsyste
min
vitro
[64]
Not
specified
Abiodo
neNot
specifiedlowast
[73]
Antioxidant
Leaves
Methano
lethylacetateand
aqueou
sextract
Allextractsshow
edsig
nificantantioxidant
activ
ityin
vitro
inDPP
Hfre
eradicalferric
thiocyanateandnitricoxides
caveng
ingmetho
dslowast
[55]
Who
leplant
Petro
letherchloroform
ethylacetateand
n-bu
tano
lextracts
Allextractsshow
edon
lypo
orDPP
Hscavenging
activ
ityTh
etotal
antio
xidant
capacitywas
high
erin
ethylacetateandn-bu
tano
lextracts
having
thep
etrolether
andchloroform
show
ingon
lypo
oractiv
ityTh
elipid
peroxidatio
nwas
inhibitedon
lypartially
bythe
extracts
with
thee
thylacetateb
eing
them
ostactivea
ndthep
etrol
etherb
eing
theleast
[48]
Antisp
asmod
icAe
rialp
arts
Ethano
lextractfractions
andsubfractions
At5001000and
2000
mgkgbyoralrouteinmiceshow
edsig
nificantantisp
asmod
icactiv
ityin
mou
seintestinaltransit
mod
elandat0510
and
20m
gmLinhibitedin
vitro
thea
cetylch
olinea
ndcalcium-in
ducedcontractions
ofiso
lated
ratjeju
numO
nlythe
organicfractionof
thee
xtracthadac
alcium
-antagon
isteffect
whereas
both
chloroform
icandaqueou
sfractions
hadanticho
linergic
effect
[119]
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 23Ta
ble4Con
tinued
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Antivira
lAe
rialp
arts
Water
andethylacetate
fractio
nsfro
mmethano
lextract
At110and
100120583
gmLbo
thfractio
nspresented100
ofinhibitio
nof
plaque-fo
rmingabilityof
Sind
bisv
irusintre
atmentp
reinfection
protocol(IC 5
0lt1120583
gmL)w
hilein
treatmentp
ostin
fection
theIC 5
0of
water
fractio
nincreasedto
512andacetatefractionincreasedto
37120583gmLFo
rmurinec
ytom
egaloviru
sIC
50of
17and15
towater
andethylacetatefractio
nswereo
bservedrespectiv
elyintre
atment
preinfectio
nprotocolInthetreatmentp
ostin
fection
howe
verno
inhibitio
nwas
observed
inthismicroorganism
[114]
Not
specified
Methano
lextractfro
mbarks
Partially
activ
eagainstSind
bisv
irusand
herpes
simplex
virus-l
Inactiv
eagainsthu
man
polio
virus
[107]
Bron
chod
ilator
Stem
sAq
ueou
sextract
Thee
xtractwas
inactiv
einbron
chod
ilatora
ctivity
inguinea
pigs
[120]
Con
traceptiv
eLeaves
Ethano
lextract
At450m
gkgdayover2
1daysby
oralroutecaused
anantifertility
activ
ityin
femalem
ice
[121]
Healin
g
Aeria
lparts
Ethano
l70
extract
At1m
Lkg
dosebyintraperito
nealrouteinrats
presentedbeneficial
activ
ityin
healingprocesso
fcolon
icanastomosis
[122]
Aeria
lparts
Ethano
l70
extract
At200m
gkgbyintraperito
nealrouteinrats
favoredtheh
ealin
gprocesso
fgastro
rrhaph
iesa
ndredu
cedthea
cuteinflammatory
reactio
nin
vivo
[123]
Leaves
Hydroethano
lextract
At200m
gkgbyintraperito
nealroutedecreasedtheinfl
ammation
andincreasedvascular
neoformationandcollagendepo
sitionwhen
comparedto
thec
ontro
lgroup
inhealingprocesso
fsutures
perfo
rmed
ontheb
ladd
erof
rats
How
everingeneralno
favorable
healingeffectw
asob
served
[108]
Not
specified
Ethano
licextract
Alth
ough
someimprovem
entcou
ldbe
observed
insuture
healingof
ventralabd
ominalwallofratstreated
with
100m
gkg
ofextract
(intraperito
nealinstillationintraperito
nealcavity)in
generalon
lya
poor
healingactiv
itywas
observed
[124]
Not
specified
At01m
Lvolumeby
topicalapp
lication
thec
rude
extractp
resented
significantd
ifferencesc
oncerningthem
acroscop
icandmicroscop
icaspectso
fhealin
gprocesso
ccurrin
gin
open
skin
lesio
nsin
rats
[125]
Hem
ostatic
Latex
Crud
efresh
latex
Decreased
clotting
andbleeding
timeinhealthysubjects
[101]
Hepatop
rotective
Aeria
lparts
Petro
letherm
ethano
land
water
extracts
At200m
gkgdayover7
daysbyoralrouteinrats
both
extracts
presentedhepatoprotectiv
eactivity
incarbon
tetrachlorideind
uced
liver
damagewith
thep
etrolether
beingthem
ostactivea
ndthe
methano
lbeing
theleast
[126]
Hypotensiv
eand
vasorelaxant
Aeria
lparts
Ethano
licextract
At125and250m
gkgdayover4
weeksby
oralrouteinrats
ina
dose-dependent
mannerredu
cedthes
ystolic
bloo
dpressure
and
prod
uced
acon
centratio
n-depend
entrelaxanteffectin
ratisolated
(ex
vivo)end
otheliu
m-depriv
edmesenteric
artery
precon
tractedwith
norepineph
rineo
rCaC
l 2
[45]
Immun
omod
ulatory
Who
leplant
Petro
lether
extract
At100200and40
0120583gmLincreasedthep
roliferationof
mou
sespleen
cellin
vitro
[127]
Localanesthetic
Not
specified
Methano
land
aqueou
sextracts
Both
extractspresentedsig
nificantlocalanestheticactiv
ityby
plexus
anesthesiain
frogslowast
[128]
24 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table4Con
tinued
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Relaxant
effecto
nuterine
smoo
thmuscle
(tocolytic
activ
ity)
Aeria
lparts
Ethano
licextractand
chloroform
icandaqueou
sfractio
ns
At05and10
mgmLthee
thanolicextractreduced
the
calcium
-evokedcontractile
respon
seof
theu
terin
esmoo
thmuscle
as
wellas
thec
hloroformicfractio
nTh
eaqu
eous
fractio
npresented
onlyslighteffect
[129]
Sedativ
eand
anxiolytic
Fruits
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmicepresentedsedativ
eeffect
intheh
olec
rosstest
At200m
gkgpresented
anxiolyticactiv
ityin
holebo
ardtest
At40
0mgkgpresented
anxiolyticactiv
ityin
elevated
plus-m
azetest
[110]
Leaves
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmicepresentedsedativ
eeffect
intheh
olec
rosstest
At200m
gkgpresented
anxiolyticactiv
ityin
holebo
ardtest
At40
0mgkgpresented
anxiolyticin
elevated
plus-m
azetest
[111]
lowast
Thec
ompletev
ersio
nof
thep
aper
was
notaccessib
leso
theinformationwas
obtained
from
itsabstr
act
IC50con
centratio
nthatinhibits50of
ther
eferredactiv
ity
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 25
about extract preparation and plant part not specified) theauthors also observed an absence of healing action althoughsome histological improvement was shown [125]
However studying the influence of J gossypiifolia on thehealing process of colonic anastomosis in rats Servin et alshowed that the administration of 1mLkg single dose ofthe hydro alcoholic extract from aerial parts has beneficialeffect on the healing process [122] However according tothese authors on the seventh day of the experiment therewas a decrease in the action of the extract suggestingthat the extract in this experiment was less active in laterstages of healing process [122] A plausible hypothesis notraised by the authors could be the fact that the extract wasadministered in a single dose which may not have beensufficient to maintain the effect throughout the time of theexperiment Additionally Vale et al showed that the ethanolicextract from aerial parts of J gossypiifolia at single intraperi-toneal dose of 200mgkg favored the healing process ofgastrorrhaphies and reduced the acute inflammatory reactionin vivo [123]
65 Hemostatic Action The use of J gossypiifolia especiallythe latex is widespread as a hemostatic agent for preventingbleeding disorders The results of whole blood clotting timeusing Lee and White method and bleeding time using Ivyrsquosmethod were significantly reduced when stem latex wasintroduced suggesting procoagulant activity [101] Regardingthe possible mechanism of action based on experimentsthat show the precipitating action of the latex upon bovinealbumin the authors suggest that the latex precipitatesclotting factors thereby bringing the coagulation factors intoclose contact and then the activation of coagulation cascadeleads to the generation of thrombin and formation of aclot takes place in a matter of seconds when compared tothe control experiment which took minutes to completecoagulation [101] It is important to emphasize that to the bestof our knowledge this is the only study performed on humansubjects
66 Anticholinesterase Action Based on the cholinergichypothesis acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are widely usedto treat Alzheimerrsquos disease J gossypiifolia presented animportant anticholinesterase activity since the methanolicextract from leaves showed an IC
50of 005mgmL [117]
Another study showed that the lyophilized latex of theplant was able to inhibit time- and dose-dependently theacetylcholinesterase enzyme in nervous tissue of freshwaterair breathing fish Channa marulius [116]
67 Antioxidant Action The antioxidant activity of extractsfrom J gossypiifoliawas evaluated by Kharat et al [55] In thiswork the high content of phenols tannins and flavonoids inthe leaves prompted the authors to evaluate the antioxidantactivity of the leaves DPPH free radical ferric thiocyanateand nitric oxide scavengingmethods were used to analyze theantioxidant activity in vitro of methanol ethyl acetate andaqueous extracts demonstrating positive resultsThe authorsattributed the free radical scavenging activity to the presence
of flavonoids [55] On the other hand a study showed thatdifferent extracts (petrol ether chloroform ethyl acetate andn-butanol) fromwhole plant of J gossypiifolia had only partialantioxidant activity in DPPH scavenging total antioxidantcapacity and lipid peroxidation tests [48] Among them theethyl acetate extract was the most active which correlatespositively with its higher content of phenolic compounds incomparison with the other extracts [48]
68 Contraceptive Action Based on its popular use J gossypi-ifoliawas assessed for its antifertility activity as an alternativeto oral contraceptive agents J gossypiifolia leaf extract byoral route altered the major hormones involved in estrouscycle regulation indicating its antifertility effect on mice[121] Evaluating other parameters (estrogenic and earlyabortifacient activities) the anti-infertility effect of the extractwas once more demonstrated later [130]
69 Tocolytic Action Based on the ethnopharmacologicalapplication of the plant as tocolytic remedy the effects oncalcium-evoked uterine smooth muscle contraction of theethanolic extract and fractions were evaluated [129] Thecrude extract and to a higher extent the chloroformic frac-tion reduced the calcium-evoked contractile response of theuterine smooth muscle promoting a rightward displacementof calciumcumulative curves aswell as reducing themaximalcontractions [129]
610 Antineoplasic Action One of the most well-knownpharmacological activities of J gossypiifolia is its antineopla-sic action which is frequently associated with the contentof lignoids and terpenoids One of the first reports wasmade by Kupchan et al [66] when the authors found thatthe ethanolic extract from roots as well as the isolatedditerpene jatrophone exhibited significant inhibitory activityin vitro against cells derived from human carcinoma of thenasopharynx and lymphocytic leukemia P-388 and in vivoagainst four standard animal tumor systems such as sarcoma180 Lewis lung carcinoma P-388 lymphocytic leukemiaand Walker 256 intramuscular carcinosarcoma [66] Laterthree new antitumor derivatives of jatrophone were isolatedfrom petrol ether extracts from roots of J gossypiifolia 2120572-hydroxyjatrophone 2120573-hydroxy-56-isojatrophone and 2120573-hydroxyjatrophone [64] Recently two other diterpenes withpotent antineoplasic activity were isolated from J gossypi-ifolia falodone and abiodone Falodone was isolated frommethanol extract from roots and showed potent proliferationinhibitory activity against A-549 human cancer cell line [13]Abiodone a lathyrane diterpenoid compound was isolatedfrom J gossypiifolia and presented potent anticancer activity[73]
611 Local Anesthetic Action The local anesthetic action ofJ gossypiifolia was evaluated by plexus anaesthesia in frogs[128] The authors observed that the aqueous and methanolextract (plant part not specified) presented significant anes-thetic action when compared to control group
26 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
612 Neuropharmacological Action The neuropharmacolog-ical action of the methanol extract of the leaves of J gossypi-ifolia was evaluated by Apu et al [111] The authors observedthat in hole cross test the extract at 200 and 400mgkg byoral route showed significant sedative effect in mice In holeboard test the extract showed highly significant anxiolyticactivity at a dose of 200mgkg whereas the same activity wasobserved at 400mgkg dose in elevated plus-maze test [111]Similar results were observed in the methanolic extract fromfruits [110]
613 Antidiarrheal Action Although it may seem contradic-tory as shown in Table 3 J gossypiifolia species is popularlyused both as purgative and as antidiarrheal remedy Howeverin literature there are interesting results about the antidiar-rheal properties of different extracts of this species
At 200 and 400mgkg oral doses in mice the methanolextract of J gossypiifolia leaves produced highly signifi-cant antidiarrheal activity upon castor oil-induced diarrheadecreasing themean number of stool and total weight of fecaloutput when compared to control group [111] Similar resultswere observed in the methanolic extract from fruits [110]
Aiming to determine the possible action mechanism of Jgossypiifolia aerial parts ethanol extract as antidiarrheal agentSilva et al [119] have investigated the effect of this extracton intestinal transit velocity and on isolated rat jejunumAt 500 1000 and 2000mgkg by oral route in mice theextract showed significant antispasmodic activity in mouseintestinal transit model when compared to control At 0510 and 20mgmL the crude extract inhibited in vitro theacetylcholine and calcium-induced contractions of isolatedrat jejunum The chloroform and aqueous fractions wereobtained and it was observed that only the chloroform frac-tion of the extract had a calcium-antagonist effect whereasboth chloroformic and aqueous fractions had anticholinergiceffect suggesting that the antispasmodic effect of J gossypi-ifolia may be due to a combination of anticholinergic andcalcium-antagonist mechanisms [119]
614 Immunomodulatory Action The immunomodulatoryaction of synthetic lignan compounds was evaluated by theassay of proliferation of mouse spleen cell in vitro andcompared with petrol ether extract of whole plant of Jgossypiifolia since it is a natural source of this kind ofcompound [127] The authors showed that both syntheticand naturally occurring 1-phenylnaphthalene lignans couldpositively modulate the immunity of the host since theysignificantly increased the proliferation of mouse spleen cellin vitro [127]
615 Hepatoprotective Action Despite some studies havingshown the hepatotoxic potential of J gossypiifolia a study wasperformed to analyze the possible hepatoprotective action ofextracts of this plant in carbon tetrachloride-induced liverdamage in rats [126] In fact the petrol ether methanoland water extracts from the aerial parts of J gossypiifoliapresented significant hepatoprotective action in this model
substantially restoring towards normalization the serum lev-els of serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase serum glu-tamate pyruvate transaminase serum alkaline phosphatasetotal bilirubin superoxide dismutase and catalase [126] Theauthors also discuss the close relationship between the hep-atoprotective action observed and the possible antioxidantmechanism present in the extracts
7 Other Actions andBiotechnological Applications
In addition to studies demonstrating scientific evidences ofthe pharmacological properties of J gossypiifolia severalstudies have demonstrated the potential of this species toobtain molecules with various applications thus showing itsmultipurpose character
Among the main applications described the use ofJ gossypiifolia seed oil for biodiesel production could bementioned Jatropha species has drawn the attention ofresearchers in recent years due to its emergence as a highlysuitable feedstock plant for biodiesel production [11] Amongthe species J gossypiifolia J curcas and J pohliana produceseeds with high oil content [11] In a study investigatingthe potential of two plants of the Jatropha genus (includ-ing J gossypiifolia) the authors observed that the studiedphysicochemical properties of the produced biodiesel are inthe acceptable range for use as biodiesel in diesel enginesshowing a promising economic exploitation of these rawmaterials [131]
Studies have shown the potential of the species for thedevelopment of new tools for biochemical analysis A recentstudy showed that the diluted fresh latex J gossypiifolia can beused as precipitating agent for biochemical determination ofproteins in plasma urine and cerebrospinal fluid with valuescomparable to those obtained from the conventional proteinprecipitants sodium tungstate and trichloroacetic acid [24]According to the authors the precipitating potential couldbe related to the capacity of the latex to form clots whenapplied to a bleeding sore or wound when it is used in folkmedicine [24] Another study showed the potentiality of thejuice extracted from the fresh leaves of J gossypiifolia asan anticoagulant for haematological analyses [86] 01mL ofextract per mL of blood proved to be suitable for obtainingplasmas for biochemical analysis comparable with conven-tional anticoagulants [86] However the authors emphasizethat the extract must be purified to remove interferingsubstances for it to be perfectly suitable for biochemicalanalysis [86]
Some studies have demonstrated the potentiality of Jgossypiifolia as a source of pesticide biomolecules Bullang-poti et al [49] isolated ricinine from the ethyl acetate extractfrom senescent leaves the main compound responsible forthe toxicity of the crude extract in Spodoptera exigua larvaethus demonstrating that it could be an alternative choiceto chemical insecticides In another study Bullangpoti etal [132] showed that the ethanol extract of J gossypiifoliain association with the ethanol extract of Melia azedarachwas toxic and inhibited some enzymes from Spodoptera
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 27
frugiperda larvae demonstrating once more the potentialityof the species as insecticide agent Calatayud et al [56]showed the presence of proteins of about 100 kDa with toxicactivity upon Phenacoccus herreni another type of insectIn this work the authors performed a strategy of extrac-tion that eliminated nonprotein compounds being able todemonstrate the potential of the species to obtain insecticidalproteins [56] Leaf extract of J gossypiifolia reduced thefecundity and egg viability against stored product insect pestsTribolium castaneum [133]
The potential molluscicidal activity of J gossypiifolia hasalso been evaluated as an alternative mode of preventionof schistosomiasis Sukumaran et al [134] showed that themethanol and n-butanol extracts from unripened seeds of Jgossypiifoliawas toxic against eggs and adults of two species offreshwater snails Lymnaea luteola and Indoplanorbis exustusThe results indicated that n-butanol extract was the mosteffective and that the eggs were more susceptible than adults[134]
8 Toxicology
Species of Jatropha are notably known for their toxic potential[135 136] This toxicity is related primarily to latex andseeds The latex is released from the aerial parts of theplant by mechanical injury and it is extremely caustic andirritating to skin and mucous membranes The seeds arerich in toxalbumins that cause agglutination and hemolysisto erythrocytes as well as damage to other cell types andcontain a lipoid resin complex that can cause dermatitis[3 12 135] The symptomatology consists in general ofgastrointestinal disorders (abdominal pain nausea vomitingand diarrhea) Additionally the clinical course can bringcardiovascular neurological and renal complications [136]Cases of poisoning in humans usually occur by eating fruitand seeds because of its similarity to edible chestnuts [136]
Some toxicological studies have demonstrated the toxicproperties of J gossypiifolia while others show the absence oftoxicity However it is important to observe the models useddoses administrated and types of extract employed (solventand plant part) among other aspects to make the properconclusions about the toxicity
The study of experimental poisoning in sheep showedthat the intake of fresh plant leaves in a single dose of40 gkg was lethal to these animals [137] The clinical andpathological picture in the experimental sheep was charac-terized by digestive lung and heart disturbances and alsoby slight regressive changes evidenced in hepatic and renalhistological examinations [137] However as observed byMariz et al [7] it is important to note that the medicinaluse of the plant is rarely in natura but instead by differentpreparations such as infusions or decoctions sometimes ofthe dried material which could inactivate the possible toxiccomponents However this is only a hypothesis and so thetoxicity of extracts from leaves cannot be discarded
One of the first studies relating the identification of theconstituents responsible for the toxic effects of the Jatrophaspecies was published by Adolf et al [69] In this work
by a bioguided isolation the irritant polyunsaturated ester12-deoxy-16-hydroxylphorbol was isolated from the etherextract from the seeds of J gossypiifolia by countercurrentchromatography [69] The irritant activity was visualized inmouse ear after 24 h of the application of the fractions andisolated compounds [69]
The in vitro cytotoxicity assay using brine shrimp larvaetest revealed that ethanol and methanol extracts (plant organunspecified) showed low toxicity [138] An earlier studyshowed that thewater and ethyl acetate fraction of amethanolextract from aerial parts of J gossypiifolia did not presenttoxicity against the same organisms [114]
A study performed in Wistar rats evaluated the toxicityof the ethanolic root extract of J gossypiifolia at 10 20 and30mgkg by oral route [139] The authors observed that theextract was toxic to the kidney and caused increased urearetention in the blood as observed by histological studies andbiochemical analysis of blood [139]
A preclinical toxicological assessment of the crudeethanol extract from J gossypiifolia leaves showed that theextract presents relatively low oral acute toxicity in Wistarrats [18 19] Rats treated with single doses of 12ndash50 gkgby oral route were observed for 14 days and the mostimportant signs of toxicity were ptosis reduction of bodyweight and hind limb paralysis Other significant alterationsoccurred only in males treated with 50 gkg dose increasein creatinine aspartate aminotransferase sodium and potas-sium seric levels reduction of urea and albumin leucopeniaand small alteration in color and consistency of visceraThe median lethal dose (LD
50) was higher than 40 gkg
for males and higher than 50 gkg for females [19] In thehistopathological evaluation some alteration was observedin liver and lung only at 50 gkg suggesting the relativelylow toxicity of the extract [18] However in the chronictoxicological study (thirteen weeks of treatment) this extractshowed significant oral chronic toxicity in rats [17] The mostsignificant toxic signs indicated a reduction of the activityin the central nervous system and digestive disturbancesThe histopathological analysis revealed hepatotoxicity andpulmonary damages The lethality was 466 and 133among males and females under the higher tested dose(405mgkg) respectively [17] Based on this Mariz et al [7]discussed that the development of herbal medicine based onthis species needs to prioritize the chemical refinement of thecrude extracts to obtain less toxic fractions which should betested for their safety and therapeutic efficacy
Another study on the other hand evaluating the oralacute toxicity of the aqueous and ethanol extracts from leavesof J gossypiifolia did not show any sign of toxicity in upto 2 gkg in rats enabling the authors to conclude that thisextract could be considered safe [118] This is an interestingresult since in most cases the plant is used popularly as tea(aqueous extract)
The toxicity of the stem latex of J gossypiifoliawas studiedin Wistar rats by applying different doses of crude latex onincised skin daily for 18 days based on the popular useof the latex as hemostatic agent in skin lesions [140] Theauthors observed that the application of the latex did notproduce any significant difference in results of biochemical
28 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
and hematological parameters obtained from the control andexperimental animals leading to the conclusion that the stemlatex has no harmful effects [140]
9 Conclusions
As demonstrated by this review J gossypiifolia presents animportant potential for the generation of pharmacologicalandor biotechnological products based on popular usesand biological studies scientifically showing its propertiesHowever regarding specifically its medicinal propertiesfurther studies are still necessary to assay important folkuses of the species and characterize the major compoundsresponsible for the bioactivityThus studies of bioprospectingcould prioritize this species since many popular uses forvariousmedical purposes are reported demonstrating a greatpotential to originate bioactive molecules with pharmaco-logical relevance Furthermore future phytochemical studiesof this plant are important to obtain the best knowledgeof the chemical composition of different extracts of theplant in order to recognize the really important compoundsin the pharmacological actions aspiring to the chemicalrefinement of the products to eliminate the eventual toxiceffects that could reduce the medicinal value of the speciesIn conclusion the data presented in this review could provideinsights for future research aimed at both ethnopharmaco-logical validation of the popular use of J gossypiifolia andits exploration as a new source of bioactive molecules forherbal drugs andor bioactive natural products for potentialapplication in complementary and alternative medicine
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper
Acknowledgments
The authors thank BNB CNPq and CAPES (Brazil) forthe financial support Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosagives thanks to CNPq for Scholarship in Research Produc-tivity The authors also thank Andrew Alastair Cumming forediting this paper for the English revision
References
[1] G L Webster ldquoClassification of the euphorbiaceaerdquo Annals ofthe Missouri Botanical Garden vol 81 pp 3ndash143 1994
[2] M V Alves ldquoChecklist das especies de Euphorbiaceae Jussocorrentes no semi-arido pernambucano BrasilrdquoActa BotanciaBrasileira vol 12 no 3 pp 485ndash495 1998
[3] C W Sabandar N Ahmat F M Jaafar and I Sahidin ldquoMedic-inal property phytochemistry and pharmacology of severalJatropha species (Euphorbiaceae) a reviewrdquo Phytochemistryvol 85 pp 7ndash29 2013
[4] C K A Leal and M D F Agra ldquoEstudo farmacobotanicocomparativo das folhas de Jatrophamolissima (Pohl) BaillrdquoActaFarmaceutica Bonaerense vol 24 no 1 pp 5ndash13 2005
[5] L C Di Stasi and C A Hiruma-Lima Plantas medicinais naAmazonia e na Mata Atlantica UNESP Sao Paulo Brazil 2ndedition 2002
[6] M D F Agra K N Silva I J L D Basılio P F De Freitasand JM Barbosa-Filho ldquoSurvey ofmedicinal plants used in theregionNortheast of BrazilrdquoBrazilian Journal of Pharmacognosyvol 18 no 3 pp 472ndash508 2008
[7] S R Mariz A C R Borges M F F Melo-Diniz and I AMedeiros ldquoPossibilidades terapeuticas e riscos toxicologicosde Jatropha gossypiifolia L uma revisao narrativardquo RevistaBrasileiraDe PlantasMedicinais vol 12 no 3 pp 346ndash357 2010
[8] I Cordeiro and R Secco ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia L Lista deespecies da flora do Brasilrdquo Jardim Botanico do Rio de JaneirohttpfloradobrasiljbrjgovbrjabotfloradobrasilFB17581
[9] U P de Albuquerque P M de Medeiros A L S de Almeida etal ldquoMedicinal plants of the caatinga (semi-arid) vegetation ofNE Brazil a quantitative approachrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacol-ogy vol 114 no 3 pp 325ndash354 2007
[10] U P Albuquerque L H C Andrade and J Caballero ldquoStruc-ture and floristics of homegardens in Northeastern BrazilrdquoJournal of Arid Environments vol 62 no 3 pp 491ndash506 2005
[11] S A Ceasar and S Ignacimuthu ldquoApplications of biotechnologyand biochemical engineering for the improvement of Jatrophaand Biodiesel a reviewrdquo Renewable and Sustainable EnergyReviews vol 15 no 9 pp 5176ndash5185 2011
[12] U P de Albuquerque J MMonteiro M A Ramos and E L Cde Amorim ldquoMedicinal and magic plants from a public marketin northeastern Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 110no 1 pp 76ndash91 2007
[13] A Falodun Q Sheng-Xiang G Parkinson and S GibbonsldquoIsolation and characterization of a new anticancer diterpenoidfrom Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journalvol 45 no 10 pp 636ndash639 2012
[14] BRASIL ldquoFitoterapia plantas de interesse ao SUSrdquo Braz-ilian Health Ministry httpportalsaudegovbrportalarqu-ivospdfRENISUSpdf
[15] X-P Zhang M-L Zhang X-H Su C-H Huo Y-C Gu andQ-W Shi ldquoChemical constituents of the plants from genusJatrophardquo Chemistry and Biodiversity vol 6 no 12 pp 2166ndash2183 2009
[16] S K Sharma and H Singh ldquoA review on pharmacological sig-nificance of genus Jatropha (Euphorbiaceae)rdquoChinese Journal ofIntegrative Medicine vol 18 no 11 pp 868ndash880 2012
[17] S RMariz G S CerqueiraWCAraujo et al ldquoChronic toxico-logic study of the ethanolic extract of the aerial parts of Jatrophagossypiifolia in ratsrdquoRevista Brasileira de Farmacognosia vol 22no 3 pp 663ndash668 2012
[18] S R Mariz M S T Araujo G S Cerqueira et al ldquoHistopatho-logical evaluation in rats after acute treatment with the ethanolextract from aerial parts of Jatropha gossypiifolia Lrdquo RevistaBrasileira De Farmacognosia vol 18 no 2 pp 213ndash216 2008
[19] S R Mariz G S Cerqueira W C Araujo et al ldquoEstudo toxi-cologico agudo do extrato etanolico de partes aereas de Jatrophagossypiifolia L em ratosrdquo Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosiavol 16 no 3 pp 372ndash378 2006
[20] C Auvin-Guette C Baraguey A Blond J L Pousset andB Bodo ldquoCyclogossine B a cyclic octapeptide from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Journal of Natural Products vol 60 pp 1155ndash11571997
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 29
[21] V S Parvathi B S Jyothi T Lakshmi P S Babu and RKarthikeyan ldquoMorpho-anatomical and physicochemical stud-ies of Jatropha gossypifolia (L)rdquo Der Pharmacia Lettre vol 4no 1 pp 256ndash262 2012
[22] M N S Rios and F Pastore Junior Plantas da Amazonia450 Especies de Uso Geral Universidade de BrasıliamdashBibliotecaCentral Brasılia 2011
[23] S R Mariz Estudo toxicologico pre-clınico de Jatropha gossypi-ifolia L [PhD thesis] Universidade Federal da Paraıba JoaoPessoa Brazil 2007
[24] O G Adeosun T Oduola F A Fagbomedo et al ldquoSuitabilityof stem latex of Jatropha gossypifolia as a protein precipitant forbiochemical analysisrdquo Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistryvol 29 no 2 pp 210ndash212 2014
[25] F O A Ajose ldquoSome Nigerian plants of dermatologic impor-tancerdquo International Journal of Dermatology vol 46 no 1 pp48ndash55 2007
[26] J S Ashidi P J Houghton P J Hylands and T EfferthldquoEthnobotanical survey and cytotoxicity testing of plants ofSouth-western Nigeria used to treat cancer with isolationof cytotoxic constituents from Cajanus cajan Millsp leavesrdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 128 no 2 pp 501ndash512 2010
[27] M Ayyanar and S Ignacimuthu ldquoEthnobotanical survey ofmedicinal plants commonly used by Kani tribals in Tirunelvelihills of Western Ghats Indiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 134 no 3 pp 851ndash864 2011
[28] R Bhagat S D Ambavade A V Misar and D K KulkarnildquoAnti-inflammatory activity of Jatropha gossypifolia L leaves inalbino mice and Wistar ratrdquo Journal of Scientific and IndustrialResearch vol 70 no 4 pp 289ndash292 2011
[29] J H Cano and G Volpato ldquoHerbal mixtures in the traditionalmedicine of Eastern Cubardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol90 no 2-3 pp 293ndash316 2004
[30] F G Coe and G J Anderson ldquoScreening of medicinal plantsused by the Garıfuna of Eastern Nicaragua for bioactive com-poundsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 53 no 1 pp 29ndash501996
[31] MGbeassor Y Kossou K Amegbo C De Souza K Koumagloand A Denke ldquoAntimalarial effects of eight African medicinalplantsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 25 no 1 pp 115ndash1181989
[32] National Center for Biotechnology Information ldquoJatropha gos-sypiifoliardquo Taxonomy Browser httpwwwncbinlmnihgovTaxonomyBrowserwwwtaxcgiid=454931
[33] Tropicos ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia Lrdquo httpwwwtropicosorgNamePrintaspxnameid=12802174amptab=details
[34] The Plant List ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia Lrdquo httpwwwtheplant-listorgtplrecordkew-104621
[35] M S Khyade and N P Vaikos ldquoPharmacognostical andphytochemical evaluation of leaf of Jatropha gossypifolia LrdquoInternational Journal of Research in Ayurveda amp Pharmacy vol2 no 1 pp 177ndash180 2011
[36] D O Aworinde D U Nwoye A A Jayeola A O Olagoke andA A Ogundele ldquoTaxonomic significance of foliar epidermis insome members of euphorbiaceae family in Nigeriardquo ResearchJournal of Botany vol 4 no 1 pp 17ndash28 2009
[37] J D Olowokudejo ldquoComparative epidermal morphology ofWest African species of Jatropha L (Euphorbiaceae)rdquo BotanicalJournal of the Linnean Society vol 111 no 2 pp 139ndash154 1993
[38] B Das and B Venkataiah ldquoA minor coumarino-lignoid fromJatropha gossypifoliardquo Biochemical Systematics and Ecology vol29 no 2 pp 213ndash214 2001
[39] B Das B Venkataiah and A Kashinatham ldquoVenkatasin a newcoumarino-lignoid from Jatropha gossypifoliardquoNatural ProductLetters vol 13 no 4 pp 293ndash297 1999
[40] B Das and B Venkataiah ldquoA rare diterpene from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Biochemical Systematics and Ecology vol 27 no 7pp 759ndash760 1999
[41] N Ravindranath B Venkataiah C Ramesh P Jayaprakash andB Das ldquoJatrophenone a novel macrocyclic bioactive diterpenefrom Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bul-letin vol 51 no 7 pp 870ndash871 2003
[42] B Das and J Banerji ldquoArylnaphthalene lignan from JatrophagossypifoliardquoPhytochemistry vol 27 no 11 pp 3684ndash3686 1988
[43] J Banerji B Das A Chatterjee and J N Shoolery ldquoGadain alignan from Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Phytochemistry vol 23 no10 pp 2323ndash2327 1984
[44] A Chatterjee B Das C Pascard and T Prange ldquoCrystalstructure of a lignan from Jatropha gossypifoliardquoPhytochemistryvol 20 no 8 pp 2047ndash2048 1981
[45] I C Abreu A S S Marinho A M A Paes et al ldquoHypotensiveand vasorelaxant effects of ethanolic extract from Jatrophagossypiifolia L in ratsrdquo Fitoterapia vol 74 no 7-8 pp 650ndash6572003
[46] B Das and R Das ldquoGossypifan a lignan from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Phytochemistry vol 40 no 3 pp 931ndash932 1995
[47] R Das B Das and A Kashinatham ldquoGossypiline a new lignanfrom Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Natural Product Sciences vol 4 no4 pp 238ndash240 1998
[48] D Shahwar S-U Shafiq N Ahmad S Ullah and M A RazaldquoAntioxidant activities of the selected plants from the fam-ily Euphorbiaceae Lauraceae Malvaceae and BalsaminaceaerdquoAfrican Journal of Biotechnology vol 9 no 7 pp 1086ndash10962010
[49] V Bullangpoti N Khumrungsee W Pluempanupat Y Kainohand U Saguanpong ldquoToxicity of ethyl acetate extract andricinine from Jatropha gossypifolia senescent leaves againstSpodoptera exigua Hubner (Lepidoptera Noctuidae)rdquo Journalof Pesticide Science vol 36 no 2 pp 260ndash263 2011
[50] A O Ogundare ldquoAntimicrobial effect of Tithonia diversifoliaand Jatropha gossypifolia leaf extractsrdquo Trends in Applied Sci-ences Research vol 2 no 2 pp 145ndash150 2007
[51] N Nwokocha A Blessing I O Agbagwa and B E OkolildquoComparative phytochemical screening of Jatropha L Speciesin the Niger Deltardquo Research Journal of Phytochemistry vol 5no 2 pp 107ndash114 2011
[52] R Seth and R Sarin ldquoAnalysis of the phytochemical contentand anti-microbial activity of Jatropha gossypifolia Lrdquo Archivesof Applied Science Research vol 2 no 5 pp 285ndash291 2010
[53] S Sankara Subramanian S Nagarajan and N SulochanaldquoFlavonoids of the leaves of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Phytochem-istry vol 10 no 7 p 1690 1971
[54] A C Pilon R L Carneiro F Carnevale Neto V S Bolzaniand I Castro-Gamboa ldquoInterval multivariate curve resolutionin the dereplication of HPLC-DAD data from Jatropha gossypi-foliardquo Phytochemical Analysis vol 24 no 4 pp 401ndash406 2013
[55] A R Kharat A K Dolui and S Das ldquoFree radical scavengingpotential of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Asian Journal of Chemistryvol 23 no 2 pp 799ndash801 2011
[56] P-A Calatayud D F Munera S Calatayud A Valencia-Jimenez and A C Bellotti ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia (Euphor-biaceae) a source of proteins toxic to Phenacoccus herreni(Sternorryncha Pseudococcidae)rdquo Florida Entomologist vol94 no 3 pp 649ndash654 2011
30 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
[57] W F Tinto L M D John W F Reynolds and S McLeanldquoTriterpenoids of Jatropha gossypiifoliardquo Journal of NaturalProducts vol 55 no 6 pp 807ndash809 1992
[58] R Das K Venkateswarlu V Saidi Reddy and B Das ldquo41015840-O-demethyl retrochinensin a minor new lignan from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Indian Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry vol 14no 2 pp 169ndash170 2004
[59] B Das A Kashinatham B Venkataiah K V N S Srinivas GMahender and M R Reddy ldquoCleomiscosin A a coumarino-lignoid from Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Biochemical Systematics andEcology vol 31 no 10 pp 1189ndash1191 2003
[60] B Das and G Anjani ldquoGossypidien a lignan from stems ofJatropha gossypifolliardquo Phytochemistry vol 51 no 1 pp 115ndash1171999
[61] B Das S P Rao and K V Srinivas ldquoIsolation of isogadain fromJatropha gossypifoliardquo Planta Medica vol 62 no 1 article 901996
[62] B Das S P Rao K V N S Srinivas and R Das ldquoJatrodien alignan from stems of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Phytochemistry vol41 no 3 pp 985ndash987 1996
[63] A Chatterjee B Das R Chakrabarti et al ldquoPrasanthaline anew lignan from Jatropha gossypifolia Linnrdquo Indian Journal ofChemistry vol 27 pp 740ndash741 1988
[64] M D Taylor A B Smith III G T Furst et al ldquoNewantileukemic jatrophone derivatives from Jatropha gossypiifoliastructural and stereochemical assignment through nuclearmagnetic resonance Spectroscopyrdquo Journal of the AmericanChemical Society vol 105 no 10 pp 3177ndash3183 1983
[65] K K Purushothaman S Chandrasekharan A F Cameron etal ldquoJatropholones A and B new diterpenoids from the roots ofJatropha gossypiifolia (Euphorbiaceae)mdashcrystal structure anal-ysis of Jatropholone Brdquo Tetrahedron Letters vol 20 no 11 pp979ndash980 1979
[66] S M Kupchan C W Sigel M J Matz J A S Renauld R CHaltiwanger and R F Bryan ldquoJatrophone a novel macrocyclicditerpenoid tumor inhibitor from Jatropha gossypiifoliardquo Jour-nal of the American Chemical Society vol 92 no 14 pp 4476ndash4477 1970
[67] Y R Prasad G S J G Alankararao and P Baby ldquoConstituentsof the seeds of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Fitoterapia vol 64 no 4p 376 1993
[68] O Ogbobe and V Akano ldquoThe physico-chemical properties ofthe seed and seed oil of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Plant Foods forHuman Nutrition vol 43 no 3 pp 197ndash200 1993
[69] W Adolf H J Opferkuch and E Hecker ldquoIrritant phorbolderivatives from four Jatropha speciesrdquo Phytochemistry vol 23no 1 pp 129ndash132 1984
[70] K M Hosamani and K S Katagi ldquoCharacterization andstructure elucidation of 12-hydroxyoctadec-cis-9-enoic acid inJatropha gossypifolia and Hevea brasiliensis seed oils a richsource of hydroxy fatty acidrdquo Chemistry and Physics of Lipidsvol 152 no 1 pp 9ndash12 2008
[71] S F A J Horsten A J J Van Den Berg J J Kettenes-VanDen Bosch B R Leeflang and R P Labadie ldquoCyclogossine Aa novel cyclic heptapeptide isolated from the latex of Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Planta Medica vol 62 no 1 pp 46ndash50 1996
[72] M U Ahmad M R Islam A H Mirza B H Chowdhuryand N Nahar ldquoAlkaloids of Jatropha gossypifolia Linnrdquo IndianJournal of Chemistry B Organic Chemistry Including MedicinalChemistry vol 31 no 1 pp 67ndash69 1992
[73] A Falodun U Kragl S-M T Touem A Villinger T Fahren-waldt and P Langer ldquoA novel anticancer diterpenoid fromJatropha gossypifoliardquo Natural Product Communications vol 7no 2 pp 151ndash152 2012
[74] G D Wadankar S N Malode and S L Sarambekar ldquoTra-ditionally used medicinal plants for ound healing in theWashim district Maharashtra (India)rdquo International Journal ofPharmTech Research vol 3 no 4 pp 2080ndash2084 2011
[75] B Kumar M Vijayakumar R Govindarajan and P Pushpan-gadan ldquoEthnopharmacological approaches to wound healing-Exploring medicinal plants of Indiardquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 114 no 2 pp 103ndash113 2007
[76] K Koudouvo D S Karou K Kokou et al ldquoAn ethnobotanicalstudy of antimalarial plants in Togo Maritime Regionrdquo Journalof Ethnopharmacology vol 134 no 1 pp 183ndash190 2011
[77] M Coelho-Ferreira ldquoMedicinal knowledge and plant utiliza-tion in an Amazonian coastal community ofMaruda Para State(Brazil)rdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 126 no 1 pp 159ndash175 2009
[78] F C S Oliveira R F M Barros and J M Moita Neto ldquoPlan-tas medicinais utilizadas em comunidades rurais de Oeirassemiarido piauienserdquo Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinaisvol 12 no 3 pp 282ndash301 2010
[79] J D F L Santos E Pagani J Ramos and E Rodrigues ldquoObser-vations on the therapeutic practices of riverine communities oftheUnini River AM Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol142 no 2 pp 503ndash515 2012
[80] S L Cartaxo M M de Almeida Souza and U P de Albu-querque ldquoMedicinal plants with bioprospecting potential usedin semi-arid northeastern Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacol-ogy vol 131 no 2 pp 326ndash342 2010
[81] O Jansen L Angenot M Tits et al ldquoEvaluation of 13 selectedmedicinal plants from Burkina Faso for their antiplasmodialpropertiesrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 130 no 1 pp143ndash150 2010
[82] M H Yetein L G Houessou T O Lougbegnon O Teka andB Tente ldquoEthnobotanical study of medicinal plants used for thetreatment of malaria in plateau of Allada Benin (West Africa)rdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 146 no 1 pp 154ndash163 2013
[83] L J Quintans Junior J R G S Almeida J T Lima et al ldquoPlantswith anticonvulsivant propertiesmdasha reviewrdquo Revista Brasileirade Farmacognosia vol 18 pp 798ndash819 2008
[84] A Diallo M S Traore S M Keita et al ldquoManagement ofdiabetes in Guinean traditional medicine an ethnobotanicalinvestigation in the coastal lowlandsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 144 no 2 pp 353ndash361 2012
[85] S O Olabanji A C Adebajo O R Omobuwajo et al ldquoPIXEanalysis of some Nigerian anti-diabetic medicinal plants (II)rdquoNuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B BeamInteractions With Materials and Atoms vol 318 pp 187ndash1902014
[86] T Oduola O G Avwioro and T B Ayanniyi ldquoSuitability ofthe leaf extract of Jatropha gossypifolia as an anticoagulant forbiochemical and haematological analysesrdquo African Journal ofBiotechnology vol 4 no 7 pp 679ndash681 2005
[87] CM Chariandy C E Seaforth R H Phelps G V Pollard andB P S Khambay ldquoScreening of medicinal plants from Trinidadand Tobago for antimicrobial and insecticidal propertiesrdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 64 no 3 pp 265ndash270 1999
[88] V P Kumar N S Chauhan H Padh and M Rajani ldquoSearchfor antibacterial and antifungal agents from selected Indian
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 31
medicinal plantsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 107 no2 pp 182ndash188 2006
[89] R Dabur A Gupta T K Mandal et al ldquoAntimicrobial activityof some medicinal plantsrdquo African Journal of TraditionalComplementary and AlternativeMedicines vol 4 no 3 pp 313ndash318 2007
[90] H C Ong and M Nordiana ldquoMalay ethno-medico botany inMachang Kelantan Malaysiardquo Fitoterapia vol 70 no 5 pp502ndash513 1999
[91] J Sanz-Biset J Campos-de-la-Cruz M A Epiquien-Riveraand S Canigueral ldquoA first survey on the medicinal plants of theChazuta valley (Peruvian Amazon)rdquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 122 no 2 pp 333ndash362 2009
[92] B B Panda K Gaur M L Kori et al ldquoAnti-inflammatoryand analgesic activity of Jatropha gossypifolia in experimentalanimal modelsrdquo Global Journal of Pharmacology vol 3 no 12009
[93] S S Ningthoujam A D Talukdar K S Potsangbam and MD Choudhury ldquoTraditional uses of herbal vapour therapy inManipur North East India an ethnobotanical surveyrdquo Journalof Ethnopharmacology vol 147 no 1 pp 136ndash147 2013
[94] A Asase A A Oteng-Yeboah G T Odamtten and M SJ Simmonds ldquoEthnobotanical study of some Ghanaian anti-malarial plantsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 99 no 2pp 273ndash279 2005
[95] C Lans T Harper K Georges and E Bridgewater ldquoMedicinaland ethnoveterinary remedies of hunters in Trinidadrdquo BMCComplementary and AlternativeMedicine vol 1 article 10 2001
[96] L Rasingam S Jeeva andD Kannan ldquoDental care of Andamanand Nicobar folks medicinal plants use as tooth stickrdquo AsianPacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine vol 2 no 2 pp S1013ndashS1016 2012
[97] P J Houghton and I M Osibogun ldquoFlowering plants usedagainst snakebiterdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 39 no 1pp 1ndash29 1993
[98] M Molander C H Saslis-Lagoudakis A K Jager and NRoslashnsted ldquoCross-cultural comparison of medicinal floras usedagainst snakebitesrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 139 no3 pp 863ndash872 2012
[99] A Jain S S Katewa B L Chaudhary and P Galav ldquoFolk herbalmedicines used in birth control and sexual diseases by tribals ofsouthern Rajasthan Indiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol90 no 1 pp 171ndash177 2004
[100] A Jain S S Katewa P K Galav and P Sharma ldquoMedicinalplant diversity of Sitamata wildlife sanctuary Rajasthan IndiardquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 102 no 2 pp 143ndash157 2005
[101] T Oduola G O Adeosun T A Oduola G O Avwioro andM A Oyeniyi ldquoMechanism of action of Jatropha gossypifoliastem latex as a haemostatic agentrdquo European Journal of GeneralMedicine vol 2 no 4 pp 140ndash143 2005
[102] D Garcia M V Domingues and E Rodrigues ldquoEthnophar-macological survey among migrants living in the SoutheastAtlantic Forest of Diadema Sao Paulo Brazilrdquo Journal ofEthnobiology and Ethnomedicine vol 6 article 29 2010
[103] S S Hebbar V H Harsha V Shripathi and G R HegdeldquoEthnomedicine of Dharwad district in Karnataka Indiamdashplants used in oral health carerdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 94 no 2-3 pp 261ndash266 2004
[104] S B Kosalge and R A Fursule ldquoInvestigation of ethnomedic-inal claims of some plants used by tribals of Satpuda Hills inIndiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 121 no 3 pp 456ndash461 2009
[105] R A Ritter M V B Monteiro F O B Monteiro et al ldquoEth-noveterinary knowledge and practices at Colares island Parastate eastern Amazon Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 144 no 2 pp 346ndash352 2012
[106] S K Dash and S Padhy ldquoReview on ethnomedicines fordiarrhoea diseases from Orissa prevalence versus culturerdquoJournal of Human Ecology vol 20 no 1 pp 59ndash64 2006
[107] R S L Taylor J B Hudson N P Manandhar and G H NTowers ldquoAntiviral activities of medicinal plants of southernNepalrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 53 pp 97ndash104 1996
[108] J M A Maia N G Czeczko J M R Filho et al ldquoEstudoda cicatrizacao de suturas na bexiga urinaria de ratos come sem utilizacao de extrato bruto de Jatropha gossypiifolia Lintraperitonealrdquo Acta Cirurgica Brasileira vol 21 no 2 pp 23ndash30 2006
[109] A L Ososki P Lohr M Reiff et al ldquoEthnobotanical literaturesurvey of medicinal plants in the Dominican Republic used forwomens health conditionsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol79 no 3 pp 285ndash298 2002
[110] A S Apu FHossain F Rizwan et al ldquoStudy of pharmacologicalactivities of methanol extract of Jatropha gossypifolia fruitsrdquoJournal of Basic and Clinical Pharmacy vol 4 no 1 pp 20ndash242013
[111] A S Apu K Ireen S Hossan Bhuyan et al ldquoEvaluation ofanalgesic neuropharmacological and anti-diarrheal potential ofJatropha gossypifolia (Linn) leaves in micerdquo Journal of MedicalSciences vol 12 no 8 pp 274ndash279 2012
[112] F A G Rocha and L I S Dantas ldquoAtividade antimicrobianain vitro do latex do aveloz (Euphorbia tirucalli L) pinhao bravo(Jatrophamollissima L) e pinhao roxo (Jatropha gossypiifolia L)sobre microrganismos patogenicosrdquo Holos vol 25 no 4 2009
[113] O M David and J O Oluyege ldquoIn vitro susceptibility ofselected pathogenic bacteria to leaf extracts and latex of Jatrophagossypiifolia(L) and Jatropha curcas (L)rdquo Biosciences Biotechnol-ogy Research Asia vol 3 no 1 pp 91ndash94 2006
[114] W D MacBae J B Hudson and G H N Towers ldquoStudieson the pharmacological activity of amazonian euphorbiaceaerdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 22 no 2 pp 143ndash172 1988
