Review Article A Review on Antiulcer Activity of Few ...downloads.hindawi.com/journals/ijmicro/2014/519590.pdf · some medicinal plants which may be used in ayurvedic as well as modern

Review ArticleA Review on Antiulcer Activity of Few Indian Medicinal Plants

G Vimala and F Gricilda Shoba

PG amp Research Department of Zoology Voorhees College Vellore Tamilnadu 632001 India

Correspondence should be addressed to F Gricilda Shoba gricildashobagmailcom

Received 25 January 2014 Revised 22 April 2014 Accepted 22 April 2014 Published 25 May 2014

Academic Editor Sudarsan Mukhopadhyay

Copyright copy 2014 G Vimala and F Gricilda Shoba This is an open access article distributed under the Creative CommonsAttribution License which permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work isproperly cited

Ulcer is a common gastrointestinal disorder which is seen among many people It is basically an inflamed break in the skin or themucus membrane lining the alimentary tract Ulceration occurs when there is a disturbance of the normal equilibrium caused byeither enhanced aggression or diminished mucosal resistance It may be due to the regular usage of drugs irregular food habitsstress and so forth Peptic ulcers are a broad term that includes ulcers of digestive tract in the stomach or the duodenum Theformation of peptic ulcers depends on the presence of acid and peptic activity in gastric juice plus a breakdown inmucosal defensesA number of synthetic drugs are available to treat ulcers But these drugs are expensive and are likely to produce more side effectswhen compared to herbal medicines The literature revealed that many medicinal plants and polyherbal formulations are used forthe treatment of ulcer by various ayurvedic doctors and traditional medicinal practitioners The ideal aims of treatment of pepticulcer disease are to relieve pain heal the ulcer and delay ulcer recurrence In this review attempts have been made to know aboutsome medicinal plants which may be used in ayurvedic as well as modern science for the treatment or prevention of peptic ulcer

1 Introduction

Ulcers are an open sore of the skin or mucus membranecharacterized by sloughing of inflamed dead tissue [1] Ulcersare lesions on the surface of the skin or a mucous membranecharacterized by a superficial loss of tissue Ulcers are mostcommon on the skin of the lower extremities and in thegastrointestinal tract although they may be encountered atalmost any site There are many types of ulcer such as mouthulcer esophagus ulcer peptic ulcer and genital ulcer Of thesepeptic ulcer is seen among many people The peptic ulcersare erosion of lining of stomach or the duodenum [2] Thetwo most common types of peptic ulcer are called ldquogastriculcerrdquo and ldquoduodenal ulcerrdquo The name refers to the site ofulceration A person may have both gastric and duodenalulcers at the same time Gastric ulcers are located in thestomach characterized by pain ulcers are common in olderage group Eating may increase pain rather than relieve painOther symptoms may include nausea vomiting and weightloss Although patients with gastric ulcers have normal ordiminished acid production yet ulcers may occur even incomplete absence of acid [3] Duodenal ulcers are found at

the beginning of small intestine and are characterized bysevere pain with burning sensation in upper abdomen thatawakens patients from sleep Generally pain occurs when thestomach is empty and relieves after eating A duodenal ulceris more common in younger individuals and predominantlyaffects males In the duodenum ulcers may appear on boththe anterior and posterior walls [4] In some cases pepticulcer can be life threatening with symptoms like bloody stoolsevere abdominal pain and cramps along with vomitingblood [5]

The pathophysiology of peptic ulcer disease involves animbalance between offensive (acid pepsin and Helicobacterpylori) and defensive factors (mucin prostaglandin bicar-bonate nitric oxide and growth factors) [6] Peptic ulcersare once believed to be caused by spicy food and stress thesehave been foundmerely to be aggravating factors and the realcauses have been found by research to include bacterial infec-tion (Helicobacter pylori) or reaction to various medicationsparticularlyNSAIDS (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs)[7] Helicobacter pylori NSAIDS drugs emotional stressalcohol abuse and smoking are the principal etiologicalfactors associated with peptic ulcer [8] The Gram-negative

Hindawi Publishing CorporationInternational Journal of MicrobiologyVolume 2014 Article ID 519590 14 pageshttpdxdoiorg1011552014519590

2 International Journal of Microbiology

bacterium Helicobacter pylori remains present between themucous layer and the gastric epithelium and is strategicallydesigned to live within the aggressive environment of thestomach Initially Helicobacter pylori resides in the antrumbut over time migrates toward the more proximal segmentsof the stomach [9]

Peptic ulcer is one of the worldrsquos major gastrointestinaldisorders and affecting 10 of the world population [10]About 19 out of 20 peptic ulcers are duodenal An estimated15000 deaths occur each year as a consequence of peptic ulcerAnnual incidence estimates of peptic ulcer hemorrhage andperforation were 194ndash57 and 38ndash14 per 100000 individualsrespectively The average 7-day recurrence of hemorrhagewas 139 and the average long-term recurrence of perfora-tion was 122 [11] In the Indian pharmaceutical industryantacids and antiulcer drugs share 62 billion rupees andoccupy 43 of the market share [6]

In this modern era also 75ndash80 of the world populationsstill use herbal medicine mainly in developing countries forprimary health care because of better cultural acceptabilitybetter compatibility with the human body and lesser sideeffects [12] Histological studies revealed that these medicinalplants did not show any acute toxicity Preliminary pho-tochemical screening of this medicinal plant identified thepresence of important secondary metabolites like flavonoidsand tannins which are the active principles of antiulceractivity [13]

Present study was conducted to review medicinal plantsconsidered as gastroprotective and healing agents on ulcersin ayurvedic resources and beside that to gather evidencefor their effectiveness and biological mechanisms in moderninvestigation

In order to achieve this aim Indian ayurvedic bookMete-ria Medica and electronic databases including science directpubmed scopus and google scholar were explored for each ofthemedicinal plants for peptic ulcers and all retrieved articleswere evaluated to achieve any in vitro in vivo or clinicalevidence for their efficacy and possible mechanisms Theretrieved studies either demonstrate obviously effectivenessof these herbs or indirectly their efficacy on the involvedmechanisms in the treatment of peptic ulcers

Meteria Medica provides lots of information about ethnomedicinal herbs which are valuable as antiulcer agents andtheir use experimentally was evaluated and proved by manyresearchers for its antiulcer activity Following compiled datasuggested that medicinal plant those are evidently reportedfor its antiulcer activity

2 Findings and Discussion

21 Acacia arabica Acacia arabica (family Mimosaceae)is common all over India in dry and sandy localities Itis commonly known as ldquobabul treerdquo and locally called asldquokaruvelamrdquo Chemical constituents reported in this plantare gum containing arabic acid combined with calciummagnesium and potassium and also small quantity of malic

acid sugar moisture 14 and ash 3-4 Bark contains a largequantity of tannin pods contain about 2244 tannin [14]

211 Antiulcer Activity

In Ayurvedic As gargle it is useful as wash in haemorrhagiculcer and wounds Bruised tender leaves formed into apoultice and applied to ulcers act as stimulant and astringent[14]

In Recent Studies Acacia senegal gum protected againstcold restraint stress-induced gastric ulcer in rats [15] Aque-ous extract of A arabica gum showed protection againstmeloxicam-induced intestinal damage and attenuated intesti-nal enzymes activity [16]

Active Constituents Phenolic compounds tannins andflavonoids are considered

22 Adansonia digitata Adansonia digitata belonging tothe family Malvaceae is commonly known as ldquoboabab ormonkey-bread tree of Africardquo It is locally known as ldquopapara-pulirdquo It is one of the largest and long-lived trees in theworld met with chiefly in Bombay Gujarat and CoromandalCoast and Ceylon Chemical constituents in this plant arePulp that contains phobaphenes mucilage and gum glucosetartrate and acetate of potash and other salts A leaf containswax glucose salts gum and albuminoids Bark containswax soluble and insoluble tannin acid gum albuminouscarbonate and chloride of sodium and potassium and aglucoside adansonin [17]


In Ayurvedic Fresh juice of the leaves mixed with powderedginger together with the expressed juice of the fresh rootof Salvadora indica is applied with considerable benefit toindolent syphilitic ulcer Leaves are used as fomentations andpoultices for irritable inflammatory ulcers [17]

23 Aegle marmelos Aegle marmelos which is commonlyknown as a ldquobael treerdquo belonging to the family Rutaceae isthe plant that chiefly grows on throughout India It is locallycalled as ldquovilvamrdquo Chemical constituents in this plant areflavonoids tannins and saponins [18]


In Folk Medicine The fruit of A marmelos is traditionallyused for the treatment of ulcer among the kani tribes inKanyakumari district Tamil Nadu India [18]

In Recent Studies Ulcers are induced by aspirin plus pylorusligated gastric ulceration in rats and aqueous extract of leavesis to be administered orally for 21 days daily dose of 1 gmkg

International Journal of Microbiology 3

The result indicated a significant reduction in the ulcer lesioncount compared to control [19]

Active Constituents Luvangetin a pyranocoumarin isolatedfrom the seeds [20] is considered

24 Allium sativum Allium sativum belonging to the familyLiliaceae is commonly known as ldquogarlicrdquo and locally calledas ldquovellapundurdquo It is cultivated all over India Chemicalconstituents in this plant arean acrid volatile oil which isthe active principle starch mucilage albumen and sugarSeeds yield aromatic oil The juice more particularly its oilconstituents is rich in organically bound sulphur iodine andsalicylic acid combinations apart from important nutrientand complementary substances containing vitamins [21]


