Review- Answer in NotesReview- Answer in Notes

• Who would most likely be in favor of Who would most likely be in favor of nationalistic ideas? Liberals or nationalistic ideas? Liberals or Conservatives?Conservatives?

• Do you believe that nationalism would Do you believe that nationalism would unite countries or break them apart? unite countries or break them apart?

Conservative Forces 1815-Conservative Forces 1815-18481848

• Restore order (monarchy in France) Restore order (monarchy in France) and defend churches/kingsand defend churches/kings

• Anti-revolutionAnti-revolution

• Squashed revolts (wanted no further Squashed revolts (wanted no further rebellions and imbalances of powerrebellions and imbalances of power

Greek RevolutionGreek Revolution

1)1)What do you notice What do you notice in this picture?in this picture?

2) What can you infer 2) What can you infer about this picture?about this picture?

3) How does this relate 3) How does this relate to the world views of to the world views of 1821-1832?1821-1832?

4) How do these 4) How do these revolutions support revolutions support the theme of the theme of nationalism?nationalism?

Greeks use NATIONALISM Greeks use NATIONALISM for Independencefor Independence

• Greeks preserved their culture and Greeks preserved their culture and demanded that they join the rest of demanded that they join the rest of the Nation-States of Europe.the Nation-States of Europe.

• How was it able to succeed of the How was it able to succeed of the most powerful, conservative most powerful, conservative governments opposed revolution?governments opposed revolution?

Why would you want to see Why would you want to see Greece free, no matter your Greece free, no matter your

political stand point?political stand point?• Russia- Religion connect through Orthodox Russia- Religion connect through Orthodox

Christianity (Greece currently controlled by Christianity (Greece currently controlled by MUSLIMS!)MUSLIMS!)

• Rest of Europe and Americans- educated Rest of Europe and Americans- educated and loved Greek culture and historyand loved Greek culture and history

• British, French, and Russia fleet destroyed British, French, and Russia fleet destroyed Ottoman fleet in 1827 at the Battle of Ottoman fleet in 1827 at the Battle of NavarinoNavarino recognized Greek Independence recognized Greek Independence in 1830in 1830

The Rise of New NationsThe Rise of New Nations

• Liberals realize Liberals realize that revolutions that revolutions are too risky--> are too risky--> more willing to more willing to compromisecompromise

• Conservatives use Conservatives use nationalism to nationalism to defend the existing defend the existing social order social order ( nationalism not ( nationalism not always associated always associated with radicalism)with radicalism)

Did the average person Did the average person attain his or her natural attain his or her natural rights after the Congress rights after the Congress

of Vienna? of Vienna?

Waves of Failed RevolutionsWaves of Failed Revolutions

• 1. Belgium- 1830 (Rebelled from 1. Belgium- 1830 (Rebelled from Dutch Control)Dutch Control)

• 2. Italy- 1830, Separate state wanted 2. Italy- 1830, Separate state wanted to rid Austrian and PAPAL rule- to rid Austrian and PAPAL rule- Metternich sends Austrian troopsMetternich sends Austrian troops

• 3. Poland- 1830, Poles under Russian 3. Poland- 1830, Poles under Russian ControlControl

1948 Rebellions1948 Rebellions

• 1. Budapest (Hungary)- Parliament 1. Budapest (Hungary)- Parliament and Self Government for Hungary and Self Government for Hungary

• 2. Prague (Czech)- Independence2. Prague (Czech)- Independence a a mob caused a clash with the police in mob caused a clash with the police in Vienna, Austria, and Metternich is Vienna, Austria, and Metternich is forced to resignforced to resign– Causes liberal uprisings throughout the Causes liberal uprisings throughout the

Germanic StatesGermanic States

Liberalism and Liberalism and Nationalism--> Spur of Nationalism--> Spur of the 1848 Revolutionsthe 1848 Revolutions

• Paris leads once againParis leads once again– What do they want What do they want

from the gov’t?from the gov’t?– Who were the Who were the

revolutionary forces?revolutionary forces?– Where did the Where did the

revolutions take revolutions take place? (Besides place? (Besides France)France)

– Why not Great Why not Great Britain?Britain?