[115] M C Purohit and R Purohit ldquoEvaluation of antimicrobial andanti-inflammatory activities of bark of Jatropha gossypifoliardquoWorld Journal of Science and Technology vol 1 no 10 pp 1ndash52011
[116] D Singh and A Singh ldquoThe toxicity of four native Indianplants effect on AChE and acidalkaline phosphatase level infish Channa maruliusrdquo Chemosphere vol 60 no 1 pp 135ndash1402005
[117] C M Feitosa R M Freitas N N N Luz M Z B BezerraandM T S Trevisan ldquoAcetylcholinesterase inhibition by somespromising Brazilian medicinal plantsrdquo Brazilian Journal ofBiology vol 71 no 3 pp 783ndash789 2011
[118] Y Nagaharika V Kalyani S Rasheed and R KarthikeyanldquoAnti-inflammatory activity of leaves of Jatropha gossypifolia Lby HRBC membrane stabilization methodrdquo Journal of AcuteDisease vol 2 no 2 pp 156ndash158 2013
[119] S D N Silva I C Abreu S M D F Freire et al ldquoAntispas-modic effect of Jatropha gossypiifolia is mediated through dualblockade of muscarinic receptors and Ca2+ channelsrdquo BrazilianJournal of Pharmacognosy vol 21 no 4 pp 715ndash720 2011
[120] D Carabajal A Casaco L Arruzazabala R Gonzalez andV Fuentes ldquoPharmacological screening of plant decoctionscommonly used in Cuban folk medicinerdquo Journal of Ethnophar-macology vol 33 no 1-2 pp 21ndash24 1991
32 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
[121] S Jain G P Choudhary and D K Jain ldquoPharmacological eval-uation of anti-fertility activity of ethanolic extract of Jatrophagossypifolia leaf in female albino micerdquo Asian Pacific Journal ofTropical Biomedicine vol 2 no 3 pp S1671ndashS1674 2012
[122] S C N Servin O J M Torres J E F Matias et al ldquoAcao doextrato de Jatropha gossypiifolia L (piao roxo) na cicatrizacaode anastomose colonica estudo experimental em ratosrdquo ActaCirurgica Brasileira vol 21 no 3 pp 89ndash96 2006
[123] J R Vale N G Czeczko J U Aquino et al ldquoEstudo compara-tivo da cicatrizacao de gastrorrafias com e sem o uso do extratode Jatropha gossypiifolia L (piao roxo) em ratosrdquoActa CirurgicaBrasileira vol 21 no 3 pp 40ndash48 2006
[124] J U Aquino N G Czeczko O Malafaia et al ldquoAvaliacaofitoterapica da Jatropha gossypiifolia L na cicatrizacao desuturas na parede abdominal ventral de ratosrdquo Acta CirurgicaBrasileira vol 21 no 2 pp 61ndash66 2006
[125] M F D S Santos N G Czeczko P A N Nassif et alldquoAvaliacao do uso do extrato bruto de Jatropha gossypiifolia Lna cicatrizacao de feridas cutaneas em ratosrdquo Acta CirurgicaBrasileira vol 21 no 3 pp 2ndash7 2006
[126] B B Panda K Gaur R K Nema C S Sharma A K Jain andC P Jain ldquoHepatoprotective activity of Jatropha gossypifoliaagainst carbon tetrachloride- induced hepatic injury in ratsrdquoAsian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research vol 2no 1 pp 50ndash54 2009
[127] S S Deo T M Chaudhari and F Inam ldquoEvaluation ofthe immunomodulatory effects of 1-phenylnaphthalene andpericarbonyl lactone lignan compoundsrdquoDer PharmaChemicavol 4 no 2 pp 771ndash776 2012
[128] S K Rasheed S Kunapareddy and R Karthikeyan ldquoLocalanesthetic activity of Jatropha gossypifolia L on frogsrdquo Biomed-ical and Pharmacology Journal vol 5 no 2 pp 395ndash397 2012
[129] AM A Paes A L Camara SM F Freire andMO R BorgesldquoRelaxant effect of Jatropha gossypiifolia L on uterine smoothmusclerdquo International Journal of Phytomedicine vol 4 no 3 pp310ndash313 2012
[130] S J Jain G P Choudhary and D K Jain ldquoPharmacologicalevaluation and antifertility activity of Jatropha gossypifoliain ratsrdquo BioMed Research International vol 2013 Article ID125980 5 pages 2013
[131] J S de Oliveira PM Leite L B de Souza et al ldquoCharacteristicsand composition of Jatropha gossypiifolia and Jatropha curcasL oils and application for biodiesel productionrdquo Biomass andBioenergy vol 33 no 3 pp 449ndash453 2009
[132] V Bullangpoti E Wajnberg P Audant and R FeyereisenldquoAntifeedant activity of Jatropha gossypifolia and Meliaazedarach senescent leaf extracts on Spodoptera frugiperda(Lepidoptera Noctuidae) and their potential use as synergistsrdquoPest Management Science vol 68 no 9 pp 1255ndash1264 2012
[133] S N K JilaniW Islam andM Kamsh ldquoPotential of pyrethroidinsecticides and plant extracts on fecundity and egg viability oftribolium castaneum (Herbst)rdquo Journal of Bio-Science vol 19no 1 pp 95ndash97 2011
[134] D Sukumaran B D Parashar and K M Rao ldquoToxicity of Jat-ropha gossypiifolia and Vaccaria pyramidata against freshwatersnails vectors of animal schistosomiasisrdquo Fitoterapia vol 66 no5 pp 393ndash398 1995
[135] R K Devappa H P S Makkar and K Becker ldquoJatrophatoxicitymdasha reviewrdquo Journal of Toxicology and EnvironmentalHealth B Critical Reviews vol 13 no 6 pp 476ndash507 2010
[136] E P Schenkel M Zannin L A Mentz S A L Bordignonand B Irgang ldquoPlantas toxicasrdquo in Farmacognosia Da Planta
ao Medicamento C M O Simoes E P Schenkel G GosmannJ C P Mello L A Mentz and P R Petrovick Eds pp 959ndash993 Editora da UFRGSUFSC Porto Alegre Brazil 3d edition2007
[137] L I Oliveira F F Jabour V A Nogueira and E M YamasakildquoIntoxicacao experimental com as folhas de Jatropha gossypifo-lia(Euphorbiaceae) em ovinosrdquo Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileiravol 28 no 6 pp 275ndash278 2008
[138] P I A Awachie and F O Ugwu ldquoPreliminary investigationof the antimicrobial and brine shrimp lethality propertiesof some nigerian medicinal plantsrdquo International Journal ofPharmacognosy vol 35 no 5 pp 338ndash343 1997
[139] L J Medubi V O Ukwenya O T Aderinto et al ldquoEffects ofadministration of ethanolic root extract of Jatropha gossypiifoliaand prednisolone on the kidneys of Wistar ratsrdquo ElectronicJournal of Biomedicine vol 2 pp 41ndash48 2010
[140] T Oduola G B Popoola G O Avwioro et al ldquoUse of Jatrophagossypifolia stem latex as a haemostatic agent how safe is itrdquoJournal of Medicinal Plants Reasearch vol 1 no 1 pp 14ndash172007
Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom
Stem CellsInternational
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
MEDIATORSINFLAMMATION
of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Behavioural Neurology
EndocrinologyInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Disease Markers
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
BioMed Research International
OncologyJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
PPAR Research
The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Immunology ResearchHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of
ObesityJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine
OphthalmologyJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Diabetes ResearchJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Research and TreatmentAIDS
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Gastroenterology Research and Practice
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Parkinsonrsquos Disease
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Volume 2014Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 23Ta
ble4Con
tinued
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Antivira
lAe
rialp
arts
Water
andethylacetate
fractio
nsfro
mmethano
lextract
At110and
100120583
gmLbo
thfractio
nspresented100
ofinhibitio
nof
plaque-fo
rmingabilityof
Sind
bisv
irusintre
atmentp
reinfection
protocol(IC 5
0lt1120583
gmL)w
hilein
treatmentp
ostin
fection
theIC 5
0of
water
fractio
nincreasedto
512andacetatefractionincreasedto
37120583gmLFo
rmurinec
ytom
egaloviru
sIC
50of
17and15
towater
andethylacetatefractio
nswereo
bservedrespectiv
elyintre
atment
preinfectio
nprotocolInthetreatmentp
ostin
fection
howe
verno
inhibitio
nwas
observed
inthismicroorganism
[114]
Not
specified
Methano
lextractfro
mbarks
Partially
activ
eagainstSind
bisv
irusand
herpes
simplex
virus-l
Inactiv
eagainsthu
man
polio
virus
[107]
Bron
chod
ilator
Stem
sAq
ueou
sextract
Thee
xtractwas
inactiv
einbron
chod
ilatora
ctivity
inguinea
pigs
[120]
Con
traceptiv
eLeaves
Ethano
lextract
At450m
gkgdayover2
1daysby
oralroutecaused
anantifertility
activ
ityin
femalem
ice
[121]
Healin
g
Aeria
lparts
Ethano
l70
extract
At1m
Lkg
dosebyintraperito
nealrouteinrats
presentedbeneficial
activ
ityin
healingprocesso
fcolon
icanastomosis
[122]
Aeria
lparts
Ethano
l70
extract
At200m
gkgbyintraperito
nealrouteinrats
favoredtheh
ealin
gprocesso
fgastro
rrhaph
iesa
ndredu
cedthea
cuteinflammatory
reactio
nin
vivo
[123]
Leaves
Hydroethano
lextract
At200m
gkgbyintraperito
nealroutedecreasedtheinfl
ammation
andincreasedvascular
neoformationandcollagendepo
sitionwhen
comparedto
thec
ontro
lgroup
inhealingprocesso
fsutures
perfo
rmed
ontheb
ladd
erof
rats
How
everingeneralno
favorable
healingeffectw
asob
served
[108]
Not
specified
Ethano
licextract
Alth
ough
someimprovem
entcou
ldbe
observed
insuture
healingof
ventralabd
ominalwallofratstreated
with
100m
gkg
ofextract
(intraperito
nealinstillationintraperito
nealcavity)in
generalon
lya
poor
healingactiv
itywas
observed
[124]
Not
specified
At01m
Lvolumeby
topicalapp
lication
thec
rude
extractp
resented
significantd
ifferencesc
oncerningthem
acroscop
icandmicroscop
icaspectso
fhealin
gprocesso
ccurrin
gin
open
skin
lesio
nsin
rats
[125]
Hem
ostatic
Latex
Crud
efresh
latex
Decreased
clotting
andbleeding
timeinhealthysubjects
[101]
Hepatop
rotective
Aeria
lparts
Petro
letherm
ethano
land
water
extracts
At200m
gkgdayover7
daysbyoralrouteinrats
both
extracts
presentedhepatoprotectiv
eactivity
incarbon
tetrachlorideind
uced
liver
damagewith
thep
etrolether
beingthem
ostactivea
ndthe
methano
lbeing
theleast
[126]
Hypotensiv
eand
vasorelaxant
Aeria
lparts
Ethano
licextract
At125and250m
gkgdayover4
weeksby
oralrouteinrats
ina
dose-dependent
mannerredu
cedthes
ystolic
bloo
dpressure
and
prod
uced
acon
centratio
n-depend
entrelaxanteffectin
ratisolated
(ex
vivo)end
otheliu
m-depriv
edmesenteric
artery
precon
tractedwith
norepineph
rineo
rCaC
l 2
[45]
Immun
omod
ulatory
Who
leplant
Petro
lether
extract
At100200and40
0120583gmLincreasedthep
roliferationof
mou
sespleen
cellin
vitro
[127]
Localanesthetic
Not
specified
Methano
land
aqueou
sextracts
Both
extractspresentedsig
nificantlocalanestheticactiv
ityby
plexus
anesthesiain
frogslowast
[128]
24 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table4Con
tinued
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Relaxant
effecto
nuterine
smoo
thmuscle
(tocolytic
activ
ity)
Aeria
lparts
Ethano
licextractand
chloroform
icandaqueou
sfractio
ns
At05and10
mgmLthee
thanolicextractreduced
the
calcium
-evokedcontractile
respon
seof
theu
terin
esmoo
thmuscle
as
wellas
thec
hloroformicfractio
nTh
eaqu
eous
fractio
npresented
onlyslighteffect
[129]
Sedativ
eand
anxiolytic
Fruits
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmicepresentedsedativ
eeffect
intheh
olec
rosstest
At200m
gkgpresented
anxiolyticactiv
ityin
holebo
ardtest
At40
0mgkgpresented
anxiolyticactiv
ityin
elevated
plus-m
azetest
[110]
Leaves
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmicepresentedsedativ
eeffect
intheh
olec
rosstest
At200m
gkgpresented
anxiolyticactiv
ityin
holebo
ardtest
At40
0mgkgpresented
anxiolyticin
elevated
plus-m
azetest
[111]
lowast
Thec
ompletev
ersio
nof
thep
aper
was
notaccessib
leso
theinformationwas
obtained
from
itsabstr
act
IC50con
centratio
nthatinhibits50of
ther
eferredactiv
ity
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 25
about extract preparation and plant part not specified) theauthors also observed an absence of healing action althoughsome histological improvement was shown [125]
However studying the influence of J gossypiifolia on thehealing process of colonic anastomosis in rats Servin et alshowed that the administration of 1mLkg single dose ofthe hydro alcoholic extract from aerial parts has beneficialeffect on the healing process [122] However according tothese authors on the seventh day of the experiment therewas a decrease in the action of the extract suggestingthat the extract in this experiment was less active in laterstages of healing process [122] A plausible hypothesis notraised by the authors could be the fact that the extract wasadministered in a single dose which may not have beensufficient to maintain the effect throughout the time of theexperiment Additionally Vale et al showed that the ethanolicextract from aerial parts of J gossypiifolia at single intraperi-toneal dose of 200mgkg favored the healing process ofgastrorrhaphies and reduced the acute inflammatory reactionin vivo [123]
65 Hemostatic Action The use of J gossypiifolia especiallythe latex is widespread as a hemostatic agent for preventingbleeding disorders The results of whole blood clotting timeusing Lee and White method and bleeding time using Ivyrsquosmethod were significantly reduced when stem latex wasintroduced suggesting procoagulant activity [101] Regardingthe possible mechanism of action based on experimentsthat show the precipitating action of the latex upon bovinealbumin the authors suggest that the latex precipitatesclotting factors thereby bringing the coagulation factors intoclose contact and then the activation of coagulation cascadeleads to the generation of thrombin and formation of aclot takes place in a matter of seconds when compared tothe control experiment which took minutes to completecoagulation [101] It is important to emphasize that to the bestof our knowledge this is the only study performed on humansubjects
66 Anticholinesterase Action Based on the cholinergichypothesis acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are widely usedto treat Alzheimerrsquos disease J gossypiifolia presented animportant anticholinesterase activity since the methanolicextract from leaves showed an IC
50of 005mgmL [117]
Another study showed that the lyophilized latex of theplant was able to inhibit time- and dose-dependently theacetylcholinesterase enzyme in nervous tissue of freshwaterair breathing fish Channa marulius [116]
67 Antioxidant Action The antioxidant activity of extractsfrom J gossypiifoliawas evaluated by Kharat et al [55] In thiswork the high content of phenols tannins and flavonoids inthe leaves prompted the authors to evaluate the antioxidantactivity of the leaves DPPH free radical ferric thiocyanateand nitric oxide scavengingmethods were used to analyze theantioxidant activity in vitro of methanol ethyl acetate andaqueous extracts demonstrating positive resultsThe authorsattributed the free radical scavenging activity to the presence
of flavonoids [55] On the other hand a study showed thatdifferent extracts (petrol ether chloroform ethyl acetate andn-butanol) fromwhole plant of J gossypiifolia had only partialantioxidant activity in DPPH scavenging total antioxidantcapacity and lipid peroxidation tests [48] Among them theethyl acetate extract was the most active which correlatespositively with its higher content of phenolic compounds incomparison with the other extracts [48]
68 Contraceptive Action Based on its popular use J gossypi-ifoliawas assessed for its antifertility activity as an alternativeto oral contraceptive agents J gossypiifolia leaf extract byoral route altered the major hormones involved in estrouscycle regulation indicating its antifertility effect on mice[121] Evaluating other parameters (estrogenic and earlyabortifacient activities) the anti-infertility effect of the extractwas once more demonstrated later [130]
69 Tocolytic Action Based on the ethnopharmacologicalapplication of the plant as tocolytic remedy the effects oncalcium-evoked uterine smooth muscle contraction of theethanolic extract and fractions were evaluated [129] Thecrude extract and to a higher extent the chloroformic frac-tion reduced the calcium-evoked contractile response of theuterine smooth muscle promoting a rightward displacementof calciumcumulative curves aswell as reducing themaximalcontractions [129]
610 Antineoplasic Action One of the most well-knownpharmacological activities of J gossypiifolia is its antineopla-sic action which is frequently associated with the contentof lignoids and terpenoids One of the first reports wasmade by Kupchan et al [66] when the authors found thatthe ethanolic extract from roots as well as the isolatedditerpene jatrophone exhibited significant inhibitory activityin vitro against cells derived from human carcinoma of thenasopharynx and lymphocytic leukemia P-388 and in vivoagainst four standard animal tumor systems such as sarcoma180 Lewis lung carcinoma P-388 lymphocytic leukemiaand Walker 256 intramuscular carcinosarcoma [66] Laterthree new antitumor derivatives of jatrophone were isolatedfrom petrol ether extracts from roots of J gossypiifolia 2120572-hydroxyjatrophone 2120573-hydroxy-56-isojatrophone and 2120573-hydroxyjatrophone [64] Recently two other diterpenes withpotent antineoplasic activity were isolated from J gossypi-ifolia falodone and abiodone Falodone was isolated frommethanol extract from roots and showed potent proliferationinhibitory activity against A-549 human cancer cell line [13]Abiodone a lathyrane diterpenoid compound was isolatedfrom J gossypiifolia and presented potent anticancer activity[73]
611 Local Anesthetic Action The local anesthetic action ofJ gossypiifolia was evaluated by plexus anaesthesia in frogs[128] The authors observed that the aqueous and methanolextract (plant part not specified) presented significant anes-thetic action when compared to control group
26 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
612 Neuropharmacological Action The neuropharmacolog-ical action of the methanol extract of the leaves of J gossypi-ifolia was evaluated by Apu et al [111] The authors observedthat in hole cross test the extract at 200 and 400mgkg byoral route showed significant sedative effect in mice In holeboard test the extract showed highly significant anxiolyticactivity at a dose of 200mgkg whereas the same activity wasobserved at 400mgkg dose in elevated plus-maze test [111]Similar results were observed in the methanolic extract fromfruits [110]
613 Antidiarrheal Action Although it may seem contradic-tory as shown in Table 3 J gossypiifolia species is popularlyused both as purgative and as antidiarrheal remedy Howeverin literature there are interesting results about the antidiar-rheal properties of different extracts of this species
At 200 and 400mgkg oral doses in mice the methanolextract of J gossypiifolia leaves produced highly signifi-cant antidiarrheal activity upon castor oil-induced diarrheadecreasing themean number of stool and total weight of fecaloutput when compared to control group [111] Similar resultswere observed in the methanolic extract from fruits [110]
Aiming to determine the possible action mechanism of Jgossypiifolia aerial parts ethanol extract as antidiarrheal agentSilva et al [119] have investigated the effect of this extracton intestinal transit velocity and on isolated rat jejunumAt 500 1000 and 2000mgkg by oral route in mice theextract showed significant antispasmodic activity in mouseintestinal transit model when compared to control At 0510 and 20mgmL the crude extract inhibited in vitro theacetylcholine and calcium-induced contractions of isolatedrat jejunum The chloroform and aqueous fractions wereobtained and it was observed that only the chloroform frac-tion of the extract had a calcium-antagonist effect whereasboth chloroformic and aqueous fractions had anticholinergiceffect suggesting that the antispasmodic effect of J gossypi-ifolia may be due to a combination of anticholinergic andcalcium-antagonist mechanisms [119]
614 Immunomodulatory Action The immunomodulatoryaction of synthetic lignan compounds was evaluated by theassay of proliferation of mouse spleen cell in vitro andcompared with petrol ether extract of whole plant of Jgossypiifolia since it is a natural source of this kind ofcompound [127] The authors showed that both syntheticand naturally occurring 1-phenylnaphthalene lignans couldpositively modulate the immunity of the host since theysignificantly increased the proliferation of mouse spleen cellin vitro [127]
615 Hepatoprotective Action Despite some studies havingshown the hepatotoxic potential of J gossypiifolia a study wasperformed to analyze the possible hepatoprotective action ofextracts of this plant in carbon tetrachloride-induced liverdamage in rats [126] In fact the petrol ether methanoland water extracts from the aerial parts of J gossypiifoliapresented significant hepatoprotective action in this model
substantially restoring towards normalization the serum lev-els of serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase serum glu-tamate pyruvate transaminase serum alkaline phosphatasetotal bilirubin superoxide dismutase and catalase [126] Theauthors also discuss the close relationship between the hep-atoprotective action observed and the possible antioxidantmechanism present in the extracts
7 Other Actions andBiotechnological Applications
In addition to studies demonstrating scientific evidences ofthe pharmacological properties of J gossypiifolia severalstudies have demonstrated the potential of this species toobtain molecules with various applications thus showing itsmultipurpose character
Among the main applications described the use ofJ gossypiifolia seed oil for biodiesel production could bementioned Jatropha species has drawn the attention ofresearchers in recent years due to its emergence as a highlysuitable feedstock plant for biodiesel production [11] Amongthe species J gossypiifolia J curcas and J pohliana produceseeds with high oil content [11] In a study investigatingthe potential of two plants of the Jatropha genus (includ-ing J gossypiifolia) the authors observed that the studiedphysicochemical properties of the produced biodiesel are inthe acceptable range for use as biodiesel in diesel enginesshowing a promising economic exploitation of these rawmaterials [131]
Studies have shown the potential of the species for thedevelopment of new tools for biochemical analysis A recentstudy showed that the diluted fresh latex J gossypiifolia can beused as precipitating agent for biochemical determination ofproteins in plasma urine and cerebrospinal fluid with valuescomparable to those obtained from the conventional proteinprecipitants sodium tungstate and trichloroacetic acid [24]According to the authors the precipitating potential couldbe related to the capacity of the latex to form clots whenapplied to a bleeding sore or wound when it is used in folkmedicine [24] Another study showed the potentiality of thejuice extracted from the fresh leaves of J gossypiifolia asan anticoagulant for haematological analyses [86] 01mL ofextract per mL of blood proved to be suitable for obtainingplasmas for biochemical analysis comparable with conven-tional anticoagulants [86] However the authors emphasizethat the extract must be purified to remove interferingsubstances for it to be perfectly suitable for biochemicalanalysis [86]
Some studies have demonstrated the potentiality of Jgossypiifolia as a source of pesticide biomolecules Bullang-poti et al [49] isolated ricinine from the ethyl acetate extractfrom senescent leaves the main compound responsible forthe toxicity of the crude extract in Spodoptera exigua larvaethus demonstrating that it could be an alternative choiceto chemical insecticides In another study Bullangpoti etal [132] showed that the ethanol extract of J gossypiifoliain association with the ethanol extract of Melia azedarachwas toxic and inhibited some enzymes from Spodoptera
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 27
frugiperda larvae demonstrating once more the potentialityof the species as insecticide agent Calatayud et al [56]showed the presence of proteins of about 100 kDa with toxicactivity upon Phenacoccus herreni another type of insectIn this work the authors performed a strategy of extrac-tion that eliminated nonprotein compounds being able todemonstrate the potential of the species to obtain insecticidalproteins [56] Leaf extract of J gossypiifolia reduced thefecundity and egg viability against stored product insect pestsTribolium castaneum [133]
The potential molluscicidal activity of J gossypiifolia hasalso been evaluated as an alternative mode of preventionof schistosomiasis Sukumaran et al [134] showed that themethanol and n-butanol extracts from unripened seeds of Jgossypiifoliawas toxic against eggs and adults of two species offreshwater snails Lymnaea luteola and Indoplanorbis exustusThe results indicated that n-butanol extract was the mosteffective and that the eggs were more susceptible than adults[134]
8 Toxicology
Species of Jatropha are notably known for their toxic potential[135 136] This toxicity is related primarily to latex andseeds The latex is released from the aerial parts of theplant by mechanical injury and it is extremely caustic andirritating to skin and mucous membranes The seeds arerich in toxalbumins that cause agglutination and hemolysisto erythrocytes as well as damage to other cell types andcontain a lipoid resin complex that can cause dermatitis[3 12 135] The symptomatology consists in general ofgastrointestinal disorders (abdominal pain nausea vomitingand diarrhea) Additionally the clinical course can bringcardiovascular neurological and renal complications [136]Cases of poisoning in humans usually occur by eating fruitand seeds because of its similarity to edible chestnuts [136]
Some toxicological studies have demonstrated the toxicproperties of J gossypiifolia while others show the absence oftoxicity However it is important to observe the models useddoses administrated and types of extract employed (solventand plant part) among other aspects to make the properconclusions about the toxicity
The study of experimental poisoning in sheep showedthat the intake of fresh plant leaves in a single dose of40 gkg was lethal to these animals [137] The clinical andpathological picture in the experimental sheep was charac-terized by digestive lung and heart disturbances and alsoby slight regressive changes evidenced in hepatic and renalhistological examinations [137] However as observed byMariz et al [7] it is important to note that the medicinaluse of the plant is rarely in natura but instead by differentpreparations such as infusions or decoctions sometimes ofthe dried material which could inactivate the possible toxiccomponents However this is only a hypothesis and so thetoxicity of extracts from leaves cannot be discarded
One of the first studies relating the identification of theconstituents responsible for the toxic effects of the Jatrophaspecies was published by Adolf et al [69] In this work
by a bioguided isolation the irritant polyunsaturated ester12-deoxy-16-hydroxylphorbol was isolated from the etherextract from the seeds of J gossypiifolia by countercurrentchromatography [69] The irritant activity was visualized inmouse ear after 24 h of the application of the fractions andisolated compounds [69]
The in vitro cytotoxicity assay using brine shrimp larvaetest revealed that ethanol and methanol extracts (plant organunspecified) showed low toxicity [138] An earlier studyshowed that thewater and ethyl acetate fraction of amethanolextract from aerial parts of J gossypiifolia did not presenttoxicity against the same organisms [114]
A study performed in Wistar rats evaluated the toxicityof the ethanolic root extract of J gossypiifolia at 10 20 and30mgkg by oral route [139] The authors observed that theextract was toxic to the kidney and caused increased urearetention in the blood as observed by histological studies andbiochemical analysis of blood [139]
A preclinical toxicological assessment of the crudeethanol extract from J gossypiifolia leaves showed that theextract presents relatively low oral acute toxicity in Wistarrats [18 19] Rats treated with single doses of 12ndash50 gkgby oral route were observed for 14 days and the mostimportant signs of toxicity were ptosis reduction of bodyweight and hind limb paralysis Other significant alterationsoccurred only in males treated with 50 gkg dose increasein creatinine aspartate aminotransferase sodium and potas-sium seric levels reduction of urea and albumin leucopeniaand small alteration in color and consistency of visceraThe median lethal dose (LD
50) was higher than 40 gkg
for males and higher than 50 gkg for females [19] In thehistopathological evaluation some alteration was observedin liver and lung only at 50 gkg suggesting the relativelylow toxicity of the extract [18] However in the chronictoxicological study (thirteen weeks of treatment) this extractshowed significant oral chronic toxicity in rats [17] The mostsignificant toxic signs indicated a reduction of the activityin the central nervous system and digestive disturbancesThe histopathological analysis revealed hepatotoxicity andpulmonary damages The lethality was 466 and 133among males and females under the higher tested dose(405mgkg) respectively [17] Based on this Mariz et al [7]discussed that the development of herbal medicine based onthis species needs to prioritize the chemical refinement of thecrude extracts to obtain less toxic fractions which should betested for their safety and therapeutic efficacy
Another study on the other hand evaluating the oralacute toxicity of the aqueous and ethanol extracts from leavesof J gossypiifolia did not show any sign of toxicity in upto 2 gkg in rats enabling the authors to conclude that thisextract could be considered safe [118] This is an interestingresult since in most cases the plant is used popularly as tea(aqueous extract)
The toxicity of the stem latex of J gossypiifoliawas studiedin Wistar rats by applying different doses of crude latex onincised skin daily for 18 days based on the popular useof the latex as hemostatic agent in skin lesions [140] Theauthors observed that the application of the latex did notproduce any significant difference in results of biochemical
28 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
and hematological parameters obtained from the control andexperimental animals leading to the conclusion that the stemlatex has no harmful effects [140]
9 Conclusions
As demonstrated by this review J gossypiifolia presents animportant potential for the generation of pharmacologicalandor biotechnological products based on popular usesand biological studies scientifically showing its propertiesHowever regarding specifically its medicinal propertiesfurther studies are still necessary to assay important folkuses of the species and characterize the major compoundsresponsible for the bioactivityThus studies of bioprospectingcould prioritize this species since many popular uses forvariousmedical purposes are reported demonstrating a greatpotential to originate bioactive molecules with pharmaco-logical relevance Furthermore future phytochemical studiesof this plant are important to obtain the best knowledgeof the chemical composition of different extracts of theplant in order to recognize the really important compoundsin the pharmacological actions aspiring to the chemicalrefinement of the products to eliminate the eventual toxiceffects that could reduce the medicinal value of the speciesIn conclusion the data presented in this review could provideinsights for future research aimed at both ethnopharmaco-logical validation of the popular use of J gossypiifolia andits exploration as a new source of bioactive molecules forherbal drugs andor bioactive natural products for potentialapplication in complementary and alternative medicine
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper
Acknowledgments
The authors thank BNB CNPq and CAPES (Brazil) forthe financial support Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosagives thanks to CNPq for Scholarship in Research Produc-tivity The authors also thank Andrew Alastair Cumming forediting this paper for the English revision
References
[1] G L Webster ldquoClassification of the euphorbiaceaerdquo Annals ofthe Missouri Botanical Garden vol 81 pp 3ndash143 1994
[2] M V Alves ldquoChecklist das especies de Euphorbiaceae Jussocorrentes no semi-arido pernambucano BrasilrdquoActa BotanciaBrasileira vol 12 no 3 pp 485ndash495 1998
[3] C W Sabandar N Ahmat F M Jaafar and I Sahidin ldquoMedic-inal property phytochemistry and pharmacology of severalJatropha species (Euphorbiaceae) a reviewrdquo Phytochemistryvol 85 pp 7ndash29 2013
[4] C K A Leal and M D F Agra ldquoEstudo farmacobotanicocomparativo das folhas de Jatrophamolissima (Pohl) BaillrdquoActaFarmaceutica Bonaerense vol 24 no 1 pp 5ndash13 2005
[5] L C Di Stasi and C A Hiruma-Lima Plantas medicinais naAmazonia e na Mata Atlantica UNESP Sao Paulo Brazil 2ndedition 2002
[6] M D F Agra K N Silva I J L D Basılio P F De Freitasand JM Barbosa-Filho ldquoSurvey ofmedicinal plants used in theregionNortheast of BrazilrdquoBrazilian Journal of Pharmacognosyvol 18 no 3 pp 472ndash508 2008
[7] S R Mariz A C R Borges M F F Melo-Diniz and I AMedeiros ldquoPossibilidades terapeuticas e riscos toxicologicosde Jatropha gossypiifolia L uma revisao narrativardquo RevistaBrasileiraDe PlantasMedicinais vol 12 no 3 pp 346ndash357 2010
[8] I Cordeiro and R Secco ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia L Lista deespecies da flora do Brasilrdquo Jardim Botanico do Rio de JaneirohttpfloradobrasiljbrjgovbrjabotfloradobrasilFB17581
[9] U P de Albuquerque P M de Medeiros A L S de Almeida etal ldquoMedicinal plants of the caatinga (semi-arid) vegetation ofNE Brazil a quantitative approachrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacol-ogy vol 114 no 3 pp 325ndash354 2007
[10] U P Albuquerque L H C Andrade and J Caballero ldquoStruc-ture and floristics of homegardens in Northeastern BrazilrdquoJournal of Arid Environments vol 62 no 3 pp 491ndash506 2005
[11] S A Ceasar and S Ignacimuthu ldquoApplications of biotechnologyand biochemical engineering for the improvement of Jatrophaand Biodiesel a reviewrdquo Renewable and Sustainable EnergyReviews vol 15 no 9 pp 5176ndash5185 2011
[12] U P de Albuquerque J MMonteiro M A Ramos and E L Cde Amorim ldquoMedicinal and magic plants from a public marketin northeastern Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 110no 1 pp 76ndash91 2007
[13] A Falodun Q Sheng-Xiang G Parkinson and S GibbonsldquoIsolation and characterization of a new anticancer diterpenoidfrom Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journalvol 45 no 10 pp 636ndash639 2012
[14] BRASIL ldquoFitoterapia plantas de interesse ao SUSrdquo Braz-ilian Health Ministry httpportalsaudegovbrportalarqu-ivospdfRENISUSpdf
[15] X-P Zhang M-L Zhang X-H Su C-H Huo Y-C Gu andQ-W Shi ldquoChemical constituents of the plants from genusJatrophardquo Chemistry and Biodiversity vol 6 no 12 pp 2166ndash2183 2009
[16] S K Sharma and H Singh ldquoA review on pharmacological sig-nificance of genus Jatropha (Euphorbiaceae)rdquoChinese Journal ofIntegrative Medicine vol 18 no 11 pp 868ndash880 2012
[17] S RMariz G S CerqueiraWCAraujo et al ldquoChronic toxico-logic study of the ethanolic extract of the aerial parts of Jatrophagossypiifolia in ratsrdquoRevista Brasileira de Farmacognosia vol 22no 3 pp 663ndash668 2012
[18] S R Mariz M S T Araujo G S Cerqueira et al ldquoHistopatho-logical evaluation in rats after acute treatment with the ethanolextract from aerial parts of Jatropha gossypiifolia Lrdquo RevistaBrasileira De Farmacognosia vol 18 no 2 pp 213ndash216 2008
[19] S R Mariz G S Cerqueira W C Araujo et al ldquoEstudo toxi-cologico agudo do extrato etanolico de partes aereas de Jatrophagossypiifolia L em ratosrdquo Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosiavol 16 no 3 pp 372ndash378 2006
[20] C Auvin-Guette C Baraguey A Blond J L Pousset andB Bodo ldquoCyclogossine B a cyclic octapeptide from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Journal of Natural Products vol 60 pp 1155ndash11571997
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 29
[21] V S Parvathi B S Jyothi T Lakshmi P S Babu and RKarthikeyan ldquoMorpho-anatomical and physicochemical stud-ies of Jatropha gossypifolia (L)rdquo Der Pharmacia Lettre vol 4no 1 pp 256ndash262 2012
[22] M N S Rios and F Pastore Junior Plantas da Amazonia450 Especies de Uso Geral Universidade de BrasıliamdashBibliotecaCentral Brasılia 2011
[23] S R Mariz Estudo toxicologico pre-clınico de Jatropha gossypi-ifolia L [PhD thesis] Universidade Federal da Paraıba JoaoPessoa Brazil 2007
[24] O G Adeosun T Oduola F A Fagbomedo et al ldquoSuitabilityof stem latex of Jatropha gossypifolia as a protein precipitant forbiochemical analysisrdquo Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistryvol 29 no 2 pp 210ndash212 2014
[25] F O A Ajose ldquoSome Nigerian plants of dermatologic impor-tancerdquo International Journal of Dermatology vol 46 no 1 pp48ndash55 2007
[26] J S Ashidi P J Houghton P J Hylands and T EfferthldquoEthnobotanical survey and cytotoxicity testing of plants ofSouth-western Nigeria used to treat cancer with isolationof cytotoxic constituents from Cajanus cajan Millsp leavesrdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 128 no 2 pp 501ndash512 2010
[27] M Ayyanar and S Ignacimuthu ldquoEthnobotanical survey ofmedicinal plants commonly used by Kani tribals in Tirunelvelihills of Western Ghats Indiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 134 no 3 pp 851ndash864 2011
[28] R Bhagat S D Ambavade A V Misar and D K KulkarnildquoAnti-inflammatory activity of Jatropha gossypifolia L leaves inalbino mice and Wistar ratrdquo Journal of Scientific and IndustrialResearch vol 70 no 4 pp 289ndash292 2011
[29] J H Cano and G Volpato ldquoHerbal mixtures in the traditionalmedicine of Eastern Cubardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol90 no 2-3 pp 293ndash316 2004
[30] F G Coe and G J Anderson ldquoScreening of medicinal plantsused by the Garıfuna of Eastern Nicaragua for bioactive com-poundsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 53 no 1 pp 29ndash501996
[31] MGbeassor Y Kossou K Amegbo C De Souza K Koumagloand A Denke ldquoAntimalarial effects of eight African medicinalplantsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 25 no 1 pp 115ndash1181989
[32] National Center for Biotechnology Information ldquoJatropha gos-sypiifoliardquo Taxonomy Browser httpwwwncbinlmnihgovTaxonomyBrowserwwwtaxcgiid=454931
[33] Tropicos ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia Lrdquo httpwwwtropicosorgNamePrintaspxnameid=12802174amptab=details
[34] The Plant List ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia Lrdquo httpwwwtheplant-listorgtplrecordkew-104621
[35] M S Khyade and N P Vaikos ldquoPharmacognostical andphytochemical evaluation of leaf of Jatropha gossypifolia LrdquoInternational Journal of Research in Ayurveda amp Pharmacy vol2 no 1 pp 177ndash180 2011
[36] D O Aworinde D U Nwoye A A Jayeola A O Olagoke andA A Ogundele ldquoTaxonomic significance of foliar epidermis insome members of euphorbiaceae family in Nigeriardquo ResearchJournal of Botany vol 4 no 1 pp 17ndash28 2009
[37] J D Olowokudejo ldquoComparative epidermal morphology ofWest African species of Jatropha L (Euphorbiaceae)rdquo BotanicalJournal of the Linnean Society vol 111 no 2 pp 139ndash154 1993
[38] B Das and B Venkataiah ldquoA minor coumarino-lignoid fromJatropha gossypifoliardquo Biochemical Systematics and Ecology vol29 no 2 pp 213ndash214 2001
[39] B Das B Venkataiah and A Kashinatham ldquoVenkatasin a newcoumarino-lignoid from Jatropha gossypifoliardquoNatural ProductLetters vol 13 no 4 pp 293ndash297 1999
[40] B Das and B Venkataiah ldquoA rare diterpene from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Biochemical Systematics and Ecology vol 27 no 7pp 759ndash760 1999
[41] N Ravindranath B Venkataiah C Ramesh P Jayaprakash andB Das ldquoJatrophenone a novel macrocyclic bioactive diterpenefrom Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bul-letin vol 51 no 7 pp 870ndash871 2003
[42] B Das and J Banerji ldquoArylnaphthalene lignan from JatrophagossypifoliardquoPhytochemistry vol 27 no 11 pp 3684ndash3686 1988
[43] J Banerji B Das A Chatterjee and J N Shoolery ldquoGadain alignan from Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Phytochemistry vol 23 no10 pp 2323ndash2327 1984
[44] A Chatterjee B Das C Pascard and T Prange ldquoCrystalstructure of a lignan from Jatropha gossypifoliardquoPhytochemistryvol 20 no 8 pp 2047ndash2048 1981
[45] I C Abreu A S S Marinho A M A Paes et al ldquoHypotensiveand vasorelaxant effects of ethanolic extract from Jatrophagossypiifolia L in ratsrdquo Fitoterapia vol 74 no 7-8 pp 650ndash6572003
[46] B Das and R Das ldquoGossypifan a lignan from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Phytochemistry vol 40 no 3 pp 931ndash932 1995
[47] R Das B Das and A Kashinatham ldquoGossypiline a new lignanfrom Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Natural Product Sciences vol 4 no4 pp 238ndash240 1998
[48] D Shahwar S-U Shafiq N Ahmad S Ullah and M A RazaldquoAntioxidant activities of the selected plants from the fam-ily Euphorbiaceae Lauraceae Malvaceae and BalsaminaceaerdquoAfrican Journal of Biotechnology vol 9 no 7 pp 1086ndash10962010
[49] V Bullangpoti N Khumrungsee W Pluempanupat Y Kainohand U Saguanpong ldquoToxicity of ethyl acetate extract andricinine from Jatropha gossypifolia senescent leaves againstSpodoptera exigua Hubner (Lepidoptera Noctuidae)rdquo Journalof Pesticide Science vol 36 no 2 pp 260ndash263 2011
[50] A O Ogundare ldquoAntimicrobial effect of Tithonia diversifoliaand Jatropha gossypifolia leaf extractsrdquo Trends in Applied Sci-ences Research vol 2 no 2 pp 145ndash150 2007
[51] N Nwokocha A Blessing I O Agbagwa and B E OkolildquoComparative phytochemical screening of Jatropha L Speciesin the Niger Deltardquo Research Journal of Phytochemistry vol 5no 2 pp 107ndash114 2011
[52] R Seth and R Sarin ldquoAnalysis of the phytochemical contentand anti-microbial activity of Jatropha gossypifolia Lrdquo Archivesof Applied Science Research vol 2 no 5 pp 285ndash291 2010
[53] S Sankara Subramanian S Nagarajan and N SulochanaldquoFlavonoids of the leaves of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Phytochem-istry vol 10 no 7 p 1690 1971
[54] A C Pilon R L Carneiro F Carnevale Neto V S Bolzaniand I Castro-Gamboa ldquoInterval multivariate curve resolutionin the dereplication of HPLC-DAD data from Jatropha gossypi-foliardquo Phytochemical Analysis vol 24 no 4 pp 401ndash406 2013
[55] A R Kharat A K Dolui and S Das ldquoFree radical scavengingpotential of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Asian Journal of Chemistryvol 23 no 2 pp 799ndash801 2011
[56] P-A Calatayud D F Munera S Calatayud A Valencia-Jimenez and A C Bellotti ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia (Euphor-biaceae) a source of proteins toxic to Phenacoccus herreni(Sternorryncha Pseudococcidae)rdquo Florida Entomologist vol94 no 3 pp 649ndash654 2011
30 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
[57] W F Tinto L M D John W F Reynolds and S McLeanldquoTriterpenoids of Jatropha gossypiifoliardquo Journal of NaturalProducts vol 55 no 6 pp 807ndash809 1992
[58] R Das K Venkateswarlu V Saidi Reddy and B Das ldquo41015840-O-demethyl retrochinensin a minor new lignan from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Indian Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry vol 14no 2 pp 169ndash170 2004
[59] B Das A Kashinatham B Venkataiah K V N S Srinivas GMahender and M R Reddy ldquoCleomiscosin A a coumarino-lignoid from Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Biochemical Systematics andEcology vol 31 no 10 pp 1189ndash1191 2003
[60] B Das and G Anjani ldquoGossypidien a lignan from stems ofJatropha gossypifolliardquo Phytochemistry vol 51 no 1 pp 115ndash1171999
[61] B Das S P Rao and K V Srinivas ldquoIsolation of isogadain fromJatropha gossypifoliardquo Planta Medica vol 62 no 1 article 901996
[62] B Das S P Rao K V N S Srinivas and R Das ldquoJatrodien alignan from stems of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Phytochemistry vol41 no 3 pp 985ndash987 1996
[63] A Chatterjee B Das R Chakrabarti et al ldquoPrasanthaline anew lignan from Jatropha gossypifolia Linnrdquo Indian Journal ofChemistry vol 27 pp 740ndash741 1988
[64] M D Taylor A B Smith III G T Furst et al ldquoNewantileukemic jatrophone derivatives from Jatropha gossypiifoliastructural and stereochemical assignment through nuclearmagnetic resonance Spectroscopyrdquo Journal of the AmericanChemical Society vol 105 no 10 pp 3177ndash3183 1983
[65] K K Purushothaman S Chandrasekharan A F Cameron etal ldquoJatropholones A and B new diterpenoids from the roots ofJatropha gossypiifolia (Euphorbiaceae)mdashcrystal structure anal-ysis of Jatropholone Brdquo Tetrahedron Letters vol 20 no 11 pp979ndash980 1979
[66] S M Kupchan C W Sigel M J Matz J A S Renauld R CHaltiwanger and R F Bryan ldquoJatrophone a novel macrocyclicditerpenoid tumor inhibitor from Jatropha gossypiifoliardquo Jour-nal of the American Chemical Society vol 92 no 14 pp 4476ndash4477 1970
[67] Y R Prasad G S J G Alankararao and P Baby ldquoConstituentsof the seeds of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Fitoterapia vol 64 no 4p 376 1993
[68] O Ogbobe and V Akano ldquoThe physico-chemical properties ofthe seed and seed oil of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Plant Foods forHuman Nutrition vol 43 no 3 pp 197ndash200 1993
[69] W Adolf H J Opferkuch and E Hecker ldquoIrritant phorbolderivatives from four Jatropha speciesrdquo Phytochemistry vol 23no 1 pp 129ndash132 1984
[70] K M Hosamani and K S Katagi ldquoCharacterization andstructure elucidation of 12-hydroxyoctadec-cis-9-enoic acid inJatropha gossypifolia and Hevea brasiliensis seed oils a richsource of hydroxy fatty acidrdquo Chemistry and Physics of Lipidsvol 152 no 1 pp 9ndash12 2008
[71] S F A J Horsten A J J Van Den Berg J J Kettenes-VanDen Bosch B R Leeflang and R P Labadie ldquoCyclogossine Aa novel cyclic heptapeptide isolated from the latex of Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Planta Medica vol 62 no 1 pp 46ndash50 1996
[72] M U Ahmad M R Islam A H Mirza B H Chowdhuryand N Nahar ldquoAlkaloids of Jatropha gossypifolia Linnrdquo IndianJournal of Chemistry B Organic Chemistry Including MedicinalChemistry vol 31 no 1 pp 67ndash69 1992
[73] A Falodun U Kragl S-M T Touem A Villinger T Fahren-waldt and P Langer ldquoA novel anticancer diterpenoid fromJatropha gossypifoliardquo Natural Product Communications vol 7no 2 pp 151ndash152 2012
[74] G D Wadankar S N Malode and S L Sarambekar ldquoTra-ditionally used medicinal plants for ound healing in theWashim district Maharashtra (India)rdquo International Journal ofPharmTech Research vol 3 no 4 pp 2080ndash2084 2011
[75] B Kumar M Vijayakumar R Govindarajan and P Pushpan-gadan ldquoEthnopharmacological approaches to wound healing-Exploring medicinal plants of Indiardquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 114 no 2 pp 103ndash113 2007
[76] K Koudouvo D S Karou K Kokou et al ldquoAn ethnobotanicalstudy of antimalarial plants in Togo Maritime Regionrdquo Journalof Ethnopharmacology vol 134 no 1 pp 183ndash190 2011
[77] M Coelho-Ferreira ldquoMedicinal knowledge and plant utiliza-tion in an Amazonian coastal community ofMaruda Para State(Brazil)rdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 126 no 1 pp 159ndash175 2009
[78] F C S Oliveira R F M Barros and J M Moita Neto ldquoPlan-tas medicinais utilizadas em comunidades rurais de Oeirassemiarido piauienserdquo Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinaisvol 12 no 3 pp 282ndash301 2010
[79] J D F L Santos E Pagani J Ramos and E Rodrigues ldquoObser-vations on the therapeutic practices of riverine communities oftheUnini River AM Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol142 no 2 pp 503ndash515 2012
[80] S L Cartaxo M M de Almeida Souza and U P de Albu-querque ldquoMedicinal plants with bioprospecting potential usedin semi-arid northeastern Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacol-ogy vol 131 no 2 pp 326ndash342 2010
[81] O Jansen L Angenot M Tits et al ldquoEvaluation of 13 selectedmedicinal plants from Burkina Faso for their antiplasmodialpropertiesrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 130 no 1 pp143ndash150 2010
[82] M H Yetein L G Houessou T O Lougbegnon O Teka andB Tente ldquoEthnobotanical study of medicinal plants used for thetreatment of malaria in plateau of Allada Benin (West Africa)rdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 146 no 1 pp 154ndash163 2013
[83] L J Quintans Junior J R G S Almeida J T Lima et al ldquoPlantswith anticonvulsivant propertiesmdasha reviewrdquo Revista Brasileirade Farmacognosia vol 18 pp 798ndash819 2008
[84] A Diallo M S Traore S M Keita et al ldquoManagement ofdiabetes in Guinean traditional medicine an ethnobotanicalinvestigation in the coastal lowlandsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 144 no 2 pp 353ndash361 2012
[85] S O Olabanji A C Adebajo O R Omobuwajo et al ldquoPIXEanalysis of some Nigerian anti-diabetic medicinal plants (II)rdquoNuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B BeamInteractions With Materials and Atoms vol 318 pp 187ndash1902014
[86] T Oduola O G Avwioro and T B Ayanniyi ldquoSuitability ofthe leaf extract of Jatropha gossypifolia as an anticoagulant forbiochemical and haematological analysesrdquo African Journal ofBiotechnology vol 4 no 7 pp 679ndash681 2005