In Ayurvedic Mustard or coconut oil in which garlic has beenfried is an excellent application for maggots infesting ulcersulcerated surfaces and wounds Garlic juice mixed with 3 or4 parts of ordinary or distilled water has been used as a lotionfor washing wounds and foul ulcers [21]

In Recent Studies The extract of A sativum bulb juice wasadministered at the doses of 250 and 500mgkg orally inrats against cysteamine induced gastric ulcerThe extract sig-nificantly increases healing of gastric ulcer and prevents thedevelopment of experimentally induced gastric and duodenalulcers in rats [22]

Active Constituents Volatile oil alliin and allicin are consid-ered

25 Aloe vera Aloe vera belonging to the family Liliaceae iscommonly known as ldquoaloe gelrdquo It is locally called ldquokattalairdquowhich is found all over India Chemical constituents in thisplant are aloin isobarbaloin and emodin [23]


In Ayurvedic Leaves are being used successfully in Americain the local treatment of chronic ulcers First the paindiminishes and after a few weeks the ulcers heal [23]

In Recent Studies Aloe vera powder was mixed with gumacacia the solution was administered orally in rats at dose of200mgkg against indomethacin induced gastric ulcer Theextract showed significant antiulcer activity comparable tocontrol [24]

Active Constituents Barbalin isobarbolin and saponins areconsidered

26 Annona squamosa Annona squamosa (Annonaceae)is commonly known as ldquocustard applerdquo It is cultivated ingardens all over India which is locally called as ldquositapalamrdquoChemical constituents in this plant are alkaloids flavonoids

saponins and tannins Seeds yield oil and resin seeds leavesand immature fruit contain an acrid principle [25]


In Ayurvedic Leaves made into a paste without adding waterare applied to unhealthy ulcers [25]

In Recent Studies The aqueous leaf extract protected againstpylorus ligation and ethanol induced gastric ulcer in rats [26]

Active Constituents Tannic acid is considered

27 Azadirachta indica Azadirachta indica (family Meli-aceae) is indigenous to and cultivated nearly all over Indiaand in Bengal It is commonly known as ldquoneemrdquo and locallycalled ldquovemburdquo Chemical constituents reported in this plantare nimbidin phenolic compounds saponin and flavonoidsIt contains a bitter alkaloid named Margosine Seeds containabout 10ndash31 of a yellow bitter fixed oil The oil containsfree and volatile fatty acids The volatile fatty acids probablyconsist of a mixture of stearic and oleic acids with a smallamount of lauric acid [27]


In Ayurvedic A poultice of leaves mixed with sesamum seedsis very useful in unhealthy ulcerations [27]

In Recent Studies Azadirachta indica leaf extract protectedagainst pylorus ligation and cold restraint stress inducedgastric ulcer in rats [28]

Active Constituents Stearic and palmitic acid isolated fromthe nimbidin fraction of neem seeds oil is considered [29]

28 Balsamodendron mukul Balsamodendron mukul (Burs-eraceae) is commonly known as ldquogum-gugulrdquo It is grownon the Sind Rajputana Eastern Bengal Berars AssamKhandesh and Mysore which is locally called ldquogukkulurdquoChemical constituents in this plant are volatile oil gum-resinand bitter principles [30]


In Ayurvedic Guggul gum ismixedwith lime juice or coconutoil it is applied as a plaster or in the form of a lotionin indolent ulcers Gum obtained from other species Bpubescens found in Sind Karachi and Baluchistan is used asointment in bad ulcers such as Delhi sores combined withsulphur catechu and borax [30]

29 Bauhinia variegate Bauhinia variegate (family Cae-salpiniaceae) is indigenous to and grow on the Sub-Himalayan tract and the forests of India and Burma It iscommonly known as ldquoorchid treerdquo and locally called ldquoshem-mandarairdquo Chemical constituents reported in this plant are


quercetin rutin apigenin and apigenin 7-0-glucoside Barkcontains tannin (tannic acid) glucose and a brownish gum[31]


In Ayurvedic Decoction of the bark is a useful wash in ulcersA preparation known as kanchanara guggula made of thefollowing ingredients is useful in ulcers take the bark ofBauhinia variegate (10 parts) 3 myrobalans ginger black-pepper long-pepper bark of Crataeva nurvala cardamomscinnamon and Tejpatra leaves each one part Powder themall and add guggula (15 parts) to make a pill mass Thisis given in doses of half a tola every morning with adecoction of Sphaeranthus mollis or of Triphala or of catechu[31]

In Recent Studies The ethanolic and aqueous extract of rootof B variegate was administered at the doses of 200 and400mgkg orally in rats against pylorus ligation ethanoland aspirin induced gastric ulcer The extract significantlyinhibited gastric mucosal damage and reduced the basalgastric acid secretion [32]

Active Constituents Flavonoids are considered

210 Berberis aristata Berberis aristata (family Berberi-daceae) is grown on the Nilgiris and all over the temperateHimalayas from Bhutan to Kunawer It is commonly knownas ldquoIndian orNepal barberryrdquo and locally called ldquokasturiman-jalrdquo Chemical constituents reported in this plant are rootsand wood which are rich in a yellow alkaloid ldquoberberinerdquobitter substance which dissolves in acids and forms salts ofthe alkaloid root contains two more alkaloids [33]


In Ayurvedic Crude extracts known as rasaut (in Hindi) areprepared from the root bark mixed with honey is usefulapplication to ulcerations of the skin [33]

211 Beta vulgaris Beta vulgaris (Chenopodiaceae) is com-monly known as ldquobeetrootrdquo It is native of the sea-coasts oftreeMediterranean now extensively cultivated in Europe andAmerica and is known as sugar-beet It is also cultivated ingardens in many parts of India for the sake of its flesh rootsand leaves There are two kinds white and red Chemicalconstituents in this plant are an active principle ldquobetinrdquo [34]


In Ayurvedic A decoction of the root with a little vinegaradded is excellent for all kinds of ulcers and running sores[34]

212 Careya arborea Careya arborea (Myrtaceae) is com-monly known as ldquoslow match treerdquo It is locally called

ldquopailacputatammirdquo It is frequent in Sub-Himalayan tractChemical constituents in this plant are thick red bark contain-ing tannin 8 Liber contains calcium oxalate in large simplecrystals [35]


In Ayurvedic Leaves made into a pulp and used as poultice 3to 4 times a day rapidly heal obstinate ulcers [35]

In Recent Studies The ethanol stem bark extract of C arboreawas administered at the doses of 300 and 600mgkg orallyin rats for 5 days against ethanol cold restraint stress andpylorus ligation induced ulcer models The extract signif-icantly increases healing of gastric ulcer as compared tocontrol [36]

Active Constituents Tannins and saponins are considered

213 Carica papaya Carica papaya (Caricaceae) is com-monly known as ldquopapayardquo It is locally called ldquopapali-pazhamrdquoIt grows in all tropical countries andmany subtropical regionsof the world Chemical constituents in this plant are Papainchymopapain pectin carposide carpaine carotenoids andantheraxanthin [37]


In Folk Medicine It is largely used in tropical folk medicinesThe ripe fruit is edible and unripe can be eaten cooked forindolent ulcer The unripe fruit can be cooked as parts ofsalads jellies and stews while the ripe fruits are usually eatenraw without the skin or seed Intake of the unripe fruit of theplant has been linked with an antiulcer effect [37]

In Recent Studies The aqueous seed extract of C papaya wasadministered at the doses of 50 and 100mgkg orally in ratsagainst ethanol induced gastric ulcer The extract protectedthe gastric mucosa against ethanol effect C papaya extractsignificantly reduced the gastric juice volume and gastricacidity [38]

Active Constituents Chymopapain and papain are widelyknown as being useful for digestive disorders and distur-bances of the gastrointestinal tract [39]

214 Euphorbia neriifolia Euphorbia neriifolia (Eurphor-biaceae) is commonly known as ldquocommon milk hedgerdquo Itis locally called ldquoilaikkallirdquo This leafless shrub is found inCentral India and cultivated in Bengal Chemical constituentsin this plant are Euphorbon resin gum caoutchouc malateof calcium and so forth [40]


In Ayurvedic Plant juice is largely used with clarified or freshbutter as an application to unhealthy ulcers and scabies [40]


215 Ficus religiosa Ficus religiosa (Urticaceae) is commonlyknown as ldquosacred figrdquo It is locally called ldquoarasha-maramrdquoThissacred peepul is a large tree round wild and cultivated allover India by the Hindus Chemical constituents in this plantare bark containing tannin caoutchouc (cochtone) and wax[41]


In Ayurvedic Bark is useful in ulcers in infusion or decoction(simple kashayam) with a little honey [41]

In Recent Studies The hydro alcoholic extract leaves of Freligiosa were studied at two dose levels (250 and 500mgkgoral) in rats against absolute ethanol aspirin and pylorusligation induced gastric ulcer The extract significantlydecreases the ulcer index value when compared to control[42]

Active Constituents Bioactive compounds like flavonoidssaponins and tannins are considered [43]

216 Galega purpurea Galega purpurea (Papilionaceae) iscommonly known as ldquopurple tephrosiardquo It is locally calledldquokolluk-kay-welairdquo It is found throughout India especially inSouthern India It grows on hard stony ground too difficultto be rooted Chemical constituents in this plant are yieldsgum a trace of albumen and colouringmatter ash containinga trace of manganese brown resin and chlorophyll and aprinciple allied to quercetin or querritrin and glucoside rutin[44]