Reforms in Western EuropeReforms in Western Europe

• Congress of Vienna’s return to the Congress of Vienna’s return to the old order was breaking downold order was breaking down

• Liberal middle class- teachers, Liberal middle class- teachers, lawyers, and business people were lawyers, and business people were the ones leading the struggle for the ones leading the struggle for constitutional governments and constitutional governments and formation of nation statesformation of nation states

Case Study: Italy (1860-Case Study: Italy (1860-1870)1870)• First Attempts:First Attempts:

– 1832, Giuseppe 1832, Giuseppe Mazzini forms “Young Mazzini forms “Young Italy”Italy”

– He believe that a He believe that a republican form was republican form was best for social justice, best for social justice, democracy, and democracy, and peacepeace

– Revolts of 1848 Revolts of 1848 happen and FAILEDhappen and FAILED

– Mazzini sent into exileMazzini sent into exile

• Count Camillo di Count Camillo di CavourCavour– Piedmont-Sardinia Piedmont-Sardinia

largest and largest and wealthiestwealthiest

– After Revolts of After Revolts of 1848, the middle 1848, the middle class COULD class COULD support this support this

– King Emmanuel King Emmanuel appoints Cavour appoints Cavour Prime Minister Prime Minister (wealthy (wealthy aristocrat)aristocrat)

Cavour uses diplomacy and Cavour uses diplomacy and careful calculation careful calculation

Forms alliances with Forms alliances with France to attack France to attack Austrian control of Austrian control of ItalyItaly instigate wars instigate wars (everything in the north (everything in the north except for Venice)except for Venice)

** Looks SOUTH**** Looks SOUTH**Giuseppe Garibaldi and Giuseppe Garibaldi and

his “red shirts”his “red shirts”

• 18601860 Garibaldi receives Garibaldi receives permission from voters to permission from voters to unite Italyunite Italy– Allows King Victor Allows King Victor

Emmanuel to ruleEmmanuel to rule

Challenges Challenges • 18661866 Venice, 1870 Venice, 1870 Papal States (Rome Papal States (Rome

becomes capital)becomes capital)

• Centuries of separationCenturies of separation fierce rivalry b/w fierce rivalry b/w areas/regions (Industrialized north, agricultural areas/regions (Industrialized north, agricultural south)south)

• LanguagesLanguages

• Disorganized parties with vague policies Disorganized parties with vague policies arguedargued not a stable government not a stable government

• Economic problems (peasant revolts in the Economic problems (peasant revolts in the south, strikes and riots in the north)south, strikes and riots in the north)

Case Study: Germany Case Study: Germany (1866-1871)(1866-1871)

• German confederation German confederation (15 German states, led (15 German states, led by Austria-Hungary and by Austria-Hungary and PrussiaPrussia

• Prussia:Prussia:– 1) Mainly German 1) Mainly German

PopulationPopulation– 2) Best Army in Central 2) Best Army in Central

EuropeEurope– 3)More industrialized3)More industrialized

– 1. Prussian King 1. Prussian King Frederick Wilhelm Frederick Wilhelm IV calls IV calls constitutional constitutional conventionconvention

– 2. Wilhelm I takes 2. Wilhelm I takes over and tries to over and tries to reform expand reform expand the militarythe military

parliament says NOparliament says NO

•3) Junkers- 3) Junkers- members of members of Prussia’s Prussia’s landowning elite landowning elite (strongly (strongly conservative, conservative, against the liberal against the liberal gov’t)gov’t) Wilhelm Wilhelm makes all of his makes all of his ministers and ministers and army officers from army officers from the Junker classthe Junker class

• 4) Otto von 4) Otto von Bismarck is Bismarck is chosen as Prime chosen as Prime MinisterMinister– Realpolitik Realpolitik

meansmeans

““politics of politics of reality” reality”

(tough power (tough power politics with no politics with no room for room for idealism!)idealism!)

• 5)With King’s 5)With King’s consent, Bismarck consent, Bismarck rules w/o rules w/o Parliament and w/o Parliament and w/o budget (direct budget (direct violation of the violation of the constitution)constitution)

• 6) Uses diplomacy 6) Uses diplomacy and military mightand military might makes alliance w/ makes alliance w/ Austria and wages Austria and wages war with Denmark war with Denmark for Schleswig and for Schleswig and HolsteinHolstein

• 7) Bismarck stirs up 7) Bismarck stirs up trouble with trouble with Schleswig and Schleswig and Holstein and Austria Holstein and Austria declares War on declares War on Russia Russia

• (7 weeks war)(7 weeks war) Austria is crushed by Austria is crushed by Prussia and is forced Prussia and is forced to give Venice to to give Venice to Italy and some of its Italy and some of its German territory to German territory to GermanyGermany

•8) Prussia takes 8) Prussia takes control of N. control of N. GermanyGermany

•18671867 rest of rest of northern states northern states join a North join a North German German Confederation, Confederation, dominated by dominated by PrussiaPrussia

• 9) Franco-Prussian 9) Franco-Prussian War (Southern War (Southern Germanic States Germanic States mostly Catholic)mostly Catholic)

• Bismarck created Bismarck created “incidents” and “incidents” and France declared war France declared war on Germanyon Germany– France is crushed France is crushed

and southern states and southern states are swept by are swept by nationalist fevornationalist fevor

•10) King Welhelm 10) King Welhelm crowned Kaiser crowned Kaiser (emperor) in (emperor) in Versailles. Versailles.