[87] CM Chariandy C E Seaforth R H Phelps G V Pollard andB P S Khambay ldquoScreening of medicinal plants from Trinidadand Tobago for antimicrobial and insecticidal propertiesrdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 64 no 3 pp 265ndash270 1999
[88] V P Kumar N S Chauhan H Padh and M Rajani ldquoSearchfor antibacterial and antifungal agents from selected Indian
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 31
medicinal plantsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 107 no2 pp 182ndash188 2006
[89] R Dabur A Gupta T K Mandal et al ldquoAntimicrobial activityof some medicinal plantsrdquo African Journal of TraditionalComplementary and AlternativeMedicines vol 4 no 3 pp 313ndash318 2007
[90] H C Ong and M Nordiana ldquoMalay ethno-medico botany inMachang Kelantan Malaysiardquo Fitoterapia vol 70 no 5 pp502ndash513 1999
[91] J Sanz-Biset J Campos-de-la-Cruz M A Epiquien-Riveraand S Canigueral ldquoA first survey on the medicinal plants of theChazuta valley (Peruvian Amazon)rdquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 122 no 2 pp 333ndash362 2009
[92] B B Panda K Gaur M L Kori et al ldquoAnti-inflammatoryand analgesic activity of Jatropha gossypifolia in experimentalanimal modelsrdquo Global Journal of Pharmacology vol 3 no 12009
[93] S S Ningthoujam A D Talukdar K S Potsangbam and MD Choudhury ldquoTraditional uses of herbal vapour therapy inManipur North East India an ethnobotanical surveyrdquo Journalof Ethnopharmacology vol 147 no 1 pp 136ndash147 2013
[94] A Asase A A Oteng-Yeboah G T Odamtten and M SJ Simmonds ldquoEthnobotanical study of some Ghanaian anti-malarial plantsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 99 no 2pp 273ndash279 2005
[95] C Lans T Harper K Georges and E Bridgewater ldquoMedicinaland ethnoveterinary remedies of hunters in Trinidadrdquo BMCComplementary and AlternativeMedicine vol 1 article 10 2001
[96] L Rasingam S Jeeva andD Kannan ldquoDental care of Andamanand Nicobar folks medicinal plants use as tooth stickrdquo AsianPacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine vol 2 no 2 pp S1013ndashS1016 2012
[97] P J Houghton and I M Osibogun ldquoFlowering plants usedagainst snakebiterdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 39 no 1pp 1ndash29 1993
[98] M Molander C H Saslis-Lagoudakis A K Jager and NRoslashnsted ldquoCross-cultural comparison of medicinal floras usedagainst snakebitesrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 139 no3 pp 863ndash872 2012
[99] A Jain S S Katewa B L Chaudhary and P Galav ldquoFolk herbalmedicines used in birth control and sexual diseases by tribals ofsouthern Rajasthan Indiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol90 no 1 pp 171ndash177 2004
[100] A Jain S S Katewa P K Galav and P Sharma ldquoMedicinalplant diversity of Sitamata wildlife sanctuary Rajasthan IndiardquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 102 no 2 pp 143ndash157 2005
[101] T Oduola G O Adeosun T A Oduola G O Avwioro andM A Oyeniyi ldquoMechanism of action of Jatropha gossypifoliastem latex as a haemostatic agentrdquo European Journal of GeneralMedicine vol 2 no 4 pp 140ndash143 2005
[102] D Garcia M V Domingues and E Rodrigues ldquoEthnophar-macological survey among migrants living in the SoutheastAtlantic Forest of Diadema Sao Paulo Brazilrdquo Journal ofEthnobiology and Ethnomedicine vol 6 article 29 2010
[103] S S Hebbar V H Harsha V Shripathi and G R HegdeldquoEthnomedicine of Dharwad district in Karnataka Indiamdashplants used in oral health carerdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 94 no 2-3 pp 261ndash266 2004
[104] S B Kosalge and R A Fursule ldquoInvestigation of ethnomedic-inal claims of some plants used by tribals of Satpuda Hills inIndiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 121 no 3 pp 456ndash461 2009
[105] R A Ritter M V B Monteiro F O B Monteiro et al ldquoEth-noveterinary knowledge and practices at Colares island Parastate eastern Amazon Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 144 no 2 pp 346ndash352 2012
[106] S K Dash and S Padhy ldquoReview on ethnomedicines fordiarrhoea diseases from Orissa prevalence versus culturerdquoJournal of Human Ecology vol 20 no 1 pp 59ndash64 2006
[107] R S L Taylor J B Hudson N P Manandhar and G H NTowers ldquoAntiviral activities of medicinal plants of southernNepalrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 53 pp 97ndash104 1996
[108] J M A Maia N G Czeczko J M R Filho et al ldquoEstudoda cicatrizacao de suturas na bexiga urinaria de ratos come sem utilizacao de extrato bruto de Jatropha gossypiifolia Lintraperitonealrdquo Acta Cirurgica Brasileira vol 21 no 2 pp 23ndash30 2006
[109] A L Ososki P Lohr M Reiff et al ldquoEthnobotanical literaturesurvey of medicinal plants in the Dominican Republic used forwomens health conditionsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol79 no 3 pp 285ndash298 2002
[110] A S Apu FHossain F Rizwan et al ldquoStudy of pharmacologicalactivities of methanol extract of Jatropha gossypifolia fruitsrdquoJournal of Basic and Clinical Pharmacy vol 4 no 1 pp 20ndash242013
[111] A S Apu K Ireen S Hossan Bhuyan et al ldquoEvaluation ofanalgesic neuropharmacological and anti-diarrheal potential ofJatropha gossypifolia (Linn) leaves in micerdquo Journal of MedicalSciences vol 12 no 8 pp 274ndash279 2012
[112] F A G Rocha and L I S Dantas ldquoAtividade antimicrobianain vitro do latex do aveloz (Euphorbia tirucalli L) pinhao bravo(Jatrophamollissima L) e pinhao roxo (Jatropha gossypiifolia L)sobre microrganismos patogenicosrdquo Holos vol 25 no 4 2009
[113] O M David and J O Oluyege ldquoIn vitro susceptibility ofselected pathogenic bacteria to leaf extracts and latex of Jatrophagossypiifolia(L) and Jatropha curcas (L)rdquo Biosciences Biotechnol-ogy Research Asia vol 3 no 1 pp 91ndash94 2006
[114] W D MacBae J B Hudson and G H N Towers ldquoStudieson the pharmacological activity of amazonian euphorbiaceaerdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 22 no 2 pp 143ndash172 1988
[115] M C Purohit and R Purohit ldquoEvaluation of antimicrobial andanti-inflammatory activities of bark of Jatropha gossypifoliardquoWorld Journal of Science and Technology vol 1 no 10 pp 1ndash52011
[116] D Singh and A Singh ldquoThe toxicity of four native Indianplants effect on AChE and acidalkaline phosphatase level infish Channa maruliusrdquo Chemosphere vol 60 no 1 pp 135ndash1402005
[117] C M Feitosa R M Freitas N N N Luz M Z B BezerraandM T S Trevisan ldquoAcetylcholinesterase inhibition by somespromising Brazilian medicinal plantsrdquo Brazilian Journal ofBiology vol 71 no 3 pp 783ndash789 2011
[118] Y Nagaharika V Kalyani S Rasheed and R KarthikeyanldquoAnti-inflammatory activity of leaves of Jatropha gossypifolia Lby HRBC membrane stabilization methodrdquo Journal of AcuteDisease vol 2 no 2 pp 156ndash158 2013
[119] S D N Silva I C Abreu S M D F Freire et al ldquoAntispas-modic effect of Jatropha gossypiifolia is mediated through dualblockade of muscarinic receptors and Ca2+ channelsrdquo BrazilianJournal of Pharmacognosy vol 21 no 4 pp 715ndash720 2011
[120] D Carabajal A Casaco L Arruzazabala R Gonzalez andV Fuentes ldquoPharmacological screening of plant decoctionscommonly used in Cuban folk medicinerdquo Journal of Ethnophar-macology vol 33 no 1-2 pp 21ndash24 1991
32 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
[121] S Jain G P Choudhary and D K Jain ldquoPharmacological eval-uation of anti-fertility activity of ethanolic extract of Jatrophagossypifolia leaf in female albino micerdquo Asian Pacific Journal ofTropical Biomedicine vol 2 no 3 pp S1671ndashS1674 2012
[122] S C N Servin O J M Torres J E F Matias et al ldquoAcao doextrato de Jatropha gossypiifolia L (piao roxo) na cicatrizacaode anastomose colonica estudo experimental em ratosrdquo ActaCirurgica Brasileira vol 21 no 3 pp 89ndash96 2006
[123] J R Vale N G Czeczko J U Aquino et al ldquoEstudo compara-tivo da cicatrizacao de gastrorrafias com e sem o uso do extratode Jatropha gossypiifolia L (piao roxo) em ratosrdquoActa CirurgicaBrasileira vol 21 no 3 pp 40ndash48 2006
[124] J U Aquino N G Czeczko O Malafaia et al ldquoAvaliacaofitoterapica da Jatropha gossypiifolia L na cicatrizacao desuturas na parede abdominal ventral de ratosrdquo Acta CirurgicaBrasileira vol 21 no 2 pp 61ndash66 2006
[125] M F D S Santos N G Czeczko P A N Nassif et alldquoAvaliacao do uso do extrato bruto de Jatropha gossypiifolia Lna cicatrizacao de feridas cutaneas em ratosrdquo Acta CirurgicaBrasileira vol 21 no 3 pp 2ndash7 2006
[126] B B Panda K Gaur R K Nema C S Sharma A K Jain andC P Jain ldquoHepatoprotective activity of Jatropha gossypifoliaagainst carbon tetrachloride- induced hepatic injury in ratsrdquoAsian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research vol 2no 1 pp 50ndash54 2009
[127] S S Deo T M Chaudhari and F Inam ldquoEvaluation ofthe immunomodulatory effects of 1-phenylnaphthalene andpericarbonyl lactone lignan compoundsrdquoDer PharmaChemicavol 4 no 2 pp 771ndash776 2012
[128] S K Rasheed S Kunapareddy and R Karthikeyan ldquoLocalanesthetic activity of Jatropha gossypifolia L on frogsrdquo Biomed-ical and Pharmacology Journal vol 5 no 2 pp 395ndash397 2012
[129] AM A Paes A L Camara SM F Freire andMO R BorgesldquoRelaxant effect of Jatropha gossypiifolia L on uterine smoothmusclerdquo International Journal of Phytomedicine vol 4 no 3 pp310ndash313 2012
[130] S J Jain G P Choudhary and D K Jain ldquoPharmacologicalevaluation and antifertility activity of Jatropha gossypifoliain ratsrdquo BioMed Research International vol 2013 Article ID125980 5 pages 2013
[131] J S de Oliveira PM Leite L B de Souza et al ldquoCharacteristicsand composition of Jatropha gossypiifolia and Jatropha curcasL oils and application for biodiesel productionrdquo Biomass andBioenergy vol 33 no 3 pp 449ndash453 2009
[132] V Bullangpoti E Wajnberg P Audant and R FeyereisenldquoAntifeedant activity of Jatropha gossypifolia and Meliaazedarach senescent leaf extracts on Spodoptera frugiperda(Lepidoptera Noctuidae) and their potential use as synergistsrdquoPest Management Science vol 68 no 9 pp 1255ndash1264 2012
[133] S N K JilaniW Islam andM Kamsh ldquoPotential of pyrethroidinsecticides and plant extracts on fecundity and egg viability oftribolium castaneum (Herbst)rdquo Journal of Bio-Science vol 19no 1 pp 95ndash97 2011
[134] D Sukumaran B D Parashar and K M Rao ldquoToxicity of Jat-ropha gossypiifolia and Vaccaria pyramidata against freshwatersnails vectors of animal schistosomiasisrdquo Fitoterapia vol 66 no5 pp 393ndash398 1995
[135] R K Devappa H P S Makkar and K Becker ldquoJatrophatoxicitymdasha reviewrdquo Journal of Toxicology and EnvironmentalHealth B Critical Reviews vol 13 no 6 pp 476ndash507 2010
[136] E P Schenkel M Zannin L A Mentz S A L Bordignonand B Irgang ldquoPlantas toxicasrdquo in Farmacognosia Da Planta
ao Medicamento C M O Simoes E P Schenkel G GosmannJ C P Mello L A Mentz and P R Petrovick Eds pp 959ndash993 Editora da UFRGSUFSC Porto Alegre Brazil 3d edition2007
[137] L I Oliveira F F Jabour V A Nogueira and E M YamasakildquoIntoxicacao experimental com as folhas de Jatropha gossypifo-lia(Euphorbiaceae) em ovinosrdquo Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileiravol 28 no 6 pp 275ndash278 2008
[138] P I A Awachie and F O Ugwu ldquoPreliminary investigationof the antimicrobial and brine shrimp lethality propertiesof some nigerian medicinal plantsrdquo International Journal ofPharmacognosy vol 35 no 5 pp 338ndash343 1997
[139] L J Medubi V O Ukwenya O T Aderinto et al ldquoEffects ofadministration of ethanolic root extract of Jatropha gossypiifoliaand prednisolone on the kidneys of Wistar ratsrdquo ElectronicJournal of Biomedicine vol 2 pp 41ndash48 2010
[140] T Oduola G B Popoola G O Avwioro et al ldquoUse of Jatrophagossypifolia stem latex as a haemostatic agent how safe is itrdquoJournal of Medicinal Plants Reasearch vol 1 no 1 pp 14ndash172007
Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom
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Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
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Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
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Disease Markers
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
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OncologyJournal of
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Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
PPAR Research
The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Immunology ResearchHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of
ObesityJournal of
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Research and TreatmentAIDS
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Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Parkinsonrsquos Disease
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Volume 2014Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom
24 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Table4Con
tinued
Pharmacologicalactiv
ityPlantp
art
Extractc
ompo
unds
Detail
Reference
Relaxant
effecto
nuterine
smoo
thmuscle
(tocolytic
activ
ity)
Aeria
lparts
Ethano
licextractand
chloroform
icandaqueou
sfractio
ns
At05and10
mgmLthee
thanolicextractreduced
the
calcium
-evokedcontractile
respon
seof
theu
terin
esmoo
thmuscle
as
wellas
thec
hloroformicfractio
nTh
eaqu
eous
fractio
npresented
onlyslighteffect
[129]
Sedativ
eand
anxiolytic
Fruits
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmicepresentedsedativ
eeffect
intheh
olec
rosstest
At200m
gkgpresented
anxiolyticactiv
ityin
holebo
ardtest
At40
0mgkgpresented
anxiolyticactiv
ityin
elevated
plus-m
azetest
[110]
Leaves
Methano
lextract
At200and40
0mgkgbyoralrouteinmicepresentedsedativ
eeffect
intheh
olec
rosstest
At200m
gkgpresented
anxiolyticactiv
ityin
holebo
ardtest
At40
0mgkgpresented
anxiolyticin
elevated
plus-m
azetest
[111]
lowast
Thec
ompletev
ersio
nof
thep
aper
was
notaccessib
leso
theinformationwas
obtained
from
itsabstr
act
IC50con
centratio
nthatinhibits50of
ther
eferredactiv
ity
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 25
about extract preparation and plant part not specified) theauthors also observed an absence of healing action althoughsome histological improvement was shown [125]
However studying the influence of J gossypiifolia on thehealing process of colonic anastomosis in rats Servin et alshowed that the administration of 1mLkg single dose ofthe hydro alcoholic extract from aerial parts has beneficialeffect on the healing process [122] However according tothese authors on the seventh day of the experiment therewas a decrease in the action of the extract suggestingthat the extract in this experiment was less active in laterstages of healing process [122] A plausible hypothesis notraised by the authors could be the fact that the extract wasadministered in a single dose which may not have beensufficient to maintain the effect throughout the time of theexperiment Additionally Vale et al showed that the ethanolicextract from aerial parts of J gossypiifolia at single intraperi-toneal dose of 200mgkg favored the healing process ofgastrorrhaphies and reduced the acute inflammatory reactionin vivo [123]
65 Hemostatic Action The use of J gossypiifolia especiallythe latex is widespread as a hemostatic agent for preventingbleeding disorders The results of whole blood clotting timeusing Lee and White method and bleeding time using Ivyrsquosmethod were significantly reduced when stem latex wasintroduced suggesting procoagulant activity [101] Regardingthe possible mechanism of action based on experimentsthat show the precipitating action of the latex upon bovinealbumin the authors suggest that the latex precipitatesclotting factors thereby bringing the coagulation factors intoclose contact and then the activation of coagulation cascadeleads to the generation of thrombin and formation of aclot takes place in a matter of seconds when compared tothe control experiment which took minutes to completecoagulation [101] It is important to emphasize that to the bestof our knowledge this is the only study performed on humansubjects
66 Anticholinesterase Action Based on the cholinergichypothesis acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are widely usedto treat Alzheimerrsquos disease J gossypiifolia presented animportant anticholinesterase activity since the methanolicextract from leaves showed an IC
50of 005mgmL [117]
Another study showed that the lyophilized latex of theplant was able to inhibit time- and dose-dependently theacetylcholinesterase enzyme in nervous tissue of freshwaterair breathing fish Channa marulius [116]
67 Antioxidant Action The antioxidant activity of extractsfrom J gossypiifoliawas evaluated by Kharat et al [55] In thiswork the high content of phenols tannins and flavonoids inthe leaves prompted the authors to evaluate the antioxidantactivity of the leaves DPPH free radical ferric thiocyanateand nitric oxide scavengingmethods were used to analyze theantioxidant activity in vitro of methanol ethyl acetate andaqueous extracts demonstrating positive resultsThe authorsattributed the free radical scavenging activity to the presence
of flavonoids [55] On the other hand a study showed thatdifferent extracts (petrol ether chloroform ethyl acetate andn-butanol) fromwhole plant of J gossypiifolia had only partialantioxidant activity in DPPH scavenging total antioxidantcapacity and lipid peroxidation tests [48] Among them theethyl acetate extract was the most active which correlatespositively with its higher content of phenolic compounds incomparison with the other extracts [48]
68 Contraceptive Action Based on its popular use J gossypi-ifoliawas assessed for its antifertility activity as an alternativeto oral contraceptive agents J gossypiifolia leaf extract byoral route altered the major hormones involved in estrouscycle regulation indicating its antifertility effect on mice[121] Evaluating other parameters (estrogenic and earlyabortifacient activities) the anti-infertility effect of the extractwas once more demonstrated later [130]
69 Tocolytic Action Based on the ethnopharmacologicalapplication of the plant as tocolytic remedy the effects oncalcium-evoked uterine smooth muscle contraction of theethanolic extract and fractions were evaluated [129] Thecrude extract and to a higher extent the chloroformic frac-tion reduced the calcium-evoked contractile response of theuterine smooth muscle promoting a rightward displacementof calciumcumulative curves aswell as reducing themaximalcontractions [129]
610 Antineoplasic Action One of the most well-knownpharmacological activities of J gossypiifolia is its antineopla-sic action which is frequently associated with the contentof lignoids and terpenoids One of the first reports wasmade by Kupchan et al [66] when the authors found thatthe ethanolic extract from roots as well as the isolatedditerpene jatrophone exhibited significant inhibitory activityin vitro against cells derived from human carcinoma of thenasopharynx and lymphocytic leukemia P-388 and in vivoagainst four standard animal tumor systems such as sarcoma180 Lewis lung carcinoma P-388 lymphocytic leukemiaand Walker 256 intramuscular carcinosarcoma [66] Laterthree new antitumor derivatives of jatrophone were isolatedfrom petrol ether extracts from roots of J gossypiifolia 2120572-hydroxyjatrophone 2120573-hydroxy-56-isojatrophone and 2120573-hydroxyjatrophone [64] Recently two other diterpenes withpotent antineoplasic activity were isolated from J gossypi-ifolia falodone and abiodone Falodone was isolated frommethanol extract from roots and showed potent proliferationinhibitory activity against A-549 human cancer cell line [13]Abiodone a lathyrane diterpenoid compound was isolatedfrom J gossypiifolia and presented potent anticancer activity[73]
611 Local Anesthetic Action The local anesthetic action ofJ gossypiifolia was evaluated by plexus anaesthesia in frogs[128] The authors observed that the aqueous and methanolextract (plant part not specified) presented significant anes-thetic action when compared to control group
26 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
612 Neuropharmacological Action The neuropharmacolog-ical action of the methanol extract of the leaves of J gossypi-ifolia was evaluated by Apu et al [111] The authors observedthat in hole cross test the extract at 200 and 400mgkg byoral route showed significant sedative effect in mice In holeboard test the extract showed highly significant anxiolyticactivity at a dose of 200mgkg whereas the same activity wasobserved at 400mgkg dose in elevated plus-maze test [111]Similar results were observed in the methanolic extract fromfruits [110]
613 Antidiarrheal Action Although it may seem contradic-tory as shown in Table 3 J gossypiifolia species is popularlyused both as purgative and as antidiarrheal remedy Howeverin literature there are interesting results about the antidiar-rheal properties of different extracts of this species
At 200 and 400mgkg oral doses in mice the methanolextract of J gossypiifolia leaves produced highly signifi-cant antidiarrheal activity upon castor oil-induced diarrheadecreasing themean number of stool and total weight of fecaloutput when compared to control group [111] Similar resultswere observed in the methanolic extract from fruits [110]
Aiming to determine the possible action mechanism of Jgossypiifolia aerial parts ethanol extract as antidiarrheal agentSilva et al [119] have investigated the effect of this extracton intestinal transit velocity and on isolated rat jejunumAt 500 1000 and 2000mgkg by oral route in mice theextract showed significant antispasmodic activity in mouseintestinal transit model when compared to control At 0510 and 20mgmL the crude extract inhibited in vitro theacetylcholine and calcium-induced contractions of isolatedrat jejunum The chloroform and aqueous fractions wereobtained and it was observed that only the chloroform frac-tion of the extract had a calcium-antagonist effect whereasboth chloroformic and aqueous fractions had anticholinergiceffect suggesting that the antispasmodic effect of J gossypi-ifolia may be due to a combination of anticholinergic andcalcium-antagonist mechanisms [119]
614 Immunomodulatory Action The immunomodulatoryaction of synthetic lignan compounds was evaluated by theassay of proliferation of mouse spleen cell in vitro andcompared with petrol ether extract of whole plant of Jgossypiifolia since it is a natural source of this kind ofcompound [127] The authors showed that both syntheticand naturally occurring 1-phenylnaphthalene lignans couldpositively modulate the immunity of the host since theysignificantly increased the proliferation of mouse spleen cellin vitro [127]
615 Hepatoprotective Action Despite some studies havingshown the hepatotoxic potential of J gossypiifolia a study wasperformed to analyze the possible hepatoprotective action ofextracts of this plant in carbon tetrachloride-induced liverdamage in rats [126] In fact the petrol ether methanoland water extracts from the aerial parts of J gossypiifoliapresented significant hepatoprotective action in this model
substantially restoring towards normalization the serum lev-els of serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase serum glu-tamate pyruvate transaminase serum alkaline phosphatasetotal bilirubin superoxide dismutase and catalase [126] Theauthors also discuss the close relationship between the hep-atoprotective action observed and the possible antioxidantmechanism present in the extracts
7 Other Actions andBiotechnological Applications
In addition to studies demonstrating scientific evidences ofthe pharmacological properties of J gossypiifolia severalstudies have demonstrated the potential of this species toobtain molecules with various applications thus showing itsmultipurpose character
Among the main applications described the use ofJ gossypiifolia seed oil for biodiesel production could bementioned Jatropha species has drawn the attention ofresearchers in recent years due to its emergence as a highlysuitable feedstock plant for biodiesel production [11] Amongthe species J gossypiifolia J curcas and J pohliana produceseeds with high oil content [11] In a study investigatingthe potential of two plants of the Jatropha genus (includ-ing J gossypiifolia) the authors observed that the studiedphysicochemical properties of the produced biodiesel are inthe acceptable range for use as biodiesel in diesel enginesshowing a promising economic exploitation of these rawmaterials [131]
Studies have shown the potential of the species for thedevelopment of new tools for biochemical analysis A recentstudy showed that the diluted fresh latex J gossypiifolia can beused as precipitating agent for biochemical determination ofproteins in plasma urine and cerebrospinal fluid with valuescomparable to those obtained from the conventional proteinprecipitants sodium tungstate and trichloroacetic acid [24]According to the authors the precipitating potential couldbe related to the capacity of the latex to form clots whenapplied to a bleeding sore or wound when it is used in folkmedicine [24] Another study showed the potentiality of thejuice extracted from the fresh leaves of J gossypiifolia asan anticoagulant for haematological analyses [86] 01mL ofextract per mL of blood proved to be suitable for obtainingplasmas for biochemical analysis comparable with conven-tional anticoagulants [86] However the authors emphasizethat the extract must be purified to remove interferingsubstances for it to be perfectly suitable for biochemicalanalysis [86]
Some studies have demonstrated the potentiality of Jgossypiifolia as a source of pesticide biomolecules Bullang-poti et al [49] isolated ricinine from the ethyl acetate extractfrom senescent leaves the main compound responsible forthe toxicity of the crude extract in Spodoptera exigua larvaethus demonstrating that it could be an alternative choiceto chemical insecticides In another study Bullangpoti etal [132] showed that the ethanol extract of J gossypiifoliain association with the ethanol extract of Melia azedarachwas toxic and inhibited some enzymes from Spodoptera
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 27
frugiperda larvae demonstrating once more the potentialityof the species as insecticide agent Calatayud et al [56]showed the presence of proteins of about 100 kDa with toxicactivity upon Phenacoccus herreni another type of insectIn this work the authors performed a strategy of extrac-tion that eliminated nonprotein compounds being able todemonstrate the potential of the species to obtain insecticidalproteins [56] Leaf extract of J gossypiifolia reduced thefecundity and egg viability against stored product insect pestsTribolium castaneum [133]
The potential molluscicidal activity of J gossypiifolia hasalso been evaluated as an alternative mode of preventionof schistosomiasis Sukumaran et al [134] showed that themethanol and n-butanol extracts from unripened seeds of Jgossypiifoliawas toxic against eggs and adults of two species offreshwater snails Lymnaea luteola and Indoplanorbis exustusThe results indicated that n-butanol extract was the mosteffective and that the eggs were more susceptible than adults[134]
8 Toxicology
Species of Jatropha are notably known for their toxic potential[135 136] This toxicity is related primarily to latex andseeds The latex is released from the aerial parts of theplant by mechanical injury and it is extremely caustic andirritating to skin and mucous membranes The seeds arerich in toxalbumins that cause agglutination and hemolysisto erythrocytes as well as damage to other cell types andcontain a lipoid resin complex that can cause dermatitis[3 12 135] The symptomatology consists in general ofgastrointestinal disorders (abdominal pain nausea vomitingand diarrhea) Additionally the clinical course can bringcardiovascular neurological and renal complications [136]Cases of poisoning in humans usually occur by eating fruitand seeds because of its similarity to edible chestnuts [136]
Some toxicological studies have demonstrated the toxicproperties of J gossypiifolia while others show the absence oftoxicity However it is important to observe the models useddoses administrated and types of extract employed (solventand plant part) among other aspects to make the properconclusions about the toxicity
The study of experimental poisoning in sheep showedthat the intake of fresh plant leaves in a single dose of40 gkg was lethal to these animals [137] The clinical andpathological picture in the experimental sheep was charac-terized by digestive lung and heart disturbances and alsoby slight regressive changes evidenced in hepatic and renalhistological examinations [137] However as observed byMariz et al [7] it is important to note that the medicinaluse of the plant is rarely in natura but instead by differentpreparations such as infusions or decoctions sometimes ofthe dried material which could inactivate the possible toxiccomponents However this is only a hypothesis and so thetoxicity of extracts from leaves cannot be discarded
One of the first studies relating the identification of theconstituents responsible for the toxic effects of the Jatrophaspecies was published by Adolf et al [69] In this work
by a bioguided isolation the irritant polyunsaturated ester12-deoxy-16-hydroxylphorbol was isolated from the etherextract from the seeds of J gossypiifolia by countercurrentchromatography [69] The irritant activity was visualized inmouse ear after 24 h of the application of the fractions andisolated compounds [69]
The in vitro cytotoxicity assay using brine shrimp larvaetest revealed that ethanol and methanol extracts (plant organunspecified) showed low toxicity [138] An earlier studyshowed that thewater and ethyl acetate fraction of amethanolextract from aerial parts of J gossypiifolia did not presenttoxicity against the same organisms [114]
A study performed in Wistar rats evaluated the toxicityof the ethanolic root extract of J gossypiifolia at 10 20 and30mgkg by oral route [139] The authors observed that theextract was toxic to the kidney and caused increased urearetention in the blood as observed by histological studies andbiochemical analysis of blood [139]
A preclinical toxicological assessment of the crudeethanol extract from J gossypiifolia leaves showed that theextract presents relatively low oral acute toxicity in Wistarrats [18 19] Rats treated with single doses of 12ndash50 gkgby oral route were observed for 14 days and the mostimportant signs of toxicity were ptosis reduction of bodyweight and hind limb paralysis Other significant alterationsoccurred only in males treated with 50 gkg dose increasein creatinine aspartate aminotransferase sodium and potas-sium seric levels reduction of urea and albumin leucopeniaand small alteration in color and consistency of visceraThe median lethal dose (LD
50) was higher than 40 gkg
for males and higher than 50 gkg for females [19] In thehistopathological evaluation some alteration was observedin liver and lung only at 50 gkg suggesting the relativelylow toxicity of the extract [18] However in the chronictoxicological study (thirteen weeks of treatment) this extractshowed significant oral chronic toxicity in rats [17] The mostsignificant toxic signs indicated a reduction of the activityin the central nervous system and digestive disturbancesThe histopathological analysis revealed hepatotoxicity andpulmonary damages The lethality was 466 and 133among males and females under the higher tested dose(405mgkg) respectively [17] Based on this Mariz et al [7]discussed that the development of herbal medicine based onthis species needs to prioritize the chemical refinement of thecrude extracts to obtain less toxic fractions which should betested for their safety and therapeutic efficacy
Another study on the other hand evaluating the oralacute toxicity of the aqueous and ethanol extracts from leavesof J gossypiifolia did not show any sign of toxicity in upto 2 gkg in rats enabling the authors to conclude that thisextract could be considered safe [118] This is an interestingresult since in most cases the plant is used popularly as tea(aqueous extract)
The toxicity of the stem latex of J gossypiifoliawas studiedin Wistar rats by applying different doses of crude latex onincised skin daily for 18 days based on the popular useof the latex as hemostatic agent in skin lesions [140] Theauthors observed that the application of the latex did notproduce any significant difference in results of biochemical
28 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
and hematological parameters obtained from the control andexperimental animals leading to the conclusion that the stemlatex has no harmful effects [140]
9 Conclusions
As demonstrated by this review J gossypiifolia presents animportant potential for the generation of pharmacologicalandor biotechnological products based on popular usesand biological studies scientifically showing its propertiesHowever regarding specifically its medicinal propertiesfurther studies are still necessary to assay important folkuses of the species and characterize the major compoundsresponsible for the bioactivityThus studies of bioprospectingcould prioritize this species since many popular uses forvariousmedical purposes are reported demonstrating a greatpotential to originate bioactive molecules with pharmaco-logical relevance Furthermore future phytochemical studiesof this plant are important to obtain the best knowledgeof the chemical composition of different extracts of theplant in order to recognize the really important compoundsin the pharmacological actions aspiring to the chemicalrefinement of the products to eliminate the eventual toxiceffects that could reduce the medicinal value of the speciesIn conclusion the data presented in this review could provideinsights for future research aimed at both ethnopharmaco-logical validation of the popular use of J gossypiifolia andits exploration as a new source of bioactive molecules forherbal drugs andor bioactive natural products for potentialapplication in complementary and alternative medicine
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper
Acknowledgments
The authors thank BNB CNPq and CAPES (Brazil) forthe financial support Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosagives thanks to CNPq for Scholarship in Research Produc-tivity The authors also thank Andrew Alastair Cumming forediting this paper for the English revision
References
[1] G L Webster ldquoClassification of the euphorbiaceaerdquo Annals ofthe Missouri Botanical Garden vol 81 pp 3ndash143 1994
[2] M V Alves ldquoChecklist das especies de Euphorbiaceae Jussocorrentes no semi-arido pernambucano BrasilrdquoActa BotanciaBrasileira vol 12 no 3 pp 485ndash495 1998
[3] C W Sabandar N Ahmat F M Jaafar and I Sahidin ldquoMedic-inal property phytochemistry and pharmacology of severalJatropha species (Euphorbiaceae) a reviewrdquo Phytochemistryvol 85 pp 7ndash29 2013
[4] C K A Leal and M D F Agra ldquoEstudo farmacobotanicocomparativo das folhas de Jatrophamolissima (Pohl) BaillrdquoActaFarmaceutica Bonaerense vol 24 no 1 pp 5ndash13 2005
[5] L C Di Stasi and C A Hiruma-Lima Plantas medicinais naAmazonia e na Mata Atlantica UNESP Sao Paulo Brazil 2ndedition 2002
[6] M D F Agra K N Silva I J L D Basılio P F De Freitasand JM Barbosa-Filho ldquoSurvey ofmedicinal plants used in theregionNortheast of BrazilrdquoBrazilian Journal of Pharmacognosyvol 18 no 3 pp 472ndash508 2008
[7] S R Mariz A C R Borges M F F Melo-Diniz and I AMedeiros ldquoPossibilidades terapeuticas e riscos toxicologicosde Jatropha gossypiifolia L uma revisao narrativardquo RevistaBrasileiraDe PlantasMedicinais vol 12 no 3 pp 346ndash357 2010
[8] I Cordeiro and R Secco ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia L Lista deespecies da flora do Brasilrdquo Jardim Botanico do Rio de JaneirohttpfloradobrasiljbrjgovbrjabotfloradobrasilFB17581
[9] U P de Albuquerque P M de Medeiros A L S de Almeida etal ldquoMedicinal plants of the caatinga (semi-arid) vegetation ofNE Brazil a quantitative approachrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacol-ogy vol 114 no 3 pp 325ndash354 2007
[10] U P Albuquerque L H C Andrade and J Caballero ldquoStruc-ture and floristics of homegardens in Northeastern BrazilrdquoJournal of Arid Environments vol 62 no 3 pp 491ndash506 2005
[11] S A Ceasar and S Ignacimuthu ldquoApplications of biotechnologyand biochemical engineering for the improvement of Jatrophaand Biodiesel a reviewrdquo Renewable and Sustainable EnergyReviews vol 15 no 9 pp 5176ndash5185 2011
[12] U P de Albuquerque J MMonteiro M A Ramos and E L Cde Amorim ldquoMedicinal and magic plants from a public marketin northeastern Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 110no 1 pp 76ndash91 2007
[13] A Falodun Q Sheng-Xiang G Parkinson and S GibbonsldquoIsolation and characterization of a new anticancer diterpenoidfrom Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journalvol 45 no 10 pp 636ndash639 2012
[14] BRASIL ldquoFitoterapia plantas de interesse ao SUSrdquo Braz-ilian Health Ministry httpportalsaudegovbrportalarqu-ivospdfRENISUSpdf
[15] X-P Zhang M-L Zhang X-H Su C-H Huo Y-C Gu andQ-W Shi ldquoChemical constituents of the plants from genusJatrophardquo Chemistry and Biodiversity vol 6 no 12 pp 2166ndash2183 2009
[16] S K Sharma and H Singh ldquoA review on pharmacological sig-nificance of genus Jatropha (Euphorbiaceae)rdquoChinese Journal ofIntegrative Medicine vol 18 no 11 pp 868ndash880 2012
[17] S RMariz G S CerqueiraWCAraujo et al ldquoChronic toxico-logic study of the ethanolic extract of the aerial parts of Jatrophagossypiifolia in ratsrdquoRevista Brasileira de Farmacognosia vol 22no 3 pp 663ndash668 2012
[18] S R Mariz M S T Araujo G S Cerqueira et al ldquoHistopatho-logical evaluation in rats after acute treatment with the ethanolextract from aerial parts of Jatropha gossypiifolia Lrdquo RevistaBrasileira De Farmacognosia vol 18 no 2 pp 213ndash216 2008
[19] S R Mariz G S Cerqueira W C Araujo et al ldquoEstudo toxi-cologico agudo do extrato etanolico de partes aereas de Jatrophagossypiifolia L em ratosrdquo Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosiavol 16 no 3 pp 372ndash378 2006
[20] C Auvin-Guette C Baraguey A Blond J L Pousset andB Bodo ldquoCyclogossine B a cyclic octapeptide from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Journal of Natural Products vol 60 pp 1155ndash11571997
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 29
[21] V S Parvathi B S Jyothi T Lakshmi P S Babu and RKarthikeyan ldquoMorpho-anatomical and physicochemical stud-ies of Jatropha gossypifolia (L)rdquo Der Pharmacia Lettre vol 4no 1 pp 256ndash262 2012
[22] M N S Rios and F Pastore Junior Plantas da Amazonia450 Especies de Uso Geral Universidade de BrasıliamdashBibliotecaCentral Brasılia 2011
[23] S R Mariz Estudo toxicologico pre-clınico de Jatropha gossypi-ifolia L [PhD thesis] Universidade Federal da Paraıba JoaoPessoa Brazil 2007
[24] O G Adeosun T Oduola F A Fagbomedo et al ldquoSuitabilityof stem latex of Jatropha gossypifolia as a protein precipitant forbiochemical analysisrdquo Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistryvol 29 no 2 pp 210ndash212 2014
[25] F O A Ajose ldquoSome Nigerian plants of dermatologic impor-tancerdquo International Journal of Dermatology vol 46 no 1 pp48ndash55 2007
[26] J S Ashidi P J Houghton P J Hylands and T EfferthldquoEthnobotanical survey and cytotoxicity testing of plants ofSouth-western Nigeria used to treat cancer with isolationof cytotoxic constituents from Cajanus cajan Millsp leavesrdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 128 no 2 pp 501ndash512 2010
[27] M Ayyanar and S Ignacimuthu ldquoEthnobotanical survey ofmedicinal plants commonly used by Kani tribals in Tirunelvelihills of Western Ghats Indiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 134 no 3 pp 851ndash864 2011
[28] R Bhagat S D Ambavade A V Misar and D K KulkarnildquoAnti-inflammatory activity of Jatropha gossypifolia L leaves inalbino mice and Wistar ratrdquo Journal of Scientific and IndustrialResearch vol 70 no 4 pp 289ndash292 2011
[29] J H Cano and G Volpato ldquoHerbal mixtures in the traditionalmedicine of Eastern Cubardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol90 no 2-3 pp 293ndash316 2004
[30] F G Coe and G J Anderson ldquoScreening of medicinal plantsused by the Garıfuna of Eastern Nicaragua for bioactive com-poundsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 53 no 1 pp 29ndash501996
[31] MGbeassor Y Kossou K Amegbo C De Souza K Koumagloand A Denke ldquoAntimalarial effects of eight African medicinalplantsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 25 no 1 pp 115ndash1181989
[32] National Center for Biotechnology Information ldquoJatropha gos-sypiifoliardquo Taxonomy Browser httpwwwncbinlmnihgovTaxonomyBrowserwwwtaxcgiid=454931
[33] Tropicos ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia Lrdquo httpwwwtropicosorgNamePrintaspxnameid=12802174amptab=details
[34] The Plant List ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia Lrdquo httpwwwtheplant-listorgtplrecordkew-104621
[35] M S Khyade and N P Vaikos ldquoPharmacognostical andphytochemical evaluation of leaf of Jatropha gossypifolia LrdquoInternational Journal of Research in Ayurveda amp Pharmacy vol2 no 1 pp 177ndash180 2011
[36] D O Aworinde D U Nwoye A A Jayeola A O Olagoke andA A Ogundele ldquoTaxonomic significance of foliar epidermis insome members of euphorbiaceae family in Nigeriardquo ResearchJournal of Botany vol 4 no 1 pp 17ndash28 2009
[37] J D Olowokudejo ldquoComparative epidermal morphology ofWest African species of Jatropha L (Euphorbiaceae)rdquo BotanicalJournal of the Linnean Society vol 111 no 2 pp 139ndash154 1993
[38] B Das and B Venkataiah ldquoA minor coumarino-lignoid fromJatropha gossypifoliardquo Biochemical Systematics and Ecology vol29 no 2 pp 213ndash214 2001
[39] B Das B Venkataiah and A Kashinatham ldquoVenkatasin a newcoumarino-lignoid from Jatropha gossypifoliardquoNatural ProductLetters vol 13 no 4 pp 293ndash297 1999
[40] B Das and B Venkataiah ldquoA rare diterpene from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Biochemical Systematics and Ecology vol 27 no 7pp 759ndash760 1999
[41] N Ravindranath B Venkataiah C Ramesh P Jayaprakash andB Das ldquoJatrophenone a novel macrocyclic bioactive diterpenefrom Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bul-letin vol 51 no 7 pp 870ndash871 2003
[42] B Das and J Banerji ldquoArylnaphthalene lignan from JatrophagossypifoliardquoPhytochemistry vol 27 no 11 pp 3684ndash3686 1988
[43] J Banerji B Das A Chatterjee and J N Shoolery ldquoGadain alignan from Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Phytochemistry vol 23 no10 pp 2323ndash2327 1984
[44] A Chatterjee B Das C Pascard and T Prange ldquoCrystalstructure of a lignan from Jatropha gossypifoliardquoPhytochemistryvol 20 no 8 pp 2047ndash2048 1981
[45] I C Abreu A S S Marinho A M A Paes et al ldquoHypotensiveand vasorelaxant effects of ethanolic extract from Jatrophagossypiifolia L in ratsrdquo Fitoterapia vol 74 no 7-8 pp 650ndash6572003
[46] B Das and R Das ldquoGossypifan a lignan from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Phytochemistry vol 40 no 3 pp 931ndash932 1995
[47] R Das B Das and A Kashinatham ldquoGossypiline a new lignanfrom Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Natural Product Sciences vol 4 no4 pp 238ndash240 1998
[48] D Shahwar S-U Shafiq N Ahmad S Ullah and M A RazaldquoAntioxidant activities of the selected plants from the fam-ily Euphorbiaceae Lauraceae Malvaceae and BalsaminaceaerdquoAfrican Journal of Biotechnology vol 9 no 7 pp 1086ndash10962010
[49] V Bullangpoti N Khumrungsee W Pluempanupat Y Kainohand U Saguanpong ldquoToxicity of ethyl acetate extract andricinine from Jatropha gossypifolia senescent leaves againstSpodoptera exigua Hubner (Lepidoptera Noctuidae)rdquo Journalof Pesticide Science vol 36 no 2 pp 260ndash263 2011
[50] A O Ogundare ldquoAntimicrobial effect of Tithonia diversifoliaand Jatropha gossypifolia leaf extractsrdquo Trends in Applied Sci-ences Research vol 2 no 2 pp 145ndash150 2007
[51] N Nwokocha A Blessing I O Agbagwa and B E OkolildquoComparative phytochemical screening of Jatropha L Speciesin the Niger Deltardquo Research Journal of Phytochemistry vol 5no 2 pp 107ndash114 2011
[52] R Seth and R Sarin ldquoAnalysis of the phytochemical contentand anti-microbial activity of Jatropha gossypifolia Lrdquo Archivesof Applied Science Research vol 2 no 5 pp 285ndash291 2010
[53] S Sankara Subramanian S Nagarajan and N SulochanaldquoFlavonoids of the leaves of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Phytochem-istry vol 10 no 7 p 1690 1971
[54] A C Pilon R L Carneiro F Carnevale Neto V S Bolzaniand I Castro-Gamboa ldquoInterval multivariate curve resolutionin the dereplication of HPLC-DAD data from Jatropha gossypi-foliardquo Phytochemical Analysis vol 24 no 4 pp 401ndash406 2013
[55] A R Kharat A K Dolui and S Das ldquoFree radical scavengingpotential of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Asian Journal of Chemistryvol 23 no 2 pp 799ndash801 2011
[56] P-A Calatayud D F Munera S Calatayud A Valencia-Jimenez and A C Bellotti ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia (Euphor-biaceae) a source of proteins toxic to Phenacoccus herreni(Sternorryncha Pseudococcidae)rdquo Florida Entomologist vol94 no 3 pp 649ndash654 2011
30 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
[57] W F Tinto L M D John W F Reynolds and S McLeanldquoTriterpenoids of Jatropha gossypiifoliardquo Journal of NaturalProducts vol 55 no 6 pp 807ndash809 1992
[58] R Das K Venkateswarlu V Saidi Reddy and B Das ldquo41015840-O-demethyl retrochinensin a minor new lignan from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Indian Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry vol 14no 2 pp 169ndash170 2004
[59] B Das A Kashinatham B Venkataiah K V N S Srinivas GMahender and M R Reddy ldquoCleomiscosin A a coumarino-lignoid from Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Biochemical Systematics andEcology vol 31 no 10 pp 1189ndash1191 2003
[60] B Das and G Anjani ldquoGossypidien a lignan from stems ofJatropha gossypifolliardquo Phytochemistry vol 51 no 1 pp 115ndash1171999
[61] B Das S P Rao and K V Srinivas ldquoIsolation of isogadain fromJatropha gossypifoliardquo Planta Medica vol 62 no 1 article 901996
[62] B Das S P Rao K V N S Srinivas and R Das ldquoJatrodien alignan from stems of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Phytochemistry vol41 no 3 pp 985ndash987 1996
[63] A Chatterjee B Das R Chakrabarti et al ldquoPrasanthaline anew lignan from Jatropha gossypifolia Linnrdquo Indian Journal ofChemistry vol 27 pp 740ndash741 1988
[64] M D Taylor A B Smith III G T Furst et al ldquoNewantileukemic jatrophone derivatives from Jatropha gossypiifoliastructural and stereochemical assignment through nuclearmagnetic resonance Spectroscopyrdquo Journal of the AmericanChemical Society vol 105 no 10 pp 3177ndash3183 1983
[65] K K Purushothaman S Chandrasekharan A F Cameron etal ldquoJatropholones A and B new diterpenoids from the roots ofJatropha gossypiifolia (Euphorbiaceae)mdashcrystal structure anal-ysis of Jatropholone Brdquo Tetrahedron Letters vol 20 no 11 pp979ndash980 1979
[66] S M Kupchan C W Sigel M J Matz J A S Renauld R CHaltiwanger and R F Bryan ldquoJatrophone a novel macrocyclicditerpenoid tumor inhibitor from Jatropha gossypiifoliardquo Jour-nal of the American Chemical Society vol 92 no 14 pp 4476ndash4477 1970
[67] Y R Prasad G S J G Alankararao and P Baby ldquoConstituentsof the seeds of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Fitoterapia vol 64 no 4p 376 1993
[68] O Ogbobe and V Akano ldquoThe physico-chemical properties ofthe seed and seed oil of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Plant Foods forHuman Nutrition vol 43 no 3 pp 197ndash200 1993
[69] W Adolf H J Opferkuch and E Hecker ldquoIrritant phorbolderivatives from four Jatropha speciesrdquo Phytochemistry vol 23no 1 pp 129ndash132 1984
[70] K M Hosamani and K S Katagi ldquoCharacterization andstructure elucidation of 12-hydroxyoctadec-cis-9-enoic acid inJatropha gossypifolia and Hevea brasiliensis seed oils a richsource of hydroxy fatty acidrdquo Chemistry and Physics of Lipidsvol 152 no 1 pp 9ndash12 2008
[71] S F A J Horsten A J J Van Den Berg J J Kettenes-VanDen Bosch B R Leeflang and R P Labadie ldquoCyclogossine Aa novel cyclic heptapeptide isolated from the latex of Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Planta Medica vol 62 no 1 pp 46ndash50 1996
[72] M U Ahmad M R Islam A H Mirza B H Chowdhuryand N Nahar ldquoAlkaloids of Jatropha gossypifolia Linnrdquo IndianJournal of Chemistry B Organic Chemistry Including MedicinalChemistry vol 31 no 1 pp 67ndash69 1992
[73] A Falodun U Kragl S-M T Touem A Villinger T Fahren-waldt and P Langer ldquoA novel anticancer diterpenoid fromJatropha gossypifoliardquo Natural Product Communications vol 7no 2 pp 151ndash152 2012
[74] G D Wadankar S N Malode and S L Sarambekar ldquoTra-ditionally used medicinal plants for ound healing in theWashim district Maharashtra (India)rdquo International Journal ofPharmTech Research vol 3 no 4 pp 2080ndash2084 2011