InAyurvedic Root powdered andmixedwith honey is appliedto ulcers [44]

217 Hibiscus rosa sinensis Hibiscus rosa sinensis (Mal-vaceae) is commonly known as ldquochanging roserdquo It is locallycalled ldquochembaruthirdquo It is native to China and grown widelyas an ornamental plant through India Chemical constituentsin this plant are flavonoids anthocyanins quercetin cyani-din kaempferol and hydrocitric acid [45]


In Folk Medicine The root of H rosa sinensis is traditionallyused for the treatment of ulcer among the kani tribes inKanyakumari district Tamil Nadu India [45]

In Recent Studies The aqueous and alcohol extracts of Hrosa sinensis roots possessed significant antiulcer activity inpylorus ligated rats at the doses of 250 and 500mgkg Thusit has been scientifically proven that these extracts possessenough potential as an antiulcerogenic agent [46]

Active Constituents Flavonoids and quercetin are considered

218 Hydrocotyle asiatica Hydrocotyle asiatica (Umbellif-erae) is commonly known as ldquoIndian penny-wortrdquo It is locallycalled ldquovaellarairdquo This small weed is common all over Indiagrowing plentifully in moist localities Chemical constituentsin this plant are an oleaginous white crystalline substancevellarin which is the active principle of the leaves resins andsome fatty aromatic body gum sugar tannin albuminousmatter and salts mostly alkaline sulphates [47]


In Ayurvedic For ulcerations the powder in 3 to 5 graindoses may be given thrice daily at the same time some of thepowdermay be sprinkled on the ulcers or preferably poulticesof the fresh leaves may be applied [47]

219 Indigofera tinctoria Indigofera tinctoria (Papilionaceae)is commonly known as ldquotrue indigordquo It is locally calledldquoneelum avarirdquo This small erect shrub is cultivated exten-sively in Northern India especially in Bengal Bihar OrissaSind Oudh Southern India Madras and Bombay Chemicalconstituents in this plant are Indican (a glucoside) the oxi-dized form of Luc-indigo or Indigo-white what is producedfrom the fermentation of the fresh green plant [48]


In Ayurvedic Leaves crushed are used as stimulant poulticeor plaster in various skin affections and to cleanse and toheal wounds and ulcers Powdered indigo is also used forsprinkling on ulcers [48]

220 Lawsonia alba Lawsonia alba (Lythraceae) is com-monly known as ldquohennardquo It is locally called ldquomaruthonirdquo Itis common all over India cultivated chiefly as a hedge andgarden plant Chemical constituents in this plant are leavesthat yield a colouring matter (henna dye) 12 to 15 Hannotannic acid a kind of tannin and an olive green resin solublein ether and alcohol Seeds yield oilThere is also glucoside inthe plant [49]


In Ayurvedic An ointment prepared from the leaves is usedto cure wounds and ulcers [49]

221 Mangifera indica Mangifera indica (Anacardiaceae) iscommonly known as ldquomango treerdquo It is locally called ldquoman-gaairdquo It is cultivated throughout India Chemical constituentsin this plant are alkaloids sterols saponins tannins andflavonoids [50]



In Ayurvedic Leaf extracts were dissolved in rice bran oil andgiven orally for ulcer Traditionally the plant is reported tohave antiulcer activity [50]

In Recent Studies The flower decoction was administered inthe doses of 250 500 and 1000mgkg orally in rats withgastric lesions in dose-dependent manner Thus the extractsignificantly reduced the gastric juice volume and gastricacidity [51]

Active Constituents Mangiferin [52] is considered

222 Mimosa pudica Mimosa pudica (Fabaceae) is com-monly known as ldquotouch me notrdquo It is locally called ldquothottalsinungeerdquo It grows in all tropical countries and many sub-tropical regions of the world Chemical constituents in thisplant are flavonoids quercitin naringin saponins tanninsgums and mucilage [53]


In Ayurvedic Decoction of the fresh leaves and seeds areconsumed for intestinal ulcer [53]

In Recent Studies Ethanolic extract of the leaves of Mimosapudica have been reported to possess antiulcer activityin a dose-dependent manner and these leaf extracts maybe useful as a natural antioxidant in treatment of ulcer[54]

Active Constituents Alkaloid mimosine is considered

223 Momordica charantia Momordica charantia (Cucur-bitaceae) is commonly known as ldquobitter gourdrdquo It is locallycalled as ldquopavakka-chedirdquo This climbing plant is cultivatedin gardens everywhere in India for its fruit Chemicalconstituents in this plant are bitter glucoside soluble inwater and insoluble in ether a yellow acid resin and ash6 Fresh vegetable contains 8875 moisture albuminoids162 soluble carbohydrates 8541 woody fiber 151 andash 853 [55]


In Ayurvedic Whole plant powdered is used for dustingover leprous and other intractable ulcers and in healingwounds when mixed with cinnamon long pepper rice andchaulmugra oil it forms a good ointment in malignant ulcers[55]

In Recent Studies Alcoholic and aqueous extract of Mcharantia fruit at the doses of 200 and 400mgkg separatelyare used against pylorus ligation aspirin and stress induced

ulcer in rats These extracts showed significant reduction inulcer index as compared to control [56]

Active Constituents Flavonoids saponins and sterols areconsidered

224 Moringa oleifera Moringa oleifera (Moringaceae) iscommonly known as ldquodrum-stick horse radish treerdquo It islocally called ldquomurungairdquo It is native to the Western andsub-Himalayan region India Pakistan Asia minor Africaand Arabia Chemical constituents in this plant are alkaloidsflavonoids saponin tannins zeatin quercetin kaempferomand terpenoids [45]


In Folk Medicine The medicinal value of the different partsof the plant has long been recognized in folklore medicineThe leaf tea treats gastric ulcers by Kani tribals of PechiparaiHills Tamil Nadu India Flower buds ofM oleifera arewidelyconsumed in Pakistan and have been reported to possessantiulcer activity [45]

In Recent Studies The alcoholic leaves extract of M oleiferawas administered in the doses of 125 250 and 500mgkgorally in rats against pylorus ligation ethanol cold restraintstress and aspirin induced gastric ulcer The extract showeddecreases in ulcer and acid pepsin secretion [57]

Active Constituents Quercetin beta sitosterol and betacarotene are considered

225 Myrica nagi Myrica nagi (Myricaceae) is commonlyknown as ldquobox myrtle bay-berryrdquo It is locally calledldquomarudam-pattairdquo It is an evergreen plant of the subtropicalHimalayas Simla District SyIhet and southwards to Singa-pore and found also in the Khasia Mountains and the hillsof Burma This is a very commonly cultivated tree in Chinaand Japan Chemical constituents in this plant are bark thatcontains tannin saccharine matter and salts The groundbark yields a colouring principle named ldquomyricotinrdquo [58]


In Ayurvedic A poultice made by bruising the bark andsimmering it inwater and stirring in Indianmeal till it obtainsthe proper consistence cures scrofulous ulcers (Tukina)Fruits when boiled yield a kind of wax called myrtle waxwhich is used as a healing application to ulcers [58]

226 Myrtus communis Myrtus communis (Myrtaceae) iscommonly known as ldquomyrtlerdquo It is cultivated in many parts(in gardens) of India Chemical constituents in this plantare ripe berries that contain an essential volatile oil (oil ofMyrtle) resin tannin citric acid malic acid and sugar [59]



In Ayurvedic Powder of leaves is a useful application inwounds and ulcersThe fruitMyrtle berry is carminative andgiven in the form of infusion for internal ulcerations [59]

In Recent Studies A topical formulation of M communisin low doses demonstrated wound healing activity in ratexcision wounds [60] M communis fruits protected againstgastric ulcer caused by ethanol indomethacin and pylorusligation in rats via suppressing gastric secretion and acidityand enhancing its mucosal barrier [61]

Active Constituents Myrtle (Volatile oil) is considered

227 Ocimum sanctum Ocimum sanctum (Lamiaceae) iscommonly known as ldquoholy basilrdquo It is locally called ldquotulsirdquoIt grows throughout India The name Tulsi means ldquotheincomparable onerdquo It is one of the sacred herbs for Hindus inthe Indian subcontinent Chemical constituents in this plantare alkaloids tannins saponins flavonoids and sterols [62]


In Ayurvedic Indian materia medica describes the use of theplant in a variety of ailments The fresh leaves are taken asPrasad by millions of Indian for many years A tea preparedwith the leaves of Tulsi is commonly used for intestinaldisorders [62]

In Recent Studies The fixed oil of O sanctum was adminis-tered in the doses of 1 2 and 3mLkg intraperitoneally inthe rats in which ulcer is induced by aspirin indomethacinalcohol and stress-induced ulceration It reduces the ulcerindex in dose-dependent manner [63]

Active Constituents Fixed oil eugenol [64] is considered

228 Odina wodier Odina wodier (Anacardiaceae) is com-monly known as ldquoodiyamaramrdquo It is cultivated generally inhotter parts of IndiaChemical constituents in this plant arebarks that contain tannin and ash that contains considerablequantity of potassium carbonate [65]


In Ayurvedic Fresh juice of the bark is a valuable applicationto obstinate ulcers Bark powdered mixed with neem oil isan application for chronic ulcers Powdered bark is used as apaste for leprous ulcers [65]

