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of our ancestors. Historical geography can lead to a new understanding and the inte- gration of the past into modern life, by illuminating the visible remains in a still active landscape.

A number of general questions are raised in the book: the aims of compiling inventories of the visible past, the use of the historic landscape as a tourist attraction, planning measures relating to historic landscapes, preservation laws and their effect on conservation, planning and historic consciousness and, finally, the categories of historical landscape features in a planned recreational context (relics of past rural landscapes, urban historic quarters, remains of early industrial sites and imprints of legal measure- ments). In his conclusion, Newcomb promotes landscape analysis as a promising tech- nique for the evaluation of the visible past for recreation. This geographic method in- cludes recording historic resources, analysis of site attractiveness (measurement-tech- nique and preference-technique), compilation of basic data for recreational planning, and an analysis of the perception of the historical environment.

For the geographer, and all other specialists in recreational research and planning, the book stimulates new approaches and activities in many ways; it presents new ideas for future planning studies. The author also indicates directions for the further involve- ment of the historical geographer in applied historical environmental and landscape studies. Planning the Past is an outstanding addition to a well-established series. The book should reach not only academic historians and historical geographers, but also planning authorities and everybody who is interested in making history more accessible by illuminating the visible past.

University of Gdttingen DIETRICH DENECKE

J. D. WIRTH and R. L. JONES (Eds), Manchester and SC.?O Paulo. Problems of Rapid Urban Growth (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1978. Pp. 234. $17.50)

The idea of convoking an international symposium for specialists in various disciplines to discuss the problems of urban growth through comparing the histories of Manchester and SBo Paulo, and of subsequently publishing the proceedings, cannot fail to be intrigu- ing. It is well known that these two cities can be taken as models that exemplify the uneven changes brought about by industrialization. Manchester was the first large modern industrial city; S5o Paulo, one of the first cities to industrialize in the Third World.

Yet, apart from this common characteristic of early industrialization, the search for a comparative history in these two examples of industrialization and urbanization, distinct in time, place and culture, sounds like a convenient pretext to hold one more gathering of heterogeneous scholars from diverse countries. The absence of the appro- priate authorities from the list of those invited perhaps accounts for the omission of such fundamental aspects in the comparison as, for example, the parallelism between the two processes of industrialization, or the different mechanisms of demographic growth. On the other hand, papers are included which do not fit easily into the aims of the book. They were commissioned, and their authors have found themselves forced to make alchemical-like transformations to integrate their research into the general theme.

It is not easy to find specialists in such diverse fields as economics, sociology, literature and anthropology who know both Manchester and SHo Paulo. Moreover, not all the English-language contributors have mastered the most recent literature on S%o Paulo published in Brazil. The reader rapidly perceives that in almost all of the articles the authors operate well in the country or city in which they have conducted their research, but draw on secondary sources, and not always the best, to make the comparison.

All this, however, does not detract from the value of the innumerable stimulating

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propositions and hypotheses, many of them new. The effort expended has been un- deniably worthwhile. This is clearly the case with the chapter by Robert W. Shirley. ‘Legal institutions and early industrial growth’. The author sets out to compare the institutional and administrative structure of both cities before and during their respec- tive processes of industrialization. While the development of the city administration of Manchester was characterized-in the initial phase of industrialization-by confusion, improvization and absence of a solid politico-administrative and police infrastructure and organization, this was not so in Sao Paulo. Sao Paulo, Shirley tries to show, was a model of efficiency, of strong and structured power, of established administrative organization. Shirley makes a comparative analysis of the reaction of the state and the established oligarchy to the working class. In both cities, a small oligarchy controlled all aspects of political and economic life and hence the working class sought outlets for its resentment in violence. Peterloo in Manchester and the 1917 strike in Sao Paulo are two events which typify the brusque reaction and the agitation of the workers against the state and established order.

Equally stimulating is the paper of Richard Morse, ‘Manchester economics and Paulista sociology’. The Manchester School of Economics and the School of Sociology of SIo Paulo appeared in the respective phases of industrialization. Morse has an in- sider’s knowledge of the evolution of Paulista sociology and tries to explain the reasons which led the Paulista intelligentsia to become interested in sociology in contrast to the English who were infatuated with political economy.

Peter Fry, in ‘Two religious movements, Protestantism and Umbanda’, presents some historical and anthropological aspects of Brazilian religious movements, notably Umbanda which came to be the object of his research. He begins with a description of the origins and development of the movement, reviews its social components and cos- mology and concludes with a consideration of its relationship to urban-industrial society. He compares and contrasts Umbanda with Methodism, a religious movement which developed in England during the industrial revolution. Umbanda, in its ritual, vocabulary and external aspects, in the clientalism and search for favours, is a metaphor of the social and political reality of Brazil. Fry’s discussion is innovative and interesting.