[75] B Kumar M Vijayakumar R Govindarajan and P Pushpan-gadan ldquoEthnopharmacological approaches to wound healing-Exploring medicinal plants of Indiardquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 114 no 2 pp 103ndash113 2007
[76] K Koudouvo D S Karou K Kokou et al ldquoAn ethnobotanicalstudy of antimalarial plants in Togo Maritime Regionrdquo Journalof Ethnopharmacology vol 134 no 1 pp 183ndash190 2011
[77] M Coelho-Ferreira ldquoMedicinal knowledge and plant utiliza-tion in an Amazonian coastal community ofMaruda Para State(Brazil)rdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 126 no 1 pp 159ndash175 2009
[78] F C S Oliveira R F M Barros and J M Moita Neto ldquoPlan-tas medicinais utilizadas em comunidades rurais de Oeirassemiarido piauienserdquo Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinaisvol 12 no 3 pp 282ndash301 2010
[79] J D F L Santos E Pagani J Ramos and E Rodrigues ldquoObser-vations on the therapeutic practices of riverine communities oftheUnini River AM Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol142 no 2 pp 503ndash515 2012
[80] S L Cartaxo M M de Almeida Souza and U P de Albu-querque ldquoMedicinal plants with bioprospecting potential usedin semi-arid northeastern Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacol-ogy vol 131 no 2 pp 326ndash342 2010
[81] O Jansen L Angenot M Tits et al ldquoEvaluation of 13 selectedmedicinal plants from Burkina Faso for their antiplasmodialpropertiesrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 130 no 1 pp143ndash150 2010
[82] M H Yetein L G Houessou T O Lougbegnon O Teka andB Tente ldquoEthnobotanical study of medicinal plants used for thetreatment of malaria in plateau of Allada Benin (West Africa)rdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 146 no 1 pp 154ndash163 2013
[83] L J Quintans Junior J R G S Almeida J T Lima et al ldquoPlantswith anticonvulsivant propertiesmdasha reviewrdquo Revista Brasileirade Farmacognosia vol 18 pp 798ndash819 2008
[84] A Diallo M S Traore S M Keita et al ldquoManagement ofdiabetes in Guinean traditional medicine an ethnobotanicalinvestigation in the coastal lowlandsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 144 no 2 pp 353ndash361 2012
[85] S O Olabanji A C Adebajo O R Omobuwajo et al ldquoPIXEanalysis of some Nigerian anti-diabetic medicinal plants (II)rdquoNuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B BeamInteractions With Materials and Atoms vol 318 pp 187ndash1902014
[86] T Oduola O G Avwioro and T B Ayanniyi ldquoSuitability ofthe leaf extract of Jatropha gossypifolia as an anticoagulant forbiochemical and haematological analysesrdquo African Journal ofBiotechnology vol 4 no 7 pp 679ndash681 2005
[87] CM Chariandy C E Seaforth R H Phelps G V Pollard andB P S Khambay ldquoScreening of medicinal plants from Trinidadand Tobago for antimicrobial and insecticidal propertiesrdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 64 no 3 pp 265ndash270 1999
[88] V P Kumar N S Chauhan H Padh and M Rajani ldquoSearchfor antibacterial and antifungal agents from selected Indian
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 31
medicinal plantsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 107 no2 pp 182ndash188 2006
[89] R Dabur A Gupta T K Mandal et al ldquoAntimicrobial activityof some medicinal plantsrdquo African Journal of TraditionalComplementary and AlternativeMedicines vol 4 no 3 pp 313ndash318 2007
[90] H C Ong and M Nordiana ldquoMalay ethno-medico botany inMachang Kelantan Malaysiardquo Fitoterapia vol 70 no 5 pp502ndash513 1999
[91] J Sanz-Biset J Campos-de-la-Cruz M A Epiquien-Riveraand S Canigueral ldquoA first survey on the medicinal plants of theChazuta valley (Peruvian Amazon)rdquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 122 no 2 pp 333ndash362 2009
[92] B B Panda K Gaur M L Kori et al ldquoAnti-inflammatoryand analgesic activity of Jatropha gossypifolia in experimentalanimal modelsrdquo Global Journal of Pharmacology vol 3 no 12009
[93] S S Ningthoujam A D Talukdar K S Potsangbam and MD Choudhury ldquoTraditional uses of herbal vapour therapy inManipur North East India an ethnobotanical surveyrdquo Journalof Ethnopharmacology vol 147 no 1 pp 136ndash147 2013
[94] A Asase A A Oteng-Yeboah G T Odamtten and M SJ Simmonds ldquoEthnobotanical study of some Ghanaian anti-malarial plantsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 99 no 2pp 273ndash279 2005
[95] C Lans T Harper K Georges and E Bridgewater ldquoMedicinaland ethnoveterinary remedies of hunters in Trinidadrdquo BMCComplementary and AlternativeMedicine vol 1 article 10 2001
[96] L Rasingam S Jeeva andD Kannan ldquoDental care of Andamanand Nicobar folks medicinal plants use as tooth stickrdquo AsianPacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine vol 2 no 2 pp S1013ndashS1016 2012
[97] P J Houghton and I M Osibogun ldquoFlowering plants usedagainst snakebiterdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 39 no 1pp 1ndash29 1993
[98] M Molander C H Saslis-Lagoudakis A K Jager and NRoslashnsted ldquoCross-cultural comparison of medicinal floras usedagainst snakebitesrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 139 no3 pp 863ndash872 2012
[99] A Jain S S Katewa B L Chaudhary and P Galav ldquoFolk herbalmedicines used in birth control and sexual diseases by tribals ofsouthern Rajasthan Indiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol90 no 1 pp 171ndash177 2004
[100] A Jain S S Katewa P K Galav and P Sharma ldquoMedicinalplant diversity of Sitamata wildlife sanctuary Rajasthan IndiardquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 102 no 2 pp 143ndash157 2005
[101] T Oduola G O Adeosun T A Oduola G O Avwioro andM A Oyeniyi ldquoMechanism of action of Jatropha gossypifoliastem latex as a haemostatic agentrdquo European Journal of GeneralMedicine vol 2 no 4 pp 140ndash143 2005
[102] D Garcia M V Domingues and E Rodrigues ldquoEthnophar-macological survey among migrants living in the SoutheastAtlantic Forest of Diadema Sao Paulo Brazilrdquo Journal ofEthnobiology and Ethnomedicine vol 6 article 29 2010
[103] S S Hebbar V H Harsha V Shripathi and G R HegdeldquoEthnomedicine of Dharwad district in Karnataka Indiamdashplants used in oral health carerdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 94 no 2-3 pp 261ndash266 2004
[104] S B Kosalge and R A Fursule ldquoInvestigation of ethnomedic-inal claims of some plants used by tribals of Satpuda Hills inIndiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 121 no 3 pp 456ndash461 2009
[105] R A Ritter M V B Monteiro F O B Monteiro et al ldquoEth-noveterinary knowledge and practices at Colares island Parastate eastern Amazon Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 144 no 2 pp 346ndash352 2012
[106] S K Dash and S Padhy ldquoReview on ethnomedicines fordiarrhoea diseases from Orissa prevalence versus culturerdquoJournal of Human Ecology vol 20 no 1 pp 59ndash64 2006
[107] R S L Taylor J B Hudson N P Manandhar and G H NTowers ldquoAntiviral activities of medicinal plants of southernNepalrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 53 pp 97ndash104 1996
[108] J M A Maia N G Czeczko J M R Filho et al ldquoEstudoda cicatrizacao de suturas na bexiga urinaria de ratos come sem utilizacao de extrato bruto de Jatropha gossypiifolia Lintraperitonealrdquo Acta Cirurgica Brasileira vol 21 no 2 pp 23ndash30 2006
[109] A L Ososki P Lohr M Reiff et al ldquoEthnobotanical literaturesurvey of medicinal plants in the Dominican Republic used forwomens health conditionsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol79 no 3 pp 285ndash298 2002
[110] A S Apu FHossain F Rizwan et al ldquoStudy of pharmacologicalactivities of methanol extract of Jatropha gossypifolia fruitsrdquoJournal of Basic and Clinical Pharmacy vol 4 no 1 pp 20ndash242013
[111] A S Apu K Ireen S Hossan Bhuyan et al ldquoEvaluation ofanalgesic neuropharmacological and anti-diarrheal potential ofJatropha gossypifolia (Linn) leaves in micerdquo Journal of MedicalSciences vol 12 no 8 pp 274ndash279 2012
[112] F A G Rocha and L I S Dantas ldquoAtividade antimicrobianain vitro do latex do aveloz (Euphorbia tirucalli L) pinhao bravo(Jatrophamollissima L) e pinhao roxo (Jatropha gossypiifolia L)sobre microrganismos patogenicosrdquo Holos vol 25 no 4 2009
[113] O M David and J O Oluyege ldquoIn vitro susceptibility ofselected pathogenic bacteria to leaf extracts and latex of Jatrophagossypiifolia(L) and Jatropha curcas (L)rdquo Biosciences Biotechnol-ogy Research Asia vol 3 no 1 pp 91ndash94 2006
[114] W D MacBae J B Hudson and G H N Towers ldquoStudieson the pharmacological activity of amazonian euphorbiaceaerdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 22 no 2 pp 143ndash172 1988
[115] M C Purohit and R Purohit ldquoEvaluation of antimicrobial andanti-inflammatory activities of bark of Jatropha gossypifoliardquoWorld Journal of Science and Technology vol 1 no 10 pp 1ndash52011
[116] D Singh and A Singh ldquoThe toxicity of four native Indianplants effect on AChE and acidalkaline phosphatase level infish Channa maruliusrdquo Chemosphere vol 60 no 1 pp 135ndash1402005
[117] C M Feitosa R M Freitas N N N Luz M Z B BezerraandM T S Trevisan ldquoAcetylcholinesterase inhibition by somespromising Brazilian medicinal plantsrdquo Brazilian Journal ofBiology vol 71 no 3 pp 783ndash789 2011
[118] Y Nagaharika V Kalyani S Rasheed and R KarthikeyanldquoAnti-inflammatory activity of leaves of Jatropha gossypifolia Lby HRBC membrane stabilization methodrdquo Journal of AcuteDisease vol 2 no 2 pp 156ndash158 2013
[119] S D N Silva I C Abreu S M D F Freire et al ldquoAntispas-modic effect of Jatropha gossypiifolia is mediated through dualblockade of muscarinic receptors and Ca2+ channelsrdquo BrazilianJournal of Pharmacognosy vol 21 no 4 pp 715ndash720 2011
[120] D Carabajal A Casaco L Arruzazabala R Gonzalez andV Fuentes ldquoPharmacological screening of plant decoctionscommonly used in Cuban folk medicinerdquo Journal of Ethnophar-macology vol 33 no 1-2 pp 21ndash24 1991
32 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
[121] S Jain G P Choudhary and D K Jain ldquoPharmacological eval-uation of anti-fertility activity of ethanolic extract of Jatrophagossypifolia leaf in female albino micerdquo Asian Pacific Journal ofTropical Biomedicine vol 2 no 3 pp S1671ndashS1674 2012
[122] S C N Servin O J M Torres J E F Matias et al ldquoAcao doextrato de Jatropha gossypiifolia L (piao roxo) na cicatrizacaode anastomose colonica estudo experimental em ratosrdquo ActaCirurgica Brasileira vol 21 no 3 pp 89ndash96 2006
[123] J R Vale N G Czeczko J U Aquino et al ldquoEstudo compara-tivo da cicatrizacao de gastrorrafias com e sem o uso do extratode Jatropha gossypiifolia L (piao roxo) em ratosrdquoActa CirurgicaBrasileira vol 21 no 3 pp 40ndash48 2006
[124] J U Aquino N G Czeczko O Malafaia et al ldquoAvaliacaofitoterapica da Jatropha gossypiifolia L na cicatrizacao desuturas na parede abdominal ventral de ratosrdquo Acta CirurgicaBrasileira vol 21 no 2 pp 61ndash66 2006
[125] M F D S Santos N G Czeczko P A N Nassif et alldquoAvaliacao do uso do extrato bruto de Jatropha gossypiifolia Lna cicatrizacao de feridas cutaneas em ratosrdquo Acta CirurgicaBrasileira vol 21 no 3 pp 2ndash7 2006
[126] B B Panda K Gaur R K Nema C S Sharma A K Jain andC P Jain ldquoHepatoprotective activity of Jatropha gossypifoliaagainst carbon tetrachloride- induced hepatic injury in ratsrdquoAsian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research vol 2no 1 pp 50ndash54 2009
[127] S S Deo T M Chaudhari and F Inam ldquoEvaluation ofthe immunomodulatory effects of 1-phenylnaphthalene andpericarbonyl lactone lignan compoundsrdquoDer PharmaChemicavol 4 no 2 pp 771ndash776 2012
[128] S K Rasheed S Kunapareddy and R Karthikeyan ldquoLocalanesthetic activity of Jatropha gossypifolia L on frogsrdquo Biomed-ical and Pharmacology Journal vol 5 no 2 pp 395ndash397 2012
[129] AM A Paes A L Camara SM F Freire andMO R BorgesldquoRelaxant effect of Jatropha gossypiifolia L on uterine smoothmusclerdquo International Journal of Phytomedicine vol 4 no 3 pp310ndash313 2012
[130] S J Jain G P Choudhary and D K Jain ldquoPharmacologicalevaluation and antifertility activity of Jatropha gossypifoliain ratsrdquo BioMed Research International vol 2013 Article ID125980 5 pages 2013
[131] J S de Oliveira PM Leite L B de Souza et al ldquoCharacteristicsand composition of Jatropha gossypiifolia and Jatropha curcasL oils and application for biodiesel productionrdquo Biomass andBioenergy vol 33 no 3 pp 449ndash453 2009
[132] V Bullangpoti E Wajnberg P Audant and R FeyereisenldquoAntifeedant activity of Jatropha gossypifolia and Meliaazedarach senescent leaf extracts on Spodoptera frugiperda(Lepidoptera Noctuidae) and their potential use as synergistsrdquoPest Management Science vol 68 no 9 pp 1255ndash1264 2012
[133] S N K JilaniW Islam andM Kamsh ldquoPotential of pyrethroidinsecticides and plant extracts on fecundity and egg viability oftribolium castaneum (Herbst)rdquo Journal of Bio-Science vol 19no 1 pp 95ndash97 2011
[134] D Sukumaran B D Parashar and K M Rao ldquoToxicity of Jat-ropha gossypiifolia and Vaccaria pyramidata against freshwatersnails vectors of animal schistosomiasisrdquo Fitoterapia vol 66 no5 pp 393ndash398 1995
[135] R K Devappa H P S Makkar and K Becker ldquoJatrophatoxicitymdasha reviewrdquo Journal of Toxicology and EnvironmentalHealth B Critical Reviews vol 13 no 6 pp 476ndash507 2010
[136] E P Schenkel M Zannin L A Mentz S A L Bordignonand B Irgang ldquoPlantas toxicasrdquo in Farmacognosia Da Planta
ao Medicamento C M O Simoes E P Schenkel G GosmannJ C P Mello L A Mentz and P R Petrovick Eds pp 959ndash993 Editora da UFRGSUFSC Porto Alegre Brazil 3d edition2007
[137] L I Oliveira F F Jabour V A Nogueira and E M YamasakildquoIntoxicacao experimental com as folhas de Jatropha gossypifo-lia(Euphorbiaceae) em ovinosrdquo Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileiravol 28 no 6 pp 275ndash278 2008
[138] P I A Awachie and F O Ugwu ldquoPreliminary investigationof the antimicrobial and brine shrimp lethality propertiesof some nigerian medicinal plantsrdquo International Journal ofPharmacognosy vol 35 no 5 pp 338ndash343 1997
[139] L J Medubi V O Ukwenya O T Aderinto et al ldquoEffects ofadministration of ethanolic root extract of Jatropha gossypiifoliaand prednisolone on the kidneys of Wistar ratsrdquo ElectronicJournal of Biomedicine vol 2 pp 41ndash48 2010
[140] T Oduola G B Popoola G O Avwioro et al ldquoUse of Jatrophagossypifolia stem latex as a haemostatic agent how safe is itrdquoJournal of Medicinal Plants Reasearch vol 1 no 1 pp 14ndash172007
Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom
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Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
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Disease Markers
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OncologyJournal of
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Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
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Parkinsonrsquos Disease
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Volume 2014Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 25
about extract preparation and plant part not specified) theauthors also observed an absence of healing action althoughsome histological improvement was shown [125]
However studying the influence of J gossypiifolia on thehealing process of colonic anastomosis in rats Servin et alshowed that the administration of 1mLkg single dose ofthe hydro alcoholic extract from aerial parts has beneficialeffect on the healing process [122] However according tothese authors on the seventh day of the experiment therewas a decrease in the action of the extract suggestingthat the extract in this experiment was less active in laterstages of healing process [122] A plausible hypothesis notraised by the authors could be the fact that the extract wasadministered in a single dose which may not have beensufficient to maintain the effect throughout the time of theexperiment Additionally Vale et al showed that the ethanolicextract from aerial parts of J gossypiifolia at single intraperi-toneal dose of 200mgkg favored the healing process ofgastrorrhaphies and reduced the acute inflammatory reactionin vivo [123]
65 Hemostatic Action The use of J gossypiifolia especiallythe latex is widespread as a hemostatic agent for preventingbleeding disorders The results of whole blood clotting timeusing Lee and White method and bleeding time using Ivyrsquosmethod were significantly reduced when stem latex wasintroduced suggesting procoagulant activity [101] Regardingthe possible mechanism of action based on experimentsthat show the precipitating action of the latex upon bovinealbumin the authors suggest that the latex precipitatesclotting factors thereby bringing the coagulation factors intoclose contact and then the activation of coagulation cascadeleads to the generation of thrombin and formation of aclot takes place in a matter of seconds when compared tothe control experiment which took minutes to completecoagulation [101] It is important to emphasize that to the bestof our knowledge this is the only study performed on humansubjects
66 Anticholinesterase Action Based on the cholinergichypothesis acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are widely usedto treat Alzheimerrsquos disease J gossypiifolia presented animportant anticholinesterase activity since the methanolicextract from leaves showed an IC
50of 005mgmL [117]
Another study showed that the lyophilized latex of theplant was able to inhibit time- and dose-dependently theacetylcholinesterase enzyme in nervous tissue of freshwaterair breathing fish Channa marulius [116]
67 Antioxidant Action The antioxidant activity of extractsfrom J gossypiifoliawas evaluated by Kharat et al [55] In thiswork the high content of phenols tannins and flavonoids inthe leaves prompted the authors to evaluate the antioxidantactivity of the leaves DPPH free radical ferric thiocyanateand nitric oxide scavengingmethods were used to analyze theantioxidant activity in vitro of methanol ethyl acetate andaqueous extracts demonstrating positive resultsThe authorsattributed the free radical scavenging activity to the presence
of flavonoids [55] On the other hand a study showed thatdifferent extracts (petrol ether chloroform ethyl acetate andn-butanol) fromwhole plant of J gossypiifolia had only partialantioxidant activity in DPPH scavenging total antioxidantcapacity and lipid peroxidation tests [48] Among them theethyl acetate extract was the most active which correlatespositively with its higher content of phenolic compounds incomparison with the other extracts [48]
68 Contraceptive Action Based on its popular use J gossypi-ifoliawas assessed for its antifertility activity as an alternativeto oral contraceptive agents J gossypiifolia leaf extract byoral route altered the major hormones involved in estrouscycle regulation indicating its antifertility effect on mice[121] Evaluating other parameters (estrogenic and earlyabortifacient activities) the anti-infertility effect of the extractwas once more demonstrated later [130]
69 Tocolytic Action Based on the ethnopharmacologicalapplication of the plant as tocolytic remedy the effects oncalcium-evoked uterine smooth muscle contraction of theethanolic extract and fractions were evaluated [129] Thecrude extract and to a higher extent the chloroformic frac-tion reduced the calcium-evoked contractile response of theuterine smooth muscle promoting a rightward displacementof calciumcumulative curves aswell as reducing themaximalcontractions [129]
610 Antineoplasic Action One of the most well-knownpharmacological activities of J gossypiifolia is its antineopla-sic action which is frequently associated with the contentof lignoids and terpenoids One of the first reports wasmade by Kupchan et al [66] when the authors found thatthe ethanolic extract from roots as well as the isolatedditerpene jatrophone exhibited significant inhibitory activityin vitro against cells derived from human carcinoma of thenasopharynx and lymphocytic leukemia P-388 and in vivoagainst four standard animal tumor systems such as sarcoma180 Lewis lung carcinoma P-388 lymphocytic leukemiaand Walker 256 intramuscular carcinosarcoma [66] Laterthree new antitumor derivatives of jatrophone were isolatedfrom petrol ether extracts from roots of J gossypiifolia 2120572-hydroxyjatrophone 2120573-hydroxy-56-isojatrophone and 2120573-hydroxyjatrophone [64] Recently two other diterpenes withpotent antineoplasic activity were isolated from J gossypi-ifolia falodone and abiodone Falodone was isolated frommethanol extract from roots and showed potent proliferationinhibitory activity against A-549 human cancer cell line [13]Abiodone a lathyrane diterpenoid compound was isolatedfrom J gossypiifolia and presented potent anticancer activity[73]
611 Local Anesthetic Action The local anesthetic action ofJ gossypiifolia was evaluated by plexus anaesthesia in frogs[128] The authors observed that the aqueous and methanolextract (plant part not specified) presented significant anes-thetic action when compared to control group
26 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
612 Neuropharmacological Action The neuropharmacolog-ical action of the methanol extract of the leaves of J gossypi-ifolia was evaluated by Apu et al [111] The authors observedthat in hole cross test the extract at 200 and 400mgkg byoral route showed significant sedative effect in mice In holeboard test the extract showed highly significant anxiolyticactivity at a dose of 200mgkg whereas the same activity wasobserved at 400mgkg dose in elevated plus-maze test [111]Similar results were observed in the methanolic extract fromfruits [110]
613 Antidiarrheal Action Although it may seem contradic-tory as shown in Table 3 J gossypiifolia species is popularlyused both as purgative and as antidiarrheal remedy Howeverin literature there are interesting results about the antidiar-rheal properties of different extracts of this species
At 200 and 400mgkg oral doses in mice the methanolextract of J gossypiifolia leaves produced highly signifi-cant antidiarrheal activity upon castor oil-induced diarrheadecreasing themean number of stool and total weight of fecaloutput when compared to control group [111] Similar resultswere observed in the methanolic extract from fruits [110]
Aiming to determine the possible action mechanism of Jgossypiifolia aerial parts ethanol extract as antidiarrheal agentSilva et al [119] have investigated the effect of this extracton intestinal transit velocity and on isolated rat jejunumAt 500 1000 and 2000mgkg by oral route in mice theextract showed significant antispasmodic activity in mouseintestinal transit model when compared to control At 0510 and 20mgmL the crude extract inhibited in vitro theacetylcholine and calcium-induced contractions of isolatedrat jejunum The chloroform and aqueous fractions wereobtained and it was observed that only the chloroform frac-tion of the extract had a calcium-antagonist effect whereasboth chloroformic and aqueous fractions had anticholinergiceffect suggesting that the antispasmodic effect of J gossypi-ifolia may be due to a combination of anticholinergic andcalcium-antagonist mechanisms [119]
614 Immunomodulatory Action The immunomodulatoryaction of synthetic lignan compounds was evaluated by theassay of proliferation of mouse spleen cell in vitro andcompared with petrol ether extract of whole plant of Jgossypiifolia since it is a natural source of this kind ofcompound [127] The authors showed that both syntheticand naturally occurring 1-phenylnaphthalene lignans couldpositively modulate the immunity of the host since theysignificantly increased the proliferation of mouse spleen cellin vitro [127]
615 Hepatoprotective Action Despite some studies havingshown the hepatotoxic potential of J gossypiifolia a study wasperformed to analyze the possible hepatoprotective action ofextracts of this plant in carbon tetrachloride-induced liverdamage in rats [126] In fact the petrol ether methanoland water extracts from the aerial parts of J gossypiifoliapresented significant hepatoprotective action in this model
substantially restoring towards normalization the serum lev-els of serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase serum glu-tamate pyruvate transaminase serum alkaline phosphatasetotal bilirubin superoxide dismutase and catalase [126] Theauthors also discuss the close relationship between the hep-atoprotective action observed and the possible antioxidantmechanism present in the extracts
7 Other Actions andBiotechnological Applications
In addition to studies demonstrating scientific evidences ofthe pharmacological properties of J gossypiifolia severalstudies have demonstrated the potential of this species toobtain molecules with various applications thus showing itsmultipurpose character
Among the main applications described the use ofJ gossypiifolia seed oil for biodiesel production could bementioned Jatropha species has drawn the attention ofresearchers in recent years due to its emergence as a highlysuitable feedstock plant for biodiesel production [11] Amongthe species J gossypiifolia J curcas and J pohliana produceseeds with high oil content [11] In a study investigatingthe potential of two plants of the Jatropha genus (includ-ing J gossypiifolia) the authors observed that the studiedphysicochemical properties of the produced biodiesel are inthe acceptable range for use as biodiesel in diesel enginesshowing a promising economic exploitation of these rawmaterials [131]
Studies have shown the potential of the species for thedevelopment of new tools for biochemical analysis A recentstudy showed that the diluted fresh latex J gossypiifolia can beused as precipitating agent for biochemical determination ofproteins in plasma urine and cerebrospinal fluid with valuescomparable to those obtained from the conventional proteinprecipitants sodium tungstate and trichloroacetic acid [24]According to the authors the precipitating potential couldbe related to the capacity of the latex to form clots whenapplied to a bleeding sore or wound when it is used in folkmedicine [24] Another study showed the potentiality of thejuice extracted from the fresh leaves of J gossypiifolia asan anticoagulant for haematological analyses [86] 01mL ofextract per mL of blood proved to be suitable for obtainingplasmas for biochemical analysis comparable with conven-tional anticoagulants [86] However the authors emphasizethat the extract must be purified to remove interferingsubstances for it to be perfectly suitable for biochemicalanalysis [86]
Some studies have demonstrated the potentiality of Jgossypiifolia as a source of pesticide biomolecules Bullang-poti et al [49] isolated ricinine from the ethyl acetate extractfrom senescent leaves the main compound responsible forthe toxicity of the crude extract in Spodoptera exigua larvaethus demonstrating that it could be an alternative choiceto chemical insecticides In another study Bullangpoti etal [132] showed that the ethanol extract of J gossypiifoliain association with the ethanol extract of Melia azedarachwas toxic and inhibited some enzymes from Spodoptera
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 27
frugiperda larvae demonstrating once more the potentialityof the species as insecticide agent Calatayud et al [56]showed the presence of proteins of about 100 kDa with toxicactivity upon Phenacoccus herreni another type of insectIn this work the authors performed a strategy of extrac-tion that eliminated nonprotein compounds being able todemonstrate the potential of the species to obtain insecticidalproteins [56] Leaf extract of J gossypiifolia reduced thefecundity and egg viability against stored product insect pestsTribolium castaneum [133]
The potential molluscicidal activity of J gossypiifolia hasalso been evaluated as an alternative mode of preventionof schistosomiasis Sukumaran et al [134] showed that themethanol and n-butanol extracts from unripened seeds of Jgossypiifoliawas toxic against eggs and adults of two species offreshwater snails Lymnaea luteola and Indoplanorbis exustusThe results indicated that n-butanol extract was the mosteffective and that the eggs were more susceptible than adults[134]
8 Toxicology
Species of Jatropha are notably known for their toxic potential[135 136] This toxicity is related primarily to latex andseeds The latex is released from the aerial parts of theplant by mechanical injury and it is extremely caustic andirritating to skin and mucous membranes The seeds arerich in toxalbumins that cause agglutination and hemolysisto erythrocytes as well as damage to other cell types andcontain a lipoid resin complex that can cause dermatitis[3 12 135] The symptomatology consists in general ofgastrointestinal disorders (abdominal pain nausea vomitingand diarrhea) Additionally the clinical course can bringcardiovascular neurological and renal complications [136]Cases of poisoning in humans usually occur by eating fruitand seeds because of its similarity to edible chestnuts [136]
Some toxicological studies have demonstrated the toxicproperties of J gossypiifolia while others show the absence oftoxicity However it is important to observe the models useddoses administrated and types of extract employed (solventand plant part) among other aspects to make the properconclusions about the toxicity
The study of experimental poisoning in sheep showedthat the intake of fresh plant leaves in a single dose of40 gkg was lethal to these animals [137] The clinical andpathological picture in the experimental sheep was charac-terized by digestive lung and heart disturbances and alsoby slight regressive changes evidenced in hepatic and renalhistological examinations [137] However as observed byMariz et al [7] it is important to note that the medicinaluse of the plant is rarely in natura but instead by differentpreparations such as infusions or decoctions sometimes ofthe dried material which could inactivate the possible toxiccomponents However this is only a hypothesis and so thetoxicity of extracts from leaves cannot be discarded
One of the first studies relating the identification of theconstituents responsible for the toxic effects of the Jatrophaspecies was published by Adolf et al [69] In this work
by a bioguided isolation the irritant polyunsaturated ester12-deoxy-16-hydroxylphorbol was isolated from the etherextract from the seeds of J gossypiifolia by countercurrentchromatography [69] The irritant activity was visualized inmouse ear after 24 h of the application of the fractions andisolated compounds [69]
The in vitro cytotoxicity assay using brine shrimp larvaetest revealed that ethanol and methanol extracts (plant organunspecified) showed low toxicity [138] An earlier studyshowed that thewater and ethyl acetate fraction of amethanolextract from aerial parts of J gossypiifolia did not presenttoxicity against the same organisms [114]
A study performed in Wistar rats evaluated the toxicityof the ethanolic root extract of J gossypiifolia at 10 20 and30mgkg by oral route [139] The authors observed that theextract was toxic to the kidney and caused increased urearetention in the blood as observed by histological studies andbiochemical analysis of blood [139]
A preclinical toxicological assessment of the crudeethanol extract from J gossypiifolia leaves showed that theextract presents relatively low oral acute toxicity in Wistarrats [18 19] Rats treated with single doses of 12ndash50 gkgby oral route were observed for 14 days and the mostimportant signs of toxicity were ptosis reduction of bodyweight and hind limb paralysis Other significant alterationsoccurred only in males treated with 50 gkg dose increasein creatinine aspartate aminotransferase sodium and potas-sium seric levels reduction of urea and albumin leucopeniaand small alteration in color and consistency of visceraThe median lethal dose (LD
50) was higher than 40 gkg
for males and higher than 50 gkg for females [19] In thehistopathological evaluation some alteration was observedin liver and lung only at 50 gkg suggesting the relativelylow toxicity of the extract [18] However in the chronictoxicological study (thirteen weeks of treatment) this extractshowed significant oral chronic toxicity in rats [17] The mostsignificant toxic signs indicated a reduction of the activityin the central nervous system and digestive disturbancesThe histopathological analysis revealed hepatotoxicity andpulmonary damages The lethality was 466 and 133among males and females under the higher tested dose(405mgkg) respectively [17] Based on this Mariz et al [7]discussed that the development of herbal medicine based onthis species needs to prioritize the chemical refinement of thecrude extracts to obtain less toxic fractions which should betested for their safety and therapeutic efficacy
Another study on the other hand evaluating the oralacute toxicity of the aqueous and ethanol extracts from leavesof J gossypiifolia did not show any sign of toxicity in upto 2 gkg in rats enabling the authors to conclude that thisextract could be considered safe [118] This is an interestingresult since in most cases the plant is used popularly as tea(aqueous extract)
The toxicity of the stem latex of J gossypiifoliawas studiedin Wistar rats by applying different doses of crude latex onincised skin daily for 18 days based on the popular useof the latex as hemostatic agent in skin lesions [140] Theauthors observed that the application of the latex did notproduce any significant difference in results of biochemical
28 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
and hematological parameters obtained from the control andexperimental animals leading to the conclusion that the stemlatex has no harmful effects [140]
9 Conclusions
As demonstrated by this review J gossypiifolia presents animportant potential for the generation of pharmacologicalandor biotechnological products based on popular usesand biological studies scientifically showing its propertiesHowever regarding specifically its medicinal propertiesfurther studies are still necessary to assay important folkuses of the species and characterize the major compoundsresponsible for the bioactivityThus studies of bioprospectingcould prioritize this species since many popular uses forvariousmedical purposes are reported demonstrating a greatpotential to originate bioactive molecules with pharmaco-logical relevance Furthermore future phytochemical studiesof this plant are important to obtain the best knowledgeof the chemical composition of different extracts of theplant in order to recognize the really important compoundsin the pharmacological actions aspiring to the chemicalrefinement of the products to eliminate the eventual toxiceffects that could reduce the medicinal value of the speciesIn conclusion the data presented in this review could provideinsights for future research aimed at both ethnopharmaco-logical validation of the popular use of J gossypiifolia andits exploration as a new source of bioactive molecules forherbal drugs andor bioactive natural products for potentialapplication in complementary and alternative medicine
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper
Acknowledgments
The authors thank BNB CNPq and CAPES (Brazil) forthe financial support Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosagives thanks to CNPq for Scholarship in Research Produc-tivity The authors also thank Andrew Alastair Cumming forediting this paper for the English revision
References
[1] G L Webster ldquoClassification of the euphorbiaceaerdquo Annals ofthe Missouri Botanical Garden vol 81 pp 3ndash143 1994
[2] M V Alves ldquoChecklist das especies de Euphorbiaceae Jussocorrentes no semi-arido pernambucano BrasilrdquoActa BotanciaBrasileira vol 12 no 3 pp 485ndash495 1998
[3] C W Sabandar N Ahmat F M Jaafar and I Sahidin ldquoMedic-inal property phytochemistry and pharmacology of severalJatropha species (Euphorbiaceae) a reviewrdquo Phytochemistryvol 85 pp 7ndash29 2013
[4] C K A Leal and M D F Agra ldquoEstudo farmacobotanicocomparativo das folhas de Jatrophamolissima (Pohl) BaillrdquoActaFarmaceutica Bonaerense vol 24 no 1 pp 5ndash13 2005
[5] L C Di Stasi and C A Hiruma-Lima Plantas medicinais naAmazonia e na Mata Atlantica UNESP Sao Paulo Brazil 2ndedition 2002
[6] M D F Agra K N Silva I J L D Basılio P F De Freitasand JM Barbosa-Filho ldquoSurvey ofmedicinal plants used in theregionNortheast of BrazilrdquoBrazilian Journal of Pharmacognosyvol 18 no 3 pp 472ndash508 2008
[7] S R Mariz A C R Borges M F F Melo-Diniz and I AMedeiros ldquoPossibilidades terapeuticas e riscos toxicologicosde Jatropha gossypiifolia L uma revisao narrativardquo RevistaBrasileiraDe PlantasMedicinais vol 12 no 3 pp 346ndash357 2010
[8] I Cordeiro and R Secco ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia L Lista deespecies da flora do Brasilrdquo Jardim Botanico do Rio de JaneirohttpfloradobrasiljbrjgovbrjabotfloradobrasilFB17581
[9] U P de Albuquerque P M de Medeiros A L S de Almeida etal ldquoMedicinal plants of the caatinga (semi-arid) vegetation ofNE Brazil a quantitative approachrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacol-ogy vol 114 no 3 pp 325ndash354 2007
[10] U P Albuquerque L H C Andrade and J Caballero ldquoStruc-ture and floristics of homegardens in Northeastern BrazilrdquoJournal of Arid Environments vol 62 no 3 pp 491ndash506 2005
[11] S A Ceasar and S Ignacimuthu ldquoApplications of biotechnologyand biochemical engineering for the improvement of Jatrophaand Biodiesel a reviewrdquo Renewable and Sustainable EnergyReviews vol 15 no 9 pp 5176ndash5185 2011
[12] U P de Albuquerque J MMonteiro M A Ramos and E L Cde Amorim ldquoMedicinal and magic plants from a public marketin northeastern Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 110no 1 pp 76ndash91 2007
[13] A Falodun Q Sheng-Xiang G Parkinson and S GibbonsldquoIsolation and characterization of a new anticancer diterpenoidfrom Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journalvol 45 no 10 pp 636ndash639 2012
[14] BRASIL ldquoFitoterapia plantas de interesse ao SUSrdquo Braz-ilian Health Ministry httpportalsaudegovbrportalarqu-ivospdfRENISUSpdf
[15] X-P Zhang M-L Zhang X-H Su C-H Huo Y-C Gu andQ-W Shi ldquoChemical constituents of the plants from genusJatrophardquo Chemistry and Biodiversity vol 6 no 12 pp 2166ndash2183 2009
[16] S K Sharma and H Singh ldquoA review on pharmacological sig-nificance of genus Jatropha (Euphorbiaceae)rdquoChinese Journal ofIntegrative Medicine vol 18 no 11 pp 868ndash880 2012
[17] S RMariz G S CerqueiraWCAraujo et al ldquoChronic toxico-logic study of the ethanolic extract of the aerial parts of Jatrophagossypiifolia in ratsrdquoRevista Brasileira de Farmacognosia vol 22no 3 pp 663ndash668 2012
[18] S R Mariz M S T Araujo G S Cerqueira et al ldquoHistopatho-logical evaluation in rats after acute treatment with the ethanolextract from aerial parts of Jatropha gossypiifolia Lrdquo RevistaBrasileira De Farmacognosia vol 18 no 2 pp 213ndash216 2008
[19] S R Mariz G S Cerqueira W C Araujo et al ldquoEstudo toxi-cologico agudo do extrato etanolico de partes aereas de Jatrophagossypiifolia L em ratosrdquo Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosiavol 16 no 3 pp 372ndash378 2006
[20] C Auvin-Guette C Baraguey A Blond J L Pousset andB Bodo ldquoCyclogossine B a cyclic octapeptide from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Journal of Natural Products vol 60 pp 1155ndash11571997
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 29
[21] V S Parvathi B S Jyothi T Lakshmi P S Babu and RKarthikeyan ldquoMorpho-anatomical and physicochemical stud-ies of Jatropha gossypifolia (L)rdquo Der Pharmacia Lettre vol 4no 1 pp 256ndash262 2012
[22] M N S Rios and F Pastore Junior Plantas da Amazonia450 Especies de Uso Geral Universidade de BrasıliamdashBibliotecaCentral Brasılia 2011
[23] S R Mariz Estudo toxicologico pre-clınico de Jatropha gossypi-ifolia L [PhD thesis] Universidade Federal da Paraıba JoaoPessoa Brazil 2007
[24] O G Adeosun T Oduola F A Fagbomedo et al ldquoSuitabilityof stem latex of Jatropha gossypifolia as a protein precipitant forbiochemical analysisrdquo Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistryvol 29 no 2 pp 210ndash212 2014
[25] F O A Ajose ldquoSome Nigerian plants of dermatologic impor-tancerdquo International Journal of Dermatology vol 46 no 1 pp48ndash55 2007
[26] J S Ashidi P J Houghton P J Hylands and T EfferthldquoEthnobotanical survey and cytotoxicity testing of plants ofSouth-western Nigeria used to treat cancer with isolationof cytotoxic constituents from Cajanus cajan Millsp leavesrdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 128 no 2 pp 501ndash512 2010
[27] M Ayyanar and S Ignacimuthu ldquoEthnobotanical survey ofmedicinal plants commonly used by Kani tribals in Tirunelvelihills of Western Ghats Indiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 134 no 3 pp 851ndash864 2011
[28] R Bhagat S D Ambavade A V Misar and D K KulkarnildquoAnti-inflammatory activity of Jatropha gossypifolia L leaves inalbino mice and Wistar ratrdquo Journal of Scientific and IndustrialResearch vol 70 no 4 pp 289ndash292 2011
[29] J H Cano and G Volpato ldquoHerbal mixtures in the traditionalmedicine of Eastern Cubardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol90 no 2-3 pp 293ndash316 2004
[30] F G Coe and G J Anderson ldquoScreening of medicinal plantsused by the Garıfuna of Eastern Nicaragua for bioactive com-poundsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 53 no 1 pp 29ndash501996
[31] MGbeassor Y Kossou K Amegbo C De Souza K Koumagloand A Denke ldquoAntimalarial effects of eight African medicinalplantsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 25 no 1 pp 115ndash1181989
[32] National Center for Biotechnology Information ldquoJatropha gos-sypiifoliardquo Taxonomy Browser httpwwwncbinlmnihgovTaxonomyBrowserwwwtaxcgiid=454931
[33] Tropicos ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia Lrdquo httpwwwtropicosorgNamePrintaspxnameid=12802174amptab=details
[34] The Plant List ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia Lrdquo httpwwwtheplant-listorgtplrecordkew-104621
[35] M S Khyade and N P Vaikos ldquoPharmacognostical andphytochemical evaluation of leaf of Jatropha gossypifolia LrdquoInternational Journal of Research in Ayurveda amp Pharmacy vol2 no 1 pp 177ndash180 2011
[36] D O Aworinde D U Nwoye A A Jayeola A O Olagoke andA A Ogundele ldquoTaxonomic significance of foliar epidermis insome members of euphorbiaceae family in Nigeriardquo ResearchJournal of Botany vol 4 no 1 pp 17ndash28 2009
[37] J D Olowokudejo ldquoComparative epidermal morphology ofWest African species of Jatropha L (Euphorbiaceae)rdquo BotanicalJournal of the Linnean Society vol 111 no 2 pp 139ndash154 1993
[38] B Das and B Venkataiah ldquoA minor coumarino-lignoid fromJatropha gossypifoliardquo Biochemical Systematics and Ecology vol29 no 2 pp 213ndash214 2001
[39] B Das B Venkataiah and A Kashinatham ldquoVenkatasin a newcoumarino-lignoid from Jatropha gossypifoliardquoNatural ProductLetters vol 13 no 4 pp 293ndash297 1999
[40] B Das and B Venkataiah ldquoA rare diterpene from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Biochemical Systematics and Ecology vol 27 no 7pp 759ndash760 1999
[41] N Ravindranath B Venkataiah C Ramesh P Jayaprakash andB Das ldquoJatrophenone a novel macrocyclic bioactive diterpenefrom Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bul-letin vol 51 no 7 pp 870ndash871 2003
[42] B Das and J Banerji ldquoArylnaphthalene lignan from JatrophagossypifoliardquoPhytochemistry vol 27 no 11 pp 3684ndash3686 1988
[43] J Banerji B Das A Chatterjee and J N Shoolery ldquoGadain alignan from Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Phytochemistry vol 23 no10 pp 2323ndash2327 1984
[44] A Chatterjee B Das C Pascard and T Prange ldquoCrystalstructure of a lignan from Jatropha gossypifoliardquoPhytochemistryvol 20 no 8 pp 2047ndash2048 1981
[45] I C Abreu A S S Marinho A M A Paes et al ldquoHypotensiveand vasorelaxant effects of ethanolic extract from Jatrophagossypiifolia L in ratsrdquo Fitoterapia vol 74 no 7-8 pp 650ndash6572003
[46] B Das and R Das ldquoGossypifan a lignan from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Phytochemistry vol 40 no 3 pp 931ndash932 1995
[47] R Das B Das and A Kashinatham ldquoGossypiline a new lignanfrom Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Natural Product Sciences vol 4 no4 pp 238ndash240 1998
[48] D Shahwar S-U Shafiq N Ahmad S Ullah and M A RazaldquoAntioxidant activities of the selected plants from the fam-ily Euphorbiaceae Lauraceae Malvaceae and BalsaminaceaerdquoAfrican Journal of Biotechnology vol 9 no 7 pp 1086ndash10962010
[49] V Bullangpoti N Khumrungsee W Pluempanupat Y Kainohand U Saguanpong ldquoToxicity of ethyl acetate extract andricinine from Jatropha gossypifolia senescent leaves againstSpodoptera exigua Hubner (Lepidoptera Noctuidae)rdquo Journalof Pesticide Science vol 36 no 2 pp 260ndash263 2011
[50] A O Ogundare ldquoAntimicrobial effect of Tithonia diversifoliaand Jatropha gossypifolia leaf extractsrdquo Trends in Applied Sci-ences Research vol 2 no 2 pp 145ndash150 2007
[51] N Nwokocha A Blessing I O Agbagwa and B E OkolildquoComparative phytochemical screening of Jatropha L Speciesin the Niger Deltardquo Research Journal of Phytochemistry vol 5no 2 pp 107ndash114 2011
[52] R Seth and R Sarin ldquoAnalysis of the phytochemical contentand anti-microbial activity of Jatropha gossypifolia Lrdquo Archivesof Applied Science Research vol 2 no 5 pp 285ndash291 2010
[53] S Sankara Subramanian S Nagarajan and N SulochanaldquoFlavonoids of the leaves of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Phytochem-istry vol 10 no 7 p 1690 1971
[54] A C Pilon R L Carneiro F Carnevale Neto V S Bolzaniand I Castro-Gamboa ldquoInterval multivariate curve resolutionin the dereplication of HPLC-DAD data from Jatropha gossypi-foliardquo Phytochemical Analysis vol 24 no 4 pp 401ndash406 2013
[55] A R Kharat A K Dolui and S Das ldquoFree radical scavengingpotential of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Asian Journal of Chemistryvol 23 no 2 pp 799ndash801 2011
[56] P-A Calatayud D F Munera S Calatayud A Valencia-Jimenez and A C Bellotti ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia (Euphor-biaceae) a source of proteins toxic to Phenacoccus herreni(Sternorryncha Pseudococcidae)rdquo Florida Entomologist vol94 no 3 pp 649ndash654 2011
30 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
[57] W F Tinto L M D John W F Reynolds and S McLeanldquoTriterpenoids of Jatropha gossypiifoliardquo Journal of NaturalProducts vol 55 no 6 pp 807ndash809 1992
[58] R Das K Venkateswarlu V Saidi Reddy and B Das ldquo41015840-O-demethyl retrochinensin a minor new lignan from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Indian Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry vol 14no 2 pp 169ndash170 2004
[59] B Das A Kashinatham B Venkataiah K V N S Srinivas GMahender and M R Reddy ldquoCleomiscosin A a coumarino-lignoid from Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Biochemical Systematics andEcology vol 31 no 10 pp 1189ndash1191 2003
[60] B Das and G Anjani ldquoGossypidien a lignan from stems ofJatropha gossypifolliardquo Phytochemistry vol 51 no 1 pp 115ndash1171999
[61] B Das S P Rao and K V Srinivas ldquoIsolation of isogadain fromJatropha gossypifoliardquo Planta Medica vol 62 no 1 article 901996
[62] B Das S P Rao K V N S Srinivas and R Das ldquoJatrodien alignan from stems of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Phytochemistry vol41 no 3 pp 985ndash987 1996
[63] A Chatterjee B Das R Chakrabarti et al ldquoPrasanthaline anew lignan from Jatropha gossypifolia Linnrdquo Indian Journal ofChemistry vol 27 pp 740ndash741 1988
[64] M D Taylor A B Smith III G T Furst et al ldquoNewantileukemic jatrophone derivatives from Jatropha gossypiifoliastructural and stereochemical assignment through nuclearmagnetic resonance Spectroscopyrdquo Journal of the AmericanChemical Society vol 105 no 10 pp 3177ndash3183 1983
[65] K K Purushothaman S Chandrasekharan A F Cameron etal ldquoJatropholones A and B new diterpenoids from the roots ofJatropha gossypiifolia (Euphorbiaceae)mdashcrystal structure anal-ysis of Jatropholone Brdquo Tetrahedron Letters vol 20 no 11 pp979ndash980 1979
[66] S M Kupchan C W Sigel M J Matz J A S Renauld R CHaltiwanger and R F Bryan ldquoJatrophone a novel macrocyclicditerpenoid tumor inhibitor from Jatropha gossypiifoliardquo Jour-nal of the American Chemical Society vol 92 no 14 pp 4476ndash4477 1970
[67] Y R Prasad G S J G Alankararao and P Baby ldquoConstituentsof the seeds of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Fitoterapia vol 64 no 4p 376 1993
[68] O Ogbobe and V Akano ldquoThe physico-chemical properties ofthe seed and seed oil of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Plant Foods forHuman Nutrition vol 43 no 3 pp 197ndash200 1993
[69] W Adolf H J Opferkuch and E Hecker ldquoIrritant phorbolderivatives from four Jatropha speciesrdquo Phytochemistry vol 23no 1 pp 129ndash132 1984
[70] K M Hosamani and K S Katagi ldquoCharacterization andstructure elucidation of 12-hydroxyoctadec-cis-9-enoic acid inJatropha gossypifolia and Hevea brasiliensis seed oils a richsource of hydroxy fatty acidrdquo Chemistry and Physics of Lipidsvol 152 no 1 pp 9ndash12 2008