229 Oryza sativa Oryza sativa (Gramineae) is commonlyknown as ldquorice paddyrdquo It is locally called ldquoarshi nellurdquo Itgrows throughout IndiaThis is a principal food crop of IndiaCeylon Burma China Japan and Siam and is spread overthe tropical and subtropical regions of both hemispheresChemical constituents in this plant are rice that containsmorestarch than any other starchy grains but no appreciable fat a

very small quantity of proteins and a trace of mineral matter[66]


InAyurvedicWhere there is an irritable or inflammatory stateof the stomach rice gruel or conjee water as it is commonlycalled (Decoction 1 in 40) or thicker liquid made by boilingthe rice powder in water with a pinch of salt and a squeezeof lemon makes a good drink and without the lime-juiceand salt in gastric ulcer Schnabel in American Journal ofMedical Science reports good results from the use of rice-water mixture in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers[66]

In Recent Studies The extract of O sativa bran (rice bran oil)was administered at the dose of 1mLday for 4 days againstswimming stress induced and pylorus ligation induced ulcerin rats The extract showed significant reduction in the basalgastric acid secretion [67]

230 Peucedanum grande Peucedanum grande (Umbellif-erae) is commonly known as ldquowild carrotrdquo It is found on thehills ofWestern India Chemical constituents in this plant arefruits that contain an essential oil of a light yellow colour [68]


In Ayurvedic Infusion (1 in 10) of fruit is used in doses of 12to 1 ounce like that of fennel seeds as carminative gastric andintestinal disorders and so forth [68]

231 Phyllanthus niruri Phyllanthus niruri (Euphorbiaceae)is commonly known as ldquostonebreaker or seed-under-leafrdquo Itis locally called ldquokizhkay nellirdquo It is common in Central andSouthern India extending to Ceylon Chemical constituentsin this plant are alkaloids saponins tannins flavonoidscarbohydrates and glycosides [69]


In Ayurvedic Whole plant pounded with its root and com-bined with rice water is used as poultice for ulcers [69]

In Recent StudiesThemetanolic aerial part extract of P niruriwas administered at the dose of 400mgkg orally in rats andsignificantly inhibited the development of ulcer induced byindomethacin [70]

Active Constituents Alkaloids-4-methoxy-securinine ellagicacid beta sitosterol gallic acid and hypophyllanthin areconsidered

232 Pinus longifolia Pinus longifolia (Coniferae) is com-monly known as ldquolong-leaved pinerdquo It is locally calledldquoshirsalrdquo It is common on the slopes of the Himalayas NorthWestern Frontier Province fromAfghanistan to Kashmir the


Punjab UP to Bhutan Assam and Upper and Lower BurmaChemical constituents Its sapwood yields on incision anoleoresin from which turpentine is obtained which contains20 volatile oil of turpentine called pinene with a smallquantity of limonene and about 80 of residue which is verylargely used under the name of calophony or resin [71]


In Ayurvedic Wood is useful to cool the burning sensation ofthe body and as an application in ulcerations It is the sourceof the resin usually employed as a stimulating application forulcers [71]

233 Plantago ispagula Plantago ispagula (Plantaginaceae)is commonly known as ldquospogel seedsrdquo It is locally calledldquoishappukolvirairdquo This Persian herb is found also in North-West India the Punjab and Sind and cultivated to a smallextent in Bengal Mysore and Coromandel Coast The genusPlantago comprises about 50 species of which ten are nativesof India Chemical constituents in this plant are Mucilagefixed fatty oil and albuminousmatter in large quantities [72]


In Ayurvedic The decoction in doses of 2 to 3 drachms plainormixed with sugar is very beneficial in gastritis gastric andduodenal ulcers [72]

234 Psidium guyava Psidium guyava (Myrtaceae) is com-monly known as ldquoguavardquo It is locally called ldquokoyyardquoThis treeis cultivated nearly all over India and is common in BengalChemical constituents in this plant are bark that containstannin 274 resin and crystals of calcium oxalate Leavescontain resin fat cellulose tannin volatile oil chlorophylland mineral salts [73]


In Ayurvedic Locally decoction of the leaves is employed inunhealthy ulcers and is an efficacious gargle for swollen gumsand ulceration of the mouth [73]

In Recent Studies The methanol leaf extract of P guyava wasadministered at the doses of 500 and 1000mgkg orally in ratsfor 10 days against ethanol induced gastric ulcer The extractsignificantly decreases in ulcer indices compared to control[74]

Active Constituents Quercetin guaijaverin flavonoids andgalactose-specific lecithins are considered

235 Rhus coriaria Rhus coriaria (Anacardiaceae) is com-monly known as ldquosumachrdquo It is native to southern EuropeChemical constituents in this plant are ellagic acid gallic acidisoquercitrin myricitrin and tannic acid [75]


In Ayurvedic It is generally used in the form of powder orextract dose of the powder is 20 to 30 grains Locally the pastemixed with charcoal powder is applied to unhealthy ulcers[75]

In Recent Studies The hydro alcoholic extract of R coriariawas administered at the doses of 145 and 248mgkg orallyin rats against ethanol induced gastric ulcer The extractsignificantly increases the healing of gastric ulcers [76]

Active Constituents Flavonoids and tannins are considered

236 Sesbania grandiflora Sesbania grandiflora (Fabaceae)is commonly known as ldquobasnardquo It is locally called ldquoakathirdquo Itis an ornamental plant and is found in the plains of WesternHimalayas to Sri Lanka Chemical constituents in this plantare saponins tannins and triterpenes [77]


In Folk Medicine Sesbania grandiflora leaves prepared inthe form of soup and taken orally by the Valaiyan tribe ofAlagarkoil Hills Madurai district Tamil Nadu India areused as vermifuge and against peptic ulcer 50mL of leafdecoction is taken orally on an empty stomach as vermifugeand against stomach ailments by tribal and rural people ofSirumalai Hills Dindigul district Tamil Nadu India Leavesare boiled in cow milk and orally taken in Kikuku villageMuleba district Tanzania for treatment of peptic ulcers Theboiled leaves are taken orally for ulcer by Paliyar tribals inDindigul district of Tamil Nadu India [77]

In Recent StudiesThe ethanol leaf extract of S grandiflorawasadministered at the dose of 400mgkg orally in rats againstaspirin ethanol and indomethacin induced gastric ulcerTheextract significantly inhibited gastric mucosal damage andreduced the basal gastric acid secretion [78]


237 Shorea robusta Shorea robusta (Dipterocarpaceae) iscommonly known as ldquosal treerdquo It is locally called ldquotaloorakungiliyamrdquo It is common in the sub-Himalayan regions andthe forests of Western Bengal Chemical constituents in thisplant are ursolic acid tri and tetrehydroxy ursenoic acidAsiatic acid alpha and beta amyrin and mangiferonic aciduvaol [79]


In Ayurvedic Take S robusta 5 Cinnabar 2 Mastiche 3Calamus draco 3 and Ghee (10 parts) Mix and make anointment it is used for foetid ulcers [79]

In Recent Studies The extract of S robusta was administeredat the doses of 150 and 300mgkg orally in rats against ethanol


and pylorus ligation induced gastric ulcer The extract signif-icantly increases the gastroprotective activity as compared tocontrol [80]

Active Constituents Ursolic acid and amyrin are considered

238 Solanum nigrum Solanum nigrum (Solanaceae) iscommonly known as ldquoblack nightshade berriesrdquo It is locallycalled ldquomanathakkali keerairdquo It is cultivated throughoutIndia Chemical constituents in this plant are alkaloidssaponins flavonoids and phytosterols [81]


In Folk Medicine The fresh leaves are consumed for intestinalulcer by Paliyar tribals inDindugal district TamilNadu India[81]

In Recent Studies Aqueous leaf extract of Solanum nigrumprotected against pylorus ligation induced gastric ulcers inrats [82]


239 Tamarindus indica Tamarindus indica (Caesalpini-aceae) is commonly known as ldquotamarind treerdquo It is locallycalled ldquopuli puliyam-pazhamrdquo This evergreen tree which isindigenous to South India is cultivated throughout India andBurma Chemical constituents in this plant are pulp thatcontains tartaric acid 5 citric acid 4 malic and aceticacids tartaric of potassium 8 invert sugar 25ndash40 gumand pectin Seeds contain albuminoids fat carbohydrates6322 fibre and ash containing phosphorus and nitrogenFruit contains traces of oxalic acid [83]


In Ayurvedic Decoction of the leaves is used as a wash forindolent ulcers and promotes healthy action [83]

In Recent Studies The methanolic extract of the seed coat ofT indica at doses of 100 and 200mgkg significantly reducesthe total volume of gastric juice and free and total acidity ofgastric secretion in pylorus ligation induced ulcer model ascompared to control [84]

Active Constituents Tannins are considered

240 Terminalia chebula Terminalia chebula (Combre-taceae) is commonly known as ldquomyrobalan Ink-nut gullnutrdquoIt is locally called ldquokaduk-kairdquoThis tree is wild in the forests ofNorthern India Central Provinces and Bengal and commonin Madras Mysore and in the Southern parts of the BombayPresidency Chemical constituents in this plant are tannin(tannic acid) 45 and a large amount of gallic acid lucilage abrownish yellow colouring matter and chebulinic acid whichwhen heated in water splits up into tannic and gallic acids[85]


In Ayurvedic Ashes of Triphala mixed with sindhu salt(Saindhava that is PotassiumNitras or Nitricum) are dustedover syphilitic ulcers for washing away the exudation fromthe ulcers Equal parts of dried myrobalans in combinationwith emblic and beleric myrobalans and catechu both finelypowdered and rubbed into a thick paste with sufficientghee or some bland oil make an excellent ointment as anapplication to aphthae for chronic ulcerations and ulceratedwounds [85]