•Called their Called their empire the empire the Second Reich Second Reich (The Holy Roman (The Holy Roman Empire was 1)Empire was 1)

Otto von BismarckOtto von Bismarck

• Otto von BismarckOtto von Bismarck– Used militaristic strategy Used militaristic strategy

to expand Prussian to expand Prussian powerpower

– Prussia emerges as a Prussia emerges as a supreme German power supreme German power (after wars with Austria (after wars with Austria and France) Kaiserand France) Kaiser

– National parliament with National parliament with universal male suffrageuniversal male suffrage

– **REALPOLITIK****REALPOLITIK**

What strategies did What strategies did Cavour and Bismarck use Cavour and Bismarck use to unite their countries?to unite their countries?

Case Study: Japan 1853-Case Study: Japan 1853-18751875• What did the Treaty What did the Treaty

of Kanagawa (with of Kanagawa (with Commodore Commodore Matthew Perry) Matthew Perry) reflect about the reflect about the leadership in Japan? leadership in Japan?

• What was the What was the outcome?outcome?

Meiji Restoration Meiji Restoration (Enlightened rule)(Enlightened rule)

• Tokugawa Shogunate Tokugawa Shogunate overthrown and overthrown and Emperor Mutsuhito Emperor Mutsuhito transform Japantransform Japan

• ““Knowledge shall be Knowledge shall be sought throughout sought throughout the world and thus the world and thus shall be strengthened shall be strengthened the foundational of the foundational of the imperial polity”the imperial polity”

• Government Government Structure- GermanyStructure- Germany

• Navy- BritishNavy- British

• Army- GermanArmy- German

• Industry- AmericaIndustry- America

What does this What does this suggest about the suggest about the Japanese?Japanese?

Case Study: Austro-Case Study: Austro-Hungarian EmpireHungarian Empire

AustriaAustria

• Ethnic Groups in the Austro-Ethnic Groups in the Austro-Hungarian Empire: Hungarians, Hungarian Empire: Hungarians, Germans, Czechs, Slovaks, Croats, Germans, Czechs, Slovaks, Croats, Poles, Serbs, Slavs, and ItaliansPoles, Serbs, Slavs, and Italians

• 1866- Prussia defeated Austria in 1866- Prussia defeated Austria in Austro-Prussian WarAustro-Prussian War Prussia Prussia receives northern landreceives northern land

• Hungarians forces Emperor Francis Hungarians forces Emperor Francis Joseph of Austria (Hapsburg family) Joseph of Austria (Hapsburg family) to split empireto split empire he is ruler of both! he is ruler of both!

The Russian EmpireThe Russian Empire

Case Study: RussiaCase Study: Russia• Czars rule for over 400 years!Czars rule for over 400 years!

• 22 million others in empire besides 22 million others in empire besides Russians: 8 million Poles, as well as Russians: 8 million Poles, as well as Lithuanians, Estonians, Finns, Jews, Lithuanians, Estonians, Finns, Jews, Romanians, Georgians, Armenians, and Romanians, Georgians, Armenians, and TurksTurks All groups had their own culture All groups had their own culture

• Romanov dynasty’s policy of Romanov dynasty’s policy of Russification helped strengthen Russification helped strengthen nationalismnationalism

• Russian Romanov Czar Nicolas II gives Russian Romanov Czar Nicolas II gives up power in 1917up power in 1917

Case Study: Ottoman Case Study: Ottoman EmpireEmpire

Ottoman EmpireOttoman Empire

• Controlled Greeks, Slavs, Arabs, Controlled Greeks, Slavs, Arabs, Bulgarians, and ArmeniansBulgarians, and Armenians

• (Note- Ottoman Turks NOT Arab)(Note- Ottoman Turks NOT Arab)

• 1856- under pressure from Britain and 1856- under pressure from Britain and France to grant citizenship to all people France to grant citizenship to all people – Caused tensions, Turks wanted things to stay Caused tensions, Turks wanted things to stay

the SAMEthe SAME

– Like Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire broke Like Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire broke apart after WWIapart after WWI

What do these break-ups tell What do these break-ups tell us about the forces of us about the forces of nationalism? nationalism? • Nationalist movements capable of Nationalist movements capable of

tearing apart long-established tearing apart long-established EmpiresEmpires

• However, nationalism could also However, nationalism could also unify masses of people (Authoritarian unify masses of people (Authoritarian Rulers could use nationalism for their Rulers could use nationalism for their own purposes!)own purposes!)

• Will give rise to the nation-state that Will give rise to the nation-state that is basic in our world today. is basic in our world today.

Intellectual response to Intellectual response to Enlightenment- Enlightenment- ROMANTICISMROMANTICISM

• Reaction against Reaction against too much reasontoo much reason

• Emphasis on Emphasis on emotion, emotion, supernatural, supernatural, nature, nature, individualism, individualism, uniqueness if manuniqueness if man