[71] S F A J Horsten A J J Van Den Berg J J Kettenes-VanDen Bosch B R Leeflang and R P Labadie ldquoCyclogossine Aa novel cyclic heptapeptide isolated from the latex of Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Planta Medica vol 62 no 1 pp 46ndash50 1996
[72] M U Ahmad M R Islam A H Mirza B H Chowdhuryand N Nahar ldquoAlkaloids of Jatropha gossypifolia Linnrdquo IndianJournal of Chemistry B Organic Chemistry Including MedicinalChemistry vol 31 no 1 pp 67ndash69 1992
[73] A Falodun U Kragl S-M T Touem A Villinger T Fahren-waldt and P Langer ldquoA novel anticancer diterpenoid fromJatropha gossypifoliardquo Natural Product Communications vol 7no 2 pp 151ndash152 2012
[74] G D Wadankar S N Malode and S L Sarambekar ldquoTra-ditionally used medicinal plants for ound healing in theWashim district Maharashtra (India)rdquo International Journal ofPharmTech Research vol 3 no 4 pp 2080ndash2084 2011
[75] B Kumar M Vijayakumar R Govindarajan and P Pushpan-gadan ldquoEthnopharmacological approaches to wound healing-Exploring medicinal plants of Indiardquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 114 no 2 pp 103ndash113 2007
[76] K Koudouvo D S Karou K Kokou et al ldquoAn ethnobotanicalstudy of antimalarial plants in Togo Maritime Regionrdquo Journalof Ethnopharmacology vol 134 no 1 pp 183ndash190 2011
[77] M Coelho-Ferreira ldquoMedicinal knowledge and plant utiliza-tion in an Amazonian coastal community ofMaruda Para State(Brazil)rdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 126 no 1 pp 159ndash175 2009
[78] F C S Oliveira R F M Barros and J M Moita Neto ldquoPlan-tas medicinais utilizadas em comunidades rurais de Oeirassemiarido piauienserdquo Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinaisvol 12 no 3 pp 282ndash301 2010
[79] J D F L Santos E Pagani J Ramos and E Rodrigues ldquoObser-vations on the therapeutic practices of riverine communities oftheUnini River AM Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol142 no 2 pp 503ndash515 2012
[80] S L Cartaxo M M de Almeida Souza and U P de Albu-querque ldquoMedicinal plants with bioprospecting potential usedin semi-arid northeastern Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacol-ogy vol 131 no 2 pp 326ndash342 2010
[81] O Jansen L Angenot M Tits et al ldquoEvaluation of 13 selectedmedicinal plants from Burkina Faso for their antiplasmodialpropertiesrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 130 no 1 pp143ndash150 2010
[82] M H Yetein L G Houessou T O Lougbegnon O Teka andB Tente ldquoEthnobotanical study of medicinal plants used for thetreatment of malaria in plateau of Allada Benin (West Africa)rdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 146 no 1 pp 154ndash163 2013
[83] L J Quintans Junior J R G S Almeida J T Lima et al ldquoPlantswith anticonvulsivant propertiesmdasha reviewrdquo Revista Brasileirade Farmacognosia vol 18 pp 798ndash819 2008
[84] A Diallo M S Traore S M Keita et al ldquoManagement ofdiabetes in Guinean traditional medicine an ethnobotanicalinvestigation in the coastal lowlandsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 144 no 2 pp 353ndash361 2012
[85] S O Olabanji A C Adebajo O R Omobuwajo et al ldquoPIXEanalysis of some Nigerian anti-diabetic medicinal plants (II)rdquoNuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B BeamInteractions With Materials and Atoms vol 318 pp 187ndash1902014
[86] T Oduola O G Avwioro and T B Ayanniyi ldquoSuitability ofthe leaf extract of Jatropha gossypifolia as an anticoagulant forbiochemical and haematological analysesrdquo African Journal ofBiotechnology vol 4 no 7 pp 679ndash681 2005
[87] CM Chariandy C E Seaforth R H Phelps G V Pollard andB P S Khambay ldquoScreening of medicinal plants from Trinidadand Tobago for antimicrobial and insecticidal propertiesrdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 64 no 3 pp 265ndash270 1999
[88] V P Kumar N S Chauhan H Padh and M Rajani ldquoSearchfor antibacterial and antifungal agents from selected Indian
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 31
medicinal plantsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 107 no2 pp 182ndash188 2006
[89] R Dabur A Gupta T K Mandal et al ldquoAntimicrobial activityof some medicinal plantsrdquo African Journal of TraditionalComplementary and AlternativeMedicines vol 4 no 3 pp 313ndash318 2007
[90] H C Ong and M Nordiana ldquoMalay ethno-medico botany inMachang Kelantan Malaysiardquo Fitoterapia vol 70 no 5 pp502ndash513 1999
[91] J Sanz-Biset J Campos-de-la-Cruz M A Epiquien-Riveraand S Canigueral ldquoA first survey on the medicinal plants of theChazuta valley (Peruvian Amazon)rdquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 122 no 2 pp 333ndash362 2009
[92] B B Panda K Gaur M L Kori et al ldquoAnti-inflammatoryand analgesic activity of Jatropha gossypifolia in experimentalanimal modelsrdquo Global Journal of Pharmacology vol 3 no 12009
[93] S S Ningthoujam A D Talukdar K S Potsangbam and MD Choudhury ldquoTraditional uses of herbal vapour therapy inManipur North East India an ethnobotanical surveyrdquo Journalof Ethnopharmacology vol 147 no 1 pp 136ndash147 2013
[94] A Asase A A Oteng-Yeboah G T Odamtten and M SJ Simmonds ldquoEthnobotanical study of some Ghanaian anti-malarial plantsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 99 no 2pp 273ndash279 2005
[95] C Lans T Harper K Georges and E Bridgewater ldquoMedicinaland ethnoveterinary remedies of hunters in Trinidadrdquo BMCComplementary and AlternativeMedicine vol 1 article 10 2001
[96] L Rasingam S Jeeva andD Kannan ldquoDental care of Andamanand Nicobar folks medicinal plants use as tooth stickrdquo AsianPacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine vol 2 no 2 pp S1013ndashS1016 2012
[97] P J Houghton and I M Osibogun ldquoFlowering plants usedagainst snakebiterdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 39 no 1pp 1ndash29 1993
[98] M Molander C H Saslis-Lagoudakis A K Jager and NRoslashnsted ldquoCross-cultural comparison of medicinal floras usedagainst snakebitesrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 139 no3 pp 863ndash872 2012
[99] A Jain S S Katewa B L Chaudhary and P Galav ldquoFolk herbalmedicines used in birth control and sexual diseases by tribals ofsouthern Rajasthan Indiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol90 no 1 pp 171ndash177 2004
[100] A Jain S S Katewa P K Galav and P Sharma ldquoMedicinalplant diversity of Sitamata wildlife sanctuary Rajasthan IndiardquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 102 no 2 pp 143ndash157 2005
[101] T Oduola G O Adeosun T A Oduola G O Avwioro andM A Oyeniyi ldquoMechanism of action of Jatropha gossypifoliastem latex as a haemostatic agentrdquo European Journal of GeneralMedicine vol 2 no 4 pp 140ndash143 2005
[102] D Garcia M V Domingues and E Rodrigues ldquoEthnophar-macological survey among migrants living in the SoutheastAtlantic Forest of Diadema Sao Paulo Brazilrdquo Journal ofEthnobiology and Ethnomedicine vol 6 article 29 2010
[103] S S Hebbar V H Harsha V Shripathi and G R HegdeldquoEthnomedicine of Dharwad district in Karnataka Indiamdashplants used in oral health carerdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 94 no 2-3 pp 261ndash266 2004
[104] S B Kosalge and R A Fursule ldquoInvestigation of ethnomedic-inal claims of some plants used by tribals of Satpuda Hills inIndiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 121 no 3 pp 456ndash461 2009
[105] R A Ritter M V B Monteiro F O B Monteiro et al ldquoEth-noveterinary knowledge and practices at Colares island Parastate eastern Amazon Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 144 no 2 pp 346ndash352 2012
[106] S K Dash and S Padhy ldquoReview on ethnomedicines fordiarrhoea diseases from Orissa prevalence versus culturerdquoJournal of Human Ecology vol 20 no 1 pp 59ndash64 2006
[107] R S L Taylor J B Hudson N P Manandhar and G H NTowers ldquoAntiviral activities of medicinal plants of southernNepalrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 53 pp 97ndash104 1996
[108] J M A Maia N G Czeczko J M R Filho et al ldquoEstudoda cicatrizacao de suturas na bexiga urinaria de ratos come sem utilizacao de extrato bruto de Jatropha gossypiifolia Lintraperitonealrdquo Acta Cirurgica Brasileira vol 21 no 2 pp 23ndash30 2006
[109] A L Ososki P Lohr M Reiff et al ldquoEthnobotanical literaturesurvey of medicinal plants in the Dominican Republic used forwomens health conditionsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol79 no 3 pp 285ndash298 2002
[110] A S Apu FHossain F Rizwan et al ldquoStudy of pharmacologicalactivities of methanol extract of Jatropha gossypifolia fruitsrdquoJournal of Basic and Clinical Pharmacy vol 4 no 1 pp 20ndash242013
[111] A S Apu K Ireen S Hossan Bhuyan et al ldquoEvaluation ofanalgesic neuropharmacological and anti-diarrheal potential ofJatropha gossypifolia (Linn) leaves in micerdquo Journal of MedicalSciences vol 12 no 8 pp 274ndash279 2012
[112] F A G Rocha and L I S Dantas ldquoAtividade antimicrobianain vitro do latex do aveloz (Euphorbia tirucalli L) pinhao bravo(Jatrophamollissima L) e pinhao roxo (Jatropha gossypiifolia L)sobre microrganismos patogenicosrdquo Holos vol 25 no 4 2009
[113] O M David and J O Oluyege ldquoIn vitro susceptibility ofselected pathogenic bacteria to leaf extracts and latex of Jatrophagossypiifolia(L) and Jatropha curcas (L)rdquo Biosciences Biotechnol-ogy Research Asia vol 3 no 1 pp 91ndash94 2006
[114] W D MacBae J B Hudson and G H N Towers ldquoStudieson the pharmacological activity of amazonian euphorbiaceaerdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 22 no 2 pp 143ndash172 1988
[115] M C Purohit and R Purohit ldquoEvaluation of antimicrobial andanti-inflammatory activities of bark of Jatropha gossypifoliardquoWorld Journal of Science and Technology vol 1 no 10 pp 1ndash52011
[116] D Singh and A Singh ldquoThe toxicity of four native Indianplants effect on AChE and acidalkaline phosphatase level infish Channa maruliusrdquo Chemosphere vol 60 no 1 pp 135ndash1402005
[117] C M Feitosa R M Freitas N N N Luz M Z B BezerraandM T S Trevisan ldquoAcetylcholinesterase inhibition by somespromising Brazilian medicinal plantsrdquo Brazilian Journal ofBiology vol 71 no 3 pp 783ndash789 2011
[118] Y Nagaharika V Kalyani S Rasheed and R KarthikeyanldquoAnti-inflammatory activity of leaves of Jatropha gossypifolia Lby HRBC membrane stabilization methodrdquo Journal of AcuteDisease vol 2 no 2 pp 156ndash158 2013
[119] S D N Silva I C Abreu S M D F Freire et al ldquoAntispas-modic effect of Jatropha gossypiifolia is mediated through dualblockade of muscarinic receptors and Ca2+ channelsrdquo BrazilianJournal of Pharmacognosy vol 21 no 4 pp 715ndash720 2011
[120] D Carabajal A Casaco L Arruzazabala R Gonzalez andV Fuentes ldquoPharmacological screening of plant decoctionscommonly used in Cuban folk medicinerdquo Journal of Ethnophar-macology vol 33 no 1-2 pp 21ndash24 1991
32 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
[121] S Jain G P Choudhary and D K Jain ldquoPharmacological eval-uation of anti-fertility activity of ethanolic extract of Jatrophagossypifolia leaf in female albino micerdquo Asian Pacific Journal ofTropical Biomedicine vol 2 no 3 pp S1671ndashS1674 2012
[122] S C N Servin O J M Torres J E F Matias et al ldquoAcao doextrato de Jatropha gossypiifolia L (piao roxo) na cicatrizacaode anastomose colonica estudo experimental em ratosrdquo ActaCirurgica Brasileira vol 21 no 3 pp 89ndash96 2006
[123] J R Vale N G Czeczko J U Aquino et al ldquoEstudo compara-tivo da cicatrizacao de gastrorrafias com e sem o uso do extratode Jatropha gossypiifolia L (piao roxo) em ratosrdquoActa CirurgicaBrasileira vol 21 no 3 pp 40ndash48 2006
[124] J U Aquino N G Czeczko O Malafaia et al ldquoAvaliacaofitoterapica da Jatropha gossypiifolia L na cicatrizacao desuturas na parede abdominal ventral de ratosrdquo Acta CirurgicaBrasileira vol 21 no 2 pp 61ndash66 2006
[125] M F D S Santos N G Czeczko P A N Nassif et alldquoAvaliacao do uso do extrato bruto de Jatropha gossypiifolia Lna cicatrizacao de feridas cutaneas em ratosrdquo Acta CirurgicaBrasileira vol 21 no 3 pp 2ndash7 2006
[126] B B Panda K Gaur R K Nema C S Sharma A K Jain andC P Jain ldquoHepatoprotective activity of Jatropha gossypifoliaagainst carbon tetrachloride- induced hepatic injury in ratsrdquoAsian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research vol 2no 1 pp 50ndash54 2009
[127] S S Deo T M Chaudhari and F Inam ldquoEvaluation ofthe immunomodulatory effects of 1-phenylnaphthalene andpericarbonyl lactone lignan compoundsrdquoDer PharmaChemicavol 4 no 2 pp 771ndash776 2012
[128] S K Rasheed S Kunapareddy and R Karthikeyan ldquoLocalanesthetic activity of Jatropha gossypifolia L on frogsrdquo Biomed-ical and Pharmacology Journal vol 5 no 2 pp 395ndash397 2012
[129] AM A Paes A L Camara SM F Freire andMO R BorgesldquoRelaxant effect of Jatropha gossypiifolia L on uterine smoothmusclerdquo International Journal of Phytomedicine vol 4 no 3 pp310ndash313 2012
[130] S J Jain G P Choudhary and D K Jain ldquoPharmacologicalevaluation and antifertility activity of Jatropha gossypifoliain ratsrdquo BioMed Research International vol 2013 Article ID125980 5 pages 2013
[131] J S de Oliveira PM Leite L B de Souza et al ldquoCharacteristicsand composition of Jatropha gossypiifolia and Jatropha curcasL oils and application for biodiesel productionrdquo Biomass andBioenergy vol 33 no 3 pp 449ndash453 2009
[132] V Bullangpoti E Wajnberg P Audant and R FeyereisenldquoAntifeedant activity of Jatropha gossypifolia and Meliaazedarach senescent leaf extracts on Spodoptera frugiperda(Lepidoptera Noctuidae) and their potential use as synergistsrdquoPest Management Science vol 68 no 9 pp 1255ndash1264 2012
[133] S N K JilaniW Islam andM Kamsh ldquoPotential of pyrethroidinsecticides and plant extracts on fecundity and egg viability oftribolium castaneum (Herbst)rdquo Journal of Bio-Science vol 19no 1 pp 95ndash97 2011
[134] D Sukumaran B D Parashar and K M Rao ldquoToxicity of Jat-ropha gossypiifolia and Vaccaria pyramidata against freshwatersnails vectors of animal schistosomiasisrdquo Fitoterapia vol 66 no5 pp 393ndash398 1995
[135] R K Devappa H P S Makkar and K Becker ldquoJatrophatoxicitymdasha reviewrdquo Journal of Toxicology and EnvironmentalHealth B Critical Reviews vol 13 no 6 pp 476ndash507 2010
[136] E P Schenkel M Zannin L A Mentz S A L Bordignonand B Irgang ldquoPlantas toxicasrdquo in Farmacognosia Da Planta
ao Medicamento C M O Simoes E P Schenkel G GosmannJ C P Mello L A Mentz and P R Petrovick Eds pp 959ndash993 Editora da UFRGSUFSC Porto Alegre Brazil 3d edition2007
[137] L I Oliveira F F Jabour V A Nogueira and E M YamasakildquoIntoxicacao experimental com as folhas de Jatropha gossypifo-lia(Euphorbiaceae) em ovinosrdquo Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileiravol 28 no 6 pp 275ndash278 2008
[138] P I A Awachie and F O Ugwu ldquoPreliminary investigationof the antimicrobial and brine shrimp lethality propertiesof some nigerian medicinal plantsrdquo International Journal ofPharmacognosy vol 35 no 5 pp 338ndash343 1997
[139] L J Medubi V O Ukwenya O T Aderinto et al ldquoEffects ofadministration of ethanolic root extract of Jatropha gossypiifoliaand prednisolone on the kidneys of Wistar ratsrdquo ElectronicJournal of Biomedicine vol 2 pp 41ndash48 2010
[140] T Oduola G B Popoola G O Avwioro et al ldquoUse of Jatrophagossypifolia stem latex as a haemostatic agent how safe is itrdquoJournal of Medicinal Plants Reasearch vol 1 no 1 pp 14ndash172007
Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom
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Parkinsonrsquos Disease
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Volume 2014Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom
26 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
612 Neuropharmacological Action The neuropharmacolog-ical action of the methanol extract of the leaves of J gossypi-ifolia was evaluated by Apu et al [111] The authors observedthat in hole cross test the extract at 200 and 400mgkg byoral route showed significant sedative effect in mice In holeboard test the extract showed highly significant anxiolyticactivity at a dose of 200mgkg whereas the same activity wasobserved at 400mgkg dose in elevated plus-maze test [111]Similar results were observed in the methanolic extract fromfruits [110]
613 Antidiarrheal Action Although it may seem contradic-tory as shown in Table 3 J gossypiifolia species is popularlyused both as purgative and as antidiarrheal remedy Howeverin literature there are interesting results about the antidiar-rheal properties of different extracts of this species
At 200 and 400mgkg oral doses in mice the methanolextract of J gossypiifolia leaves produced highly signifi-cant antidiarrheal activity upon castor oil-induced diarrheadecreasing themean number of stool and total weight of fecaloutput when compared to control group [111] Similar resultswere observed in the methanolic extract from fruits [110]
Aiming to determine the possible action mechanism of Jgossypiifolia aerial parts ethanol extract as antidiarrheal agentSilva et al [119] have investigated the effect of this extracton intestinal transit velocity and on isolated rat jejunumAt 500 1000 and 2000mgkg by oral route in mice theextract showed significant antispasmodic activity in mouseintestinal transit model when compared to control At 0510 and 20mgmL the crude extract inhibited in vitro theacetylcholine and calcium-induced contractions of isolatedrat jejunum The chloroform and aqueous fractions wereobtained and it was observed that only the chloroform frac-tion of the extract had a calcium-antagonist effect whereasboth chloroformic and aqueous fractions had anticholinergiceffect suggesting that the antispasmodic effect of J gossypi-ifolia may be due to a combination of anticholinergic andcalcium-antagonist mechanisms [119]
614 Immunomodulatory Action The immunomodulatoryaction of synthetic lignan compounds was evaluated by theassay of proliferation of mouse spleen cell in vitro andcompared with petrol ether extract of whole plant of Jgossypiifolia since it is a natural source of this kind ofcompound [127] The authors showed that both syntheticand naturally occurring 1-phenylnaphthalene lignans couldpositively modulate the immunity of the host since theysignificantly increased the proliferation of mouse spleen cellin vitro [127]
615 Hepatoprotective Action Despite some studies havingshown the hepatotoxic potential of J gossypiifolia a study wasperformed to analyze the possible hepatoprotective action ofextracts of this plant in carbon tetrachloride-induced liverdamage in rats [126] In fact the petrol ether methanoland water extracts from the aerial parts of J gossypiifoliapresented significant hepatoprotective action in this model
substantially restoring towards normalization the serum lev-els of serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase serum glu-tamate pyruvate transaminase serum alkaline phosphatasetotal bilirubin superoxide dismutase and catalase [126] Theauthors also discuss the close relationship between the hep-atoprotective action observed and the possible antioxidantmechanism present in the extracts
7 Other Actions andBiotechnological Applications
In addition to studies demonstrating scientific evidences ofthe pharmacological properties of J gossypiifolia severalstudies have demonstrated the potential of this species toobtain molecules with various applications thus showing itsmultipurpose character
Among the main applications described the use ofJ gossypiifolia seed oil for biodiesel production could bementioned Jatropha species has drawn the attention ofresearchers in recent years due to its emergence as a highlysuitable feedstock plant for biodiesel production [11] Amongthe species J gossypiifolia J curcas and J pohliana produceseeds with high oil content [11] In a study investigatingthe potential of two plants of the Jatropha genus (includ-ing J gossypiifolia) the authors observed that the studiedphysicochemical properties of the produced biodiesel are inthe acceptable range for use as biodiesel in diesel enginesshowing a promising economic exploitation of these rawmaterials [131]
Studies have shown the potential of the species for thedevelopment of new tools for biochemical analysis A recentstudy showed that the diluted fresh latex J gossypiifolia can beused as precipitating agent for biochemical determination ofproteins in plasma urine and cerebrospinal fluid with valuescomparable to those obtained from the conventional proteinprecipitants sodium tungstate and trichloroacetic acid [24]According to the authors the precipitating potential couldbe related to the capacity of the latex to form clots whenapplied to a bleeding sore or wound when it is used in folkmedicine [24] Another study showed the potentiality of thejuice extracted from the fresh leaves of J gossypiifolia asan anticoagulant for haematological analyses [86] 01mL ofextract per mL of blood proved to be suitable for obtainingplasmas for biochemical analysis comparable with conven-tional anticoagulants [86] However the authors emphasizethat the extract must be purified to remove interferingsubstances for it to be perfectly suitable for biochemicalanalysis [86]
Some studies have demonstrated the potentiality of Jgossypiifolia as a source of pesticide biomolecules Bullang-poti et al [49] isolated ricinine from the ethyl acetate extractfrom senescent leaves the main compound responsible forthe toxicity of the crude extract in Spodoptera exigua larvaethus demonstrating that it could be an alternative choiceto chemical insecticides In another study Bullangpoti etal [132] showed that the ethanol extract of J gossypiifoliain association with the ethanol extract of Melia azedarachwas toxic and inhibited some enzymes from Spodoptera
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 27
frugiperda larvae demonstrating once more the potentialityof the species as insecticide agent Calatayud et al [56]showed the presence of proteins of about 100 kDa with toxicactivity upon Phenacoccus herreni another type of insectIn this work the authors performed a strategy of extrac-tion that eliminated nonprotein compounds being able todemonstrate the potential of the species to obtain insecticidalproteins [56] Leaf extract of J gossypiifolia reduced thefecundity and egg viability against stored product insect pestsTribolium castaneum [133]
The potential molluscicidal activity of J gossypiifolia hasalso been evaluated as an alternative mode of preventionof schistosomiasis Sukumaran et al [134] showed that themethanol and n-butanol extracts from unripened seeds of Jgossypiifoliawas toxic against eggs and adults of two species offreshwater snails Lymnaea luteola and Indoplanorbis exustusThe results indicated that n-butanol extract was the mosteffective and that the eggs were more susceptible than adults[134]
8 Toxicology
Species of Jatropha are notably known for their toxic potential[135 136] This toxicity is related primarily to latex andseeds The latex is released from the aerial parts of theplant by mechanical injury and it is extremely caustic andirritating to skin and mucous membranes The seeds arerich in toxalbumins that cause agglutination and hemolysisto erythrocytes as well as damage to other cell types andcontain a lipoid resin complex that can cause dermatitis[3 12 135] The symptomatology consists in general ofgastrointestinal disorders (abdominal pain nausea vomitingand diarrhea) Additionally the clinical course can bringcardiovascular neurological and renal complications [136]Cases of poisoning in humans usually occur by eating fruitand seeds because of its similarity to edible chestnuts [136]
Some toxicological studies have demonstrated the toxicproperties of J gossypiifolia while others show the absence oftoxicity However it is important to observe the models useddoses administrated and types of extract employed (solventand plant part) among other aspects to make the properconclusions about the toxicity
The study of experimental poisoning in sheep showedthat the intake of fresh plant leaves in a single dose of40 gkg was lethal to these animals [137] The clinical andpathological picture in the experimental sheep was charac-terized by digestive lung and heart disturbances and alsoby slight regressive changes evidenced in hepatic and renalhistological examinations [137] However as observed byMariz et al [7] it is important to note that the medicinaluse of the plant is rarely in natura but instead by differentpreparations such as infusions or decoctions sometimes ofthe dried material which could inactivate the possible toxiccomponents However this is only a hypothesis and so thetoxicity of extracts from leaves cannot be discarded
One of the first studies relating the identification of theconstituents responsible for the toxic effects of the Jatrophaspecies was published by Adolf et al [69] In this work
by a bioguided isolation the irritant polyunsaturated ester12-deoxy-16-hydroxylphorbol was isolated from the etherextract from the seeds of J gossypiifolia by countercurrentchromatography [69] The irritant activity was visualized inmouse ear after 24 h of the application of the fractions andisolated compounds [69]
The in vitro cytotoxicity assay using brine shrimp larvaetest revealed that ethanol and methanol extracts (plant organunspecified) showed low toxicity [138] An earlier studyshowed that thewater and ethyl acetate fraction of amethanolextract from aerial parts of J gossypiifolia did not presenttoxicity against the same organisms [114]
A study performed in Wistar rats evaluated the toxicityof the ethanolic root extract of J gossypiifolia at 10 20 and30mgkg by oral route [139] The authors observed that theextract was toxic to the kidney and caused increased urearetention in the blood as observed by histological studies andbiochemical analysis of blood [139]
A preclinical toxicological assessment of the crudeethanol extract from J gossypiifolia leaves showed that theextract presents relatively low oral acute toxicity in Wistarrats [18 19] Rats treated with single doses of 12ndash50 gkgby oral route were observed for 14 days and the mostimportant signs of toxicity were ptosis reduction of bodyweight and hind limb paralysis Other significant alterationsoccurred only in males treated with 50 gkg dose increasein creatinine aspartate aminotransferase sodium and potas-sium seric levels reduction of urea and albumin leucopeniaand small alteration in color and consistency of visceraThe median lethal dose (LD
50) was higher than 40 gkg
for males and higher than 50 gkg for females [19] In thehistopathological evaluation some alteration was observedin liver and lung only at 50 gkg suggesting the relativelylow toxicity of the extract [18] However in the chronictoxicological study (thirteen weeks of treatment) this extractshowed significant oral chronic toxicity in rats [17] The mostsignificant toxic signs indicated a reduction of the activityin the central nervous system and digestive disturbancesThe histopathological analysis revealed hepatotoxicity andpulmonary damages The lethality was 466 and 133among males and females under the higher tested dose(405mgkg) respectively [17] Based on this Mariz et al [7]discussed that the development of herbal medicine based onthis species needs to prioritize the chemical refinement of thecrude extracts to obtain less toxic fractions which should betested for their safety and therapeutic efficacy
Another study on the other hand evaluating the oralacute toxicity of the aqueous and ethanol extracts from leavesof J gossypiifolia did not show any sign of toxicity in upto 2 gkg in rats enabling the authors to conclude that thisextract could be considered safe [118] This is an interestingresult since in most cases the plant is used popularly as tea(aqueous extract)
The toxicity of the stem latex of J gossypiifoliawas studiedin Wistar rats by applying different doses of crude latex onincised skin daily for 18 days based on the popular useof the latex as hemostatic agent in skin lesions [140] Theauthors observed that the application of the latex did notproduce any significant difference in results of biochemical
28 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
and hematological parameters obtained from the control andexperimental animals leading to the conclusion that the stemlatex has no harmful effects [140]
9 Conclusions
As demonstrated by this review J gossypiifolia presents animportant potential for the generation of pharmacologicalandor biotechnological products based on popular usesand biological studies scientifically showing its propertiesHowever regarding specifically its medicinal propertiesfurther studies are still necessary to assay important folkuses of the species and characterize the major compoundsresponsible for the bioactivityThus studies of bioprospectingcould prioritize this species since many popular uses forvariousmedical purposes are reported demonstrating a greatpotential to originate bioactive molecules with pharmaco-logical relevance Furthermore future phytochemical studiesof this plant are important to obtain the best knowledgeof the chemical composition of different extracts of theplant in order to recognize the really important compoundsin the pharmacological actions aspiring to the chemicalrefinement of the products to eliminate the eventual toxiceffects that could reduce the medicinal value of the speciesIn conclusion the data presented in this review could provideinsights for future research aimed at both ethnopharmaco-logical validation of the popular use of J gossypiifolia andits exploration as a new source of bioactive molecules forherbal drugs andor bioactive natural products for potentialapplication in complementary and alternative medicine
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper
Acknowledgments
The authors thank BNB CNPq and CAPES (Brazil) forthe financial support Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosagives thanks to CNPq for Scholarship in Research Produc-tivity The authors also thank Andrew Alastair Cumming forediting this paper for the English revision
References
[1] G L Webster ldquoClassification of the euphorbiaceaerdquo Annals ofthe Missouri Botanical Garden vol 81 pp 3ndash143 1994
[2] M V Alves ldquoChecklist das especies de Euphorbiaceae Jussocorrentes no semi-arido pernambucano BrasilrdquoActa BotanciaBrasileira vol 12 no 3 pp 485ndash495 1998
[3] C W Sabandar N Ahmat F M Jaafar and I Sahidin ldquoMedic-inal property phytochemistry and pharmacology of severalJatropha species (Euphorbiaceae) a reviewrdquo Phytochemistryvol 85 pp 7ndash29 2013
[4] C K A Leal and M D F Agra ldquoEstudo farmacobotanicocomparativo das folhas de Jatrophamolissima (Pohl) BaillrdquoActaFarmaceutica Bonaerense vol 24 no 1 pp 5ndash13 2005
[5] L C Di Stasi and C A Hiruma-Lima Plantas medicinais naAmazonia e na Mata Atlantica UNESP Sao Paulo Brazil 2ndedition 2002
[6] M D F Agra K N Silva I J L D Basılio P F De Freitasand JM Barbosa-Filho ldquoSurvey ofmedicinal plants used in theregionNortheast of BrazilrdquoBrazilian Journal of Pharmacognosyvol 18 no 3 pp 472ndash508 2008
[7] S R Mariz A C R Borges M F F Melo-Diniz and I AMedeiros ldquoPossibilidades terapeuticas e riscos toxicologicosde Jatropha gossypiifolia L uma revisao narrativardquo RevistaBrasileiraDe PlantasMedicinais vol 12 no 3 pp 346ndash357 2010
[8] I Cordeiro and R Secco ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia L Lista deespecies da flora do Brasilrdquo Jardim Botanico do Rio de JaneirohttpfloradobrasiljbrjgovbrjabotfloradobrasilFB17581
[9] U P de Albuquerque P M de Medeiros A L S de Almeida etal ldquoMedicinal plants of the caatinga (semi-arid) vegetation ofNE Brazil a quantitative approachrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacol-ogy vol 114 no 3 pp 325ndash354 2007
[10] U P Albuquerque L H C Andrade and J Caballero ldquoStruc-ture and floristics of homegardens in Northeastern BrazilrdquoJournal of Arid Environments vol 62 no 3 pp 491ndash506 2005
[11] S A Ceasar and S Ignacimuthu ldquoApplications of biotechnologyand biochemical engineering for the improvement of Jatrophaand Biodiesel a reviewrdquo Renewable and Sustainable EnergyReviews vol 15 no 9 pp 5176ndash5185 2011
[12] U P de Albuquerque J MMonteiro M A Ramos and E L Cde Amorim ldquoMedicinal and magic plants from a public marketin northeastern Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 110no 1 pp 76ndash91 2007
[13] A Falodun Q Sheng-Xiang G Parkinson and S GibbonsldquoIsolation and characterization of a new anticancer diterpenoidfrom Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journalvol 45 no 10 pp 636ndash639 2012
[14] BRASIL ldquoFitoterapia plantas de interesse ao SUSrdquo Braz-ilian Health Ministry httpportalsaudegovbrportalarqu-ivospdfRENISUSpdf
[15] X-P Zhang M-L Zhang X-H Su C-H Huo Y-C Gu andQ-W Shi ldquoChemical constituents of the plants from genusJatrophardquo Chemistry and Biodiversity vol 6 no 12 pp 2166ndash2183 2009
[16] S K Sharma and H Singh ldquoA review on pharmacological sig-nificance of genus Jatropha (Euphorbiaceae)rdquoChinese Journal ofIntegrative Medicine vol 18 no 11 pp 868ndash880 2012
[17] S RMariz G S CerqueiraWCAraujo et al ldquoChronic toxico-logic study of the ethanolic extract of the aerial parts of Jatrophagossypiifolia in ratsrdquoRevista Brasileira de Farmacognosia vol 22no 3 pp 663ndash668 2012
[18] S R Mariz M S T Araujo G S Cerqueira et al ldquoHistopatho-logical evaluation in rats after acute treatment with the ethanolextract from aerial parts of Jatropha gossypiifolia Lrdquo RevistaBrasileira De Farmacognosia vol 18 no 2 pp 213ndash216 2008
[19] S R Mariz G S Cerqueira W C Araujo et al ldquoEstudo toxi-cologico agudo do extrato etanolico de partes aereas de Jatrophagossypiifolia L em ratosrdquo Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosiavol 16 no 3 pp 372ndash378 2006
[20] C Auvin-Guette C Baraguey A Blond J L Pousset andB Bodo ldquoCyclogossine B a cyclic octapeptide from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Journal of Natural Products vol 60 pp 1155ndash11571997
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 29
[21] V S Parvathi B S Jyothi T Lakshmi P S Babu and RKarthikeyan ldquoMorpho-anatomical and physicochemical stud-ies of Jatropha gossypifolia (L)rdquo Der Pharmacia Lettre vol 4no 1 pp 256ndash262 2012
[22] M N S Rios and F Pastore Junior Plantas da Amazonia450 Especies de Uso Geral Universidade de BrasıliamdashBibliotecaCentral Brasılia 2011
[23] S R Mariz Estudo toxicologico pre-clınico de Jatropha gossypi-ifolia L [PhD thesis] Universidade Federal da Paraıba JoaoPessoa Brazil 2007
[24] O G Adeosun T Oduola F A Fagbomedo et al ldquoSuitabilityof stem latex of Jatropha gossypifolia as a protein precipitant forbiochemical analysisrdquo Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistryvol 29 no 2 pp 210ndash212 2014
[25] F O A Ajose ldquoSome Nigerian plants of dermatologic impor-tancerdquo International Journal of Dermatology vol 46 no 1 pp48ndash55 2007
[26] J S Ashidi P J Houghton P J Hylands and T EfferthldquoEthnobotanical survey and cytotoxicity testing of plants ofSouth-western Nigeria used to treat cancer with isolationof cytotoxic constituents from Cajanus cajan Millsp leavesrdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 128 no 2 pp 501ndash512 2010
[27] M Ayyanar and S Ignacimuthu ldquoEthnobotanical survey ofmedicinal plants commonly used by Kani tribals in Tirunelvelihills of Western Ghats Indiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 134 no 3 pp 851ndash864 2011
[28] R Bhagat S D Ambavade A V Misar and D K KulkarnildquoAnti-inflammatory activity of Jatropha gossypifolia L leaves inalbino mice and Wistar ratrdquo Journal of Scientific and IndustrialResearch vol 70 no 4 pp 289ndash292 2011
[29] J H Cano and G Volpato ldquoHerbal mixtures in the traditionalmedicine of Eastern Cubardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol90 no 2-3 pp 293ndash316 2004
[30] F G Coe and G J Anderson ldquoScreening of medicinal plantsused by the Garıfuna of Eastern Nicaragua for bioactive com-poundsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 53 no 1 pp 29ndash501996
[31] MGbeassor Y Kossou K Amegbo C De Souza K Koumagloand A Denke ldquoAntimalarial effects of eight African medicinalplantsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 25 no 1 pp 115ndash1181989
[32] National Center for Biotechnology Information ldquoJatropha gos-sypiifoliardquo Taxonomy Browser httpwwwncbinlmnihgovTaxonomyBrowserwwwtaxcgiid=454931
[33] Tropicos ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia Lrdquo httpwwwtropicosorgNamePrintaspxnameid=12802174amptab=details
[34] The Plant List ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia Lrdquo httpwwwtheplant-listorgtplrecordkew-104621
[35] M S Khyade and N P Vaikos ldquoPharmacognostical andphytochemical evaluation of leaf of Jatropha gossypifolia LrdquoInternational Journal of Research in Ayurveda amp Pharmacy vol2 no 1 pp 177ndash180 2011
[36] D O Aworinde D U Nwoye A A Jayeola A O Olagoke andA A Ogundele ldquoTaxonomic significance of foliar epidermis insome members of euphorbiaceae family in Nigeriardquo ResearchJournal of Botany vol 4 no 1 pp 17ndash28 2009
[37] J D Olowokudejo ldquoComparative epidermal morphology ofWest African species of Jatropha L (Euphorbiaceae)rdquo BotanicalJournal of the Linnean Society vol 111 no 2 pp 139ndash154 1993
[38] B Das and B Venkataiah ldquoA minor coumarino-lignoid fromJatropha gossypifoliardquo Biochemical Systematics and Ecology vol29 no 2 pp 213ndash214 2001
[39] B Das B Venkataiah and A Kashinatham ldquoVenkatasin a newcoumarino-lignoid from Jatropha gossypifoliardquoNatural ProductLetters vol 13 no 4 pp 293ndash297 1999
[40] B Das and B Venkataiah ldquoA rare diterpene from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Biochemical Systematics and Ecology vol 27 no 7pp 759ndash760 1999
[41] N Ravindranath B Venkataiah C Ramesh P Jayaprakash andB Das ldquoJatrophenone a novel macrocyclic bioactive diterpenefrom Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bul-letin vol 51 no 7 pp 870ndash871 2003
[42] B Das and J Banerji ldquoArylnaphthalene lignan from JatrophagossypifoliardquoPhytochemistry vol 27 no 11 pp 3684ndash3686 1988
[43] J Banerji B Das A Chatterjee and J N Shoolery ldquoGadain alignan from Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Phytochemistry vol 23 no10 pp 2323ndash2327 1984
[44] A Chatterjee B Das C Pascard and T Prange ldquoCrystalstructure of a lignan from Jatropha gossypifoliardquoPhytochemistryvol 20 no 8 pp 2047ndash2048 1981
[45] I C Abreu A S S Marinho A M A Paes et al ldquoHypotensiveand vasorelaxant effects of ethanolic extract from Jatrophagossypiifolia L in ratsrdquo Fitoterapia vol 74 no 7-8 pp 650ndash6572003
[46] B Das and R Das ldquoGossypifan a lignan from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Phytochemistry vol 40 no 3 pp 931ndash932 1995
[47] R Das B Das and A Kashinatham ldquoGossypiline a new lignanfrom Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Natural Product Sciences vol 4 no4 pp 238ndash240 1998
[48] D Shahwar S-U Shafiq N Ahmad S Ullah and M A RazaldquoAntioxidant activities of the selected plants from the fam-ily Euphorbiaceae Lauraceae Malvaceae and BalsaminaceaerdquoAfrican Journal of Biotechnology vol 9 no 7 pp 1086ndash10962010
[49] V Bullangpoti N Khumrungsee W Pluempanupat Y Kainohand U Saguanpong ldquoToxicity of ethyl acetate extract andricinine from Jatropha gossypifolia senescent leaves againstSpodoptera exigua Hubner (Lepidoptera Noctuidae)rdquo Journalof Pesticide Science vol 36 no 2 pp 260ndash263 2011
[50] A O Ogundare ldquoAntimicrobial effect of Tithonia diversifoliaand Jatropha gossypifolia leaf extractsrdquo Trends in Applied Sci-ences Research vol 2 no 2 pp 145ndash150 2007
[51] N Nwokocha A Blessing I O Agbagwa and B E OkolildquoComparative phytochemical screening of Jatropha L Speciesin the Niger Deltardquo Research Journal of Phytochemistry vol 5no 2 pp 107ndash114 2011
[52] R Seth and R Sarin ldquoAnalysis of the phytochemical contentand anti-microbial activity of Jatropha gossypifolia Lrdquo Archivesof Applied Science Research vol 2 no 5 pp 285ndash291 2010
[53] S Sankara Subramanian S Nagarajan and N SulochanaldquoFlavonoids of the leaves of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Phytochem-istry vol 10 no 7 p 1690 1971
[54] A C Pilon R L Carneiro F Carnevale Neto V S Bolzaniand I Castro-Gamboa ldquoInterval multivariate curve resolutionin the dereplication of HPLC-DAD data from Jatropha gossypi-foliardquo Phytochemical Analysis vol 24 no 4 pp 401ndash406 2013
[55] A R Kharat A K Dolui and S Das ldquoFree radical scavengingpotential of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Asian Journal of Chemistryvol 23 no 2 pp 799ndash801 2011
[56] P-A Calatayud D F Munera S Calatayud A Valencia-Jimenez and A C Bellotti ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia (Euphor-biaceae) a source of proteins toxic to Phenacoccus herreni(Sternorryncha Pseudococcidae)rdquo Florida Entomologist vol94 no 3 pp 649ndash654 2011
30 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
[57] W F Tinto L M D John W F Reynolds and S McLeanldquoTriterpenoids of Jatropha gossypiifoliardquo Journal of NaturalProducts vol 55 no 6 pp 807ndash809 1992
[58] R Das K Venkateswarlu V Saidi Reddy and B Das ldquo41015840-O-demethyl retrochinensin a minor new lignan from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Indian Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry vol 14no 2 pp 169ndash170 2004
[59] B Das A Kashinatham B Venkataiah K V N S Srinivas GMahender and M R Reddy ldquoCleomiscosin A a coumarino-lignoid from Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Biochemical Systematics andEcology vol 31 no 10 pp 1189ndash1191 2003
[60] B Das and G Anjani ldquoGossypidien a lignan from stems ofJatropha gossypifolliardquo Phytochemistry vol 51 no 1 pp 115ndash1171999
[61] B Das S P Rao and K V Srinivas ldquoIsolation of isogadain fromJatropha gossypifoliardquo Planta Medica vol 62 no 1 article 901996
[62] B Das S P Rao K V N S Srinivas and R Das ldquoJatrodien alignan from stems of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Phytochemistry vol41 no 3 pp 985ndash987 1996
[63] A Chatterjee B Das R Chakrabarti et al ldquoPrasanthaline anew lignan from Jatropha gossypifolia Linnrdquo Indian Journal ofChemistry vol 27 pp 740ndash741 1988
[64] M D Taylor A B Smith III G T Furst et al ldquoNewantileukemic jatrophone derivatives from Jatropha gossypiifoliastructural and stereochemical assignment through nuclearmagnetic resonance Spectroscopyrdquo Journal of the AmericanChemical Society vol 105 no 10 pp 3177ndash3183 1983
[65] K K Purushothaman S Chandrasekharan A F Cameron etal ldquoJatropholones A and B new diterpenoids from the roots ofJatropha gossypiifolia (Euphorbiaceae)mdashcrystal structure anal-ysis of Jatropholone Brdquo Tetrahedron Letters vol 20 no 11 pp979ndash980 1979
[66] S M Kupchan C W Sigel M J Matz J A S Renauld R CHaltiwanger and R F Bryan ldquoJatrophone a novel macrocyclicditerpenoid tumor inhibitor from Jatropha gossypiifoliardquo Jour-nal of the American Chemical Society vol 92 no 14 pp 4476ndash4477 1970
[67] Y R Prasad G S J G Alankararao and P Baby ldquoConstituentsof the seeds of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Fitoterapia vol 64 no 4p 376 1993
[68] O Ogbobe and V Akano ldquoThe physico-chemical properties ofthe seed and seed oil of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Plant Foods forHuman Nutrition vol 43 no 3 pp 197ndash200 1993
[69] W Adolf H J Opferkuch and E Hecker ldquoIrritant phorbolderivatives from four Jatropha speciesrdquo Phytochemistry vol 23no 1 pp 129ndash132 1984
[70] K M Hosamani and K S Katagi ldquoCharacterization andstructure elucidation of 12-hydroxyoctadec-cis-9-enoic acid inJatropha gossypifolia and Hevea brasiliensis seed oils a richsource of hydroxy fatty acidrdquo Chemistry and Physics of Lipidsvol 152 no 1 pp 9ndash12 2008
[71] S F A J Horsten A J J Van Den Berg J J Kettenes-VanDen Bosch B R Leeflang and R P Labadie ldquoCyclogossine Aa novel cyclic heptapeptide isolated from the latex of Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Planta Medica vol 62 no 1 pp 46ndash50 1996
[72] M U Ahmad M R Islam A H Mirza B H Chowdhuryand N Nahar ldquoAlkaloids of Jatropha gossypifolia Linnrdquo IndianJournal of Chemistry B Organic Chemistry Including MedicinalChemistry vol 31 no 1 pp 67ndash69 1992
[73] A Falodun U Kragl S-M T Touem A Villinger T Fahren-waldt and P Langer ldquoA novel anticancer diterpenoid fromJatropha gossypifoliardquo Natural Product Communications vol 7no 2 pp 151ndash152 2012
[74] G D Wadankar S N Malode and S L Sarambekar ldquoTra-ditionally used medicinal plants for ound healing in theWashim district Maharashtra (India)rdquo International Journal ofPharmTech Research vol 3 no 4 pp 2080ndash2084 2011
[75] B Kumar M Vijayakumar R Govindarajan and P Pushpan-gadan ldquoEthnopharmacological approaches to wound healing-Exploring medicinal plants of Indiardquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 114 no 2 pp 103ndash113 2007
[76] K Koudouvo D S Karou K Kokou et al ldquoAn ethnobotanicalstudy of antimalarial plants in Togo Maritime Regionrdquo Journalof Ethnopharmacology vol 134 no 1 pp 183ndash190 2011
[77] M Coelho-Ferreira ldquoMedicinal knowledge and plant utiliza-tion in an Amazonian coastal community ofMaruda Para State(Brazil)rdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 126 no 1 pp 159ndash175 2009
[78] F C S Oliveira R F M Barros and J M Moita Neto ldquoPlan-tas medicinais utilizadas em comunidades rurais de Oeirassemiarido piauienserdquo Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinaisvol 12 no 3 pp 282ndash301 2010
[79] J D F L Santos E Pagani J Ramos and E Rodrigues ldquoObser-vations on the therapeutic practices of riverine communities oftheUnini River AM Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol142 no 2 pp 503ndash515 2012
[80] S L Cartaxo M M de Almeida Souza and U P de Albu-querque ldquoMedicinal plants with bioprospecting potential usedin semi-arid northeastern Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacol-ogy vol 131 no 2 pp 326ndash342 2010
[81] O Jansen L Angenot M Tits et al ldquoEvaluation of 13 selectedmedicinal plants from Burkina Faso for their antiplasmodialpropertiesrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 130 no 1 pp143ndash150 2010
[82] M H Yetein L G Houessou T O Lougbegnon O Teka andB Tente ldquoEthnobotanical study of medicinal plants used for thetreatment of malaria in plateau of Allada Benin (West Africa)rdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 146 no 1 pp 154ndash163 2013
[83] L J Quintans Junior J R G S Almeida J T Lima et al ldquoPlantswith anticonvulsivant propertiesmdasha reviewrdquo Revista Brasileirade Farmacognosia vol 18 pp 798ndash819 2008
[84] A Diallo M S Traore S M Keita et al ldquoManagement ofdiabetes in Guinean traditional medicine an ethnobotanicalinvestigation in the coastal lowlandsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 144 no 2 pp 353ndash361 2012
[85] S O Olabanji A C Adebajo O R Omobuwajo et al ldquoPIXEanalysis of some Nigerian anti-diabetic medicinal plants (II)rdquoNuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B BeamInteractions With Materials and Atoms vol 318 pp 187ndash1902014
[86] T Oduola O G Avwioro and T B Ayanniyi ldquoSuitability ofthe leaf extract of Jatropha gossypifolia as an anticoagulant forbiochemical and haematological analysesrdquo African Journal ofBiotechnology vol 4 no 7 pp 679ndash681 2005
[87] CM Chariandy C E Seaforth R H Phelps G V Pollard andB P S Khambay ldquoScreening of medicinal plants from Trinidadand Tobago for antimicrobial and insecticidal propertiesrdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 64 no 3 pp 265ndash270 1999
[88] V P Kumar N S Chauhan H Padh and M Rajani ldquoSearchfor antibacterial and antifungal agents from selected Indian
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 31
medicinal plantsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 107 no2 pp 182ndash188 2006
[89] R Dabur A Gupta T K Mandal et al ldquoAntimicrobial activityof some medicinal plantsrdquo African Journal of TraditionalComplementary and AlternativeMedicines vol 4 no 3 pp 313ndash318 2007
[90] H C Ong and M Nordiana ldquoMalay ethno-medico botany inMachang Kelantan Malaysiardquo Fitoterapia vol 70 no 5 pp502ndash513 1999
[91] J Sanz-Biset J Campos-de-la-Cruz M A Epiquien-Riveraand S Canigueral ldquoA first survey on the medicinal plants of theChazuta valley (Peruvian Amazon)rdquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 122 no 2 pp 333ndash362 2009
[92] B B Panda K Gaur M L Kori et al ldquoAnti-inflammatoryand analgesic activity of Jatropha gossypifolia in experimentalanimal modelsrdquo Global Journal of Pharmacology vol 3 no 12009
[93] S S Ningthoujam A D Talukdar K S Potsangbam and MD Choudhury ldquoTraditional uses of herbal vapour therapy inManipur North East India an ethnobotanical surveyrdquo Journalof Ethnopharmacology vol 147 no 1 pp 136ndash147 2013