In Recent StudiesMethanolic extract ofT chebulawas admin-istered in the doses of 250 and 500mgkg orally Gastriclesion was induced by pylorus ligation induced ulcer andethanol induced gastric ulcer The extract showed significantreduction in gastric volume free acidity and ulcer index ascompared to control [86]

Active Constituents Tannins gallic acid chebulinic acid andsorbitol are considered

Some of the herbal drugs have been chemically charac-terized and the entities involved in the activity have beenisolated These are summarized in Table 1

3 Conclusion

From this study we can conclude that studies with plantsources can result in novel and effective pattern of treatmentCurrent stalemates of modern medicine in the managementof various ailments incline research tendencies to traditionalmedicine In this respect traditionalmedicine has introducedgood protocols for treatment of various gastrointestinaldisorders All of the remedies presented here had adequateevidence from traditional or scientific source for their efficacyin management of ulcers

According to the old hypothesis acid secretion wasthought to be the sole cause of ulcer formation and reductionin acid secretion was thought to be the major approachtowards therapyHowever in the light of recent evidences thisconcept has changed Now treatment of ulcer mainly targetsthe potentiation of the defensive system along with loweringof acid secretion

Chemical substances derived from plants have been usedto treat human diseases since the dawn of medicine Roughly50 of new chemical entities introduced during the pasttwo decades are from natural products Recent technologicaladvances have renewed interest in natural products in drugdiscovery Therefore efforts should be directed towardsisolation and characterization of the active principles andelucidation of the relationship between structure and activ-ity There are various medicinal plants and their extracts(containing active chemical constituents eg tannins andflavonoids) that have significant antiulcer activity in invivo experiments on animal models Furthermore detailedanalysis of the active constituents of natural drugs shouldbe directed towards clinical relevance Standardization isindispensable to maintain reproducible quality in biological


Table 1 Ulcer protective effect of some active constituents isolated from herbal drugs

Medicinal plants Active constituents Chemical structure

Mangifera indica [52] Mangiferin OO

O

OH OHHO

HO

HO

OHOH

OH Mangiferin C19H18O11

Azadirachta indica [29] Nimbidin

O

O

O

HO

OOH

O O

H

O Nimbidin C30H36O9

Ocimum sanctum [64] Fixed oil eugenol

HO

OCH3

CH2

Eugenol C10H12O2

Annona squamosa [26] Tannic acid

O

O

HO

OH

O

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

Tannins C76H52O46

Mimosa pudica [54] Alkaloid mimosine N OH

O

O NH2

HO

Mimosine C8H10N2O4

Terminalia chebula [86]Tannins gallic acidchebulinic acid and

sorbitol

OHOH

OH

OH

OH

HO

OOOH

OH

OHO

O

O

O

OHOH

O

OHOH

O OO

O

OO

O

Chebulinic acid C41H32O27


Table 1 Continued


Ficus religiosa [43] Flavonoids-Naringenin

OOH

O

HO

HO Naringenin C15H12O5

Carica papaya [39] Chymopapain andpapain

HN

O H

NO H

ON

NH

O

H

NH2+H2N Papain

Aegle marmelos [20] LuvangetinO

O OMeO

39984001998400

5 4a8a 2

Luvangetin C15H14O4

Moringa oleifera [57]Quercetin beta

sitosterol and betacarotene

O

OHOH

OH

OH

OH

O Quercetin C15H10O7

Psidium guajava [74]Quercetin

guaijaverin andflavonoids

OO

O

OH

OH

OH

HO

OH

O

OH

OH

Guaijaverin C20H18O11

Sesbania grandiflora [78] Tannins and saponinsOOOOO

ONOH OH

OH

OH

OH

O

OH

H

OH

H

H

HHH

Saponins C53H90O22

Shorea robusta [80] Ursolic acid andamyrin

HO

COOHH

H

Ursolic acid C30H48O3


Table 1 Continued


Allium sativum [22] Alliin and allicin

S SH2C

H2C S

CH2

O

OHO

O

NH2 Allicin and alliin C6H11NO3S

Aloe vera [24]Barbaloin

isobarbolin andSaponins

OH

HOHOH

OHOH

O

OH

OH

OH

Barbaloin C21H22O9

evaluation Although the clinical efficacy of these prepara-tions is reported by traditional practices they have not beenscientifically validated

Ayurveda the oldest medicinal system in the worldprovides leads to find therapeutically useful compoundsfrom plants Therefore ayurvedic knowledge supported bymodern science is necessary to isolate characterize andstandardize the active constituents from herbal sources forantiulcer activityThe combination of traditional andmodernknowledge can produce better drugs for the treatment ofpeptic ulcer with fewer side effects

It is apparent that experimental evaluation of herbal drugsfor the treatment of gastric ulcer is rather impressive butvery few have reached clinical trials and still few have beenmarketed This shows that the benefits of research are notreaching the people towhommedical research is directed andhence the time manpower and resources are not efficientlyutilized Hence pharmacologists need to take more activeinterest in evaluation of herbal drugs for potential antiulceractivity and standardization of such herbal drugs to beclinically effective and globally competitive

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

References

[1] F K L Chan and D Y Graham ldquoReview article preven-tion of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug gastrointestinalcomplicationsmdashreview and recommendations based on riskassessmentrdquoAlimentary Pharmacology andTherapeutics vol 19no 10 pp 1051ndash1061 2004

[2] B Debjit C Chiranjib K K Tripathi Pankaj and K PSampath Kumar ldquoRecent trends of treatment and medicationpeptic ulcerative disorderrdquo International Journal of PharmTechResearch vol 2 no 1 pp 970ndash980 2010

[3] N S Vyawahare V V Deshmukh M R Godkari and VG Kagathara ldquoPlants with anti-ulcer activityrdquo PharmacognosyReview vol 3 pp 108ndash115 2009

[4] F P Brooks ldquoThe pathophysiology of peptic ulcer diseaserdquoDigestive Diseases and Sciences vol 30 supplement 11 pp 15Sndash29S 1985

[5] httpwwwbetttermedicinecomarticlepeptic-ulcer-1symp-toms October 2011

[6] W A Hoogerwerf and P J Pasricha Agents Used for Controlof Gastric Acidity and Treatment of Peptic Ulcers and GastroEsophageal Reflux Diseaseedition pp 1005ndash19 McGraw-HillNew York NY USA 10th edition 2001

[7] B J Marshall and J R Warren ldquoUnidentified curved bacilli inthe stomach of patients with gastritis and peptic ulcerationrdquoTheLancet vol 1 no 8390 pp 1311ndash1315 1984

[8] P Malfertheiner F K Chan and K E McColl ldquoPeptic ulcerdiseaserdquoThe Lancet vol 374 no 9699 pp 1449ndash1461 2009

[9] D L Kasper E Braunwald S L Hauser J L Jameson A SFauci and D L Lengo Principles of Internal Medicine pp 221-222 McGraw-Hill Medical Publishing Division New York NYUSA 16th edition 2005

[10] J C Zapata-Colindres S Zepeda-Gomez AMontano-Loza EVasquez-Ballesteros J de Jesus Villalobos and F Valdovinos-Andraca ldquoThe association of Helicobacter pylori infection andnonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in peptic ulcer diseaserdquoCanadian Journal of Gastroenterology vol 20 no 4 pp 277ndash280 2006

[11] J Y Lau J Sung C Hill C Henderson C W Howden and DCMetz ldquoSystematic review of the epidemiology of complicatedpeptic ulcer disease incidence recurrence risk factors andmortalityrdquo Digestion vol 84 no 2 pp 102ndash113 2011


[12] R Kumar ldquoA review on medicinal plants for peptic ulcerScholar Research Libraryrdquo Der Pharmacia Lettre vol 3 no 3pp 414ndash420 2011

[13] G Patel and S Jain ldquoAntiulcer activity of Neriutn indicum inratsrdquo Research Journal of Pharmacology vol 4 no 3 pp 66ndash682010

[14] K M Nadkarnirsquos Indian Materia Medica Volume 1 pp 9-10Popular Prakashan Mumbai India 1976

[15] K H Omayma M Y Mohamed and M Elnaa ldquoPossibleprotective effect of Gum Arabic on experimentally inducedgastric ulcer in adult male albino rats a histopathological andimmunohistochemical studyrdquoEgyptian Journal ofHistology vol34 pp 546ndash553 2011

[16] A M A Abd El-Mawla and H E H Osman ldquoEffects of Gumacacia aqueous extract on the histology of the intestine andenzymes of both the intestine and the pancreas of albino ratstreated withMeloxicamrdquo Pharmacognosy Research vol 3 no 2pp 114ndash121 2011


[18] T Kumari Subitha M Ayyanar M Udayakumar and T SekarldquoEthnomedicinal plats used by Kani tribals in Pechiparai forestsof Southern Western Ghats Tamilnadu Indiardquo InternationalResearch Journal Plant Science vol 2 no 12 pp 349ndash354 2011

[19] J R Ilavarasan S Monideen and M Vijayalakshmi ldquoAntiulceractivity ofAegle marmelosrdquoAncient Science of Life vol 21 no 4pp 23ndash26 2002

[20] R K Goel R N Maiti M Manickam and A B RayldquoAntiulcer activity of naturally occurring pyrano-coumarinand iso-coumarins and their effect on prostanoid synthesisusing human colonic mucosardquo Indian Journal of ExperimentalBiology vol 35 no 10 pp 1080ndash1083 1997

[21] K M Nadkarnirsquos Indian Materia Medica Volume 1 pp 65ndash71Popular Prakashan Mumbai India 1976

[22] M Azamthulla M Asad and V S Prasad ldquoAntiulcer activity ofAllium sativum bulb juice in ratsrdquo Saudi Pharmaceutical Journalvol 17 no 1 pp 70ndash77 2009


[24] S K Borra R K Lagisetty and G R Mallela ldquoAnti-ulcereffect of Aloe vera in non-steroidal anti-inflammatory druginduced peptic ulcers in ratsrdquo African Journal of Pharmacy andPharmacology vol 5 no 16 pp 1867ndash1871 2011


[26] T S Mohamed Saleem R Pradeep Kumar N Priyanka MMadhuri V Sravanti and K Sarala ldquoAnti-ulcerogenic effectof aqueous extract of Annona squamosa (Linn)rdquo InternationalJournal of Research in Phytochemistry and Pharmacology vol 2no 3 pp 157ndash159 2012

[27] K M Nadkarnirsquos Indian Materia Medica Volume 1 pp776amp783 Popular Prakashan Mumbai India 1976

[28] M C Divakar S B Rao G R N Nair and A Hisham ldquoTherole of fatty acids on the ulcer healing property of the nimbidinfraction of the neem oilrdquo Journal of Medicinal and AromaticPlants Science vol 23 no 3 pp 404ndash408 2001

[29] N R Pillai andG Santhakumari ldquoToxicity studies on nimbidina potential anti-ulcer drugrdquo Planta Medica vol 50 no 2 pp146ndash148 1984

[30] KM Nadkarnirsquos IndianMateriaMedica Volume 1 pp 167ndash170Popular Prakashan Mumbai India 1976

[31] K M Nadkarnirsquos IndianMateriaMedica Volume 1 pp 184-185Popular Prakashan Mumbai India 1976

[32] Y R Kumar andG P Rajani ldquoAnalgesic and anti-ulcer activitiesof ethanol and aqueous extracts of root of Bauhinia variegataLinnrdquo International Journal of Pharmacology vol 7 no 5 pp616ndash622 2011

[33] K M Nadkarnirsquos IndianMateria Medica Volume 1 pp 187-188Popular Prakashan Mumbai India 1976

[34] K M Nadkarnirsquos Indian Materia Medica Volume 1 p 197Popular Prakashan Mumbai India 1976


[36] K Kumar K Mruthunjaya S Kumar and R Mythreyi ldquoAntiulcer activity of ethanol extract of the stem bark of Careyaarborea Roxbrdquo International Current Pharmaceutical Journalvol 2 no 3 pp 78ndash82 2013

[37] R Kottaimuthu ldquoEthnobotany of the Valaiyans of Karan-damalai Dindigul District Tamil Nadu Indiardquo EthnobotanicalLeaflets vol 12 pp 195ndash203 2008

[38] M Indran A A Mahmood and V R Kuppusamy ldquoProtectiveeffect of Carica papaya L leaf extract against alcohol inducedacute gastric damage and blood oxidative stress in ratsrdquo WestIndian Medical Journal vol 57 no 4 pp 323ndash326 2008

[39] J Drenth J N Jansonius R Koekoek and B GWolthers ldquoThestructure of papainrdquo Advances in Protein Chemistry vol 25 pp79ndash115 1971

[40] K M Nadkarnirsquos Indian Materia Medica Volume 1 pp 524ndash526 Popular Prakashan Mumbai India 1976

[41] KMNadkarnirsquos IndianMateriaMedica Volume 1 pp 552-553Popular Prakashan Mumbai India 1976

[42] M Gregory B Divya R A Mary M M Hipolith Viji VK Kalaichelvan and V Palanivel ldquoAnti-ulcer activity of Ficusreligiosa leaf ethanolic extractrdquo Asian Pacific Journal of TropicalBiomedicine vol 3 no 7 pp 554ndash556 2013

[43] S Saha and G Goswami ldquoStudy of anti ulcer activity of Ficusreligiosa L on experimentally induced gastric ulcers in ratsrdquoAsian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine vol 3 no 10 pp 791ndash793 2010

[44] KMNadkarnirsquos IndianMateriaMedica Volume 1 pp 561ndash563Popular Prakashan Mumbai India 1976

[45] T Kumari Subitha M Ayyanar M Udayakumar and T SekarldquoEthnomedicinal plants used by Kani tribals in Pechiparaiforests of Southern Western Ghats Tamilnadu Indiardquo Interna-tional Research Journal Plant Science vol 2 no 12 pp 349ndash3542011

[46] S Srivastava J Jaiswal H Gautam S Sharma and C V RaoldquoAnti-ulcer activity of methanol extract ofHibiscus rosa sinensisleavesrdquo International Journal of Pharmacy and PharmaceuticalSciences vol 5 no 3 pp 829ndash830 2013





[51] N Neelima M Sudhakar M B Patil and B V S LakshmildquoAnti-ulcer activity and HPTLC analysis of Mangifera indicaleavesrdquo International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Phytophar-macological Research vol 1 no 4 pp 146ndash155 2012


[52] Z P Lima J A Severi C H Pellizzon et al ldquoCan the aqueousdecoction of mango flowers be used as an antiulcer agentrdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 106 no 1 pp 29ndash37 2006


[54] G Vinothapooshan and K Sundar ldquoAnti-ulcer activity ofMimosa pudica leaves against gastric ulcer in ratsrdquo ResearchJournal of Pharmaceutical Biological and Chemical Sciences vol1 no 4 pp 606ndash616 2010


[56] N V Rao K Venu U Sowmya G J Reddy and K AnirudanldquoEvaluation of antiulcer activity ofMomordica charantia in ratsrdquoInternational Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences vol 1no 1 pp 1ndash16 2011

[57] V K Verma N Singh P Saxena and R Singh ldquoAnti-ulcer andanti-oxidant activity of Moringa oleifera (Lam) leaves againstaspirin and ethanol induced gastric ulcer in ratsrdquo InternationalResearch Journal of Pharmacy vol 2 pp 46ndash57 2002


[59] K M Nadkarnirsquos Indian Materia Medica Volume 1 pp 838Popular Prakashan Mumbai India 1976

[60] A Rezaie D Mohajeri B Khamene M Nazeri and SZakhireh ldquoEffect ofMyrtus communis on healing of the experi-mental skinwounds on rats and its comparisonwith zinc oxiderdquoCurrent Research Journal of Biological Sciences vol 4 pp 176ndash185 2013

[61] S Sumbul M A Ahmad M Asif I Saud and M AkhtarldquoEvaluation ofMyrtus communis Linn berries in experimentalulcer models in ratsrdquoHuman and Experimental Toxicology vol29 no 11 pp 935ndash944 2010


[63] S Singh and D K Majumdar ldquoEvaluation of the gastricantiulcer activity of fixed oil of Ocimum sanctum (Holy Basil)rdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 65 no 1 pp 13ndash19 1999

[64] S Singh ldquoEvaluation of gastric anti-ulcer activity of fixed oil ofOcimum basilicum Linn and its possible mechanism of actionrdquoIndian Journal of Experimental Biology vol 36 no 3 pp 253ndash257 1999



[67] S Panchal S S GoswamiM B Shan andD D Santani ldquoEffectof Oryza sativa bran oil in various experimental ulcer modelsrdquoIndian Journal of Pharmacology vol 40 no 2 pp 146ndash148 2008



[70] C O Okoli A C Ezike P A Akah et al ldquoStudies on woundhealing and antiulcer activities of extract of aerial parts ofPhyllanthus niruri L (Euphorbiaceae)rdquo American Journal ofPharmacology and Toxicology vol 4 no 4 pp 118ndash126 2009




[74] E Umana Uduak J A Timbuak S A Musa D T Ikyembe SAbdurrashid and W O Hamman ldquoUlceroprotective effect ofmethanol extract of Psidium guajava leaves on ethanol inducedgastric ulcer in adult wistar ratsrdquo Asian Journal of MedicalSciences vol 4 no 2 pp 75ndash78 2012


[76] H Ahmad A Wadud N Jahan M Khazir and G SofildquoEvaluation of anti-ulcer activity of hydro alcoholic extract ofPost Sumaq (Rhus coriaria Linn) in Ethanol induced Gastriculcer in experimental ratsrdquo International Research Journal ofMedical Sciences vol 1 no 10 pp 7ndash12 2013

[77] S Ganesan N Ramar Pandi and N BanumathyldquoEthanomedicinal survey of Alagarkoil Hills TamilnaduIndiardquo E Journal of Indian Medicine no 1 pp 1ndash18 2008

[78] R D Bhalke M A Giri S J Anarthe and S C Pal ldquoAntiulceractivity of the ethanol extract of leaves of Sesbania grandiflora(Linn)rdquo International Journal of Pharmacy and PharmaceuticalSciences vol 2 no 4 pp 206ndash208 2010

[79] K M Nadkarnirsquos Indian Materia Medica Volume 1 pp 1132-1133 Popular Prakashan Mumbai India 1976

[80] M Santhishkumar N Anusuya and P Bhuvaneswari ldquoAntiul-cerogenic effet of resin from Shorea robusta on experimentallyinduced ulcer modelsrdquo International Journal of Pharmacy andPharmaceutical Sciences vol 5 no 1 pp 269ndash272 2013

[81] M Mayilsamy and A Rajendran ldquoEthnomedicinal plants usedby paliyar tribals in Dindigul district of Tamil Nadu IndiardquoTheInternational Journal of Science Innovations andDiscoveries vol3 no 1 pp 146ndash152 2013

[82] G G Kavitha Shree S Parvathi P S S Ramkumar and S Shan-muga Priya ldquoPharmacological and phytochemical evaluation ofanti-ulcerogenic potential of Solanum nigrumrdquo Indian Journalof Pharmaceutical Science and Research vol 3 no 8 pp 2837ndash2840 2012


[84] S Kumar S Suman S Sharma and P Kalra ldquoAntiulcereffect of the methanolic extract of Tamarindus indica seedsin different experimental modelsrdquo Journal of Pharmacy andBioallied Sciences vol 3 no 2 pp 236ndash241 2011


[86] D Raju K Ilango V Chitra and K Ashish ldquoEvaluation of anti-ulcer activity of methanolic extract of Terminalia chebula fruitsin experimental ratsrdquo Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences andResearch vol 1 no 3 pp 101ndash107 2009

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Anatomy Research International

PeptidesInternational Journal of


Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom

International Journal of

Volume 2014

Zoology


Molecular Biology International

GenomicsInternational Journal of


The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014


BioinformaticsAdvances in

Marine BiologyJournal of



Signal TransductionJournal of


BioMed Research International

Evolutionary BiologyInternational Journal of



Biochemistry Research International

ArchaeaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014


Genetics Research International


Advances in

Virolog y

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Nucleic AcidsJournal of

Volume 2014

Stem CellsInternational



Enzyme Research



Microbiology


bacterium Helicobacter pylori remains present between themucous layer and the gastric epithelium and is strategicallydesigned to live within the aggressive environment of thestomach Initially Helicobacter pylori resides in the antrumbut over time migrates toward the more proximal segmentsof the stomach [9]

Peptic ulcer is one of the worldrsquos major gastrointestinaldisorders and affecting 10 of the world population [10]About 19 out of 20 peptic ulcers are duodenal An estimated15000 deaths occur each year as a consequence of peptic ulcerAnnual incidence estimates of peptic ulcer hemorrhage andperforation were 194ndash57 and 38ndash14 per 100000 individualsrespectively The average 7-day recurrence of hemorrhagewas 139 and the average long-term recurrence of perfora-tion was 122 [11] In the Indian pharmaceutical industryantacids and antiulcer drugs share 62 billion rupees andoccupy 43 of the market share [6]

In this modern era also 75ndash80 of the world populationsstill use herbal medicine mainly in developing countries forprimary health care because of better cultural acceptabilitybetter compatibility with the human body and lesser sideeffects [12] Histological studies revealed that these medicinalplants did not show any acute toxicity Preliminary pho-tochemical screening of this medicinal plant identified thepresence of important secondary metabolites like flavonoidsand tannins which are the active principles of antiulceractivity [13]

Present study was conducted to review medicinal plantsconsidered as gastroprotective and healing agents on ulcersin ayurvedic resources and beside that to gather evidencefor their effectiveness and biological mechanisms in moderninvestigation

In order to achieve this aim Indian ayurvedic bookMete-ria Medica and electronic databases including science directpubmed scopus and google scholar were explored for each ofthemedicinal plants for peptic ulcers and all retrieved articleswere evaluated to achieve any in vitro in vivo or clinicalevidence for their efficacy and possible mechanisms Theretrieved studies either demonstrate obviously effectivenessof these herbs or indirectly their efficacy on the involvedmechanisms in the treatment of peptic ulcers

Meteria Medica provides lots of information about ethnomedicinal herbs which are valuable as antiulcer agents andtheir use experimentally was evaluated and proved by manyresearchers for its antiulcer activity Following compiled datasuggested that medicinal plant those are evidently reportedfor its antiulcer activity

2 Findings and Discussion

21 Acacia arabica Acacia arabica (family Mimosaceae)is common all over India in dry and sandy localities Itis commonly known as ldquobabul treerdquo and locally called asldquokaruvelamrdquo Chemical constituents reported in this plantare gum containing arabic acid combined with calciummagnesium and potassium and also small quantity of malic

acid sugar moisture 14 and ash 3-4 Bark contains a largequantity of tannin pods contain about 2244 tannin [14]


In Ayurvedic As gargle it is useful as wash in haemorrhagiculcer and wounds Bruised tender leaves formed into apoultice and applied to ulcers act as stimulant and astringent[14]

In Recent Studies Acacia senegal gum protected againstcold restraint stress-induced gastric ulcer in rats [15] Aque-ous extract of A arabica gum showed protection againstmeloxicam-induced intestinal damage and attenuated intesti-nal enzymes activity [16]

Active Constituents Phenolic compounds tannins andflavonoids are considered

22 Adansonia digitata Adansonia digitata belonging tothe family Malvaceae is commonly known as ldquoboabab ormonkey-bread tree of Africardquo It is locally known as ldquopapara-pulirdquo It is one of the largest and long-lived trees in theworld met with chiefly in Bombay Gujarat and CoromandalCoast and Ceylon Chemical constituents in this plant arePulp that contains phobaphenes mucilage and gum glucosetartrate and acetate of potash and other salts A leaf containswax glucose salts gum and albuminoids Bark containswax soluble and insoluble tannin acid gum albuminouscarbonate and chloride of sodium and potassium and aglucoside adansonin [17]


In Ayurvedic Fresh juice of the leaves mixed with powderedginger together with the expressed juice of the fresh rootof Salvadora indica is applied with considerable benefit toindolent syphilitic ulcer Leaves are used as fomentations andpoultices for irritable inflammatory ulcers [17]

23 Aegle marmelos Aegle marmelos which is commonlyknown as a ldquobael treerdquo belonging to the family Rutaceae isthe plant that chiefly grows on throughout India It is locallycalled as ldquovilvamrdquo Chemical constituents in this plant areflavonoids tannins and saponins [18]


In Folk Medicine The fruit of A marmelos is traditionallyused for the treatment of ulcer among the kani tribes inKanyakumari district Tamil Nadu India [18]

In Recent Studies Ulcers are induced by aspirin plus pylorusligated gastric ulceration in rats and aqueous extract of leavesis to be administered orally for 21 days daily dose of 1 gmkg
















































































































































