Martin T. Katzman, in ‘S%o Paulo and its hinterland: evolving relationships and the rise of an industrial power’, and John B. Sharpless, ‘Intercity development and de- pendency : Liverpool and Manchester’, examine the dependent relationships between the industrial cities, their hinterlands and ports (Liverpool and Santos). Comparison of the role of the agrarian structure in the urban and industrial development of Manchester and SBo Paulo is ably accomplished by the British sociologist Bryan Roberts in his chapter on ‘Agrarian organization and urban development’. He makes the point that in the capitalist system there are different roads to economic and social development.

The contribution by Lincoln Allison on ‘Association football and the urban ethos’ is original, exploring themes and making comparisons in one of those subjects most neglected by the academic community, sport. His aim is to provide a meaningful inter- pretation of the relationship between sport and urban-industrial society. An historical analysis of British football goes hand in hand with a search for parallels and contrasts in the growth of football in Brazil.

The chapters by Iumna M. Simon on ‘Poetic evolution in the industrial era: the Brazilian modernists’ and by Valdo Pons, on ‘Contemporary interpretations of Man- chester in the 1830s and 1840s’ appear out of place in this book. Simon briefly describes the modernist movement and the work of the poet Mario de Andrade as part of the complexities and ambiguities of a society undergoing industrialization as well as a reaction to declining patriarchal literary tastes. Pons selected a few intellectuals who visited Manchester in the 1830s and 40s (Engels, Kay, Taylor) in order to discuss their perception of the process of industrialization, of the condition of the working class, of the relations between rich and poor.

This varied collection contains rich contributions, many full of new insights. In John

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Wirth’s own words in the introduction, the book “having started with questions, ends not with answers but with different and deeper questions”.

Universidade de Siio Paul0 MARIA LUIZA MARCILIO

Shorter notices

SUE FARRANT, Georgian Brighton f 740-1820 (Brighton: University of Sussex, Centre for Continuing Education, Occasional Paper Series, 1980. Pp. 60. fl.25)

During the reign of George III Brighton was transformed from a small bathing spa with about 2,000 residents into the outstanding leader among British seaside resorts, with about 24,000 inhabitants and over 11,000 visitors a year. Dr Farrant’s booklet, which measures this impressive rate of growth against parallel developments in other leading resorts of the period, is a general essay; it concentrates on the physical spread of the town, the chronological development of its facilities and institutions, the growth of population and employment, and, to a lesser extent, on its administrative history. It is well referenced and amply documented from local newspapers, directories, rate books and property records. Only poor labelling and lack of standardization of the generous allowance of seven maps significantly mar an otherwise useful study.

HELEN WALLIS and LOTHAR Z~GNER (Eds), The Map Librarian in the Modern World: Essays in Honour of Walter W. Ristow (Munich: K. G. Sam-, 1979. Pp. 295. $26.00)

Walter Ristow was a map librarian for 40 years, chiefly in the Library of Congress from 1946 to 1978. This festschrift celebrates his outstanding contribution to librarianship, carto-bibliography and the study of maps both past and present. It contains a warm biographical tribute by Dr Wallis, a list of Ristow’s 227 publications, and thirteen essays (ten in English) chiefly by the curators of leading national map collections. For all but map librarians this is likely to be a reference book, perhaps consulted before a visit to a particular repository: it is not on the whole an exciting read. But some of the essays, particularly that on the Library of Congress Map Division itself, do convey something of the skills and energy required of those who, in almost heroic fashion (many quote impressive statistics), have established and maintained the world’s leading map libraries and who are so much in our debt. In a rather indirect way this collection provides a portrait of the tasks of a map librarian and has some useful references for librarians and students of maps alike.

University of Liverpool PAUL LAXTON

LANDSCAPE HISTORY, vol. 1 (Leeds: Published for the Society for Landscape Studies, 1979. Pp. 89)

It would be difficult not to welcome a new periodical devoted to the history of man- made elements in the landscape. Contributions to this field of research appear in a variety of periodicals, including the Journal of Historical Geography, and must continue to do so if it is to be seen to develop the broad relevance which it undoubtedly possesses. Yet such is the popularity of the field, and so great have been recent advances in tech- niques and findings, that there is certainly a place for a new specialist periodical. One only regrets that trends in historical geography seem to have diminished the contribution made by geographers to the analysis of historical landscape elements. The papers collected in Landscape Studies vol. 1 are for the most part of high standard and tackle general issues as well as presenting the results of local research. Many of them are based