[94] A Asase A A Oteng-Yeboah G T Odamtten and M SJ Simmonds ldquoEthnobotanical study of some Ghanaian anti-malarial plantsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 99 no 2pp 273ndash279 2005
[95] C Lans T Harper K Georges and E Bridgewater ldquoMedicinaland ethnoveterinary remedies of hunters in Trinidadrdquo BMCComplementary and AlternativeMedicine vol 1 article 10 2001
[96] L Rasingam S Jeeva andD Kannan ldquoDental care of Andamanand Nicobar folks medicinal plants use as tooth stickrdquo AsianPacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine vol 2 no 2 pp S1013ndashS1016 2012
[97] P J Houghton and I M Osibogun ldquoFlowering plants usedagainst snakebiterdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 39 no 1pp 1ndash29 1993
[98] M Molander C H Saslis-Lagoudakis A K Jager and NRoslashnsted ldquoCross-cultural comparison of medicinal floras usedagainst snakebitesrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 139 no3 pp 863ndash872 2012
[99] A Jain S S Katewa B L Chaudhary and P Galav ldquoFolk herbalmedicines used in birth control and sexual diseases by tribals ofsouthern Rajasthan Indiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol90 no 1 pp 171ndash177 2004
[100] A Jain S S Katewa P K Galav and P Sharma ldquoMedicinalplant diversity of Sitamata wildlife sanctuary Rajasthan IndiardquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 102 no 2 pp 143ndash157 2005
[101] T Oduola G O Adeosun T A Oduola G O Avwioro andM A Oyeniyi ldquoMechanism of action of Jatropha gossypifoliastem latex as a haemostatic agentrdquo European Journal of GeneralMedicine vol 2 no 4 pp 140ndash143 2005
[102] D Garcia M V Domingues and E Rodrigues ldquoEthnophar-macological survey among migrants living in the SoutheastAtlantic Forest of Diadema Sao Paulo Brazilrdquo Journal ofEthnobiology and Ethnomedicine vol 6 article 29 2010
[103] S S Hebbar V H Harsha V Shripathi and G R HegdeldquoEthnomedicine of Dharwad district in Karnataka Indiamdashplants used in oral health carerdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 94 no 2-3 pp 261ndash266 2004
[104] S B Kosalge and R A Fursule ldquoInvestigation of ethnomedic-inal claims of some plants used by tribals of Satpuda Hills inIndiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 121 no 3 pp 456ndash461 2009
[105] R A Ritter M V B Monteiro F O B Monteiro et al ldquoEth-noveterinary knowledge and practices at Colares island Parastate eastern Amazon Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 144 no 2 pp 346ndash352 2012
[106] S K Dash and S Padhy ldquoReview on ethnomedicines fordiarrhoea diseases from Orissa prevalence versus culturerdquoJournal of Human Ecology vol 20 no 1 pp 59ndash64 2006
[107] R S L Taylor J B Hudson N P Manandhar and G H NTowers ldquoAntiviral activities of medicinal plants of southernNepalrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 53 pp 97ndash104 1996
[108] J M A Maia N G Czeczko J M R Filho et al ldquoEstudoda cicatrizacao de suturas na bexiga urinaria de ratos come sem utilizacao de extrato bruto de Jatropha gossypiifolia Lintraperitonealrdquo Acta Cirurgica Brasileira vol 21 no 2 pp 23ndash30 2006
[109] A L Ososki P Lohr M Reiff et al ldquoEthnobotanical literaturesurvey of medicinal plants in the Dominican Republic used forwomens health conditionsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol79 no 3 pp 285ndash298 2002
[110] A S Apu FHossain F Rizwan et al ldquoStudy of pharmacologicalactivities of methanol extract of Jatropha gossypifolia fruitsrdquoJournal of Basic and Clinical Pharmacy vol 4 no 1 pp 20ndash242013
[111] A S Apu K Ireen S Hossan Bhuyan et al ldquoEvaluation ofanalgesic neuropharmacological and anti-diarrheal potential ofJatropha gossypifolia (Linn) leaves in micerdquo Journal of MedicalSciences vol 12 no 8 pp 274ndash279 2012
[112] F A G Rocha and L I S Dantas ldquoAtividade antimicrobianain vitro do latex do aveloz (Euphorbia tirucalli L) pinhao bravo(Jatrophamollissima L) e pinhao roxo (Jatropha gossypiifolia L)sobre microrganismos patogenicosrdquo Holos vol 25 no 4 2009
[113] O M David and J O Oluyege ldquoIn vitro susceptibility ofselected pathogenic bacteria to leaf extracts and latex of Jatrophagossypiifolia(L) and Jatropha curcas (L)rdquo Biosciences Biotechnol-ogy Research Asia vol 3 no 1 pp 91ndash94 2006
[114] W D MacBae J B Hudson and G H N Towers ldquoStudieson the pharmacological activity of amazonian euphorbiaceaerdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 22 no 2 pp 143ndash172 1988
[115] M C Purohit and R Purohit ldquoEvaluation of antimicrobial andanti-inflammatory activities of bark of Jatropha gossypifoliardquoWorld Journal of Science and Technology vol 1 no 10 pp 1ndash52011
[116] D Singh and A Singh ldquoThe toxicity of four native Indianplants effect on AChE and acidalkaline phosphatase level infish Channa maruliusrdquo Chemosphere vol 60 no 1 pp 135ndash1402005
[117] C M Feitosa R M Freitas N N N Luz M Z B BezerraandM T S Trevisan ldquoAcetylcholinesterase inhibition by somespromising Brazilian medicinal plantsrdquo Brazilian Journal ofBiology vol 71 no 3 pp 783ndash789 2011
[118] Y Nagaharika V Kalyani S Rasheed and R KarthikeyanldquoAnti-inflammatory activity of leaves of Jatropha gossypifolia Lby HRBC membrane stabilization methodrdquo Journal of AcuteDisease vol 2 no 2 pp 156ndash158 2013
[119] S D N Silva I C Abreu S M D F Freire et al ldquoAntispas-modic effect of Jatropha gossypiifolia is mediated through dualblockade of muscarinic receptors and Ca2+ channelsrdquo BrazilianJournal of Pharmacognosy vol 21 no 4 pp 715ndash720 2011
[120] D Carabajal A Casaco L Arruzazabala R Gonzalez andV Fuentes ldquoPharmacological screening of plant decoctionscommonly used in Cuban folk medicinerdquo Journal of Ethnophar-macology vol 33 no 1-2 pp 21ndash24 1991
32 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
[121] S Jain G P Choudhary and D K Jain ldquoPharmacological eval-uation of anti-fertility activity of ethanolic extract of Jatrophagossypifolia leaf in female albino micerdquo Asian Pacific Journal ofTropical Biomedicine vol 2 no 3 pp S1671ndashS1674 2012
[122] S C N Servin O J M Torres J E F Matias et al ldquoAcao doextrato de Jatropha gossypiifolia L (piao roxo) na cicatrizacaode anastomose colonica estudo experimental em ratosrdquo ActaCirurgica Brasileira vol 21 no 3 pp 89ndash96 2006
[123] J R Vale N G Czeczko J U Aquino et al ldquoEstudo compara-tivo da cicatrizacao de gastrorrafias com e sem o uso do extratode Jatropha gossypiifolia L (piao roxo) em ratosrdquoActa CirurgicaBrasileira vol 21 no 3 pp 40ndash48 2006
[124] J U Aquino N G Czeczko O Malafaia et al ldquoAvaliacaofitoterapica da Jatropha gossypiifolia L na cicatrizacao desuturas na parede abdominal ventral de ratosrdquo Acta CirurgicaBrasileira vol 21 no 2 pp 61ndash66 2006
[125] M F D S Santos N G Czeczko P A N Nassif et alldquoAvaliacao do uso do extrato bruto de Jatropha gossypiifolia Lna cicatrizacao de feridas cutaneas em ratosrdquo Acta CirurgicaBrasileira vol 21 no 3 pp 2ndash7 2006
[126] B B Panda K Gaur R K Nema C S Sharma A K Jain andC P Jain ldquoHepatoprotective activity of Jatropha gossypifoliaagainst carbon tetrachloride- induced hepatic injury in ratsrdquoAsian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research vol 2no 1 pp 50ndash54 2009
[127] S S Deo T M Chaudhari and F Inam ldquoEvaluation ofthe immunomodulatory effects of 1-phenylnaphthalene andpericarbonyl lactone lignan compoundsrdquoDer PharmaChemicavol 4 no 2 pp 771ndash776 2012
[128] S K Rasheed S Kunapareddy and R Karthikeyan ldquoLocalanesthetic activity of Jatropha gossypifolia L on frogsrdquo Biomed-ical and Pharmacology Journal vol 5 no 2 pp 395ndash397 2012
[129] AM A Paes A L Camara SM F Freire andMO R BorgesldquoRelaxant effect of Jatropha gossypiifolia L on uterine smoothmusclerdquo International Journal of Phytomedicine vol 4 no 3 pp310ndash313 2012
[130] S J Jain G P Choudhary and D K Jain ldquoPharmacologicalevaluation and antifertility activity of Jatropha gossypifoliain ratsrdquo BioMed Research International vol 2013 Article ID125980 5 pages 2013
[131] J S de Oliveira PM Leite L B de Souza et al ldquoCharacteristicsand composition of Jatropha gossypiifolia and Jatropha curcasL oils and application for biodiesel productionrdquo Biomass andBioenergy vol 33 no 3 pp 449ndash453 2009
[132] V Bullangpoti E Wajnberg P Audant and R FeyereisenldquoAntifeedant activity of Jatropha gossypifolia and Meliaazedarach senescent leaf extracts on Spodoptera frugiperda(Lepidoptera Noctuidae) and their potential use as synergistsrdquoPest Management Science vol 68 no 9 pp 1255ndash1264 2012
[133] S N K JilaniW Islam andM Kamsh ldquoPotential of pyrethroidinsecticides and plant extracts on fecundity and egg viability oftribolium castaneum (Herbst)rdquo Journal of Bio-Science vol 19no 1 pp 95ndash97 2011
[134] D Sukumaran B D Parashar and K M Rao ldquoToxicity of Jat-ropha gossypiifolia and Vaccaria pyramidata against freshwatersnails vectors of animal schistosomiasisrdquo Fitoterapia vol 66 no5 pp 393ndash398 1995
[135] R K Devappa H P S Makkar and K Becker ldquoJatrophatoxicitymdasha reviewrdquo Journal of Toxicology and EnvironmentalHealth B Critical Reviews vol 13 no 6 pp 476ndash507 2010
[136] E P Schenkel M Zannin L A Mentz S A L Bordignonand B Irgang ldquoPlantas toxicasrdquo in Farmacognosia Da Planta
ao Medicamento C M O Simoes E P Schenkel G GosmannJ C P Mello L A Mentz and P R Petrovick Eds pp 959ndash993 Editora da UFRGSUFSC Porto Alegre Brazil 3d edition2007
[137] L I Oliveira F F Jabour V A Nogueira and E M YamasakildquoIntoxicacao experimental com as folhas de Jatropha gossypifo-lia(Euphorbiaceae) em ovinosrdquo Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileiravol 28 no 6 pp 275ndash278 2008
[138] P I A Awachie and F O Ugwu ldquoPreliminary investigationof the antimicrobial and brine shrimp lethality propertiesof some nigerian medicinal plantsrdquo International Journal ofPharmacognosy vol 35 no 5 pp 338ndash343 1997
[139] L J Medubi V O Ukwenya O T Aderinto et al ldquoEffects ofadministration of ethanolic root extract of Jatropha gossypiifoliaand prednisolone on the kidneys of Wistar ratsrdquo ElectronicJournal of Biomedicine vol 2 pp 41ndash48 2010
[140] T Oduola G B Popoola G O Avwioro et al ldquoUse of Jatrophagossypifolia stem latex as a haemostatic agent how safe is itrdquoJournal of Medicinal Plants Reasearch vol 1 no 1 pp 14ndash172007
Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom
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Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
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Disease Markers
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Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
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Parkinsonrsquos Disease
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Volume 2014Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 27
frugiperda larvae demonstrating once more the potentialityof the species as insecticide agent Calatayud et al [56]showed the presence of proteins of about 100 kDa with toxicactivity upon Phenacoccus herreni another type of insectIn this work the authors performed a strategy of extrac-tion that eliminated nonprotein compounds being able todemonstrate the potential of the species to obtain insecticidalproteins [56] Leaf extract of J gossypiifolia reduced thefecundity and egg viability against stored product insect pestsTribolium castaneum [133]
The potential molluscicidal activity of J gossypiifolia hasalso been evaluated as an alternative mode of preventionof schistosomiasis Sukumaran et al [134] showed that themethanol and n-butanol extracts from unripened seeds of Jgossypiifoliawas toxic against eggs and adults of two species offreshwater snails Lymnaea luteola and Indoplanorbis exustusThe results indicated that n-butanol extract was the mosteffective and that the eggs were more susceptible than adults[134]
8 Toxicology
Species of Jatropha are notably known for their toxic potential[135 136] This toxicity is related primarily to latex andseeds The latex is released from the aerial parts of theplant by mechanical injury and it is extremely caustic andirritating to skin and mucous membranes The seeds arerich in toxalbumins that cause agglutination and hemolysisto erythrocytes as well as damage to other cell types andcontain a lipoid resin complex that can cause dermatitis[3 12 135] The symptomatology consists in general ofgastrointestinal disorders (abdominal pain nausea vomitingand diarrhea) Additionally the clinical course can bringcardiovascular neurological and renal complications [136]Cases of poisoning in humans usually occur by eating fruitand seeds because of its similarity to edible chestnuts [136]
Some toxicological studies have demonstrated the toxicproperties of J gossypiifolia while others show the absence oftoxicity However it is important to observe the models useddoses administrated and types of extract employed (solventand plant part) among other aspects to make the properconclusions about the toxicity
The study of experimental poisoning in sheep showedthat the intake of fresh plant leaves in a single dose of40 gkg was lethal to these animals [137] The clinical andpathological picture in the experimental sheep was charac-terized by digestive lung and heart disturbances and alsoby slight regressive changes evidenced in hepatic and renalhistological examinations [137] However as observed byMariz et al [7] it is important to note that the medicinaluse of the plant is rarely in natura but instead by differentpreparations such as infusions or decoctions sometimes ofthe dried material which could inactivate the possible toxiccomponents However this is only a hypothesis and so thetoxicity of extracts from leaves cannot be discarded
One of the first studies relating the identification of theconstituents responsible for the toxic effects of the Jatrophaspecies was published by Adolf et al [69] In this work
by a bioguided isolation the irritant polyunsaturated ester12-deoxy-16-hydroxylphorbol was isolated from the etherextract from the seeds of J gossypiifolia by countercurrentchromatography [69] The irritant activity was visualized inmouse ear after 24 h of the application of the fractions andisolated compounds [69]
The in vitro cytotoxicity assay using brine shrimp larvaetest revealed that ethanol and methanol extracts (plant organunspecified) showed low toxicity [138] An earlier studyshowed that thewater and ethyl acetate fraction of amethanolextract from aerial parts of J gossypiifolia did not presenttoxicity against the same organisms [114]
A study performed in Wistar rats evaluated the toxicityof the ethanolic root extract of J gossypiifolia at 10 20 and30mgkg by oral route [139] The authors observed that theextract was toxic to the kidney and caused increased urearetention in the blood as observed by histological studies andbiochemical analysis of blood [139]
A preclinical toxicological assessment of the crudeethanol extract from J gossypiifolia leaves showed that theextract presents relatively low oral acute toxicity in Wistarrats [18 19] Rats treated with single doses of 12ndash50 gkgby oral route were observed for 14 days and the mostimportant signs of toxicity were ptosis reduction of bodyweight and hind limb paralysis Other significant alterationsoccurred only in males treated with 50 gkg dose increasein creatinine aspartate aminotransferase sodium and potas-sium seric levels reduction of urea and albumin leucopeniaand small alteration in color and consistency of visceraThe median lethal dose (LD
50) was higher than 40 gkg
for males and higher than 50 gkg for females [19] In thehistopathological evaluation some alteration was observedin liver and lung only at 50 gkg suggesting the relativelylow toxicity of the extract [18] However in the chronictoxicological study (thirteen weeks of treatment) this extractshowed significant oral chronic toxicity in rats [17] The mostsignificant toxic signs indicated a reduction of the activityin the central nervous system and digestive disturbancesThe histopathological analysis revealed hepatotoxicity andpulmonary damages The lethality was 466 and 133among males and females under the higher tested dose(405mgkg) respectively [17] Based on this Mariz et al [7]discussed that the development of herbal medicine based onthis species needs to prioritize the chemical refinement of thecrude extracts to obtain less toxic fractions which should betested for their safety and therapeutic efficacy
Another study on the other hand evaluating the oralacute toxicity of the aqueous and ethanol extracts from leavesof J gossypiifolia did not show any sign of toxicity in upto 2 gkg in rats enabling the authors to conclude that thisextract could be considered safe [118] This is an interestingresult since in most cases the plant is used popularly as tea(aqueous extract)
The toxicity of the stem latex of J gossypiifoliawas studiedin Wistar rats by applying different doses of crude latex onincised skin daily for 18 days based on the popular useof the latex as hemostatic agent in skin lesions [140] Theauthors observed that the application of the latex did notproduce any significant difference in results of biochemical
28 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
and hematological parameters obtained from the control andexperimental animals leading to the conclusion that the stemlatex has no harmful effects [140]
9 Conclusions
As demonstrated by this review J gossypiifolia presents animportant potential for the generation of pharmacologicalandor biotechnological products based on popular usesand biological studies scientifically showing its propertiesHowever regarding specifically its medicinal propertiesfurther studies are still necessary to assay important folkuses of the species and characterize the major compoundsresponsible for the bioactivityThus studies of bioprospectingcould prioritize this species since many popular uses forvariousmedical purposes are reported demonstrating a greatpotential to originate bioactive molecules with pharmaco-logical relevance Furthermore future phytochemical studiesof this plant are important to obtain the best knowledgeof the chemical composition of different extracts of theplant in order to recognize the really important compoundsin the pharmacological actions aspiring to the chemicalrefinement of the products to eliminate the eventual toxiceffects that could reduce the medicinal value of the speciesIn conclusion the data presented in this review could provideinsights for future research aimed at both ethnopharmaco-logical validation of the popular use of J gossypiifolia andits exploration as a new source of bioactive molecules forherbal drugs andor bioactive natural products for potentialapplication in complementary and alternative medicine
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper
Acknowledgments
The authors thank BNB CNPq and CAPES (Brazil) forthe financial support Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosagives thanks to CNPq for Scholarship in Research Produc-tivity The authors also thank Andrew Alastair Cumming forediting this paper for the English revision
References
[1] G L Webster ldquoClassification of the euphorbiaceaerdquo Annals ofthe Missouri Botanical Garden vol 81 pp 3ndash143 1994
[2] M V Alves ldquoChecklist das especies de Euphorbiaceae Jussocorrentes no semi-arido pernambucano BrasilrdquoActa BotanciaBrasileira vol 12 no 3 pp 485ndash495 1998
[3] C W Sabandar N Ahmat F M Jaafar and I Sahidin ldquoMedic-inal property phytochemistry and pharmacology of severalJatropha species (Euphorbiaceae) a reviewrdquo Phytochemistryvol 85 pp 7ndash29 2013
[4] C K A Leal and M D F Agra ldquoEstudo farmacobotanicocomparativo das folhas de Jatrophamolissima (Pohl) BaillrdquoActaFarmaceutica Bonaerense vol 24 no 1 pp 5ndash13 2005
[5] L C Di Stasi and C A Hiruma-Lima Plantas medicinais naAmazonia e na Mata Atlantica UNESP Sao Paulo Brazil 2ndedition 2002
[6] M D F Agra K N Silva I J L D Basılio P F De Freitasand JM Barbosa-Filho ldquoSurvey ofmedicinal plants used in theregionNortheast of BrazilrdquoBrazilian Journal of Pharmacognosyvol 18 no 3 pp 472ndash508 2008
[7] S R Mariz A C R Borges M F F Melo-Diniz and I AMedeiros ldquoPossibilidades terapeuticas e riscos toxicologicosde Jatropha gossypiifolia L uma revisao narrativardquo RevistaBrasileiraDe PlantasMedicinais vol 12 no 3 pp 346ndash357 2010
[8] I Cordeiro and R Secco ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia L Lista deespecies da flora do Brasilrdquo Jardim Botanico do Rio de JaneirohttpfloradobrasiljbrjgovbrjabotfloradobrasilFB17581
[9] U P de Albuquerque P M de Medeiros A L S de Almeida etal ldquoMedicinal plants of the caatinga (semi-arid) vegetation ofNE Brazil a quantitative approachrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacol-ogy vol 114 no 3 pp 325ndash354 2007
[10] U P Albuquerque L H C Andrade and J Caballero ldquoStruc-ture and floristics of homegardens in Northeastern BrazilrdquoJournal of Arid Environments vol 62 no 3 pp 491ndash506 2005
[11] S A Ceasar and S Ignacimuthu ldquoApplications of biotechnologyand biochemical engineering for the improvement of Jatrophaand Biodiesel a reviewrdquo Renewable and Sustainable EnergyReviews vol 15 no 9 pp 5176ndash5185 2011
[12] U P de Albuquerque J MMonteiro M A Ramos and E L Cde Amorim ldquoMedicinal and magic plants from a public marketin northeastern Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 110no 1 pp 76ndash91 2007
[13] A Falodun Q Sheng-Xiang G Parkinson and S GibbonsldquoIsolation and characterization of a new anticancer diterpenoidfrom Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journalvol 45 no 10 pp 636ndash639 2012
[14] BRASIL ldquoFitoterapia plantas de interesse ao SUSrdquo Braz-ilian Health Ministry httpportalsaudegovbrportalarqu-ivospdfRENISUSpdf
[15] X-P Zhang M-L Zhang X-H Su C-H Huo Y-C Gu andQ-W Shi ldquoChemical constituents of the plants from genusJatrophardquo Chemistry and Biodiversity vol 6 no 12 pp 2166ndash2183 2009
[16] S K Sharma and H Singh ldquoA review on pharmacological sig-nificance of genus Jatropha (Euphorbiaceae)rdquoChinese Journal ofIntegrative Medicine vol 18 no 11 pp 868ndash880 2012
[17] S RMariz G S CerqueiraWCAraujo et al ldquoChronic toxico-logic study of the ethanolic extract of the aerial parts of Jatrophagossypiifolia in ratsrdquoRevista Brasileira de Farmacognosia vol 22no 3 pp 663ndash668 2012
[18] S R Mariz M S T Araujo G S Cerqueira et al ldquoHistopatho-logical evaluation in rats after acute treatment with the ethanolextract from aerial parts of Jatropha gossypiifolia Lrdquo RevistaBrasileira De Farmacognosia vol 18 no 2 pp 213ndash216 2008
[19] S R Mariz G S Cerqueira W C Araujo et al ldquoEstudo toxi-cologico agudo do extrato etanolico de partes aereas de Jatrophagossypiifolia L em ratosrdquo Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosiavol 16 no 3 pp 372ndash378 2006
[20] C Auvin-Guette C Baraguey A Blond J L Pousset andB Bodo ldquoCyclogossine B a cyclic octapeptide from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Journal of Natural Products vol 60 pp 1155ndash11571997
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 29
[21] V S Parvathi B S Jyothi T Lakshmi P S Babu and RKarthikeyan ldquoMorpho-anatomical and physicochemical stud-ies of Jatropha gossypifolia (L)rdquo Der Pharmacia Lettre vol 4no 1 pp 256ndash262 2012
[22] M N S Rios and F Pastore Junior Plantas da Amazonia450 Especies de Uso Geral Universidade de BrasıliamdashBibliotecaCentral Brasılia 2011
[23] S R Mariz Estudo toxicologico pre-clınico de Jatropha gossypi-ifolia L [PhD thesis] Universidade Federal da Paraıba JoaoPessoa Brazil 2007
[24] O G Adeosun T Oduola F A Fagbomedo et al ldquoSuitabilityof stem latex of Jatropha gossypifolia as a protein precipitant forbiochemical analysisrdquo Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistryvol 29 no 2 pp 210ndash212 2014
[25] F O A Ajose ldquoSome Nigerian plants of dermatologic impor-tancerdquo International Journal of Dermatology vol 46 no 1 pp48ndash55 2007
[26] J S Ashidi P J Houghton P J Hylands and T EfferthldquoEthnobotanical survey and cytotoxicity testing of plants ofSouth-western Nigeria used to treat cancer with isolationof cytotoxic constituents from Cajanus cajan Millsp leavesrdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 128 no 2 pp 501ndash512 2010
[27] M Ayyanar and S Ignacimuthu ldquoEthnobotanical survey ofmedicinal plants commonly used by Kani tribals in Tirunelvelihills of Western Ghats Indiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 134 no 3 pp 851ndash864 2011
[28] R Bhagat S D Ambavade A V Misar and D K KulkarnildquoAnti-inflammatory activity of Jatropha gossypifolia L leaves inalbino mice and Wistar ratrdquo Journal of Scientific and IndustrialResearch vol 70 no 4 pp 289ndash292 2011
[29] J H Cano and G Volpato ldquoHerbal mixtures in the traditionalmedicine of Eastern Cubardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol90 no 2-3 pp 293ndash316 2004
[30] F G Coe and G J Anderson ldquoScreening of medicinal plantsused by the Garıfuna of Eastern Nicaragua for bioactive com-poundsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 53 no 1 pp 29ndash501996
[31] MGbeassor Y Kossou K Amegbo C De Souza K Koumagloand A Denke ldquoAntimalarial effects of eight African medicinalplantsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 25 no 1 pp 115ndash1181989
[32] National Center for Biotechnology Information ldquoJatropha gos-sypiifoliardquo Taxonomy Browser httpwwwncbinlmnihgovTaxonomyBrowserwwwtaxcgiid=454931
[33] Tropicos ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia Lrdquo httpwwwtropicosorgNamePrintaspxnameid=12802174amptab=details
[34] The Plant List ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia Lrdquo httpwwwtheplant-listorgtplrecordkew-104621
[35] M S Khyade and N P Vaikos ldquoPharmacognostical andphytochemical evaluation of leaf of Jatropha gossypifolia LrdquoInternational Journal of Research in Ayurveda amp Pharmacy vol2 no 1 pp 177ndash180 2011
[36] D O Aworinde D U Nwoye A A Jayeola A O Olagoke andA A Ogundele ldquoTaxonomic significance of foliar epidermis insome members of euphorbiaceae family in Nigeriardquo ResearchJournal of Botany vol 4 no 1 pp 17ndash28 2009
[37] J D Olowokudejo ldquoComparative epidermal morphology ofWest African species of Jatropha L (Euphorbiaceae)rdquo BotanicalJournal of the Linnean Society vol 111 no 2 pp 139ndash154 1993
[38] B Das and B Venkataiah ldquoA minor coumarino-lignoid fromJatropha gossypifoliardquo Biochemical Systematics and Ecology vol29 no 2 pp 213ndash214 2001
[39] B Das B Venkataiah and A Kashinatham ldquoVenkatasin a newcoumarino-lignoid from Jatropha gossypifoliardquoNatural ProductLetters vol 13 no 4 pp 293ndash297 1999
[40] B Das and B Venkataiah ldquoA rare diterpene from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Biochemical Systematics and Ecology vol 27 no 7pp 759ndash760 1999
[41] N Ravindranath B Venkataiah C Ramesh P Jayaprakash andB Das ldquoJatrophenone a novel macrocyclic bioactive diterpenefrom Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bul-letin vol 51 no 7 pp 870ndash871 2003
[42] B Das and J Banerji ldquoArylnaphthalene lignan from JatrophagossypifoliardquoPhytochemistry vol 27 no 11 pp 3684ndash3686 1988
[43] J Banerji B Das A Chatterjee and J N Shoolery ldquoGadain alignan from Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Phytochemistry vol 23 no10 pp 2323ndash2327 1984
[44] A Chatterjee B Das C Pascard and T Prange ldquoCrystalstructure of a lignan from Jatropha gossypifoliardquoPhytochemistryvol 20 no 8 pp 2047ndash2048 1981
[45] I C Abreu A S S Marinho A M A Paes et al ldquoHypotensiveand vasorelaxant effects of ethanolic extract from Jatrophagossypiifolia L in ratsrdquo Fitoterapia vol 74 no 7-8 pp 650ndash6572003
[46] B Das and R Das ldquoGossypifan a lignan from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Phytochemistry vol 40 no 3 pp 931ndash932 1995
[47] R Das B Das and A Kashinatham ldquoGossypiline a new lignanfrom Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Natural Product Sciences vol 4 no4 pp 238ndash240 1998
[48] D Shahwar S-U Shafiq N Ahmad S Ullah and M A RazaldquoAntioxidant activities of the selected plants from the fam-ily Euphorbiaceae Lauraceae Malvaceae and BalsaminaceaerdquoAfrican Journal of Biotechnology vol 9 no 7 pp 1086ndash10962010
[49] V Bullangpoti N Khumrungsee W Pluempanupat Y Kainohand U Saguanpong ldquoToxicity of ethyl acetate extract andricinine from Jatropha gossypifolia senescent leaves againstSpodoptera exigua Hubner (Lepidoptera Noctuidae)rdquo Journalof Pesticide Science vol 36 no 2 pp 260ndash263 2011
[50] A O Ogundare ldquoAntimicrobial effect of Tithonia diversifoliaand Jatropha gossypifolia leaf extractsrdquo Trends in Applied Sci-ences Research vol 2 no 2 pp 145ndash150 2007
[51] N Nwokocha A Blessing I O Agbagwa and B E OkolildquoComparative phytochemical screening of Jatropha L Speciesin the Niger Deltardquo Research Journal of Phytochemistry vol 5no 2 pp 107ndash114 2011
[52] R Seth and R Sarin ldquoAnalysis of the phytochemical contentand anti-microbial activity of Jatropha gossypifolia Lrdquo Archivesof Applied Science Research vol 2 no 5 pp 285ndash291 2010
[53] S Sankara Subramanian S Nagarajan and N SulochanaldquoFlavonoids of the leaves of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Phytochem-istry vol 10 no 7 p 1690 1971
[54] A C Pilon R L Carneiro F Carnevale Neto V S Bolzaniand I Castro-Gamboa ldquoInterval multivariate curve resolutionin the dereplication of HPLC-DAD data from Jatropha gossypi-foliardquo Phytochemical Analysis vol 24 no 4 pp 401ndash406 2013
[55] A R Kharat A K Dolui and S Das ldquoFree radical scavengingpotential of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Asian Journal of Chemistryvol 23 no 2 pp 799ndash801 2011
[56] P-A Calatayud D F Munera S Calatayud A Valencia-Jimenez and A C Bellotti ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia (Euphor-biaceae) a source of proteins toxic to Phenacoccus herreni(Sternorryncha Pseudococcidae)rdquo Florida Entomologist vol94 no 3 pp 649ndash654 2011
30 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
[57] W F Tinto L M D John W F Reynolds and S McLeanldquoTriterpenoids of Jatropha gossypiifoliardquo Journal of NaturalProducts vol 55 no 6 pp 807ndash809 1992
[58] R Das K Venkateswarlu V Saidi Reddy and B Das ldquo41015840-O-demethyl retrochinensin a minor new lignan from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Indian Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry vol 14no 2 pp 169ndash170 2004
[59] B Das A Kashinatham B Venkataiah K V N S Srinivas GMahender and M R Reddy ldquoCleomiscosin A a coumarino-lignoid from Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Biochemical Systematics andEcology vol 31 no 10 pp 1189ndash1191 2003
[60] B Das and G Anjani ldquoGossypidien a lignan from stems ofJatropha gossypifolliardquo Phytochemistry vol 51 no 1 pp 115ndash1171999
[61] B Das S P Rao and K V Srinivas ldquoIsolation of isogadain fromJatropha gossypifoliardquo Planta Medica vol 62 no 1 article 901996
[62] B Das S P Rao K V N S Srinivas and R Das ldquoJatrodien alignan from stems of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Phytochemistry vol41 no 3 pp 985ndash987 1996
[63] A Chatterjee B Das R Chakrabarti et al ldquoPrasanthaline anew lignan from Jatropha gossypifolia Linnrdquo Indian Journal ofChemistry vol 27 pp 740ndash741 1988
[64] M D Taylor A B Smith III G T Furst et al ldquoNewantileukemic jatrophone derivatives from Jatropha gossypiifoliastructural and stereochemical assignment through nuclearmagnetic resonance Spectroscopyrdquo Journal of the AmericanChemical Society vol 105 no 10 pp 3177ndash3183 1983
[65] K K Purushothaman S Chandrasekharan A F Cameron etal ldquoJatropholones A and B new diterpenoids from the roots ofJatropha gossypiifolia (Euphorbiaceae)mdashcrystal structure anal-ysis of Jatropholone Brdquo Tetrahedron Letters vol 20 no 11 pp979ndash980 1979
[66] S M Kupchan C W Sigel M J Matz J A S Renauld R CHaltiwanger and R F Bryan ldquoJatrophone a novel macrocyclicditerpenoid tumor inhibitor from Jatropha gossypiifoliardquo Jour-nal of the American Chemical Society vol 92 no 14 pp 4476ndash4477 1970
[67] Y R Prasad G S J G Alankararao and P Baby ldquoConstituentsof the seeds of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Fitoterapia vol 64 no 4p 376 1993
[68] O Ogbobe and V Akano ldquoThe physico-chemical properties ofthe seed and seed oil of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Plant Foods forHuman Nutrition vol 43 no 3 pp 197ndash200 1993
[69] W Adolf H J Opferkuch and E Hecker ldquoIrritant phorbolderivatives from four Jatropha speciesrdquo Phytochemistry vol 23no 1 pp 129ndash132 1984
[70] K M Hosamani and K S Katagi ldquoCharacterization andstructure elucidation of 12-hydroxyoctadec-cis-9-enoic acid inJatropha gossypifolia and Hevea brasiliensis seed oils a richsource of hydroxy fatty acidrdquo Chemistry and Physics of Lipidsvol 152 no 1 pp 9ndash12 2008
[71] S F A J Horsten A J J Van Den Berg J J Kettenes-VanDen Bosch B R Leeflang and R P Labadie ldquoCyclogossine Aa novel cyclic heptapeptide isolated from the latex of Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Planta Medica vol 62 no 1 pp 46ndash50 1996
[72] M U Ahmad M R Islam A H Mirza B H Chowdhuryand N Nahar ldquoAlkaloids of Jatropha gossypifolia Linnrdquo IndianJournal of Chemistry B Organic Chemistry Including MedicinalChemistry vol 31 no 1 pp 67ndash69 1992
[73] A Falodun U Kragl S-M T Touem A Villinger T Fahren-waldt and P Langer ldquoA novel anticancer diterpenoid fromJatropha gossypifoliardquo Natural Product Communications vol 7no 2 pp 151ndash152 2012
[74] G D Wadankar S N Malode and S L Sarambekar ldquoTra-ditionally used medicinal plants for ound healing in theWashim district Maharashtra (India)rdquo International Journal ofPharmTech Research vol 3 no 4 pp 2080ndash2084 2011
[75] B Kumar M Vijayakumar R Govindarajan and P Pushpan-gadan ldquoEthnopharmacological approaches to wound healing-Exploring medicinal plants of Indiardquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 114 no 2 pp 103ndash113 2007
[76] K Koudouvo D S Karou K Kokou et al ldquoAn ethnobotanicalstudy of antimalarial plants in Togo Maritime Regionrdquo Journalof Ethnopharmacology vol 134 no 1 pp 183ndash190 2011
[77] M Coelho-Ferreira ldquoMedicinal knowledge and plant utiliza-tion in an Amazonian coastal community ofMaruda Para State(Brazil)rdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 126 no 1 pp 159ndash175 2009
[78] F C S Oliveira R F M Barros and J M Moita Neto ldquoPlan-tas medicinais utilizadas em comunidades rurais de Oeirassemiarido piauienserdquo Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinaisvol 12 no 3 pp 282ndash301 2010
[79] J D F L Santos E Pagani J Ramos and E Rodrigues ldquoObser-vations on the therapeutic practices of riverine communities oftheUnini River AM Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol142 no 2 pp 503ndash515 2012
[80] S L Cartaxo M M de Almeida Souza and U P de Albu-querque ldquoMedicinal plants with bioprospecting potential usedin semi-arid northeastern Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacol-ogy vol 131 no 2 pp 326ndash342 2010
[81] O Jansen L Angenot M Tits et al ldquoEvaluation of 13 selectedmedicinal plants from Burkina Faso for their antiplasmodialpropertiesrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 130 no 1 pp143ndash150 2010
[82] M H Yetein L G Houessou T O Lougbegnon O Teka andB Tente ldquoEthnobotanical study of medicinal plants used for thetreatment of malaria in plateau of Allada Benin (West Africa)rdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 146 no 1 pp 154ndash163 2013
[83] L J Quintans Junior J R G S Almeida J T Lima et al ldquoPlantswith anticonvulsivant propertiesmdasha reviewrdquo Revista Brasileirade Farmacognosia vol 18 pp 798ndash819 2008
[84] A Diallo M S Traore S M Keita et al ldquoManagement ofdiabetes in Guinean traditional medicine an ethnobotanicalinvestigation in the coastal lowlandsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 144 no 2 pp 353ndash361 2012
[85] S O Olabanji A C Adebajo O R Omobuwajo et al ldquoPIXEanalysis of some Nigerian anti-diabetic medicinal plants (II)rdquoNuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B BeamInteractions With Materials and Atoms vol 318 pp 187ndash1902014
[86] T Oduola O G Avwioro and T B Ayanniyi ldquoSuitability ofthe leaf extract of Jatropha gossypifolia as an anticoagulant forbiochemical and haematological analysesrdquo African Journal ofBiotechnology vol 4 no 7 pp 679ndash681 2005
[87] CM Chariandy C E Seaforth R H Phelps G V Pollard andB P S Khambay ldquoScreening of medicinal plants from Trinidadand Tobago for antimicrobial and insecticidal propertiesrdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 64 no 3 pp 265ndash270 1999
[88] V P Kumar N S Chauhan H Padh and M Rajani ldquoSearchfor antibacterial and antifungal agents from selected Indian
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 31
medicinal plantsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 107 no2 pp 182ndash188 2006
[89] R Dabur A Gupta T K Mandal et al ldquoAntimicrobial activityof some medicinal plantsrdquo African Journal of TraditionalComplementary and AlternativeMedicines vol 4 no 3 pp 313ndash318 2007
[90] H C Ong and M Nordiana ldquoMalay ethno-medico botany inMachang Kelantan Malaysiardquo Fitoterapia vol 70 no 5 pp502ndash513 1999
[91] J Sanz-Biset J Campos-de-la-Cruz M A Epiquien-Riveraand S Canigueral ldquoA first survey on the medicinal plants of theChazuta valley (Peruvian Amazon)rdquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 122 no 2 pp 333ndash362 2009
[92] B B Panda K Gaur M L Kori et al ldquoAnti-inflammatoryand analgesic activity of Jatropha gossypifolia in experimentalanimal modelsrdquo Global Journal of Pharmacology vol 3 no 12009
[93] S S Ningthoujam A D Talukdar K S Potsangbam and MD Choudhury ldquoTraditional uses of herbal vapour therapy inManipur North East India an ethnobotanical surveyrdquo Journalof Ethnopharmacology vol 147 no 1 pp 136ndash147 2013
[94] A Asase A A Oteng-Yeboah G T Odamtten and M SJ Simmonds ldquoEthnobotanical study of some Ghanaian anti-malarial plantsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 99 no 2pp 273ndash279 2005
[95] C Lans T Harper K Georges and E Bridgewater ldquoMedicinaland ethnoveterinary remedies of hunters in Trinidadrdquo BMCComplementary and AlternativeMedicine vol 1 article 10 2001
[96] L Rasingam S Jeeva andD Kannan ldquoDental care of Andamanand Nicobar folks medicinal plants use as tooth stickrdquo AsianPacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine vol 2 no 2 pp S1013ndashS1016 2012
[97] P J Houghton and I M Osibogun ldquoFlowering plants usedagainst snakebiterdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 39 no 1pp 1ndash29 1993
[98] M Molander C H Saslis-Lagoudakis A K Jager and NRoslashnsted ldquoCross-cultural comparison of medicinal floras usedagainst snakebitesrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 139 no3 pp 863ndash872 2012
[99] A Jain S S Katewa B L Chaudhary and P Galav ldquoFolk herbalmedicines used in birth control and sexual diseases by tribals ofsouthern Rajasthan Indiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol90 no 1 pp 171ndash177 2004
[100] A Jain S S Katewa P K Galav and P Sharma ldquoMedicinalplant diversity of Sitamata wildlife sanctuary Rajasthan IndiardquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 102 no 2 pp 143ndash157 2005
[101] T Oduola G O Adeosun T A Oduola G O Avwioro andM A Oyeniyi ldquoMechanism of action of Jatropha gossypifoliastem latex as a haemostatic agentrdquo European Journal of GeneralMedicine vol 2 no 4 pp 140ndash143 2005
[102] D Garcia M V Domingues and E Rodrigues ldquoEthnophar-macological survey among migrants living in the SoutheastAtlantic Forest of Diadema Sao Paulo Brazilrdquo Journal ofEthnobiology and Ethnomedicine vol 6 article 29 2010
[103] S S Hebbar V H Harsha V Shripathi and G R HegdeldquoEthnomedicine of Dharwad district in Karnataka Indiamdashplants used in oral health carerdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 94 no 2-3 pp 261ndash266 2004
[104] S B Kosalge and R A Fursule ldquoInvestigation of ethnomedic-inal claims of some plants used by tribals of Satpuda Hills inIndiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 121 no 3 pp 456ndash461 2009
[105] R A Ritter M V B Monteiro F O B Monteiro et al ldquoEth-noveterinary knowledge and practices at Colares island Parastate eastern Amazon Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 144 no 2 pp 346ndash352 2012
[106] S K Dash and S Padhy ldquoReview on ethnomedicines fordiarrhoea diseases from Orissa prevalence versus culturerdquoJournal of Human Ecology vol 20 no 1 pp 59ndash64 2006
[107] R S L Taylor J B Hudson N P Manandhar and G H NTowers ldquoAntiviral activities of medicinal plants of southernNepalrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 53 pp 97ndash104 1996
[108] J M A Maia N G Czeczko J M R Filho et al ldquoEstudoda cicatrizacao de suturas na bexiga urinaria de ratos come sem utilizacao de extrato bruto de Jatropha gossypiifolia Lintraperitonealrdquo Acta Cirurgica Brasileira vol 21 no 2 pp 23ndash30 2006
[109] A L Ososki P Lohr M Reiff et al ldquoEthnobotanical literaturesurvey of medicinal plants in the Dominican Republic used forwomens health conditionsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol79 no 3 pp 285ndash298 2002
[110] A S Apu FHossain F Rizwan et al ldquoStudy of pharmacologicalactivities of methanol extract of Jatropha gossypifolia fruitsrdquoJournal of Basic and Clinical Pharmacy vol 4 no 1 pp 20ndash242013
[111] A S Apu K Ireen S Hossan Bhuyan et al ldquoEvaluation ofanalgesic neuropharmacological and anti-diarrheal potential ofJatropha gossypifolia (Linn) leaves in micerdquo Journal of MedicalSciences vol 12 no 8 pp 274ndash279 2012
[112] F A G Rocha and L I S Dantas ldquoAtividade antimicrobianain vitro do latex do aveloz (Euphorbia tirucalli L) pinhao bravo(Jatrophamollissima L) e pinhao roxo (Jatropha gossypiifolia L)sobre microrganismos patogenicosrdquo Holos vol 25 no 4 2009
[113] O M David and J O Oluyege ldquoIn vitro susceptibility ofselected pathogenic bacteria to leaf extracts and latex of Jatrophagossypiifolia(L) and Jatropha curcas (L)rdquo Biosciences Biotechnol-ogy Research Asia vol 3 no 1 pp 91ndash94 2006
[114] W D MacBae J B Hudson and G H N Towers ldquoStudieson the pharmacological activity of amazonian euphorbiaceaerdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 22 no 2 pp 143ndash172 1988
[115] M C Purohit and R Purohit ldquoEvaluation of antimicrobial andanti-inflammatory activities of bark of Jatropha gossypifoliardquoWorld Journal of Science and Technology vol 1 no 10 pp 1ndash52011
[116] D Singh and A Singh ldquoThe toxicity of four native Indianplants effect on AChE and acidalkaline phosphatase level infish Channa maruliusrdquo Chemosphere vol 60 no 1 pp 135ndash1402005
[117] C M Feitosa R M Freitas N N N Luz M Z B BezerraandM T S Trevisan ldquoAcetylcholinesterase inhibition by somespromising Brazilian medicinal plantsrdquo Brazilian Journal ofBiology vol 71 no 3 pp 783ndash789 2011
[118] Y Nagaharika V Kalyani S Rasheed and R KarthikeyanldquoAnti-inflammatory activity of leaves of Jatropha gossypifolia Lby HRBC membrane stabilization methodrdquo Journal of AcuteDisease vol 2 no 2 pp 156ndash158 2013
[119] S D N Silva I C Abreu S M D F Freire et al ldquoAntispas-modic effect of Jatropha gossypiifolia is mediated through dualblockade of muscarinic receptors and Ca2+ channelsrdquo BrazilianJournal of Pharmacognosy vol 21 no 4 pp 715ndash720 2011
[120] D Carabajal A Casaco L Arruzazabala R Gonzalez andV Fuentes ldquoPharmacological screening of plant decoctionscommonly used in Cuban folk medicinerdquo Journal of Ethnophar-macology vol 33 no 1-2 pp 21ndash24 1991
32 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
[121] S Jain G P Choudhary and D K Jain ldquoPharmacological eval-uation of anti-fertility activity of ethanolic extract of Jatrophagossypifolia leaf in female albino micerdquo Asian Pacific Journal ofTropical Biomedicine vol 2 no 3 pp S1671ndashS1674 2012
[122] S C N Servin O J M Torres J E F Matias et al ldquoAcao doextrato de Jatropha gossypiifolia L (piao roxo) na cicatrizacaode anastomose colonica estudo experimental em ratosrdquo ActaCirurgica Brasileira vol 21 no 3 pp 89ndash96 2006
[123] J R Vale N G Czeczko J U Aquino et al ldquoEstudo compara-tivo da cicatrizacao de gastrorrafias com e sem o uso do extratode Jatropha gossypiifolia L (piao roxo) em ratosrdquoActa CirurgicaBrasileira vol 21 no 3 pp 40ndash48 2006
[124] J U Aquino N G Czeczko O Malafaia et al ldquoAvaliacaofitoterapica da Jatropha gossypiifolia L na cicatrizacao desuturas na parede abdominal ventral de ratosrdquo Acta CirurgicaBrasileira vol 21 no 2 pp 61ndash66 2006
[125] M F D S Santos N G Czeczko P A N Nassif et alldquoAvaliacao do uso do extrato bruto de Jatropha gossypiifolia Lna cicatrizacao de feridas cutaneas em ratosrdquo Acta CirurgicaBrasileira vol 21 no 3 pp 2ndash7 2006
[126] B B Panda K Gaur R K Nema C S Sharma A K Jain andC P Jain ldquoHepatoprotective activity of Jatropha gossypifoliaagainst carbon tetrachloride- induced hepatic injury in ratsrdquoAsian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research vol 2no 1 pp 50ndash54 2009
[127] S S Deo T M Chaudhari and F Inam ldquoEvaluation ofthe immunomodulatory effects of 1-phenylnaphthalene andpericarbonyl lactone lignan compoundsrdquoDer PharmaChemicavol 4 no 2 pp 771ndash776 2012
[128] S K Rasheed S Kunapareddy and R Karthikeyan ldquoLocalanesthetic activity of Jatropha gossypifolia L on frogsrdquo Biomed-ical and Pharmacology Journal vol 5 no 2 pp 395ndash397 2012
[129] AM A Paes A L Camara SM F Freire andMO R BorgesldquoRelaxant effect of Jatropha gossypiifolia L on uterine smoothmusclerdquo International Journal of Phytomedicine vol 4 no 3 pp310ndash313 2012
[130] S J Jain G P Choudhary and D K Jain ldquoPharmacologicalevaluation and antifertility activity of Jatropha gossypifoliain ratsrdquo BioMed Research International vol 2013 Article ID125980 5 pages 2013
[131] J S de Oliveira PM Leite L B de Souza et al ldquoCharacteristicsand composition of Jatropha gossypiifolia and Jatropha curcasL oils and application for biodiesel productionrdquo Biomass andBioenergy vol 33 no 3 pp 449ndash453 2009
[132] V Bullangpoti E Wajnberg P Audant and R FeyereisenldquoAntifeedant activity of Jatropha gossypifolia and Meliaazedarach senescent leaf extracts on Spodoptera frugiperda(Lepidoptera Noctuidae) and their potential use as synergistsrdquoPest Management Science vol 68 no 9 pp 1255ndash1264 2012
[133] S N K JilaniW Islam andM Kamsh ldquoPotential of pyrethroidinsecticides and plant extracts on fecundity and egg viability oftribolium castaneum (Herbst)rdquo Journal of Bio-Science vol 19no 1 pp 95ndash97 2011
[134] D Sukumaran B D Parashar and K M Rao ldquoToxicity of Jat-ropha gossypiifolia and Vaccaria pyramidata against freshwatersnails vectors of animal schistosomiasisrdquo Fitoterapia vol 66 no5 pp 393ndash398 1995
[135] R K Devappa H P S Makkar and K Becker ldquoJatrophatoxicitymdasha reviewrdquo Journal of Toxicology and EnvironmentalHealth B Critical Reviews vol 13 no 6 pp 476ndash507 2010
[136] E P Schenkel M Zannin L A Mentz S A L Bordignonand B Irgang ldquoPlantas toxicasrdquo in Farmacognosia Da Planta
ao Medicamento C M O Simoes E P Schenkel G GosmannJ C P Mello L A Mentz and P R Petrovick Eds pp 959ndash993 Editora da UFRGSUFSC Porto Alegre Brazil 3d edition2007
[137] L I Oliveira F F Jabour V A Nogueira and E M YamasakildquoIntoxicacao experimental com as folhas de Jatropha gossypifo-lia(Euphorbiaceae) em ovinosrdquo Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileiravol 28 no 6 pp 275ndash278 2008
[138] P I A Awachie and F O Ugwu ldquoPreliminary investigationof the antimicrobial and brine shrimp lethality propertiesof some nigerian medicinal plantsrdquo International Journal ofPharmacognosy vol 35 no 5 pp 338ndash343 1997
[139] L J Medubi V O Ukwenya O T Aderinto et al ldquoEffects ofadministration of ethanolic root extract of Jatropha gossypiifoliaand prednisolone on the kidneys of Wistar ratsrdquo ElectronicJournal of Biomedicine vol 2 pp 41ndash48 2010
[140] T Oduola G B Popoola G O Avwioro et al ldquoUse of Jatrophagossypifolia stem latex as a haemostatic agent how safe is itrdquoJournal of Medicinal Plants Reasearch vol 1 no 1 pp 14ndash172007
Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom
Stem CellsInternational
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
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Behavioural Neurology
EndocrinologyInternational Journal of
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Disease Markers
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BioMed Research International
OncologyJournal of
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Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
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The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