3 Conclusion








O

OH OHHO

HO

HO

OHOH



O

O

O

HO

OOH

O O

H

O Nimbidin C30H36O9


HO

OCH3

CH2

Eugenol C10H12O2


O

O

HO

OH

O

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

Tannins C76H52O46


O

O NH2

HO

Mimosine C8H10N2O4


sorbitol

OHOH

OH

OH

OH

HO

OOOH

OH

OHO

O

O

O

OHOH

O

OHOH

O OO

O

OO

O



Table 1 Continued



OOH

O

HO



HN

O H

NO H

ON

NH

O

H

NH2+H2N Papain


O OMeO

39984001998400

5 4a8a 2

Luvangetin C15H14O4



O

OHOH

OH

OH

OH




OO

O

OH

OH

OH

HO

OH

O

OH

OH



ONOH OH

OH

OH

OH

O

OH

H

OH

H

H

HHH

Saponins C53H90O22


HO

COOHH

H



Table 1 Continued



S SH2C

H2C S

CH2

O

OHO

O




OH

HOHOH

OHOH

O

OH

OH

OH

Barbaloin C21H22O9






References
































































































Volume 2014

Zoology






















Advances in

Virolog y



Volume 2014




Enzyme Research



Microbiology
















































































































































































3 Conclusion








O

OH OHHO

HO

HO

OHOH



O

O

O

HO

OOH

O O

H

O Nimbidin C30H36O9


HO

OCH3

CH2

Eugenol C10H12O2


O

O

HO

OH

O

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

Tannins C76H52O46


O

O NH2

HO

Mimosine C8H10N2O4


sorbitol

OHOH

OH

OH

OH

HO

OOOH

OH

OHO

O

O

O

OHOH

O

OHOH

O OO

O

OO

O



Table 1 Continued



OOH

O

HO



HN

O H

NO H

ON

NH

O

H

NH2+H2N Papain


O OMeO

39984001998400

5 4a8a 2

Luvangetin C15H14O4



O

OHOH

OH

OH

OH




OO

O

OH

OH

OH

HO

OH

O

OH

OH



ONOH OH

OH

OH

OH

O

OH

H

OH

H

H

HHH

Saponins C53H90O22


HO

COOHH

H



Table 1 Continued



S SH2C

H2C S

CH2

O

OHO

O




OH

HOHOH

OHOH

O

OH

OH

OH

Barbaloin C21H22O9






References
































































































Volume 2014

Zoology






















Advances in

Virolog y



Volume 2014




Enzyme Research



Microbiology




















































































































































3 Conclusion








O

OH OHHO

HO

HO

OHOH



O

O

O

HO

OOH

O O

H

O Nimbidin C30H36O9


HO

OCH3

CH2

Eugenol C10H12O2


O

O

HO

OH

O

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

Tannins C76H52O46


O

O NH2

HO

Mimosine C8H10N2O4


sorbitol

OHOH

OH

OH

OH

HO

OOOH

OH

OHO

O

O

O

OHOH

O

OHOH

O OO

O

OO

O



Table 1 Continued



OOH

O

HO



HN

O H

NO H

ON

NH

O

H

NH2+H2N Papain


O OMeO

39984001998400

5 4a8a 2

Luvangetin C15H14O4



O

OHOH

OH

OH

OH




OO

O

OH

OH

OH

HO

OH

O

OH

OH



ONOH OH

OH

OH

OH

O

OH

H

OH

H

H

HHH

Saponins C53H90O22


HO

COOHH

H



Table 1 Continued



S SH2C

H2C S

CH2

O

OHO

O




OH

HOHOH

OHOH

O

OH

OH

OH

Barbaloin C21H22O9






References
































































































Volume 2014

Zoology






















Advances in

Virolog y



Volume 2014




Enzyme Research



Microbiology


























































































































3 Conclusion








O

OH OHHO

HO

HO

OHOH



O

O

O

HO

OOH

O O

H

O Nimbidin C30H36O9


HO

OCH3

CH2

Eugenol C10H12O2


O

O

HO

OH

O

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

Tannins C76H52O46


O

O NH2

HO

Mimosine C8H10N2O4


sorbitol

OHOH

OH

OH

OH

HO

OOOH

OH

OHO

O

O

O

OHOH

O

OHOH

O OO

O

OO

O



Table 1 Continued



OOH

O

HO



HN

O H

NO H

ON

NH

O

H

NH2+H2N Papain


O OMeO

39984001998400

5 4a8a 2

Luvangetin C15H14O4



O

OHOH

OH

OH

OH




OO

O

OH

OH

OH

HO

OH

O

OH

OH



ONOH OH

OH

OH

OH

O

OH

H

OH

H

H

HHH

Saponins C53H90O22


HO

COOHH

H



Table 1 Continued



S SH2C

H2C S

CH2

O

OHO

O




OH

HOHOH

OHOH

O

OH

OH

OH

Barbaloin C21H22O9






References
































































































Volume 2014

Zoology






















Advances in

Virolog y



Volume 2014




Enzyme Research



Microbiology


































































































3 Conclusion








O

OH OHHO

HO

HO

OHOH



O

O

O

HO

OOH

O O

H

O Nimbidin C30H36O9


HO

OCH3

CH2

Eugenol C10H12O2


O

O

HO

OH

O

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

Tannins C76H52O46


O

O NH2

HO

Mimosine C8H10N2O4


sorbitol

OHOH

OH

OH

OH

HO

OOOH

OH

OHO

O

O

O

OHOH

O

OHOH

O OO

O

OO

O



Table 1 Continued



OOH

O

HO



HN

O H

NO H

ON

NH

O

H

NH2+H2N Papain


O OMeO

39984001998400

5 4a8a 2

Luvangetin C15H14O4



O

OHOH

OH

OH

OH




OO

O

OH

OH

OH

HO

OH

O

OH

OH



ONOH OH

OH

OH

OH

O

OH

H

OH

H

H

HHH

Saponins C53H90O22


HO

COOHH

H



Table 1 Continued



S SH2C

H2C S

CH2

O

OHO

O




OH

HOHOH

OHOH

O

OH

OH

OH

Barbaloin C21H22O9






References
































































































Volume 2014

Zoology






















Advances in

Virolog y



Volume 2014




Enzyme Research



Microbiology









































































3 Conclusion








O

OH OHHO

HO

HO

OHOH



O

O

O

HO

OOH

O O

H

O Nimbidin C30H36O9


HO

OCH3

CH2

Eugenol C10H12O2


O

O

HO

OH

O

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

Tannins C76H52O46


O

O NH2

HO

Mimosine C8H10N2O4


sorbitol

OHOH

OH

OH

OH

HO

OOOH

OH

OHO

O

O

O

OHOH

O

OHOH

O OO

O

OO

O



Table 1 Continued



OOH

O

HO



HN

O H

NO H

ON

NH

O

H

NH2+H2N Papain


O OMeO

39984001998400

5 4a8a 2

Luvangetin C15H14O4



O

OHOH

OH

OH

OH




OO

O

OH

OH

OH

HO

OH

O

OH

OH



ONOH OH

OH

OH

OH

O

OH

H

OH

H

H

HHH

Saponins C53H90O22


HO

COOHH

H



Table 1 Continued



S SH2C

H2C S

CH2

O

OHO

O




OH

HOHOH

OHOH

O

OH

OH

OH

Barbaloin C21H22O9






References
































































































Volume 2014

Zoology






















Advances in

Virolog y



Volume 2014




Enzyme Research



Microbiology














































3 Conclusion








O

OH OHHO

HO

HO

OHOH



O

O

O

HO

OOH

O O

H

O Nimbidin C30H36O9


HO

OCH3

CH2

Eugenol C10H12O2


O

O

HO

OH

O

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

Tannins C76H52O46


O

O NH2

HO

Mimosine C8H10N2O4


sorbitol

OHOH

OH

OH

OH

HO

OOOH

OH

OHO

O

O

O

OHOH

O

OHOH

O OO

O

OO

O



Table 1 Continued



OOH

O

HO



HN

O H

NO H

ON

NH

O

H

NH2+H2N Papain


O OMeO

39984001998400

5 4a8a 2

Luvangetin C15H14O4



O

OHOH

OH

OH

OH




OO

O

OH

OH

OH

HO

OH

O

OH

OH



ONOH OH

OH

OH

OH

O

OH

H

OH

H

H

HHH

Saponins C53H90O22


HO

COOHH

H



Table 1 Continued



S SH2C

H2C S

CH2

O

OHO

O




OH

HOHOH

OHOH

O

OH

OH

OH

Barbaloin C21H22O9






References
































































































Volume 2014

Zoology






















Advances in

Virolog y



Volume 2014




Enzyme Research



Microbiology




















3 Conclusion








O

OH OHHO

HO

HO

OHOH



O

O

O

HO

OOH

O O

H

O Nimbidin C30H36O9


HO

OCH3

CH2

Eugenol C10H12O2


O

O

HO

OH

O

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

Tannins C76H52O46


O

O NH2

HO

Mimosine C8H10N2O4


sorbitol

OHOH

OH

OH

OH

HO

OOOH

OH

OHO

O

O

O

OHOH

O

OHOH

O OO

O

OO

O



Table 1 Continued



OOH

O

HO



HN

O H

NO H

ON

NH

O

H

NH2+H2N Papain


O OMeO

39984001998400

5 4a8a 2

Luvangetin C15H14O4



O

OHOH

OH

OH

OH




OO

O

OH

OH

OH

HO

OH

O

OH

OH



ONOH OH

OH

OH

OH

O

OH

H

OH

H

H

HHH

Saponins C53H90O22


HO

COOHH

H



Table 1 Continued



S SH2C

H2C S

CH2

O

OHO

O




OH

HOHOH

OHOH

O

OH

OH

OH

Barbaloin C21H22O9






References
































































































Volume 2014

Zoology






















Advances in

Virolog y



Volume 2014




Enzyme Research



Microbiology





O

OH OHHO

HO

HO

OHOH



O

O

O

HO

OOH

O O

H

O Nimbidin C30H36O9


HO

OCH3

CH2

Eugenol C10H12O2


O

O

HO

OH

O

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

Tannins C76H52O46


O

O NH2

HO

Mimosine C8H10N2O4


sorbitol

OHOH

OH

OH

OH

HO

OOOH

OH

OHO

O

O

O

OHOH

O

OHOH

O OO

O

OO

O



Table 1 Continued



OOH

O

HO



HN

O H

NO H

ON

NH

O

H

NH2+H2N Papain


O OMeO

39984001998400

5 4a8a 2

Luvangetin C15H14O4



O

OHOH

OH

OH

OH




OO

O

OH

OH

OH

HO

OH

O

OH

OH



ONOH OH

OH

OH

OH

O

OH

H

OH

H

H

HHH

Saponins C53H90O22


HO

COOHH

H



Table 1 Continued



S SH2C

H2C S

CH2

O

OHO

O




OH

HOHOH

OHOH

O

OH

OH

OH

Barbaloin C21H22O9






References
































































































Volume 2014

Zoology






















Advances in

Virolog y



Volume 2014




Enzyme Research



Microbiology


Table 1 Continued



OOH

O

HO



HN

O H

NO H

ON

NH

O

H

NH2+H2N Papain


O OMeO

39984001998400

5 4a8a 2

Luvangetin C15H14O4



O

OHOH

OH

OH

OH




OO

O

OH

OH

OH

HO

OH

O

OH

OH



ONOH OH

OH

OH

OH

O

OH

H

OH

H

H

HHH

Saponins C53H90O22


HO

COOHH

H



Table 1 Continued



S SH2C

H2C S

CH2

O

OHO

O




OH

HOHOH

OHOH

O

OH

OH

OH

Barbaloin C21H22O9






References
































































































Volume 2014

Zoology






















Advances in

Virolog y



Volume 2014




Enzyme Research



Microbiology


Table 1 Continued



S SH2C

H2C S

CH2

O

OHO

O




OH

HOHOH

OHOH

O

OH

OH

OH

Barbaloin C21H22O9






References
































































































Volume 2014

Zoology






















Advances in

Virolog y



Volume 2014




Enzyme Research



Microbiology





















































































Volume 2014

Zoology






















Advances in

Virolog y



Volume 2014




Enzyme Research



Microbiology












































Volume 2014

Zoology






















Advances in

Virolog y



Volume 2014




Enzyme Research



Microbiology








Volume 2014

Zoology






















Advances in

Virolog y



Volume 2014




Enzyme Research



Microbiology

Documents

Review Article A Review on Antiulcer Activity of Few ...downloads.hindawi.com/journals/ijmicro/2014/519590.pdf · some medicinal plants which may be used in ayurvedic as well as modern