Review: AP World History Exam

1750-1914 Section

Periodization

• Revolutions– Enlightenment and Scientific Revolution

• Industrialization– Enlightenment and Scientific Revolution

• Imperialism• Continuities and Breaks

– Need for raw materials (exploitations)– Coerced labor– Europe Dominating

Changes is Global Commerce, Communication and Technology

• PPMMMR Charts

• Small local industries destroyed by imported manufactured goods (ex. India)

• China and Japan forced open to trade• Truly global trade, world linked but dependent• Spreads from West to non-west (some

specialization that will lead to industrialization like in Canada, Uruguay, South Africa) (profit returns to industrial nations)

Commonalities

• Industrialization begins with textiles

• Need for Steam and Iron

• Railroads and Canals needed (specifically the Suez Canal)

Slave Trade

• Atlantic Slave trade ends– Denmark 1792– US 1807 (continue shipping but not to US)– Britain 1808– Brazil 1830 (smuggles until 1850)

Demographic Changes• Demographic Transition: Shifting patterns• Mortality rate falls faster than birth rate so there is

a population increase• Demographic stability is achieved when birth rate

also slows• Voluntary birth control• No major outbreaks of disease• By 1900 75% of population live in cities• Agricultural Revolution: New crops like peanuts

(China and Africa) increase population• Cash crops cause famine

Social and Gender Structure• Urbanization• Commercial Developments: Monopoly, Cartel,

and Trust• Abolition: women and free blacks are the force

behind abolition. Reasons for ending slavery were humanitarian and economic. William Wilberforce, Frederick Douglass

• Brazil liberals want to end slavery on Enlightened ideals. Slavery ends for economic and democratic reasons.

• Caribbean Islands have small slave population, so its ending is not violent socially

Political Revolutions and Independence Movements

• American Revolution– Causes: beneficial neglect…..– Documents: Articles of Confederation….– Effects: representative democracy…….

• French– Causes: social inequality….– Documents: Declaration of Rights of Man….– Effects: Napoleon…..

• Haiti: – Causes: homeland rule…..– Documents: Enlightened writers– Results: successful slave revolt

• Latin America– Causes: Mercantilism…..– Documents:– Results: few….

Things to think about

• Phases of Revolution

• Leaders

• Outside forces

• Long-term effects

• Who benefits

• Popular Sovereignty

Nationalism and Nation-States

• Rise of Nationalism– Napoleon– Congress of Vienna– Greece– Germany– Italy

Limitations

• Women

• Slaves

• Indigenous populations

• Racism

• Imperialism

Rise of the West• Economic (industrialization, Mercantilism, Capitalism)

• Political (democracy)• Social (growing middle class, mobility, westernization)

• Expansion; imperialism and colonialism

• Cultural and Artistic (Impressionism)

Monet: Impressionism

Reaction to the West

• Russia (reform: Westernizes)

• India (resist: Mugal to Sepoy)

• Ottoman (reform: Young Turks)

• China (resist: Taiping and Boxer)

• Japan (reform: Meiji Restoration)

• Imperialism causes Nationalism in subservient countries

Diverse InterpretationsModernization is positive, it’s better for

everyone so don’t resist. Accept science, accept enlightenment, accept industrialization, a free market. (Western Theory).

Slave Emancipation Reasons: Fear Factor, Humanitarian Factor and Economic Factor.

Women: should they have more rights because of their role in revolutions? Roles more defined. Settler colony more equality

Major Comparisons and Snapshots• Compare Industrial Revolution in Western

Europe and Japan

• Comparative Revolutions Reaction to foreign domination in Ottoman, China, India and Japan

• Colonialism vs Neo-colonialism