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Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine
OphthalmologyJournal of
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Diabetes ResearchJournal of
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Parkinsonrsquos Disease
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Volume 2014Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom
28 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
and hematological parameters obtained from the control andexperimental animals leading to the conclusion that the stemlatex has no harmful effects [140]
9 Conclusions
As demonstrated by this review J gossypiifolia presents animportant potential for the generation of pharmacologicalandor biotechnological products based on popular usesand biological studies scientifically showing its propertiesHowever regarding specifically its medicinal propertiesfurther studies are still necessary to assay important folkuses of the species and characterize the major compoundsresponsible for the bioactivityThus studies of bioprospectingcould prioritize this species since many popular uses forvariousmedical purposes are reported demonstrating a greatpotential to originate bioactive molecules with pharmaco-logical relevance Furthermore future phytochemical studiesof this plant are important to obtain the best knowledgeof the chemical composition of different extracts of theplant in order to recognize the really important compoundsin the pharmacological actions aspiring to the chemicalrefinement of the products to eliminate the eventual toxiceffects that could reduce the medicinal value of the speciesIn conclusion the data presented in this review could provideinsights for future research aimed at both ethnopharmaco-logical validation of the popular use of J gossypiifolia andits exploration as a new source of bioactive molecules forherbal drugs andor bioactive natural products for potentialapplication in complementary and alternative medicine
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper
Acknowledgments
The authors thank BNB CNPq and CAPES (Brazil) forthe financial support Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosagives thanks to CNPq for Scholarship in Research Produc-tivity The authors also thank Andrew Alastair Cumming forediting this paper for the English revision
References
[1] G L Webster ldquoClassification of the euphorbiaceaerdquo Annals ofthe Missouri Botanical Garden vol 81 pp 3ndash143 1994
[2] M V Alves ldquoChecklist das especies de Euphorbiaceae Jussocorrentes no semi-arido pernambucano BrasilrdquoActa BotanciaBrasileira vol 12 no 3 pp 485ndash495 1998
[3] C W Sabandar N Ahmat F M Jaafar and I Sahidin ldquoMedic-inal property phytochemistry and pharmacology of severalJatropha species (Euphorbiaceae) a reviewrdquo Phytochemistryvol 85 pp 7ndash29 2013
[4] C K A Leal and M D F Agra ldquoEstudo farmacobotanicocomparativo das folhas de Jatrophamolissima (Pohl) BaillrdquoActaFarmaceutica Bonaerense vol 24 no 1 pp 5ndash13 2005
[5] L C Di Stasi and C A Hiruma-Lima Plantas medicinais naAmazonia e na Mata Atlantica UNESP Sao Paulo Brazil 2ndedition 2002
[6] M D F Agra K N Silva I J L D Basılio P F De Freitasand JM Barbosa-Filho ldquoSurvey ofmedicinal plants used in theregionNortheast of BrazilrdquoBrazilian Journal of Pharmacognosyvol 18 no 3 pp 472ndash508 2008
[7] S R Mariz A C R Borges M F F Melo-Diniz and I AMedeiros ldquoPossibilidades terapeuticas e riscos toxicologicosde Jatropha gossypiifolia L uma revisao narrativardquo RevistaBrasileiraDe PlantasMedicinais vol 12 no 3 pp 346ndash357 2010
[8] I Cordeiro and R Secco ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia L Lista deespecies da flora do Brasilrdquo Jardim Botanico do Rio de JaneirohttpfloradobrasiljbrjgovbrjabotfloradobrasilFB17581
[9] U P de Albuquerque P M de Medeiros A L S de Almeida etal ldquoMedicinal plants of the caatinga (semi-arid) vegetation ofNE Brazil a quantitative approachrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacol-ogy vol 114 no 3 pp 325ndash354 2007
[10] U P Albuquerque L H C Andrade and J Caballero ldquoStruc-ture and floristics of homegardens in Northeastern BrazilrdquoJournal of Arid Environments vol 62 no 3 pp 491ndash506 2005
[11] S A Ceasar and S Ignacimuthu ldquoApplications of biotechnologyand biochemical engineering for the improvement of Jatrophaand Biodiesel a reviewrdquo Renewable and Sustainable EnergyReviews vol 15 no 9 pp 5176ndash5185 2011
[12] U P de Albuquerque J MMonteiro M A Ramos and E L Cde Amorim ldquoMedicinal and magic plants from a public marketin northeastern Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 110no 1 pp 76ndash91 2007
[13] A Falodun Q Sheng-Xiang G Parkinson and S GibbonsldquoIsolation and characterization of a new anticancer diterpenoidfrom Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journalvol 45 no 10 pp 636ndash639 2012
[14] BRASIL ldquoFitoterapia plantas de interesse ao SUSrdquo Braz-ilian Health Ministry httpportalsaudegovbrportalarqu-ivospdfRENISUSpdf
[15] X-P Zhang M-L Zhang X-H Su C-H Huo Y-C Gu andQ-W Shi ldquoChemical constituents of the plants from genusJatrophardquo Chemistry and Biodiversity vol 6 no 12 pp 2166ndash2183 2009
[16] S K Sharma and H Singh ldquoA review on pharmacological sig-nificance of genus Jatropha (Euphorbiaceae)rdquoChinese Journal ofIntegrative Medicine vol 18 no 11 pp 868ndash880 2012
[17] S RMariz G S CerqueiraWCAraujo et al ldquoChronic toxico-logic study of the ethanolic extract of the aerial parts of Jatrophagossypiifolia in ratsrdquoRevista Brasileira de Farmacognosia vol 22no 3 pp 663ndash668 2012
[18] S R Mariz M S T Araujo G S Cerqueira et al ldquoHistopatho-logical evaluation in rats after acute treatment with the ethanolextract from aerial parts of Jatropha gossypiifolia Lrdquo RevistaBrasileira De Farmacognosia vol 18 no 2 pp 213ndash216 2008
[19] S R Mariz G S Cerqueira W C Araujo et al ldquoEstudo toxi-cologico agudo do extrato etanolico de partes aereas de Jatrophagossypiifolia L em ratosrdquo Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosiavol 16 no 3 pp 372ndash378 2006
[20] C Auvin-Guette C Baraguey A Blond J L Pousset andB Bodo ldquoCyclogossine B a cyclic octapeptide from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Journal of Natural Products vol 60 pp 1155ndash11571997
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 29
[21] V S Parvathi B S Jyothi T Lakshmi P S Babu and RKarthikeyan ldquoMorpho-anatomical and physicochemical stud-ies of Jatropha gossypifolia (L)rdquo Der Pharmacia Lettre vol 4no 1 pp 256ndash262 2012
[22] M N S Rios and F Pastore Junior Plantas da Amazonia450 Especies de Uso Geral Universidade de BrasıliamdashBibliotecaCentral Brasılia 2011
[23] S R Mariz Estudo toxicologico pre-clınico de Jatropha gossypi-ifolia L [PhD thesis] Universidade Federal da Paraıba JoaoPessoa Brazil 2007
[24] O G Adeosun T Oduola F A Fagbomedo et al ldquoSuitabilityof stem latex of Jatropha gossypifolia as a protein precipitant forbiochemical analysisrdquo Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistryvol 29 no 2 pp 210ndash212 2014
[25] F O A Ajose ldquoSome Nigerian plants of dermatologic impor-tancerdquo International Journal of Dermatology vol 46 no 1 pp48ndash55 2007
[26] J S Ashidi P J Houghton P J Hylands and T EfferthldquoEthnobotanical survey and cytotoxicity testing of plants ofSouth-western Nigeria used to treat cancer with isolationof cytotoxic constituents from Cajanus cajan Millsp leavesrdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 128 no 2 pp 501ndash512 2010
[27] M Ayyanar and S Ignacimuthu ldquoEthnobotanical survey ofmedicinal plants commonly used by Kani tribals in Tirunelvelihills of Western Ghats Indiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 134 no 3 pp 851ndash864 2011
[28] R Bhagat S D Ambavade A V Misar and D K KulkarnildquoAnti-inflammatory activity of Jatropha gossypifolia L leaves inalbino mice and Wistar ratrdquo Journal of Scientific and IndustrialResearch vol 70 no 4 pp 289ndash292 2011
[29] J H Cano and G Volpato ldquoHerbal mixtures in the traditionalmedicine of Eastern Cubardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol90 no 2-3 pp 293ndash316 2004
[30] F G Coe and G J Anderson ldquoScreening of medicinal plantsused by the Garıfuna of Eastern Nicaragua for bioactive com-poundsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 53 no 1 pp 29ndash501996
[31] MGbeassor Y Kossou K Amegbo C De Souza K Koumagloand A Denke ldquoAntimalarial effects of eight African medicinalplantsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 25 no 1 pp 115ndash1181989
[32] National Center for Biotechnology Information ldquoJatropha gos-sypiifoliardquo Taxonomy Browser httpwwwncbinlmnihgovTaxonomyBrowserwwwtaxcgiid=454931
[33] Tropicos ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia Lrdquo httpwwwtropicosorgNamePrintaspxnameid=12802174amptab=details
[34] The Plant List ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia Lrdquo httpwwwtheplant-listorgtplrecordkew-104621
[35] M S Khyade and N P Vaikos ldquoPharmacognostical andphytochemical evaluation of leaf of Jatropha gossypifolia LrdquoInternational Journal of Research in Ayurveda amp Pharmacy vol2 no 1 pp 177ndash180 2011
[36] D O Aworinde D U Nwoye A A Jayeola A O Olagoke andA A Ogundele ldquoTaxonomic significance of foliar epidermis insome members of euphorbiaceae family in Nigeriardquo ResearchJournal of Botany vol 4 no 1 pp 17ndash28 2009
[37] J D Olowokudejo ldquoComparative epidermal morphology ofWest African species of Jatropha L (Euphorbiaceae)rdquo BotanicalJournal of the Linnean Society vol 111 no 2 pp 139ndash154 1993
[38] B Das and B Venkataiah ldquoA minor coumarino-lignoid fromJatropha gossypifoliardquo Biochemical Systematics and Ecology vol29 no 2 pp 213ndash214 2001
[39] B Das B Venkataiah and A Kashinatham ldquoVenkatasin a newcoumarino-lignoid from Jatropha gossypifoliardquoNatural ProductLetters vol 13 no 4 pp 293ndash297 1999
[40] B Das and B Venkataiah ldquoA rare diterpene from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Biochemical Systematics and Ecology vol 27 no 7pp 759ndash760 1999
[41] N Ravindranath B Venkataiah C Ramesh P Jayaprakash andB Das ldquoJatrophenone a novel macrocyclic bioactive diterpenefrom Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bul-letin vol 51 no 7 pp 870ndash871 2003
[42] B Das and J Banerji ldquoArylnaphthalene lignan from JatrophagossypifoliardquoPhytochemistry vol 27 no 11 pp 3684ndash3686 1988
[43] J Banerji B Das A Chatterjee and J N Shoolery ldquoGadain alignan from Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Phytochemistry vol 23 no10 pp 2323ndash2327 1984
[44] A Chatterjee B Das C Pascard and T Prange ldquoCrystalstructure of a lignan from Jatropha gossypifoliardquoPhytochemistryvol 20 no 8 pp 2047ndash2048 1981
[45] I C Abreu A S S Marinho A M A Paes et al ldquoHypotensiveand vasorelaxant effects of ethanolic extract from Jatrophagossypiifolia L in ratsrdquo Fitoterapia vol 74 no 7-8 pp 650ndash6572003
[46] B Das and R Das ldquoGossypifan a lignan from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Phytochemistry vol 40 no 3 pp 931ndash932 1995
[47] R Das B Das and A Kashinatham ldquoGossypiline a new lignanfrom Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Natural Product Sciences vol 4 no4 pp 238ndash240 1998
[48] D Shahwar S-U Shafiq N Ahmad S Ullah and M A RazaldquoAntioxidant activities of the selected plants from the fam-ily Euphorbiaceae Lauraceae Malvaceae and BalsaminaceaerdquoAfrican Journal of Biotechnology vol 9 no 7 pp 1086ndash10962010
[49] V Bullangpoti N Khumrungsee W Pluempanupat Y Kainohand U Saguanpong ldquoToxicity of ethyl acetate extract andricinine from Jatropha gossypifolia senescent leaves againstSpodoptera exigua Hubner (Lepidoptera Noctuidae)rdquo Journalof Pesticide Science vol 36 no 2 pp 260ndash263 2011
[50] A O Ogundare ldquoAntimicrobial effect of Tithonia diversifoliaand Jatropha gossypifolia leaf extractsrdquo Trends in Applied Sci-ences Research vol 2 no 2 pp 145ndash150 2007
[51] N Nwokocha A Blessing I O Agbagwa and B E OkolildquoComparative phytochemical screening of Jatropha L Speciesin the Niger Deltardquo Research Journal of Phytochemistry vol 5no 2 pp 107ndash114 2011
[52] R Seth and R Sarin ldquoAnalysis of the phytochemical contentand anti-microbial activity of Jatropha gossypifolia Lrdquo Archivesof Applied Science Research vol 2 no 5 pp 285ndash291 2010
[53] S Sankara Subramanian S Nagarajan and N SulochanaldquoFlavonoids of the leaves of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Phytochem-istry vol 10 no 7 p 1690 1971
[54] A C Pilon R L Carneiro F Carnevale Neto V S Bolzaniand I Castro-Gamboa ldquoInterval multivariate curve resolutionin the dereplication of HPLC-DAD data from Jatropha gossypi-foliardquo Phytochemical Analysis vol 24 no 4 pp 401ndash406 2013
[55] A R Kharat A K Dolui and S Das ldquoFree radical scavengingpotential of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Asian Journal of Chemistryvol 23 no 2 pp 799ndash801 2011
[56] P-A Calatayud D F Munera S Calatayud A Valencia-Jimenez and A C Bellotti ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia (Euphor-biaceae) a source of proteins toxic to Phenacoccus herreni(Sternorryncha Pseudococcidae)rdquo Florida Entomologist vol94 no 3 pp 649ndash654 2011
30 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
[57] W F Tinto L M D John W F Reynolds and S McLeanldquoTriterpenoids of Jatropha gossypiifoliardquo Journal of NaturalProducts vol 55 no 6 pp 807ndash809 1992
[58] R Das K Venkateswarlu V Saidi Reddy and B Das ldquo41015840-O-demethyl retrochinensin a minor new lignan from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Indian Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry vol 14no 2 pp 169ndash170 2004
[59] B Das A Kashinatham B Venkataiah K V N S Srinivas GMahender and M R Reddy ldquoCleomiscosin A a coumarino-lignoid from Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Biochemical Systematics andEcology vol 31 no 10 pp 1189ndash1191 2003
[60] B Das and G Anjani ldquoGossypidien a lignan from stems ofJatropha gossypifolliardquo Phytochemistry vol 51 no 1 pp 115ndash1171999
[61] B Das S P Rao and K V Srinivas ldquoIsolation of isogadain fromJatropha gossypifoliardquo Planta Medica vol 62 no 1 article 901996
[62] B Das S P Rao K V N S Srinivas and R Das ldquoJatrodien alignan from stems of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Phytochemistry vol41 no 3 pp 985ndash987 1996
[63] A Chatterjee B Das R Chakrabarti et al ldquoPrasanthaline anew lignan from Jatropha gossypifolia Linnrdquo Indian Journal ofChemistry vol 27 pp 740ndash741 1988
[64] M D Taylor A B Smith III G T Furst et al ldquoNewantileukemic jatrophone derivatives from Jatropha gossypiifoliastructural and stereochemical assignment through nuclearmagnetic resonance Spectroscopyrdquo Journal of the AmericanChemical Society vol 105 no 10 pp 3177ndash3183 1983
[65] K K Purushothaman S Chandrasekharan A F Cameron etal ldquoJatropholones A and B new diterpenoids from the roots ofJatropha gossypiifolia (Euphorbiaceae)mdashcrystal structure anal-ysis of Jatropholone Brdquo Tetrahedron Letters vol 20 no 11 pp979ndash980 1979
[66] S M Kupchan C W Sigel M J Matz J A S Renauld R CHaltiwanger and R F Bryan ldquoJatrophone a novel macrocyclicditerpenoid tumor inhibitor from Jatropha gossypiifoliardquo Jour-nal of the American Chemical Society vol 92 no 14 pp 4476ndash4477 1970
[67] Y R Prasad G S J G Alankararao and P Baby ldquoConstituentsof the seeds of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Fitoterapia vol 64 no 4p 376 1993
[68] O Ogbobe and V Akano ldquoThe physico-chemical properties ofthe seed and seed oil of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Plant Foods forHuman Nutrition vol 43 no 3 pp 197ndash200 1993
[69] W Adolf H J Opferkuch and E Hecker ldquoIrritant phorbolderivatives from four Jatropha speciesrdquo Phytochemistry vol 23no 1 pp 129ndash132 1984
[70] K M Hosamani and K S Katagi ldquoCharacterization andstructure elucidation of 12-hydroxyoctadec-cis-9-enoic acid inJatropha gossypifolia and Hevea brasiliensis seed oils a richsource of hydroxy fatty acidrdquo Chemistry and Physics of Lipidsvol 152 no 1 pp 9ndash12 2008
[71] S F A J Horsten A J J Van Den Berg J J Kettenes-VanDen Bosch B R Leeflang and R P Labadie ldquoCyclogossine Aa novel cyclic heptapeptide isolated from the latex of Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Planta Medica vol 62 no 1 pp 46ndash50 1996
[72] M U Ahmad M R Islam A H Mirza B H Chowdhuryand N Nahar ldquoAlkaloids of Jatropha gossypifolia Linnrdquo IndianJournal of Chemistry B Organic Chemistry Including MedicinalChemistry vol 31 no 1 pp 67ndash69 1992
[73] A Falodun U Kragl S-M T Touem A Villinger T Fahren-waldt and P Langer ldquoA novel anticancer diterpenoid fromJatropha gossypifoliardquo Natural Product Communications vol 7no 2 pp 151ndash152 2012
[74] G D Wadankar S N Malode and S L Sarambekar ldquoTra-ditionally used medicinal plants for ound healing in theWashim district Maharashtra (India)rdquo International Journal ofPharmTech Research vol 3 no 4 pp 2080ndash2084 2011
[75] B Kumar M Vijayakumar R Govindarajan and P Pushpan-gadan ldquoEthnopharmacological approaches to wound healing-Exploring medicinal plants of Indiardquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 114 no 2 pp 103ndash113 2007
[76] K Koudouvo D S Karou K Kokou et al ldquoAn ethnobotanicalstudy of antimalarial plants in Togo Maritime Regionrdquo Journalof Ethnopharmacology vol 134 no 1 pp 183ndash190 2011
[77] M Coelho-Ferreira ldquoMedicinal knowledge and plant utiliza-tion in an Amazonian coastal community ofMaruda Para State(Brazil)rdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 126 no 1 pp 159ndash175 2009
[78] F C S Oliveira R F M Barros and J M Moita Neto ldquoPlan-tas medicinais utilizadas em comunidades rurais de Oeirassemiarido piauienserdquo Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinaisvol 12 no 3 pp 282ndash301 2010
[79] J D F L Santos E Pagani J Ramos and E Rodrigues ldquoObser-vations on the therapeutic practices of riverine communities oftheUnini River AM Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol142 no 2 pp 503ndash515 2012
[80] S L Cartaxo M M de Almeida Souza and U P de Albu-querque ldquoMedicinal plants with bioprospecting potential usedin semi-arid northeastern Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacol-ogy vol 131 no 2 pp 326ndash342 2010
[81] O Jansen L Angenot M Tits et al ldquoEvaluation of 13 selectedmedicinal plants from Burkina Faso for their antiplasmodialpropertiesrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 130 no 1 pp143ndash150 2010
[82] M H Yetein L G Houessou T O Lougbegnon O Teka andB Tente ldquoEthnobotanical study of medicinal plants used for thetreatment of malaria in plateau of Allada Benin (West Africa)rdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 146 no 1 pp 154ndash163 2013
[83] L J Quintans Junior J R G S Almeida J T Lima et al ldquoPlantswith anticonvulsivant propertiesmdasha reviewrdquo Revista Brasileirade Farmacognosia vol 18 pp 798ndash819 2008
[84] A Diallo M S Traore S M Keita et al ldquoManagement ofdiabetes in Guinean traditional medicine an ethnobotanicalinvestigation in the coastal lowlandsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 144 no 2 pp 353ndash361 2012
[85] S O Olabanji A C Adebajo O R Omobuwajo et al ldquoPIXEanalysis of some Nigerian anti-diabetic medicinal plants (II)rdquoNuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B BeamInteractions With Materials and Atoms vol 318 pp 187ndash1902014
[86] T Oduola O G Avwioro and T B Ayanniyi ldquoSuitability ofthe leaf extract of Jatropha gossypifolia as an anticoagulant forbiochemical and haematological analysesrdquo African Journal ofBiotechnology vol 4 no 7 pp 679ndash681 2005
[87] CM Chariandy C E Seaforth R H Phelps G V Pollard andB P S Khambay ldquoScreening of medicinal plants from Trinidadand Tobago for antimicrobial and insecticidal propertiesrdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 64 no 3 pp 265ndash270 1999
[88] V P Kumar N S Chauhan H Padh and M Rajani ldquoSearchfor antibacterial and antifungal agents from selected Indian
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 31
medicinal plantsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 107 no2 pp 182ndash188 2006
[89] R Dabur A Gupta T K Mandal et al ldquoAntimicrobial activityof some medicinal plantsrdquo African Journal of TraditionalComplementary and AlternativeMedicines vol 4 no 3 pp 313ndash318 2007
[90] H C Ong and M Nordiana ldquoMalay ethno-medico botany inMachang Kelantan Malaysiardquo Fitoterapia vol 70 no 5 pp502ndash513 1999
[91] J Sanz-Biset J Campos-de-la-Cruz M A Epiquien-Riveraand S Canigueral ldquoA first survey on the medicinal plants of theChazuta valley (Peruvian Amazon)rdquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 122 no 2 pp 333ndash362 2009
[92] B B Panda K Gaur M L Kori et al ldquoAnti-inflammatoryand analgesic activity of Jatropha gossypifolia in experimentalanimal modelsrdquo Global Journal of Pharmacology vol 3 no 12009
[93] S S Ningthoujam A D Talukdar K S Potsangbam and MD Choudhury ldquoTraditional uses of herbal vapour therapy inManipur North East India an ethnobotanical surveyrdquo Journalof Ethnopharmacology vol 147 no 1 pp 136ndash147 2013
[94] A Asase A A Oteng-Yeboah G T Odamtten and M SJ Simmonds ldquoEthnobotanical study of some Ghanaian anti-malarial plantsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 99 no 2pp 273ndash279 2005
[95] C Lans T Harper K Georges and E Bridgewater ldquoMedicinaland ethnoveterinary remedies of hunters in Trinidadrdquo BMCComplementary and AlternativeMedicine vol 1 article 10 2001
[96] L Rasingam S Jeeva andD Kannan ldquoDental care of Andamanand Nicobar folks medicinal plants use as tooth stickrdquo AsianPacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine vol 2 no 2 pp S1013ndashS1016 2012
[97] P J Houghton and I M Osibogun ldquoFlowering plants usedagainst snakebiterdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 39 no 1pp 1ndash29 1993
[98] M Molander C H Saslis-Lagoudakis A K Jager and NRoslashnsted ldquoCross-cultural comparison of medicinal floras usedagainst snakebitesrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 139 no3 pp 863ndash872 2012
[99] A Jain S S Katewa B L Chaudhary and P Galav ldquoFolk herbalmedicines used in birth control and sexual diseases by tribals ofsouthern Rajasthan Indiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol90 no 1 pp 171ndash177 2004
[100] A Jain S S Katewa P K Galav and P Sharma ldquoMedicinalplant diversity of Sitamata wildlife sanctuary Rajasthan IndiardquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 102 no 2 pp 143ndash157 2005
[101] T Oduola G O Adeosun T A Oduola G O Avwioro andM A Oyeniyi ldquoMechanism of action of Jatropha gossypifoliastem latex as a haemostatic agentrdquo European Journal of GeneralMedicine vol 2 no 4 pp 140ndash143 2005
[102] D Garcia M V Domingues and E Rodrigues ldquoEthnophar-macological survey among migrants living in the SoutheastAtlantic Forest of Diadema Sao Paulo Brazilrdquo Journal ofEthnobiology and Ethnomedicine vol 6 article 29 2010
[103] S S Hebbar V H Harsha V Shripathi and G R HegdeldquoEthnomedicine of Dharwad district in Karnataka Indiamdashplants used in oral health carerdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 94 no 2-3 pp 261ndash266 2004
[104] S B Kosalge and R A Fursule ldquoInvestigation of ethnomedic-inal claims of some plants used by tribals of Satpuda Hills inIndiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 121 no 3 pp 456ndash461 2009
[105] R A Ritter M V B Monteiro F O B Monteiro et al ldquoEth-noveterinary knowledge and practices at Colares island Parastate eastern Amazon Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 144 no 2 pp 346ndash352 2012
[106] S K Dash and S Padhy ldquoReview on ethnomedicines fordiarrhoea diseases from Orissa prevalence versus culturerdquoJournal of Human Ecology vol 20 no 1 pp 59ndash64 2006
[107] R S L Taylor J B Hudson N P Manandhar and G H NTowers ldquoAntiviral activities of medicinal plants of southernNepalrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 53 pp 97ndash104 1996
[108] J M A Maia N G Czeczko J M R Filho et al ldquoEstudoda cicatrizacao de suturas na bexiga urinaria de ratos come sem utilizacao de extrato bruto de Jatropha gossypiifolia Lintraperitonealrdquo Acta Cirurgica Brasileira vol 21 no 2 pp 23ndash30 2006
[109] A L Ososki P Lohr M Reiff et al ldquoEthnobotanical literaturesurvey of medicinal plants in the Dominican Republic used forwomens health conditionsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol79 no 3 pp 285ndash298 2002
[110] A S Apu FHossain F Rizwan et al ldquoStudy of pharmacologicalactivities of methanol extract of Jatropha gossypifolia fruitsrdquoJournal of Basic and Clinical Pharmacy vol 4 no 1 pp 20ndash242013
[111] A S Apu K Ireen S Hossan Bhuyan et al ldquoEvaluation ofanalgesic neuropharmacological and anti-diarrheal potential ofJatropha gossypifolia (Linn) leaves in micerdquo Journal of MedicalSciences vol 12 no 8 pp 274ndash279 2012
[112] F A G Rocha and L I S Dantas ldquoAtividade antimicrobianain vitro do latex do aveloz (Euphorbia tirucalli L) pinhao bravo(Jatrophamollissima L) e pinhao roxo (Jatropha gossypiifolia L)sobre microrganismos patogenicosrdquo Holos vol 25 no 4 2009
[113] O M David and J O Oluyege ldquoIn vitro susceptibility ofselected pathogenic bacteria to leaf extracts and latex of Jatrophagossypiifolia(L) and Jatropha curcas (L)rdquo Biosciences Biotechnol-ogy Research Asia vol 3 no 1 pp 91ndash94 2006
[114] W D MacBae J B Hudson and G H N Towers ldquoStudieson the pharmacological activity of amazonian euphorbiaceaerdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 22 no 2 pp 143ndash172 1988
[115] M C Purohit and R Purohit ldquoEvaluation of antimicrobial andanti-inflammatory activities of bark of Jatropha gossypifoliardquoWorld Journal of Science and Technology vol 1 no 10 pp 1ndash52011
[116] D Singh and A Singh ldquoThe toxicity of four native Indianplants effect on AChE and acidalkaline phosphatase level infish Channa maruliusrdquo Chemosphere vol 60 no 1 pp 135ndash1402005
[117] C M Feitosa R M Freitas N N N Luz M Z B BezerraandM T S Trevisan ldquoAcetylcholinesterase inhibition by somespromising Brazilian medicinal plantsrdquo Brazilian Journal ofBiology vol 71 no 3 pp 783ndash789 2011
[118] Y Nagaharika V Kalyani S Rasheed and R KarthikeyanldquoAnti-inflammatory activity of leaves of Jatropha gossypifolia Lby HRBC membrane stabilization methodrdquo Journal of AcuteDisease vol 2 no 2 pp 156ndash158 2013
[119] S D N Silva I C Abreu S M D F Freire et al ldquoAntispas-modic effect of Jatropha gossypiifolia is mediated through dualblockade of muscarinic receptors and Ca2+ channelsrdquo BrazilianJournal of Pharmacognosy vol 21 no 4 pp 715ndash720 2011
[120] D Carabajal A Casaco L Arruzazabala R Gonzalez andV Fuentes ldquoPharmacological screening of plant decoctionscommonly used in Cuban folk medicinerdquo Journal of Ethnophar-macology vol 33 no 1-2 pp 21ndash24 1991
32 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
[121] S Jain G P Choudhary and D K Jain ldquoPharmacological eval-uation of anti-fertility activity of ethanolic extract of Jatrophagossypifolia leaf in female albino micerdquo Asian Pacific Journal ofTropical Biomedicine vol 2 no 3 pp S1671ndashS1674 2012
[122] S C N Servin O J M Torres J E F Matias et al ldquoAcao doextrato de Jatropha gossypiifolia L (piao roxo) na cicatrizacaode anastomose colonica estudo experimental em ratosrdquo ActaCirurgica Brasileira vol 21 no 3 pp 89ndash96 2006
[123] J R Vale N G Czeczko J U Aquino et al ldquoEstudo compara-tivo da cicatrizacao de gastrorrafias com e sem o uso do extratode Jatropha gossypiifolia L (piao roxo) em ratosrdquoActa CirurgicaBrasileira vol 21 no 3 pp 40ndash48 2006
[124] J U Aquino N G Czeczko O Malafaia et al ldquoAvaliacaofitoterapica da Jatropha gossypiifolia L na cicatrizacao desuturas na parede abdominal ventral de ratosrdquo Acta CirurgicaBrasileira vol 21 no 2 pp 61ndash66 2006
[125] M F D S Santos N G Czeczko P A N Nassif et alldquoAvaliacao do uso do extrato bruto de Jatropha gossypiifolia Lna cicatrizacao de feridas cutaneas em ratosrdquo Acta CirurgicaBrasileira vol 21 no 3 pp 2ndash7 2006
[126] B B Panda K Gaur R K Nema C S Sharma A K Jain andC P Jain ldquoHepatoprotective activity of Jatropha gossypifoliaagainst carbon tetrachloride- induced hepatic injury in ratsrdquoAsian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research vol 2no 1 pp 50ndash54 2009
[127] S S Deo T M Chaudhari and F Inam ldquoEvaluation ofthe immunomodulatory effects of 1-phenylnaphthalene andpericarbonyl lactone lignan compoundsrdquoDer PharmaChemicavol 4 no 2 pp 771ndash776 2012
[128] S K Rasheed S Kunapareddy and R Karthikeyan ldquoLocalanesthetic activity of Jatropha gossypifolia L on frogsrdquo Biomed-ical and Pharmacology Journal vol 5 no 2 pp 395ndash397 2012
[129] AM A Paes A L Camara SM F Freire andMO R BorgesldquoRelaxant effect of Jatropha gossypiifolia L on uterine smoothmusclerdquo International Journal of Phytomedicine vol 4 no 3 pp310ndash313 2012
[130] S J Jain G P Choudhary and D K Jain ldquoPharmacologicalevaluation and antifertility activity of Jatropha gossypifoliain ratsrdquo BioMed Research International vol 2013 Article ID125980 5 pages 2013
[131] J S de Oliveira PM Leite L B de Souza et al ldquoCharacteristicsand composition of Jatropha gossypiifolia and Jatropha curcasL oils and application for biodiesel productionrdquo Biomass andBioenergy vol 33 no 3 pp 449ndash453 2009
[132] V Bullangpoti E Wajnberg P Audant and R FeyereisenldquoAntifeedant activity of Jatropha gossypifolia and Meliaazedarach senescent leaf extracts on Spodoptera frugiperda(Lepidoptera Noctuidae) and their potential use as synergistsrdquoPest Management Science vol 68 no 9 pp 1255ndash1264 2012
[133] S N K JilaniW Islam andM Kamsh ldquoPotential of pyrethroidinsecticides and plant extracts on fecundity and egg viability oftribolium castaneum (Herbst)rdquo Journal of Bio-Science vol 19no 1 pp 95ndash97 2011
[134] D Sukumaran B D Parashar and K M Rao ldquoToxicity of Jat-ropha gossypiifolia and Vaccaria pyramidata against freshwatersnails vectors of animal schistosomiasisrdquo Fitoterapia vol 66 no5 pp 393ndash398 1995
[135] R K Devappa H P S Makkar and K Becker ldquoJatrophatoxicitymdasha reviewrdquo Journal of Toxicology and EnvironmentalHealth B Critical Reviews vol 13 no 6 pp 476ndash507 2010
[136] E P Schenkel M Zannin L A Mentz S A L Bordignonand B Irgang ldquoPlantas toxicasrdquo in Farmacognosia Da Planta
ao Medicamento C M O Simoes E P Schenkel G GosmannJ C P Mello L A Mentz and P R Petrovick Eds pp 959ndash993 Editora da UFRGSUFSC Porto Alegre Brazil 3d edition2007
[137] L I Oliveira F F Jabour V A Nogueira and E M YamasakildquoIntoxicacao experimental com as folhas de Jatropha gossypifo-lia(Euphorbiaceae) em ovinosrdquo Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileiravol 28 no 6 pp 275ndash278 2008
[138] P I A Awachie and F O Ugwu ldquoPreliminary investigationof the antimicrobial and brine shrimp lethality propertiesof some nigerian medicinal plantsrdquo International Journal ofPharmacognosy vol 35 no 5 pp 338ndash343 1997
[139] L J Medubi V O Ukwenya O T Aderinto et al ldquoEffects ofadministration of ethanolic root extract of Jatropha gossypiifoliaand prednisolone on the kidneys of Wistar ratsrdquo ElectronicJournal of Biomedicine vol 2 pp 41ndash48 2010
[140] T Oduola G B Popoola G O Avwioro et al ldquoUse of Jatrophagossypifolia stem latex as a haemostatic agent how safe is itrdquoJournal of Medicinal Plants Reasearch vol 1 no 1 pp 14ndash172007
Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom
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Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
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Disease Markers
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
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OncologyJournal of
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Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
PPAR Research
The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
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Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine
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Diabetes ResearchJournal of
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Research and TreatmentAIDS
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
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Parkinsonrsquos Disease
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Volume 2014Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 29
[21] V S Parvathi B S Jyothi T Lakshmi P S Babu and RKarthikeyan ldquoMorpho-anatomical and physicochemical stud-ies of Jatropha gossypifolia (L)rdquo Der Pharmacia Lettre vol 4no 1 pp 256ndash262 2012
[22] M N S Rios and F Pastore Junior Plantas da Amazonia450 Especies de Uso Geral Universidade de BrasıliamdashBibliotecaCentral Brasılia 2011
[23] S R Mariz Estudo toxicologico pre-clınico de Jatropha gossypi-ifolia L [PhD thesis] Universidade Federal da Paraıba JoaoPessoa Brazil 2007
[24] O G Adeosun T Oduola F A Fagbomedo et al ldquoSuitabilityof stem latex of Jatropha gossypifolia as a protein precipitant forbiochemical analysisrdquo Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistryvol 29 no 2 pp 210ndash212 2014
[25] F O A Ajose ldquoSome Nigerian plants of dermatologic impor-tancerdquo International Journal of Dermatology vol 46 no 1 pp48ndash55 2007
[26] J S Ashidi P J Houghton P J Hylands and T EfferthldquoEthnobotanical survey and cytotoxicity testing of plants ofSouth-western Nigeria used to treat cancer with isolationof cytotoxic constituents from Cajanus cajan Millsp leavesrdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 128 no 2 pp 501ndash512 2010
[27] M Ayyanar and S Ignacimuthu ldquoEthnobotanical survey ofmedicinal plants commonly used by Kani tribals in Tirunelvelihills of Western Ghats Indiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 134 no 3 pp 851ndash864 2011
[28] R Bhagat S D Ambavade A V Misar and D K KulkarnildquoAnti-inflammatory activity of Jatropha gossypifolia L leaves inalbino mice and Wistar ratrdquo Journal of Scientific and IndustrialResearch vol 70 no 4 pp 289ndash292 2011
[29] J H Cano and G Volpato ldquoHerbal mixtures in the traditionalmedicine of Eastern Cubardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol90 no 2-3 pp 293ndash316 2004
[30] F G Coe and G J Anderson ldquoScreening of medicinal plantsused by the Garıfuna of Eastern Nicaragua for bioactive com-poundsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 53 no 1 pp 29ndash501996
[31] MGbeassor Y Kossou K Amegbo C De Souza K Koumagloand A Denke ldquoAntimalarial effects of eight African medicinalplantsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 25 no 1 pp 115ndash1181989
[32] National Center for Biotechnology Information ldquoJatropha gos-sypiifoliardquo Taxonomy Browser httpwwwncbinlmnihgovTaxonomyBrowserwwwtaxcgiid=454931
[33] Tropicos ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia Lrdquo httpwwwtropicosorgNamePrintaspxnameid=12802174amptab=details
[34] The Plant List ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia Lrdquo httpwwwtheplant-listorgtplrecordkew-104621
[35] M S Khyade and N P Vaikos ldquoPharmacognostical andphytochemical evaluation of leaf of Jatropha gossypifolia LrdquoInternational Journal of Research in Ayurveda amp Pharmacy vol2 no 1 pp 177ndash180 2011
[36] D O Aworinde D U Nwoye A A Jayeola A O Olagoke andA A Ogundele ldquoTaxonomic significance of foliar epidermis insome members of euphorbiaceae family in Nigeriardquo ResearchJournal of Botany vol 4 no 1 pp 17ndash28 2009
[37] J D Olowokudejo ldquoComparative epidermal morphology ofWest African species of Jatropha L (Euphorbiaceae)rdquo BotanicalJournal of the Linnean Society vol 111 no 2 pp 139ndash154 1993
[38] B Das and B Venkataiah ldquoA minor coumarino-lignoid fromJatropha gossypifoliardquo Biochemical Systematics and Ecology vol29 no 2 pp 213ndash214 2001
[39] B Das B Venkataiah and A Kashinatham ldquoVenkatasin a newcoumarino-lignoid from Jatropha gossypifoliardquoNatural ProductLetters vol 13 no 4 pp 293ndash297 1999
[40] B Das and B Venkataiah ldquoA rare diterpene from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Biochemical Systematics and Ecology vol 27 no 7pp 759ndash760 1999
[41] N Ravindranath B Venkataiah C Ramesh P Jayaprakash andB Das ldquoJatrophenone a novel macrocyclic bioactive diterpenefrom Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bul-letin vol 51 no 7 pp 870ndash871 2003
[42] B Das and J Banerji ldquoArylnaphthalene lignan from JatrophagossypifoliardquoPhytochemistry vol 27 no 11 pp 3684ndash3686 1988
[43] J Banerji B Das A Chatterjee and J N Shoolery ldquoGadain alignan from Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Phytochemistry vol 23 no10 pp 2323ndash2327 1984
[44] A Chatterjee B Das C Pascard and T Prange ldquoCrystalstructure of a lignan from Jatropha gossypifoliardquoPhytochemistryvol 20 no 8 pp 2047ndash2048 1981
[45] I C Abreu A S S Marinho A M A Paes et al ldquoHypotensiveand vasorelaxant effects of ethanolic extract from Jatrophagossypiifolia L in ratsrdquo Fitoterapia vol 74 no 7-8 pp 650ndash6572003
[46] B Das and R Das ldquoGossypifan a lignan from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Phytochemistry vol 40 no 3 pp 931ndash932 1995
[47] R Das B Das and A Kashinatham ldquoGossypiline a new lignanfrom Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Natural Product Sciences vol 4 no4 pp 238ndash240 1998
[48] D Shahwar S-U Shafiq N Ahmad S Ullah and M A RazaldquoAntioxidant activities of the selected plants from the fam-ily Euphorbiaceae Lauraceae Malvaceae and BalsaminaceaerdquoAfrican Journal of Biotechnology vol 9 no 7 pp 1086ndash10962010
[49] V Bullangpoti N Khumrungsee W Pluempanupat Y Kainohand U Saguanpong ldquoToxicity of ethyl acetate extract andricinine from Jatropha gossypifolia senescent leaves againstSpodoptera exigua Hubner (Lepidoptera Noctuidae)rdquo Journalof Pesticide Science vol 36 no 2 pp 260ndash263 2011
[50] A O Ogundare ldquoAntimicrobial effect of Tithonia diversifoliaand Jatropha gossypifolia leaf extractsrdquo Trends in Applied Sci-ences Research vol 2 no 2 pp 145ndash150 2007
[51] N Nwokocha A Blessing I O Agbagwa and B E OkolildquoComparative phytochemical screening of Jatropha L Speciesin the Niger Deltardquo Research Journal of Phytochemistry vol 5no 2 pp 107ndash114 2011
[52] R Seth and R Sarin ldquoAnalysis of the phytochemical contentand anti-microbial activity of Jatropha gossypifolia Lrdquo Archivesof Applied Science Research vol 2 no 5 pp 285ndash291 2010
[53] S Sankara Subramanian S Nagarajan and N SulochanaldquoFlavonoids of the leaves of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Phytochem-istry vol 10 no 7 p 1690 1971
[54] A C Pilon R L Carneiro F Carnevale Neto V S Bolzaniand I Castro-Gamboa ldquoInterval multivariate curve resolutionin the dereplication of HPLC-DAD data from Jatropha gossypi-foliardquo Phytochemical Analysis vol 24 no 4 pp 401ndash406 2013
[55] A R Kharat A K Dolui and S Das ldquoFree radical scavengingpotential of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Asian Journal of Chemistryvol 23 no 2 pp 799ndash801 2011
[56] P-A Calatayud D F Munera S Calatayud A Valencia-Jimenez and A C Bellotti ldquoJatropha gossypiifolia (Euphor-biaceae) a source of proteins toxic to Phenacoccus herreni(Sternorryncha Pseudococcidae)rdquo Florida Entomologist vol94 no 3 pp 649ndash654 2011
30 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
[57] W F Tinto L M D John W F Reynolds and S McLeanldquoTriterpenoids of Jatropha gossypiifoliardquo Journal of NaturalProducts vol 55 no 6 pp 807ndash809 1992
[58] R Das K Venkateswarlu V Saidi Reddy and B Das ldquo41015840-O-demethyl retrochinensin a minor new lignan from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Indian Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry vol 14no 2 pp 169ndash170 2004
[59] B Das A Kashinatham B Venkataiah K V N S Srinivas GMahender and M R Reddy ldquoCleomiscosin A a coumarino-lignoid from Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Biochemical Systematics andEcology vol 31 no 10 pp 1189ndash1191 2003
[60] B Das and G Anjani ldquoGossypidien a lignan from stems ofJatropha gossypifolliardquo Phytochemistry vol 51 no 1 pp 115ndash1171999
[61] B Das S P Rao and K V Srinivas ldquoIsolation of isogadain fromJatropha gossypifoliardquo Planta Medica vol 62 no 1 article 901996
[62] B Das S P Rao K V N S Srinivas and R Das ldquoJatrodien alignan from stems of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Phytochemistry vol41 no 3 pp 985ndash987 1996
[63] A Chatterjee B Das R Chakrabarti et al ldquoPrasanthaline anew lignan from Jatropha gossypifolia Linnrdquo Indian Journal ofChemistry vol 27 pp 740ndash741 1988
[64] M D Taylor A B Smith III G T Furst et al ldquoNewantileukemic jatrophone derivatives from Jatropha gossypiifoliastructural and stereochemical assignment through nuclearmagnetic resonance Spectroscopyrdquo Journal of the AmericanChemical Society vol 105 no 10 pp 3177ndash3183 1983
[65] K K Purushothaman S Chandrasekharan A F Cameron etal ldquoJatropholones A and B new diterpenoids from the roots ofJatropha gossypiifolia (Euphorbiaceae)mdashcrystal structure anal-ysis of Jatropholone Brdquo Tetrahedron Letters vol 20 no 11 pp979ndash980 1979
[66] S M Kupchan C W Sigel M J Matz J A S Renauld R CHaltiwanger and R F Bryan ldquoJatrophone a novel macrocyclicditerpenoid tumor inhibitor from Jatropha gossypiifoliardquo Jour-nal of the American Chemical Society vol 92 no 14 pp 4476ndash4477 1970
[67] Y R Prasad G S J G Alankararao and P Baby ldquoConstituentsof the seeds of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Fitoterapia vol 64 no 4p 376 1993
[68] O Ogbobe and V Akano ldquoThe physico-chemical properties ofthe seed and seed oil of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Plant Foods forHuman Nutrition vol 43 no 3 pp 197ndash200 1993
[69] W Adolf H J Opferkuch and E Hecker ldquoIrritant phorbolderivatives from four Jatropha speciesrdquo Phytochemistry vol 23no 1 pp 129ndash132 1984
[70] K M Hosamani and K S Katagi ldquoCharacterization andstructure elucidation of 12-hydroxyoctadec-cis-9-enoic acid inJatropha gossypifolia and Hevea brasiliensis seed oils a richsource of hydroxy fatty acidrdquo Chemistry and Physics of Lipidsvol 152 no 1 pp 9ndash12 2008
[71] S F A J Horsten A J J Van Den Berg J J Kettenes-VanDen Bosch B R Leeflang and R P Labadie ldquoCyclogossine Aa novel cyclic heptapeptide isolated from the latex of Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Planta Medica vol 62 no 1 pp 46ndash50 1996
[72] M U Ahmad M R Islam A H Mirza B H Chowdhuryand N Nahar ldquoAlkaloids of Jatropha gossypifolia Linnrdquo IndianJournal of Chemistry B Organic Chemistry Including MedicinalChemistry vol 31 no 1 pp 67ndash69 1992
[73] A Falodun U Kragl S-M T Touem A Villinger T Fahren-waldt and P Langer ldquoA novel anticancer diterpenoid fromJatropha gossypifoliardquo Natural Product Communications vol 7no 2 pp 151ndash152 2012
[74] G D Wadankar S N Malode and S L Sarambekar ldquoTra-ditionally used medicinal plants for ound healing in theWashim district Maharashtra (India)rdquo International Journal ofPharmTech Research vol 3 no 4 pp 2080ndash2084 2011
[75] B Kumar M Vijayakumar R Govindarajan and P Pushpan-gadan ldquoEthnopharmacological approaches to wound healing-Exploring medicinal plants of Indiardquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 114 no 2 pp 103ndash113 2007
[76] K Koudouvo D S Karou K Kokou et al ldquoAn ethnobotanicalstudy of antimalarial plants in Togo Maritime Regionrdquo Journalof Ethnopharmacology vol 134 no 1 pp 183ndash190 2011
[77] M Coelho-Ferreira ldquoMedicinal knowledge and plant utiliza-tion in an Amazonian coastal community ofMaruda Para State(Brazil)rdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 126 no 1 pp 159ndash175 2009
[78] F C S Oliveira R F M Barros and J M Moita Neto ldquoPlan-tas medicinais utilizadas em comunidades rurais de Oeirassemiarido piauienserdquo Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinaisvol 12 no 3 pp 282ndash301 2010
[79] J D F L Santos E Pagani J Ramos and E Rodrigues ldquoObser-vations on the therapeutic practices of riverine communities oftheUnini River AM Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol142 no 2 pp 503ndash515 2012
[80] S L Cartaxo M M de Almeida Souza and U P de Albu-querque ldquoMedicinal plants with bioprospecting potential usedin semi-arid northeastern Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacol-ogy vol 131 no 2 pp 326ndash342 2010
[81] O Jansen L Angenot M Tits et al ldquoEvaluation of 13 selectedmedicinal plants from Burkina Faso for their antiplasmodialpropertiesrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 130 no 1 pp143ndash150 2010
[82] M H Yetein L G Houessou T O Lougbegnon O Teka andB Tente ldquoEthnobotanical study of medicinal plants used for thetreatment of malaria in plateau of Allada Benin (West Africa)rdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 146 no 1 pp 154ndash163 2013
[83] L J Quintans Junior J R G S Almeida J T Lima et al ldquoPlantswith anticonvulsivant propertiesmdasha reviewrdquo Revista Brasileirade Farmacognosia vol 18 pp 798ndash819 2008
[84] A Diallo M S Traore S M Keita et al ldquoManagement ofdiabetes in Guinean traditional medicine an ethnobotanicalinvestigation in the coastal lowlandsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 144 no 2 pp 353ndash361 2012
[85] S O Olabanji A C Adebajo O R Omobuwajo et al ldquoPIXEanalysis of some Nigerian anti-diabetic medicinal plants (II)rdquoNuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B BeamInteractions With Materials and Atoms vol 318 pp 187ndash1902014
[86] T Oduola O G Avwioro and T B Ayanniyi ldquoSuitability ofthe leaf extract of Jatropha gossypifolia as an anticoagulant forbiochemical and haematological analysesrdquo African Journal ofBiotechnology vol 4 no 7 pp 679ndash681 2005
[87] CM Chariandy C E Seaforth R H Phelps G V Pollard andB P S Khambay ldquoScreening of medicinal plants from Trinidadand Tobago for antimicrobial and insecticidal propertiesrdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 64 no 3 pp 265ndash270 1999
[88] V P Kumar N S Chauhan H Padh and M Rajani ldquoSearchfor antibacterial and antifungal agents from selected Indian
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 31
medicinal plantsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 107 no2 pp 182ndash188 2006
[89] R Dabur A Gupta T K Mandal et al ldquoAntimicrobial activityof some medicinal plantsrdquo African Journal of TraditionalComplementary and AlternativeMedicines vol 4 no 3 pp 313ndash318 2007
[90] H C Ong and M Nordiana ldquoMalay ethno-medico botany inMachang Kelantan Malaysiardquo Fitoterapia vol 70 no 5 pp502ndash513 1999
[91] J Sanz-Biset J Campos-de-la-Cruz M A Epiquien-Riveraand S Canigueral ldquoA first survey on the medicinal plants of theChazuta valley (Peruvian Amazon)rdquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 122 no 2 pp 333ndash362 2009
[92] B B Panda K Gaur M L Kori et al ldquoAnti-inflammatoryand analgesic activity of Jatropha gossypifolia in experimentalanimal modelsrdquo Global Journal of Pharmacology vol 3 no 12009
[93] S S Ningthoujam A D Talukdar K S Potsangbam and MD Choudhury ldquoTraditional uses of herbal vapour therapy inManipur North East India an ethnobotanical surveyrdquo Journalof Ethnopharmacology vol 147 no 1 pp 136ndash147 2013
[94] A Asase A A Oteng-Yeboah G T Odamtten and M SJ Simmonds ldquoEthnobotanical study of some Ghanaian anti-malarial plantsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 99 no 2pp 273ndash279 2005
[95] C Lans T Harper K Georges and E Bridgewater ldquoMedicinaland ethnoveterinary remedies of hunters in Trinidadrdquo BMCComplementary and AlternativeMedicine vol 1 article 10 2001
[96] L Rasingam S Jeeva andD Kannan ldquoDental care of Andamanand Nicobar folks medicinal plants use as tooth stickrdquo AsianPacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine vol 2 no 2 pp S1013ndashS1016 2012
[97] P J Houghton and I M Osibogun ldquoFlowering plants usedagainst snakebiterdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 39 no 1pp 1ndash29 1993
[98] M Molander C H Saslis-Lagoudakis A K Jager and NRoslashnsted ldquoCross-cultural comparison of medicinal floras usedagainst snakebitesrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 139 no3 pp 863ndash872 2012
[99] A Jain S S Katewa B L Chaudhary and P Galav ldquoFolk herbalmedicines used in birth control and sexual diseases by tribals ofsouthern Rajasthan Indiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol90 no 1 pp 171ndash177 2004
[100] A Jain S S Katewa P K Galav and P Sharma ldquoMedicinalplant diversity of Sitamata wildlife sanctuary Rajasthan IndiardquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 102 no 2 pp 143ndash157 2005
[101] T Oduola G O Adeosun T A Oduola G O Avwioro andM A Oyeniyi ldquoMechanism of action of Jatropha gossypifoliastem latex as a haemostatic agentrdquo European Journal of GeneralMedicine vol 2 no 4 pp 140ndash143 2005
[102] D Garcia M V Domingues and E Rodrigues ldquoEthnophar-macological survey among migrants living in the SoutheastAtlantic Forest of Diadema Sao Paulo Brazilrdquo Journal ofEthnobiology and Ethnomedicine vol 6 article 29 2010
[103] S S Hebbar V H Harsha V Shripathi and G R HegdeldquoEthnomedicine of Dharwad district in Karnataka Indiamdashplants used in oral health carerdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 94 no 2-3 pp 261ndash266 2004
[104] S B Kosalge and R A Fursule ldquoInvestigation of ethnomedic-inal claims of some plants used by tribals of Satpuda Hills inIndiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 121 no 3 pp 456ndash461 2009
[105] R A Ritter M V B Monteiro F O B Monteiro et al ldquoEth-noveterinary knowledge and practices at Colares island Parastate eastern Amazon Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 144 no 2 pp 346ndash352 2012
[106] S K Dash and S Padhy ldquoReview on ethnomedicines fordiarrhoea diseases from Orissa prevalence versus culturerdquoJournal of Human Ecology vol 20 no 1 pp 59ndash64 2006
[107] R S L Taylor J B Hudson N P Manandhar and G H NTowers ldquoAntiviral activities of medicinal plants of southernNepalrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 53 pp 97ndash104 1996
[108] J M A Maia N G Czeczko J M R Filho et al ldquoEstudoda cicatrizacao de suturas na bexiga urinaria de ratos come sem utilizacao de extrato bruto de Jatropha gossypiifolia Lintraperitonealrdquo Acta Cirurgica Brasileira vol 21 no 2 pp 23ndash30 2006
[109] A L Ososki P Lohr M Reiff et al ldquoEthnobotanical literaturesurvey of medicinal plants in the Dominican Republic used forwomens health conditionsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol79 no 3 pp 285ndash298 2002
[110] A S Apu FHossain F Rizwan et al ldquoStudy of pharmacologicalactivities of methanol extract of Jatropha gossypifolia fruitsrdquoJournal of Basic and Clinical Pharmacy vol 4 no 1 pp 20ndash242013
[111] A S Apu K Ireen S Hossan Bhuyan et al ldquoEvaluation ofanalgesic neuropharmacological and anti-diarrheal potential ofJatropha gossypifolia (Linn) leaves in micerdquo Journal of MedicalSciences vol 12 no 8 pp 274ndash279 2012
[112] F A G Rocha and L I S Dantas ldquoAtividade antimicrobianain vitro do latex do aveloz (Euphorbia tirucalli L) pinhao bravo(Jatrophamollissima L) e pinhao roxo (Jatropha gossypiifolia L)sobre microrganismos patogenicosrdquo Holos vol 25 no 4 2009
[113] O M David and J O Oluyege ldquoIn vitro susceptibility ofselected pathogenic bacteria to leaf extracts and latex of Jatrophagossypiifolia(L) and Jatropha curcas (L)rdquo Biosciences Biotechnol-ogy Research Asia vol 3 no 1 pp 91ndash94 2006
[114] W D MacBae J B Hudson and G H N Towers ldquoStudieson the pharmacological activity of amazonian euphorbiaceaerdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 22 no 2 pp 143ndash172 1988
[115] M C Purohit and R Purohit ldquoEvaluation of antimicrobial andanti-inflammatory activities of bark of Jatropha gossypifoliardquoWorld Journal of Science and Technology vol 1 no 10 pp 1ndash52011
[116] D Singh and A Singh ldquoThe toxicity of four native Indianplants effect on AChE and acidalkaline phosphatase level infish Channa maruliusrdquo Chemosphere vol 60 no 1 pp 135ndash1402005
[117] C M Feitosa R M Freitas N N N Luz M Z B BezerraandM T S Trevisan ldquoAcetylcholinesterase inhibition by somespromising Brazilian medicinal plantsrdquo Brazilian Journal ofBiology vol 71 no 3 pp 783ndash789 2011
[118] Y Nagaharika V Kalyani S Rasheed and R KarthikeyanldquoAnti-inflammatory activity of leaves of Jatropha gossypifolia Lby HRBC membrane stabilization methodrdquo Journal of AcuteDisease vol 2 no 2 pp 156ndash158 2013
[119] S D N Silva I C Abreu S M D F Freire et al ldquoAntispas-modic effect of Jatropha gossypiifolia is mediated through dualblockade of muscarinic receptors and Ca2+ channelsrdquo BrazilianJournal of Pharmacognosy vol 21 no 4 pp 715ndash720 2011
[120] D Carabajal A Casaco L Arruzazabala R Gonzalez andV Fuentes ldquoPharmacological screening of plant decoctionscommonly used in Cuban folk medicinerdquo Journal of Ethnophar-macology vol 33 no 1-2 pp 21ndash24 1991
32 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
[121] S Jain G P Choudhary and D K Jain ldquoPharmacological eval-uation of anti-fertility activity of ethanolic extract of Jatrophagossypifolia leaf in female albino micerdquo Asian Pacific Journal ofTropical Biomedicine vol 2 no 3 pp S1671ndashS1674 2012
[122] S C N Servin O J M Torres J E F Matias et al ldquoAcao doextrato de Jatropha gossypiifolia L (piao roxo) na cicatrizacaode anastomose colonica estudo experimental em ratosrdquo ActaCirurgica Brasileira vol 21 no 3 pp 89ndash96 2006
[123] J R Vale N G Czeczko J U Aquino et al ldquoEstudo compara-tivo da cicatrizacao de gastrorrafias com e sem o uso do extratode Jatropha gossypiifolia L (piao roxo) em ratosrdquoActa CirurgicaBrasileira vol 21 no 3 pp 40ndash48 2006
[124] J U Aquino N G Czeczko O Malafaia et al ldquoAvaliacaofitoterapica da Jatropha gossypiifolia L na cicatrizacao desuturas na parede abdominal ventral de ratosrdquo Acta CirurgicaBrasileira vol 21 no 2 pp 61ndash66 2006
[125] M F D S Santos N G Czeczko P A N Nassif et alldquoAvaliacao do uso do extrato bruto de Jatropha gossypiifolia Lna cicatrizacao de feridas cutaneas em ratosrdquo Acta CirurgicaBrasileira vol 21 no 3 pp 2ndash7 2006
[126] B B Panda K Gaur R K Nema C S Sharma A K Jain andC P Jain ldquoHepatoprotective activity of Jatropha gossypifoliaagainst carbon tetrachloride- induced hepatic injury in ratsrdquoAsian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research vol 2no 1 pp 50ndash54 2009
[127] S S Deo T M Chaudhari and F Inam ldquoEvaluation ofthe immunomodulatory effects of 1-phenylnaphthalene andpericarbonyl lactone lignan compoundsrdquoDer PharmaChemicavol 4 no 2 pp 771ndash776 2012
[128] S K Rasheed S Kunapareddy and R Karthikeyan ldquoLocalanesthetic activity of Jatropha gossypifolia L on frogsrdquo Biomed-ical and Pharmacology Journal vol 5 no 2 pp 395ndash397 2012
[129] AM A Paes A L Camara SM F Freire andMO R BorgesldquoRelaxant effect of Jatropha gossypiifolia L on uterine smoothmusclerdquo International Journal of Phytomedicine vol 4 no 3 pp310ndash313 2012
[130] S J Jain G P Choudhary and D K Jain ldquoPharmacologicalevaluation and antifertility activity of Jatropha gossypifoliain ratsrdquo BioMed Research International vol 2013 Article ID125980 5 pages 2013
[131] J S de Oliveira PM Leite L B de Souza et al ldquoCharacteristicsand composition of Jatropha gossypiifolia and Jatropha curcasL oils and application for biodiesel productionrdquo Biomass andBioenergy vol 33 no 3 pp 449ndash453 2009
[132] V Bullangpoti E Wajnberg P Audant and R FeyereisenldquoAntifeedant activity of Jatropha gossypifolia and Meliaazedarach senescent leaf extracts on Spodoptera frugiperda(Lepidoptera Noctuidae) and their potential use as synergistsrdquoPest Management Science vol 68 no 9 pp 1255ndash1264 2012
[133] S N K JilaniW Islam andM Kamsh ldquoPotential of pyrethroidinsecticides and plant extracts on fecundity and egg viability oftribolium castaneum (Herbst)rdquo Journal of Bio-Science vol 19no 1 pp 95ndash97 2011
[134] D Sukumaran B D Parashar and K M Rao ldquoToxicity of Jat-ropha gossypiifolia and Vaccaria pyramidata against freshwatersnails vectors of animal schistosomiasisrdquo Fitoterapia vol 66 no5 pp 393ndash398 1995
[135] R K Devappa H P S Makkar and K Becker ldquoJatrophatoxicitymdasha reviewrdquo Journal of Toxicology and EnvironmentalHealth B Critical Reviews vol 13 no 6 pp 476ndash507 2010
[136] E P Schenkel M Zannin L A Mentz S A L Bordignonand B Irgang ldquoPlantas toxicasrdquo in Farmacognosia Da Planta
ao Medicamento C M O Simoes E P Schenkel G GosmannJ C P Mello L A Mentz and P R Petrovick Eds pp 959ndash993 Editora da UFRGSUFSC Porto Alegre Brazil 3d edition2007
[137] L I Oliveira F F Jabour V A Nogueira and E M YamasakildquoIntoxicacao experimental com as folhas de Jatropha gossypifo-lia(Euphorbiaceae) em ovinosrdquo Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileiravol 28 no 6 pp 275ndash278 2008
[138] P I A Awachie and F O Ugwu ldquoPreliminary investigationof the antimicrobial and brine shrimp lethality propertiesof some nigerian medicinal plantsrdquo International Journal ofPharmacognosy vol 35 no 5 pp 338ndash343 1997
[139] L J Medubi V O Ukwenya O T Aderinto et al ldquoEffects ofadministration of ethanolic root extract of Jatropha gossypiifoliaand prednisolone on the kidneys of Wistar ratsrdquo ElectronicJournal of Biomedicine vol 2 pp 41ndash48 2010
[140] T Oduola G B Popoola G O Avwioro et al ldquoUse of Jatrophagossypifolia stem latex as a haemostatic agent how safe is itrdquoJournal of Medicinal Plants Reasearch vol 1 no 1 pp 14ndash172007
Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom
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Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
MEDIATORSINFLAMMATION
of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
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EndocrinologyInternational Journal of
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Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Disease Markers
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
BioMed Research International
OncologyJournal of
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Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
PPAR Research
The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Immunology ResearchHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of
ObesityJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine
OphthalmologyJournal of
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Diabetes ResearchJournal of
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Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Research and TreatmentAIDS
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Gastroenterology Research and Practice
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Parkinsonrsquos Disease
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Volume 2014Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom
30 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
[57] W F Tinto L M D John W F Reynolds and S McLeanldquoTriterpenoids of Jatropha gossypiifoliardquo Journal of NaturalProducts vol 55 no 6 pp 807ndash809 1992
[58] R Das K Venkateswarlu V Saidi Reddy and B Das ldquo41015840-O-demethyl retrochinensin a minor new lignan from Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Indian Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry vol 14no 2 pp 169ndash170 2004
[59] B Das A Kashinatham B Venkataiah K V N S Srinivas GMahender and M R Reddy ldquoCleomiscosin A a coumarino-lignoid from Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Biochemical Systematics andEcology vol 31 no 10 pp 1189ndash1191 2003
[60] B Das and G Anjani ldquoGossypidien a lignan from stems ofJatropha gossypifolliardquo Phytochemistry vol 51 no 1 pp 115ndash1171999
[61] B Das S P Rao and K V Srinivas ldquoIsolation of isogadain fromJatropha gossypifoliardquo Planta Medica vol 62 no 1 article 901996
[62] B Das S P Rao K V N S Srinivas and R Das ldquoJatrodien alignan from stems of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Phytochemistry vol41 no 3 pp 985ndash987 1996
[63] A Chatterjee B Das R Chakrabarti et al ldquoPrasanthaline anew lignan from Jatropha gossypifolia Linnrdquo Indian Journal ofChemistry vol 27 pp 740ndash741 1988
[64] M D Taylor A B Smith III G T Furst et al ldquoNewantileukemic jatrophone derivatives from Jatropha gossypiifoliastructural and stereochemical assignment through nuclearmagnetic resonance Spectroscopyrdquo Journal of the AmericanChemical Society vol 105 no 10 pp 3177ndash3183 1983
[65] K K Purushothaman S Chandrasekharan A F Cameron etal ldquoJatropholones A and B new diterpenoids from the roots ofJatropha gossypiifolia (Euphorbiaceae)mdashcrystal structure anal-ysis of Jatropholone Brdquo Tetrahedron Letters vol 20 no 11 pp979ndash980 1979
[66] S M Kupchan C W Sigel M J Matz J A S Renauld R CHaltiwanger and R F Bryan ldquoJatrophone a novel macrocyclicditerpenoid tumor inhibitor from Jatropha gossypiifoliardquo Jour-nal of the American Chemical Society vol 92 no 14 pp 4476ndash4477 1970
[67] Y R Prasad G S J G Alankararao and P Baby ldquoConstituentsof the seeds of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Fitoterapia vol 64 no 4p 376 1993
[68] O Ogbobe and V Akano ldquoThe physico-chemical properties ofthe seed and seed oil of Jatropha gossypifoliardquo Plant Foods forHuman Nutrition vol 43 no 3 pp 197ndash200 1993
[69] W Adolf H J Opferkuch and E Hecker ldquoIrritant phorbolderivatives from four Jatropha speciesrdquo Phytochemistry vol 23no 1 pp 129ndash132 1984
[70] K M Hosamani and K S Katagi ldquoCharacterization andstructure elucidation of 12-hydroxyoctadec-cis-9-enoic acid inJatropha gossypifolia and Hevea brasiliensis seed oils a richsource of hydroxy fatty acidrdquo Chemistry and Physics of Lipidsvol 152 no 1 pp 9ndash12 2008
[71] S F A J Horsten A J J Van Den Berg J J Kettenes-VanDen Bosch B R Leeflang and R P Labadie ldquoCyclogossine Aa novel cyclic heptapeptide isolated from the latex of Jatrophagossypifoliardquo Planta Medica vol 62 no 1 pp 46ndash50 1996
[72] M U Ahmad M R Islam A H Mirza B H Chowdhuryand N Nahar ldquoAlkaloids of Jatropha gossypifolia Linnrdquo IndianJournal of Chemistry B Organic Chemistry Including MedicinalChemistry vol 31 no 1 pp 67ndash69 1992
[73] A Falodun U Kragl S-M T Touem A Villinger T Fahren-waldt and P Langer ldquoA novel anticancer diterpenoid fromJatropha gossypifoliardquo Natural Product Communications vol 7no 2 pp 151ndash152 2012
[74] G D Wadankar S N Malode and S L Sarambekar ldquoTra-ditionally used medicinal plants for ound healing in theWashim district Maharashtra (India)rdquo International Journal ofPharmTech Research vol 3 no 4 pp 2080ndash2084 2011
[75] B Kumar M Vijayakumar R Govindarajan and P Pushpan-gadan ldquoEthnopharmacological approaches to wound healing-Exploring medicinal plants of Indiardquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 114 no 2 pp 103ndash113 2007
[76] K Koudouvo D S Karou K Kokou et al ldquoAn ethnobotanicalstudy of antimalarial plants in Togo Maritime Regionrdquo Journalof Ethnopharmacology vol 134 no 1 pp 183ndash190 2011
[77] M Coelho-Ferreira ldquoMedicinal knowledge and plant utiliza-tion in an Amazonian coastal community ofMaruda Para State(Brazil)rdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 126 no 1 pp 159ndash175 2009
[78] F C S Oliveira R F M Barros and J M Moita Neto ldquoPlan-tas medicinais utilizadas em comunidades rurais de Oeirassemiarido piauienserdquo Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinaisvol 12 no 3 pp 282ndash301 2010
[79] J D F L Santos E Pagani J Ramos and E Rodrigues ldquoObser-vations on the therapeutic practices of riverine communities oftheUnini River AM Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol142 no 2 pp 503ndash515 2012
[80] S L Cartaxo M M de Almeida Souza and U P de Albu-querque ldquoMedicinal plants with bioprospecting potential usedin semi-arid northeastern Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacol-ogy vol 131 no 2 pp 326ndash342 2010
[81] O Jansen L Angenot M Tits et al ldquoEvaluation of 13 selectedmedicinal plants from Burkina Faso for their antiplasmodialpropertiesrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 130 no 1 pp143ndash150 2010
[82] M H Yetein L G Houessou T O Lougbegnon O Teka andB Tente ldquoEthnobotanical study of medicinal plants used for thetreatment of malaria in plateau of Allada Benin (West Africa)rdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 146 no 1 pp 154ndash163 2013
[83] L J Quintans Junior J R G S Almeida J T Lima et al ldquoPlantswith anticonvulsivant propertiesmdasha reviewrdquo Revista Brasileirade Farmacognosia vol 18 pp 798ndash819 2008
[84] A Diallo M S Traore S M Keita et al ldquoManagement ofdiabetes in Guinean traditional medicine an ethnobotanicalinvestigation in the coastal lowlandsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 144 no 2 pp 353ndash361 2012
[85] S O Olabanji A C Adebajo O R Omobuwajo et al ldquoPIXEanalysis of some Nigerian anti-diabetic medicinal plants (II)rdquoNuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B BeamInteractions With Materials and Atoms vol 318 pp 187ndash1902014
[86] T Oduola O G Avwioro and T B Ayanniyi ldquoSuitability ofthe leaf extract of Jatropha gossypifolia as an anticoagulant forbiochemical and haematological analysesrdquo African Journal ofBiotechnology vol 4 no 7 pp 679ndash681 2005
[87] CM Chariandy C E Seaforth R H Phelps G V Pollard andB P S Khambay ldquoScreening of medicinal plants from Trinidadand Tobago for antimicrobial and insecticidal propertiesrdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 64 no 3 pp 265ndash270 1999
[88] V P Kumar N S Chauhan H Padh and M Rajani ldquoSearchfor antibacterial and antifungal agents from selected Indian
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 31
medicinal plantsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 107 no2 pp 182ndash188 2006
[89] R Dabur A Gupta T K Mandal et al ldquoAntimicrobial activityof some medicinal plantsrdquo African Journal of TraditionalComplementary and AlternativeMedicines vol 4 no 3 pp 313ndash318 2007
[90] H C Ong and M Nordiana ldquoMalay ethno-medico botany inMachang Kelantan Malaysiardquo Fitoterapia vol 70 no 5 pp502ndash513 1999
[91] J Sanz-Biset J Campos-de-la-Cruz M A Epiquien-Riveraand S Canigueral ldquoA first survey on the medicinal plants of theChazuta valley (Peruvian Amazon)rdquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 122 no 2 pp 333ndash362 2009
[92] B B Panda K Gaur M L Kori et al ldquoAnti-inflammatoryand analgesic activity of Jatropha gossypifolia in experimentalanimal modelsrdquo Global Journal of Pharmacology vol 3 no 12009
[93] S S Ningthoujam A D Talukdar K S Potsangbam and MD Choudhury ldquoTraditional uses of herbal vapour therapy inManipur North East India an ethnobotanical surveyrdquo Journalof Ethnopharmacology vol 147 no 1 pp 136ndash147 2013
[94] A Asase A A Oteng-Yeboah G T Odamtten and M SJ Simmonds ldquoEthnobotanical study of some Ghanaian anti-malarial plantsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 99 no 2pp 273ndash279 2005
[95] C Lans T Harper K Georges and E Bridgewater ldquoMedicinaland ethnoveterinary remedies of hunters in Trinidadrdquo BMCComplementary and AlternativeMedicine vol 1 article 10 2001
[96] L Rasingam S Jeeva andD Kannan ldquoDental care of Andamanand Nicobar folks medicinal plants use as tooth stickrdquo AsianPacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine vol 2 no 2 pp S1013ndashS1016 2012
[97] P J Houghton and I M Osibogun ldquoFlowering plants usedagainst snakebiterdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 39 no 1pp 1ndash29 1993
[98] M Molander C H Saslis-Lagoudakis A K Jager and NRoslashnsted ldquoCross-cultural comparison of medicinal floras usedagainst snakebitesrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 139 no3 pp 863ndash872 2012
[99] A Jain S S Katewa B L Chaudhary and P Galav ldquoFolk herbalmedicines used in birth control and sexual diseases by tribals ofsouthern Rajasthan Indiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol90 no 1 pp 171ndash177 2004
[100] A Jain S S Katewa P K Galav and P Sharma ldquoMedicinalplant diversity of Sitamata wildlife sanctuary Rajasthan IndiardquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 102 no 2 pp 143ndash157 2005
[101] T Oduola G O Adeosun T A Oduola G O Avwioro andM A Oyeniyi ldquoMechanism of action of Jatropha gossypifoliastem latex as a haemostatic agentrdquo European Journal of GeneralMedicine vol 2 no 4 pp 140ndash143 2005
[102] D Garcia M V Domingues and E Rodrigues ldquoEthnophar-macological survey among migrants living in the SoutheastAtlantic Forest of Diadema Sao Paulo Brazilrdquo Journal ofEthnobiology and Ethnomedicine vol 6 article 29 2010
[103] S S Hebbar V H Harsha V Shripathi and G R HegdeldquoEthnomedicine of Dharwad district in Karnataka Indiamdashplants used in oral health carerdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 94 no 2-3 pp 261ndash266 2004
[104] S B Kosalge and R A Fursule ldquoInvestigation of ethnomedic-inal claims of some plants used by tribals of Satpuda Hills inIndiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 121 no 3 pp 456ndash461 2009
[105] R A Ritter M V B Monteiro F O B Monteiro et al ldquoEth-noveterinary knowledge and practices at Colares island Parastate eastern Amazon Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 144 no 2 pp 346ndash352 2012
[106] S K Dash and S Padhy ldquoReview on ethnomedicines fordiarrhoea diseases from Orissa prevalence versus culturerdquoJournal of Human Ecology vol 20 no 1 pp 59ndash64 2006
[107] R S L Taylor J B Hudson N P Manandhar and G H NTowers ldquoAntiviral activities of medicinal plants of southernNepalrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 53 pp 97ndash104 1996
[108] J M A Maia N G Czeczko J M R Filho et al ldquoEstudoda cicatrizacao de suturas na bexiga urinaria de ratos come sem utilizacao de extrato bruto de Jatropha gossypiifolia Lintraperitonealrdquo Acta Cirurgica Brasileira vol 21 no 2 pp 23ndash30 2006
[109] A L Ososki P Lohr M Reiff et al ldquoEthnobotanical literaturesurvey of medicinal plants in the Dominican Republic used forwomens health conditionsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol79 no 3 pp 285ndash298 2002
[110] A S Apu FHossain F Rizwan et al ldquoStudy of pharmacologicalactivities of methanol extract of Jatropha gossypifolia fruitsrdquoJournal of Basic and Clinical Pharmacy vol 4 no 1 pp 20ndash242013
[111] A S Apu K Ireen S Hossan Bhuyan et al ldquoEvaluation ofanalgesic neuropharmacological and anti-diarrheal potential ofJatropha gossypifolia (Linn) leaves in micerdquo Journal of MedicalSciences vol 12 no 8 pp 274ndash279 2012
[112] F A G Rocha and L I S Dantas ldquoAtividade antimicrobianain vitro do latex do aveloz (Euphorbia tirucalli L) pinhao bravo(Jatrophamollissima L) e pinhao roxo (Jatropha gossypiifolia L)sobre microrganismos patogenicosrdquo Holos vol 25 no 4 2009
[113] O M David and J O Oluyege ldquoIn vitro susceptibility ofselected pathogenic bacteria to leaf extracts and latex of Jatrophagossypiifolia(L) and Jatropha curcas (L)rdquo Biosciences Biotechnol-ogy Research Asia vol 3 no 1 pp 91ndash94 2006
[114] W D MacBae J B Hudson and G H N Towers ldquoStudieson the pharmacological activity of amazonian euphorbiaceaerdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 22 no 2 pp 143ndash172 1988
[115] M C Purohit and R Purohit ldquoEvaluation of antimicrobial andanti-inflammatory activities of bark of Jatropha gossypifoliardquoWorld Journal of Science and Technology vol 1 no 10 pp 1ndash52011
[116] D Singh and A Singh ldquoThe toxicity of four native Indianplants effect on AChE and acidalkaline phosphatase level infish Channa maruliusrdquo Chemosphere vol 60 no 1 pp 135ndash1402005
[117] C M Feitosa R M Freitas N N N Luz M Z B BezerraandM T S Trevisan ldquoAcetylcholinesterase inhibition by somespromising Brazilian medicinal plantsrdquo Brazilian Journal ofBiology vol 71 no 3 pp 783ndash789 2011
[118] Y Nagaharika V Kalyani S Rasheed and R KarthikeyanldquoAnti-inflammatory activity of leaves of Jatropha gossypifolia Lby HRBC membrane stabilization methodrdquo Journal of AcuteDisease vol 2 no 2 pp 156ndash158 2013
[119] S D N Silva I C Abreu S M D F Freire et al ldquoAntispas-modic effect of Jatropha gossypiifolia is mediated through dualblockade of muscarinic receptors and Ca2+ channelsrdquo BrazilianJournal of Pharmacognosy vol 21 no 4 pp 715ndash720 2011
[120] D Carabajal A Casaco L Arruzazabala R Gonzalez andV Fuentes ldquoPharmacological screening of plant decoctionscommonly used in Cuban folk medicinerdquo Journal of Ethnophar-macology vol 33 no 1-2 pp 21ndash24 1991
32 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
[121] S Jain G P Choudhary and D K Jain ldquoPharmacological eval-uation of anti-fertility activity of ethanolic extract of Jatrophagossypifolia leaf in female albino micerdquo Asian Pacific Journal ofTropical Biomedicine vol 2 no 3 pp S1671ndashS1674 2012
[122] S C N Servin O J M Torres J E F Matias et al ldquoAcao doextrato de Jatropha gossypiifolia L (piao roxo) na cicatrizacaode anastomose colonica estudo experimental em ratosrdquo ActaCirurgica Brasileira vol 21 no 3 pp 89ndash96 2006
[123] J R Vale N G Czeczko J U Aquino et al ldquoEstudo compara-tivo da cicatrizacao de gastrorrafias com e sem o uso do extratode Jatropha gossypiifolia L (piao roxo) em ratosrdquoActa CirurgicaBrasileira vol 21 no 3 pp 40ndash48 2006
[124] J U Aquino N G Czeczko O Malafaia et al ldquoAvaliacaofitoterapica da Jatropha gossypiifolia L na cicatrizacao desuturas na parede abdominal ventral de ratosrdquo Acta CirurgicaBrasileira vol 21 no 2 pp 61ndash66 2006
[125] M F D S Santos N G Czeczko P A N Nassif et alldquoAvaliacao do uso do extrato bruto de Jatropha gossypiifolia Lna cicatrizacao de feridas cutaneas em ratosrdquo Acta CirurgicaBrasileira vol 21 no 3 pp 2ndash7 2006
[126] B B Panda K Gaur R K Nema C S Sharma A K Jain andC P Jain ldquoHepatoprotective activity of Jatropha gossypifoliaagainst carbon tetrachloride- induced hepatic injury in ratsrdquoAsian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research vol 2no 1 pp 50ndash54 2009
[127] S S Deo T M Chaudhari and F Inam ldquoEvaluation ofthe immunomodulatory effects of 1-phenylnaphthalene andpericarbonyl lactone lignan compoundsrdquoDer PharmaChemicavol 4 no 2 pp 771ndash776 2012
[128] S K Rasheed S Kunapareddy and R Karthikeyan ldquoLocalanesthetic activity of Jatropha gossypifolia L on frogsrdquo Biomed-ical and Pharmacology Journal vol 5 no 2 pp 395ndash397 2012
[129] AM A Paes A L Camara SM F Freire andMO R BorgesldquoRelaxant effect of Jatropha gossypiifolia L on uterine smoothmusclerdquo International Journal of Phytomedicine vol 4 no 3 pp310ndash313 2012
[130] S J Jain G P Choudhary and D K Jain ldquoPharmacologicalevaluation and antifertility activity of Jatropha gossypifoliain ratsrdquo BioMed Research International vol 2013 Article ID125980 5 pages 2013
[131] J S de Oliveira PM Leite L B de Souza et al ldquoCharacteristicsand composition of Jatropha gossypiifolia and Jatropha curcasL oils and application for biodiesel productionrdquo Biomass andBioenergy vol 33 no 3 pp 449ndash453 2009
[132] V Bullangpoti E Wajnberg P Audant and R FeyereisenldquoAntifeedant activity of Jatropha gossypifolia and Meliaazedarach senescent leaf extracts on Spodoptera frugiperda(Lepidoptera Noctuidae) and their potential use as synergistsrdquoPest Management Science vol 68 no 9 pp 1255ndash1264 2012
[133] S N K JilaniW Islam andM Kamsh ldquoPotential of pyrethroidinsecticides and plant extracts on fecundity and egg viability oftribolium castaneum (Herbst)rdquo Journal of Bio-Science vol 19no 1 pp 95ndash97 2011
[134] D Sukumaran B D Parashar and K M Rao ldquoToxicity of Jat-ropha gossypiifolia and Vaccaria pyramidata against freshwatersnails vectors of animal schistosomiasisrdquo Fitoterapia vol 66 no5 pp 393ndash398 1995
[135] R K Devappa H P S Makkar and K Becker ldquoJatrophatoxicitymdasha reviewrdquo Journal of Toxicology and EnvironmentalHealth B Critical Reviews vol 13 no 6 pp 476ndash507 2010
[136] E P Schenkel M Zannin L A Mentz S A L Bordignonand B Irgang ldquoPlantas toxicasrdquo in Farmacognosia Da Planta
ao Medicamento C M O Simoes E P Schenkel G GosmannJ C P Mello L A Mentz and P R Petrovick Eds pp 959ndash993 Editora da UFRGSUFSC Porto Alegre Brazil 3d edition2007
[137] L I Oliveira F F Jabour V A Nogueira and E M YamasakildquoIntoxicacao experimental com as folhas de Jatropha gossypifo-lia(Euphorbiaceae) em ovinosrdquo Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileiravol 28 no 6 pp 275ndash278 2008
[138] P I A Awachie and F O Ugwu ldquoPreliminary investigationof the antimicrobial and brine shrimp lethality propertiesof some nigerian medicinal plantsrdquo International Journal ofPharmacognosy vol 35 no 5 pp 338ndash343 1997
[139] L J Medubi V O Ukwenya O T Aderinto et al ldquoEffects ofadministration of ethanolic root extract of Jatropha gossypiifoliaand prednisolone on the kidneys of Wistar ratsrdquo ElectronicJournal of Biomedicine vol 2 pp 41ndash48 2010
[140] T Oduola G B Popoola G O Avwioro et al ldquoUse of Jatrophagossypifolia stem latex as a haemostatic agent how safe is itrdquoJournal of Medicinal Plants Reasearch vol 1 no 1 pp 14ndash172007
Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom
Stem CellsInternational
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
MEDIATORSINFLAMMATION
of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Behavioural Neurology
EndocrinologyInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Disease Markers
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
BioMed Research International
OncologyJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
PPAR Research
The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Immunology ResearchHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of
ObesityJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine
OphthalmologyJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Diabetes ResearchJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Research and TreatmentAIDS
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Gastroenterology Research and Practice
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Parkinsonrsquos Disease
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Volume 2014Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 31
medicinal plantsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 107 no2 pp 182ndash188 2006
[89] R Dabur A Gupta T K Mandal et al ldquoAntimicrobial activityof some medicinal plantsrdquo African Journal of TraditionalComplementary and AlternativeMedicines vol 4 no 3 pp 313ndash318 2007
[90] H C Ong and M Nordiana ldquoMalay ethno-medico botany inMachang Kelantan Malaysiardquo Fitoterapia vol 70 no 5 pp502ndash513 1999
[91] J Sanz-Biset J Campos-de-la-Cruz M A Epiquien-Riveraand S Canigueral ldquoA first survey on the medicinal plants of theChazuta valley (Peruvian Amazon)rdquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 122 no 2 pp 333ndash362 2009
[92] B B Panda K Gaur M L Kori et al ldquoAnti-inflammatoryand analgesic activity of Jatropha gossypifolia in experimentalanimal modelsrdquo Global Journal of Pharmacology vol 3 no 12009
[93] S S Ningthoujam A D Talukdar K S Potsangbam and MD Choudhury ldquoTraditional uses of herbal vapour therapy inManipur North East India an ethnobotanical surveyrdquo Journalof Ethnopharmacology vol 147 no 1 pp 136ndash147 2013
[94] A Asase A A Oteng-Yeboah G T Odamtten and M SJ Simmonds ldquoEthnobotanical study of some Ghanaian anti-malarial plantsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 99 no 2pp 273ndash279 2005
[95] C Lans T Harper K Georges and E Bridgewater ldquoMedicinaland ethnoveterinary remedies of hunters in Trinidadrdquo BMCComplementary and AlternativeMedicine vol 1 article 10 2001
[96] L Rasingam S Jeeva andD Kannan ldquoDental care of Andamanand Nicobar folks medicinal plants use as tooth stickrdquo AsianPacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine vol 2 no 2 pp S1013ndashS1016 2012
[97] P J Houghton and I M Osibogun ldquoFlowering plants usedagainst snakebiterdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 39 no 1pp 1ndash29 1993
[98] M Molander C H Saslis-Lagoudakis A K Jager and NRoslashnsted ldquoCross-cultural comparison of medicinal floras usedagainst snakebitesrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 139 no3 pp 863ndash872 2012
[99] A Jain S S Katewa B L Chaudhary and P Galav ldquoFolk herbalmedicines used in birth control and sexual diseases by tribals ofsouthern Rajasthan Indiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol90 no 1 pp 171ndash177 2004
[100] A Jain S S Katewa P K Galav and P Sharma ldquoMedicinalplant diversity of Sitamata wildlife sanctuary Rajasthan IndiardquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 102 no 2 pp 143ndash157 2005
[101] T Oduola G O Adeosun T A Oduola G O Avwioro andM A Oyeniyi ldquoMechanism of action of Jatropha gossypifoliastem latex as a haemostatic agentrdquo European Journal of GeneralMedicine vol 2 no 4 pp 140ndash143 2005
[102] D Garcia M V Domingues and E Rodrigues ldquoEthnophar-macological survey among migrants living in the SoutheastAtlantic Forest of Diadema Sao Paulo Brazilrdquo Journal ofEthnobiology and Ethnomedicine vol 6 article 29 2010
[103] S S Hebbar V H Harsha V Shripathi and G R HegdeldquoEthnomedicine of Dharwad district in Karnataka Indiamdashplants used in oral health carerdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 94 no 2-3 pp 261ndash266 2004
[104] S B Kosalge and R A Fursule ldquoInvestigation of ethnomedic-inal claims of some plants used by tribals of Satpuda Hills inIndiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 121 no 3 pp 456ndash461 2009
[105] R A Ritter M V B Monteiro F O B Monteiro et al ldquoEth-noveterinary knowledge and practices at Colares island Parastate eastern Amazon Brazilrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 144 no 2 pp 346ndash352 2012
[106] S K Dash and S Padhy ldquoReview on ethnomedicines fordiarrhoea diseases from Orissa prevalence versus culturerdquoJournal of Human Ecology vol 20 no 1 pp 59ndash64 2006
[107] R S L Taylor J B Hudson N P Manandhar and G H NTowers ldquoAntiviral activities of medicinal plants of southernNepalrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 53 pp 97ndash104 1996
[108] J M A Maia N G Czeczko J M R Filho et al ldquoEstudoda cicatrizacao de suturas na bexiga urinaria de ratos come sem utilizacao de extrato bruto de Jatropha gossypiifolia Lintraperitonealrdquo Acta Cirurgica Brasileira vol 21 no 2 pp 23ndash30 2006
[109] A L Ososki P Lohr M Reiff et al ldquoEthnobotanical literaturesurvey of medicinal plants in the Dominican Republic used forwomens health conditionsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol79 no 3 pp 285ndash298 2002
[110] A S Apu FHossain F Rizwan et al ldquoStudy of pharmacologicalactivities of methanol extract of Jatropha gossypifolia fruitsrdquoJournal of Basic and Clinical Pharmacy vol 4 no 1 pp 20ndash242013
[111] A S Apu K Ireen S Hossan Bhuyan et al ldquoEvaluation ofanalgesic neuropharmacological and anti-diarrheal potential ofJatropha gossypifolia (Linn) leaves in micerdquo Journal of MedicalSciences vol 12 no 8 pp 274ndash279 2012
[112] F A G Rocha and L I S Dantas ldquoAtividade antimicrobianain vitro do latex do aveloz (Euphorbia tirucalli L) pinhao bravo(Jatrophamollissima L) e pinhao roxo (Jatropha gossypiifolia L)sobre microrganismos patogenicosrdquo Holos vol 25 no 4 2009
[113] O M David and J O Oluyege ldquoIn vitro susceptibility ofselected pathogenic bacteria to leaf extracts and latex of Jatrophagossypiifolia(L) and Jatropha curcas (L)rdquo Biosciences Biotechnol-ogy Research Asia vol 3 no 1 pp 91ndash94 2006
[114] W D MacBae J B Hudson and G H N Towers ldquoStudieson the pharmacological activity of amazonian euphorbiaceaerdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 22 no 2 pp 143ndash172 1988
[115] M C Purohit and R Purohit ldquoEvaluation of antimicrobial andanti-inflammatory activities of bark of Jatropha gossypifoliardquoWorld Journal of Science and Technology vol 1 no 10 pp 1ndash52011
[116] D Singh and A Singh ldquoThe toxicity of four native Indianplants effect on AChE and acidalkaline phosphatase level infish Channa maruliusrdquo Chemosphere vol 60 no 1 pp 135ndash1402005
[117] C M Feitosa R M Freitas N N N Luz M Z B BezerraandM T S Trevisan ldquoAcetylcholinesterase inhibition by somespromising Brazilian medicinal plantsrdquo Brazilian Journal ofBiology vol 71 no 3 pp 783ndash789 2011
[118] Y Nagaharika V Kalyani S Rasheed and R KarthikeyanldquoAnti-inflammatory activity of leaves of Jatropha gossypifolia Lby HRBC membrane stabilization methodrdquo Journal of AcuteDisease vol 2 no 2 pp 156ndash158 2013
[119] S D N Silva I C Abreu S M D F Freire et al ldquoAntispas-modic effect of Jatropha gossypiifolia is mediated through dualblockade of muscarinic receptors and Ca2+ channelsrdquo BrazilianJournal of Pharmacognosy vol 21 no 4 pp 715ndash720 2011
[120] D Carabajal A Casaco L Arruzazabala R Gonzalez andV Fuentes ldquoPharmacological screening of plant decoctionscommonly used in Cuban folk medicinerdquo Journal of Ethnophar-macology vol 33 no 1-2 pp 21ndash24 1991
32 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
[121] S Jain G P Choudhary and D K Jain ldquoPharmacological eval-uation of anti-fertility activity of ethanolic extract of Jatrophagossypifolia leaf in female albino micerdquo Asian Pacific Journal ofTropical Biomedicine vol 2 no 3 pp S1671ndashS1674 2012
[122] S C N Servin O J M Torres J E F Matias et al ldquoAcao doextrato de Jatropha gossypiifolia L (piao roxo) na cicatrizacaode anastomose colonica estudo experimental em ratosrdquo ActaCirurgica Brasileira vol 21 no 3 pp 89ndash96 2006
[123] J R Vale N G Czeczko J U Aquino et al ldquoEstudo compara-tivo da cicatrizacao de gastrorrafias com e sem o uso do extratode Jatropha gossypiifolia L (piao roxo) em ratosrdquoActa CirurgicaBrasileira vol 21 no 3 pp 40ndash48 2006
[124] J U Aquino N G Czeczko O Malafaia et al ldquoAvaliacaofitoterapica da Jatropha gossypiifolia L na cicatrizacao desuturas na parede abdominal ventral de ratosrdquo Acta CirurgicaBrasileira vol 21 no 2 pp 61ndash66 2006
[125] M F D S Santos N G Czeczko P A N Nassif et alldquoAvaliacao do uso do extrato bruto de Jatropha gossypiifolia Lna cicatrizacao de feridas cutaneas em ratosrdquo Acta CirurgicaBrasileira vol 21 no 3 pp 2ndash7 2006
[126] B B Panda K Gaur R K Nema C S Sharma A K Jain andC P Jain ldquoHepatoprotective activity of Jatropha gossypifoliaagainst carbon tetrachloride- induced hepatic injury in ratsrdquoAsian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research vol 2no 1 pp 50ndash54 2009
[127] S S Deo T M Chaudhari and F Inam ldquoEvaluation ofthe immunomodulatory effects of 1-phenylnaphthalene andpericarbonyl lactone lignan compoundsrdquoDer PharmaChemicavol 4 no 2 pp 771ndash776 2012
[128] S K Rasheed S Kunapareddy and R Karthikeyan ldquoLocalanesthetic activity of Jatropha gossypifolia L on frogsrdquo Biomed-ical and Pharmacology Journal vol 5 no 2 pp 395ndash397 2012
[129] AM A Paes A L Camara SM F Freire andMO R BorgesldquoRelaxant effect of Jatropha gossypiifolia L on uterine smoothmusclerdquo International Journal of Phytomedicine vol 4 no 3 pp310ndash313 2012
[130] S J Jain G P Choudhary and D K Jain ldquoPharmacologicalevaluation and antifertility activity of Jatropha gossypifoliain ratsrdquo BioMed Research International vol 2013 Article ID125980 5 pages 2013
[131] J S de Oliveira PM Leite L B de Souza et al ldquoCharacteristicsand composition of Jatropha gossypiifolia and Jatropha curcasL oils and application for biodiesel productionrdquo Biomass andBioenergy vol 33 no 3 pp 449ndash453 2009
[132] V Bullangpoti E Wajnberg P Audant and R FeyereisenldquoAntifeedant activity of Jatropha gossypifolia and Meliaazedarach senescent leaf extracts on Spodoptera frugiperda(Lepidoptera Noctuidae) and their potential use as synergistsrdquoPest Management Science vol 68 no 9 pp 1255ndash1264 2012
[133] S N K JilaniW Islam andM Kamsh ldquoPotential of pyrethroidinsecticides and plant extracts on fecundity and egg viability oftribolium castaneum (Herbst)rdquo Journal of Bio-Science vol 19no 1 pp 95ndash97 2011
[134] D Sukumaran B D Parashar and K M Rao ldquoToxicity of Jat-ropha gossypiifolia and Vaccaria pyramidata against freshwatersnails vectors of animal schistosomiasisrdquo Fitoterapia vol 66 no5 pp 393ndash398 1995
[135] R K Devappa H P S Makkar and K Becker ldquoJatrophatoxicitymdasha reviewrdquo Journal of Toxicology and EnvironmentalHealth B Critical Reviews vol 13 no 6 pp 476ndash507 2010
[136] E P Schenkel M Zannin L A Mentz S A L Bordignonand B Irgang ldquoPlantas toxicasrdquo in Farmacognosia Da Planta
ao Medicamento C M O Simoes E P Schenkel G GosmannJ C P Mello L A Mentz and P R Petrovick Eds pp 959ndash993 Editora da UFRGSUFSC Porto Alegre Brazil 3d edition2007
[137] L I Oliveira F F Jabour V A Nogueira and E M YamasakildquoIntoxicacao experimental com as folhas de Jatropha gossypifo-lia(Euphorbiaceae) em ovinosrdquo Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileiravol 28 no 6 pp 275ndash278 2008
[138] P I A Awachie and F O Ugwu ldquoPreliminary investigationof the antimicrobial and brine shrimp lethality propertiesof some nigerian medicinal plantsrdquo International Journal ofPharmacognosy vol 35 no 5 pp 338ndash343 1997
[139] L J Medubi V O Ukwenya O T Aderinto et al ldquoEffects ofadministration of ethanolic root extract of Jatropha gossypiifoliaand prednisolone on the kidneys of Wistar ratsrdquo ElectronicJournal of Biomedicine vol 2 pp 41ndash48 2010
[140] T Oduola G B Popoola G O Avwioro et al ldquoUse of Jatrophagossypifolia stem latex as a haemostatic agent how safe is itrdquoJournal of Medicinal Plants Reasearch vol 1 no 1 pp 14ndash172007
Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom
Stem CellsInternational
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
MEDIATORSINFLAMMATION
of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Behavioural Neurology
EndocrinologyInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Disease Markers
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
BioMed Research International
OncologyJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
PPAR Research
The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Immunology ResearchHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of
ObesityJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine
OphthalmologyJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Diabetes ResearchJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Research and TreatmentAIDS
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Gastroenterology Research and Practice
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Parkinsonrsquos Disease
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Volume 2014Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom
32 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
[121] S Jain G P Choudhary and D K Jain ldquoPharmacological eval-uation of anti-fertility activity of ethanolic extract of Jatrophagossypifolia leaf in female albino micerdquo Asian Pacific Journal ofTropical Biomedicine vol 2 no 3 pp S1671ndashS1674 2012
[122] S C N Servin O J M Torres J E F Matias et al ldquoAcao doextrato de Jatropha gossypiifolia L (piao roxo) na cicatrizacaode anastomose colonica estudo experimental em ratosrdquo ActaCirurgica Brasileira vol 21 no 3 pp 89ndash96 2006
[123] J R Vale N G Czeczko J U Aquino et al ldquoEstudo compara-tivo da cicatrizacao de gastrorrafias com e sem o uso do extratode Jatropha gossypiifolia L (piao roxo) em ratosrdquoActa CirurgicaBrasileira vol 21 no 3 pp 40ndash48 2006
[124] J U Aquino N G Czeczko O Malafaia et al ldquoAvaliacaofitoterapica da Jatropha gossypiifolia L na cicatrizacao desuturas na parede abdominal ventral de ratosrdquo Acta CirurgicaBrasileira vol 21 no 2 pp 61ndash66 2006
[125] M F D S Santos N G Czeczko P A N Nassif et alldquoAvaliacao do uso do extrato bruto de Jatropha gossypiifolia Lna cicatrizacao de feridas cutaneas em ratosrdquo Acta CirurgicaBrasileira vol 21 no 3 pp 2ndash7 2006
[126] B B Panda K Gaur R K Nema C S Sharma A K Jain andC P Jain ldquoHepatoprotective activity of Jatropha gossypifoliaagainst carbon tetrachloride- induced hepatic injury in ratsrdquoAsian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research vol 2no 1 pp 50ndash54 2009
[127] S S Deo T M Chaudhari and F Inam ldquoEvaluation ofthe immunomodulatory effects of 1-phenylnaphthalene andpericarbonyl lactone lignan compoundsrdquoDer PharmaChemicavol 4 no 2 pp 771ndash776 2012
[128] S K Rasheed S Kunapareddy and R Karthikeyan ldquoLocalanesthetic activity of Jatropha gossypifolia L on frogsrdquo Biomed-ical and Pharmacology Journal vol 5 no 2 pp 395ndash397 2012
[129] AM A Paes A L Camara SM F Freire andMO R BorgesldquoRelaxant effect of Jatropha gossypiifolia L on uterine smoothmusclerdquo International Journal of Phytomedicine vol 4 no 3 pp310ndash313 2012
[130] S J Jain G P Choudhary and D K Jain ldquoPharmacologicalevaluation and antifertility activity of Jatropha gossypifoliain ratsrdquo BioMed Research International vol 2013 Article ID125980 5 pages 2013
[131] J S de Oliveira PM Leite L B de Souza et al ldquoCharacteristicsand composition of Jatropha gossypiifolia and Jatropha curcasL oils and application for biodiesel productionrdquo Biomass andBioenergy vol 33 no 3 pp 449ndash453 2009
[132] V Bullangpoti E Wajnberg P Audant and R FeyereisenldquoAntifeedant activity of Jatropha gossypifolia and Meliaazedarach senescent leaf extracts on Spodoptera frugiperda(Lepidoptera Noctuidae) and their potential use as synergistsrdquoPest Management Science vol 68 no 9 pp 1255ndash1264 2012
[133] S N K JilaniW Islam andM Kamsh ldquoPotential of pyrethroidinsecticides and plant extracts on fecundity and egg viability oftribolium castaneum (Herbst)rdquo Journal of Bio-Science vol 19no 1 pp 95ndash97 2011
[134] D Sukumaran B D Parashar and K M Rao ldquoToxicity of Jat-ropha gossypiifolia and Vaccaria pyramidata against freshwatersnails vectors of animal schistosomiasisrdquo Fitoterapia vol 66 no5 pp 393ndash398 1995
[135] R K Devappa H P S Makkar and K Becker ldquoJatrophatoxicitymdasha reviewrdquo Journal of Toxicology and EnvironmentalHealth B Critical Reviews vol 13 no 6 pp 476ndash507 2010
[136] E P Schenkel M Zannin L A Mentz S A L Bordignonand B Irgang ldquoPlantas toxicasrdquo in Farmacognosia Da Planta
ao Medicamento C M O Simoes E P Schenkel G GosmannJ C P Mello L A Mentz and P R Petrovick Eds pp 959ndash993 Editora da UFRGSUFSC Porto Alegre Brazil 3d edition2007
[137] L I Oliveira F F Jabour V A Nogueira and E M YamasakildquoIntoxicacao experimental com as folhas de Jatropha gossypifo-lia(Euphorbiaceae) em ovinosrdquo Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileiravol 28 no 6 pp 275ndash278 2008
[138] P I A Awachie and F O Ugwu ldquoPreliminary investigationof the antimicrobial and brine shrimp lethality propertiesof some nigerian medicinal plantsrdquo International Journal ofPharmacognosy vol 35 no 5 pp 338ndash343 1997
[139] L J Medubi V O Ukwenya O T Aderinto et al ldquoEffects ofadministration of ethanolic root extract of Jatropha gossypiifoliaand prednisolone on the kidneys of Wistar ratsrdquo ElectronicJournal of Biomedicine vol 2 pp 41ndash48 2010
[140] T Oduola G B Popoola G O Avwioro et al ldquoUse of Jatrophagossypifolia stem latex as a haemostatic agent how safe is itrdquoJournal of Medicinal Plants Reasearch vol 1 no 1 pp 14ndash172007
Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom
Stem CellsInternational
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
MEDIATORSINFLAMMATION
of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Behavioural Neurology
EndocrinologyInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Disease Markers
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
BioMed Research International
OncologyJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
PPAR Research
The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Immunology ResearchHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of
ObesityJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine
OphthalmologyJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Diabetes ResearchJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Research and TreatmentAIDS
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Gastroenterology Research and Practice
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Parkinsonrsquos Disease
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Volume 2014Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom
Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom
Stem CellsInternational
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
MEDIATORSINFLAMMATION
of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Behavioural Neurology
EndocrinologyInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Disease Markers
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
BioMed Research International
OncologyJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
PPAR Research
The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Immunology ResearchHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Journal of
ObesityJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine
OphthalmologyJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Diabetes ResearchJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Research and TreatmentAIDS
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Gastroenterology Research and Practice
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Parkinsonrsquos Disease
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Volume 2014Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom
