p, REVERSE DICTIONARY OF K1J!AKIUTl - SUFFIXES

.H. 'link

The following list of Kwakiutl-suffixes has been taken from the KWakiutl

Grammar by Franz Boas (ed. by Helene Boas Yampolski & leliig S. Harris in

Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia 1947).

As a comparison with the suffixes of the Heiltsuk-language is intended,

the suffixes are listed in a reverse way in the alphabetical order of the

Heiltsuk-alphabet as follows:

a i § b c c' d dl di e E g gw ~ ~w h 1 k k' kw kw' 1 l' t m m' n n' a 8~

p pI q q' qw qw' st t' tl tl' u w w' X X xw *w y y' 7

The vowels are given without length-differences as there is a lack of

clarity on this point in Boas' Glossary of suffixes. An exception is made

for short ~ and schwa (E) which Boas clearly distinguishes. I also pre­

ferred the ~ymbol 0 to € (medium rounded back vowel) as the tre8t~ent of

suffixes beginning with -0- is given together with those beginning with

-0-. Suffixes which lack a description in Boas' grammar have been given a

tentative meaning placed between quotation-marks, f.e. the suffix -clap

"to be able to".

The alphabetical order disregards the occurrence of pitch whibh the

Heiltsuk-language may show. 5evetal suffixes are given with the way of

reduplication or stem-expansion as given on p. 232 of the Kwakiutl

Grammar by Boas. Suffixes which are joined to the stem or base without

changing it are given with a simple stroke before the suffix (-).

A double stroke before the suffix (=) means that the suffix "~eAkens"

the terminal consonant of the stem or base, whereas the symboJ. ~~ means

a "hardening" of the terminal stemconsonant.

-a (-:a rarely)

-c'a

-dla

-laga

-y'aga

=(g)Ega

-p'Ega

-7Enga

-9a

-k'Elga

-ka

=aka

=aka

=eka (=ekEla, =ege7, =egEnd)

=xseka,(=xsegEnd)

-!Emks

-ala

=ala

-!sla

-bala

=(x)dala (1)

-(k}:ala

-k'ala

=amala

-am'ala

-77-

most common formative strffix, occurs with all active and static verbs, less frequently with nouns; expresses the sim~lest statement of the meaning of the stem

ear' (see =ato) redupl. with insertion of s in 1st syllable

to be ready to (~et) ••• r to try to (get) ••• redupl. 5

on rock (see =it, :is)'

end of long horizontal object (see -bala)

outside of ,nose, point of land (see -!genisbe7)

"in time"

but

hind end, stern of canoe; afterwards; following

now (apparently only in imperatives, exhorta­tives and after -qa)

see -y'ak

'inside a hollow object (retains (9)- after vowels, m, n, 1; does not weaken t, xw)

thigh

in a dream (see -xst'a7~kw)

see -gas

see -k 'ElqEla,

iterative (after stems ending in vowels, y, w, m, n, 1)

to happen

see =aksala

back

in front of house, in front of body (weakens all cons. exc~pt spirants)

one at a time (usually with numerals in dis­tributive form)

see -Ela

to do in return redupl. 5

to join in (may also mean 'ready to', for this meaning see tentative -!a)

--- on the way, while going along (see -ba) usually redupl. 5

expresses speed and continuity ("always")

noise, continued action with voice (see -(k)~Egat)

,see -k 'e7

along bank of river stem exp. 2

to quarrel about

-(x)dEmala

-om'ala

-kina(la)

-p'ala

-q'a(la)

=akeala (=Iksa, =I)(sala, =Ixsa" -Eksala, -Ekse)

-Eke ala

=axsale

(=)Exstala

=(g)Etlala

-(g)iwala

-atgiwala

=tley'ala

-(gE)y'ela

-(kE)y'ela

=oy'ale

-xs7ala (-xs7Ex7id)

-U'Ua

-wala

-x81a

-Ela

-(x)dEla

-y'akEla

-{x)s7akEla

=ekEla

-akwEla

=(a)kwEla (=kw-Ela 7)

=n'akwEla

-xsokw(Ela)

-78-

only in: gixdEmala - gums

uin time" • accidentally, to have an accident while redupl. 5

to smell

just, entirely, emphatic

away without definite aim weakens stops only stem exp. 3b

see =aksala

sea =aksala

to talk about often with redupl. 5

wearing (retains initial -g~ after vowels) reduplication

to have on 'forehead (see elsa -(g)iu)

see -atgiwe7

see =tle7

to go to look for an object redupl. 5

to go to look for something to --­redupl. 5

see :;;oy'od

to talk about (stemsuffix, see =Exstala) redupl. 5

here and there stem exp. 3a

S8a -61a

see -xEla

to live at (used with placenames)

to order, cause an action stem exp. 3g

continuative (-Ela after stems ending in voice­less cons., -ala in all other cases)

optative past

see -y'ak

see -(x)s7ag

see =eka

see -akw

succeSl3ful action of some sort , gradual motion (stems endi~g in-xw not always weakened)

somewhat (diminutive of a quality), ---ish

=oiE{la)

-pEla

-lp(Ela)

=ap(Ela)

-aqEla

-!aqEla (-lage7)

-!sqEla

-ost'EqE(la), -(x)st'EqE(la)

-ElqEla (-Elx7ed)

-k'ElqEla (-k'Elga)

-baqwEla

-dzaqwEla

-79-

=laqwEla (=laqwa, =olaqwEla, =olaqwa)

-amEnqwEla ," . .,

-asEla

-esEla

-17esEla

-w'atEla

-(Ela)tlEla

-(gI7a)tlEle (-(ga7a)tlElod)

=(gE)tlEle (=(g)EtlEla, =(gE)tlElod)

-xE1a.· (-xala)

-:(1)(Ela (-!Eli7id, -!El~aia)

-dEl~Ela (-dEI~7id, -dEl~aia)

-gEleila

-(g)ila

-sila

-(x)sila

-7sila

in the house, on the floor (see.=ii) (follow certain suffixes without insertion of 1)

sse ::oi

to think one can (see -(c):ap)

see -!bo

see =abo

see -aqa

to carry along

see -!eq

intensification, very

!.

-ost'EqE(la) with numeral adverbs and a few other stems means "to do"

to think of (see -leq; s~condary form for -!eqEla, used in a limited numbe~ of cases)

front of body (see -!qa,"-!eq)

blazing fire

see -dzaqwa

to speak (see -dzaqwa) redupl. 5

some are (doing something) stem exp. 2

see -asaia

in succession, in regular order

to do to each in order (see -ana7esa, -anaqa, -asEla)

to carry (see =n'akwEla)

to be above ground

to move above ground

to move from a stationary place, to go some­where to

to move

kind of, ---ish (see -dElxEla)

kind. of (see -!El~Ela)

to work'at, to take car~ of (see -(x)si1a)

to make something, to c~use something, to' give a feast, to go in a certain direction, time (after vowels, m, n, 1, glotta1s and sonants, sometimes after p and s: -gila, after other cons. -ila).

to act because --- (see. -(x)sila)

to work at, take care of (us~a11y verbal, but sometimes used as noun, see -(g)i1a) redup1. 5

to work at, take care of, to act because redup~. with A ·

-61a, -wBla

=dzSla

-(g)61a

-a~ala

-mlola

-(x)sanola

-(g)is61a

-lay'61a

-761a

-(g)al'a, -(k)al'a, -EI'a

-a,ia

-ata

-eneka,ta

-(Ig)weneka)'.a

=eleq(ata) (=eq) .

-xda7eleq(a,ia)

-asata (-asEla)

=(x)t lata -!Elxata

-dElxaja

-lita

-bo,t( a)

-!ema

-80-

-!ema (-!emas, -emas in one case)

-okw'ema

. on the water (either stetidnary or moving on one spot without reference to direction (see -tle?)

see =dzo

see -(g)oxw'id

see -agaw(e7)

see -m'o

some in a crowd

see -(g)isawe7

see -~ay'awe7

see -7awe7

to perform no action without previous conside­ration, at once, without seeing stem exp. 3c

continued position

a little more, somewhat redupl. 5

on top of one another (see =ege7)

one on top of another (perhaps compound of -ekEla, on back)

nearly

see =eleq(a,ia)

to have on side'

see =(x)t'a

see -~ElXEla

see -dE lXE la

see -li,i(Ela)

to pretend (wordsuffix)

able to be ---, ---able stem exp. 7

classes or characteristic condition of things (se8 -!omas) stem exp. 7

pair (with numerals)

=Ema (after voiceless cons.), m'a to play, a little (after voiced·or glottalized cons) always with ~ redupl., evidently related to

diminutive =Em

=oma

-anoma

-m'a

=am'a

-(x)dEm'a

-ana

-(x)clana

always (see -!ema), probably not Kwakiutlic

to come to

see =Ema

old and useless

place used for a purpose .

perhaps, maybe

hand

-dana

-sdana

-kEns

-p'En(a)

=ina (=inas)

-kina

-p'a

-aqa (-aqEla, -aqod)

-anaqa

-a7aqa

-gElqa (-gEt-!qa? also -:qa)

-am'Enqa

-q'a

-q'a

-(x)sEqla

-dzaqwa (-dzaqwEla)

=(o)laqwa

-neqwa

-SElqw~

-(x)dElqwa

-~na7esa

-Eksa

=Ensa

=Ensa

=agEnsa v =axsa

-81-

worth, to be satisfied with;.( with numerals)

to die of (see =alisEm) . (seems to refer to an object rather than a fee­ling or activity as a cause of death)

see -kEn

times (followed by a suffix with initial cons. -p'En; followed by a suffix with initial vowel, m, n, 1, that does not influence the preceding cons. -p'en, but not quite regular)

nominal suffix

see -kinala

to taste (if combined with other suffixes -la, -7sto, -Exsta, used for sense feelings)

see -gElqa

inside (-~q or -!qEla what has --- inside; -!qa to do inside; -!ge7 what is inside) stem expansion

to pass one

to act so as to extend over several in order (see -ana7esa, -a7esEla) stem exp. 2

to go in a certain direction redupl. 5

among more than ~wo (see -go)

to make the motion of an active without perfor­ming it, to make motion from a qi~tance redupl. 5

see -q'ala

to feel

ovar, across (see -(x)sE~tla)

to speak (see =laqwEla)

see =(o)laqwEla

corner, side of house (usually followed by other locative suffixes =it, =is, etc.)

across (with locative suffix)

indicates a human quality (f.e. generous, stingy)

to do to each in order (see -a7esEla, -anaqa)

see =aksala

down in throat

under water, in deep water

to happen to meet someone while ---ing (see =Ens)

see =aksala

.flat objects, days (used with definite and inde­finite numerals)

-:ta

-bEta

-(g)it(a)

-w'Esta

-usta

-(x})sta

-c'axsta

(=)E~sta

-7sta

-(s)e7sta

-t'a

-w 'Ett 'a

=(x)t'a, (=(~)t'ata, =(x)t'od)

-xtla

-(e)~tla

-(x)sE*tla ". -xa

-axa (~a*Ela, -axod)

-naxwa

-q'Enxwa

=xtlEy'a

-:Emy'a

-82-

meaning doubtful: perhaps ~n intensification of an act or condition

in, into hole , body as a whole (see -(k):En)

out of water (see -0, -7sta)

up river (see -w'Esta)

down to ground (always followed by another suffix)

with =gEt indicates movement in a long narrow path; also occurs without =gEt (see -c1 aq)

mouth, outward opening stem exp. la

in(to) water; water; air

around (after vowels, m, n, 1, -e7sta; after k, ~. ~~;t,;tl, ~, -se7sta) with redupl. it means "to go farther"

on (his) part; but (wordsuffix)

out of an enclosed space (see -0) seaward

on the fire

dish (with definite and indefinite numerals)

across a hill (see -(x)sEq'a)

to say

down

sometimes

in front of, to mova up in front of

(to take) by force (does hot weaken spirants)

cheek (see -:os)

-(k)s7a (-(k)s7End, -(x)s7a, -(x)s7End) in two parts, off from fire, off from the sea (in the last case =xs7age)

-(x)s§

-xss

-xtla

=xtls

-me -(s)xa

to arrive; too

also

without redupl.: still with redupl. or stem exp.2 always, entirely

about, aimlessly redupl. 3e

very

on top of head, name (does not weaken t) see -0

tooth, sharp edge (sometimes -SX8 after vowels, but not always)

-d

=ed

=ed

-Elx7ed

-(g)oxw'id (-(9)61e)

-egoxw'id

-(x)7id

-x7id (-nd, -od, -d)

-xs7Ex7id

-!Elx7id

-dElx7id

-nd

=egEnd

=xsegEnd

-(k)s7End (-(x)s7End)

-od

-!od

=dzod

-egod

-(ga7a)tlElod

=(gE )tlElod

-Ja1'od

=nod

-aqod

=(x).t'od

-axod

-(g)iyod

=tlay'od

=oy'o(d) (=oy'ala)

-!xsd

-Iaxsd

-!exsd

-eqanud (-aqEnwe7)

-83-

"" •

inchoative, used afte~ suffixes ending in ~m or ~n (see -x7id) •

to have, having (stemsuffix, see also -nukw, wordsuffix)

owner

see -ElqEla

together (see -(g)o) stem exp. 6a

see -a9aw(e7)

recent past (retains -x- except in nouns)

express a momentary aspect, generally an in­choative, -x7id is used with stems and after the suffixes -la and aia for tr. and itr. vbs.

see -xs7ala

see -!ElxEla

see -dE HEla

inchoative, used with most suffixes ending in -a except -la and -aia (see -x7id)

see =eka

see =xseka

see -(k)s7a, -(x)s7a

inchoative, is used with all suffixes ending in -0 and with'-axa, ~tIe7, -EtlEla (-gEtlEla, -ga7atlEla),-xt'a, -8 (see -x7id)

to bring, lead (with vbsand ~o8ns)

see =dzo

see -a~aw(e7)

see -(ga7a)tlEla

see =(gE)tlEla

see -!a

see =no

see -aqa

see =(x)t'a v see -axa

to put on forehead (see also -(g)iu)

see =tle7

middle

behind, tail end (trans. stems have passive meaning with this suffix)

contrary to fact, past

to desire

"side" (possible combination of -aqa pass & =no side)

-edl

-lagidl (probably lag(a) + -edl)

-xodl

-ne7sdl

=ac'e

-as de

-xds

-Hx)dle

-dz~ -ole

=tEw'e

-kaxe

-(k)Ey'e l

=gEimoy'e (=gEimEwe7)

=noy'e

=toy'e (=tEw'e)

-geE)

=oiE

-6s~~E~E~ T(x)st'EqE

-w'E

-g

-(x)s7ag (-(x)sakEla)

-amak

-ayak

-y'ak (-y'aga, -y'akEla)

-p'Enk (-p'En -k)

=kw

=kw

-akw (-ekwEle)

-84-

astonishing!

emphasizes the subject in co~trest to another subject ",

astonishing:

oh! oh if:

receptacle (box, dish, house, canoe, etc.) stem exp. la

dried meat of stem exp. 2

transition from present to past, from existence to non-existence; plusquamperfect

miserable, pitiful, too bad that (loses initial x after s)

large

suffix for fruits of plants

see =toy'e

knee

on top (of a surface)

left by moving away (see =gti, -mola) oDes not weaken spirants

see =no

to do a thing while doing something else, parti-cularly walking o·r moving (does not affect . spirants _"i, ~w - except s)

to eat redupl. 4

see =oi seB -ost'EqEle, -(x)st'EqEla

negative (see -0) see -geE)

into woods, from sea to shdre (hardens stops) (see -y'ega; combination of'-xs7 & -y'age)

disposition

on surface of water (see -ayak) redupl. 5

in surface water (see -ama~) sometimes with ~ reduplica~ion

back into woods; with =ii back into room or behind curtains (see -(x)s~eg)

fathom, span

passive

beforehand (occurs always in conjunction with =ii, -:s, -!a; see also =akw)

at intervals of time and space (see also =kw)

'. .

.;

-sgEm'akw

-en'akw

=akw

-xst'a7akw

-!dzEkw

-(x)dzEkw-

=xEkw

=Elkw

=okw

-(x)sokw

-xsokw

-skw

.. nukw \

-(x)sayukw

-1'

=1.

-(k')Egai, -:gai (after cons.)

-gwal

-lai -s78na1.

-kina1.

-ayadzEw'a1.

-(g)E1.

=(g)E1.

, -85-

tribe

"country" ground" (stemsuffix)

beforehand, in advance (s~e =kw)

apparently, seemingly, it seems like (Koskimo: in a dream)

to do before doing something else redupl. 7

with numerals; occurs as -(x)dzEkwa1.a layers, -(x)dzEkwEla minded.

place where there is much of something

having the habit of

person (mostly with numerals)

numeral suffix for the tenths in each one 'hundred up to 280; also - five pairs of blan­kets (perhaps related to -xsayukw)

,see -xsokwEla

as I told you before~ already

having (see =ad)

objects in bundles or of bulky shape

it is said

passive of verbs expressing sensations and men­tal action; also sensations produced by some outer aotion

nominal

easily stem exp. 2

to begin to make noise

one who is lost

dancer; as name "always doing"

body part

nicely (wordsuffix)

used to be, used to do

motion in any direction without definite goal, away

continued or repeated motion in any directio~ (with end in view) (weakens, except the frica­tives 1., x, xw) The suffixes -(g)Et, -(g)a71., -(w)Ei, =(g)EI are always followed by other locative suffixes. -(g)- is retained after 1, m, n, glottals (?) and vowels. -(g)E1. and -(g)a71. are directly attached to the stem, or following another suffix. They ~y be followed by =i1., =18, -!8, -:a, =xs, -!qa, -c'o, -xdle, =tle, -tlEla, etc. -(w)Et and =(9)E1. are only attached to stems. They may be followed by -atus, -7sto, -7sta, -c'o -gEga, -k'En, =xto, -sEm, -kEy'e, -mala, =dzo, =Is, -!ldIe, -!xdla

-(w)Et -wEt =11. -11' " -k'od1t

-(g)1t -ogwit

-lit -aw'it

-(g)Emt

-at =01.

=01., =o1.E(la)

-bot

=a(y)agot

-dEgwot

=01.

-ut, -wui (-wEt)

-(g)a7t

-Em-

-Em, =Em, -:Em & irregular -Em

=Em

=Em

-lEm

-dEm

-modEm

-(x)dEm

-~Em

-86-

motion out of, off (see ~(g)Et)

see -ut on the floor, in the house

sse -(g)it one side

reason, therefore (after s, k, tl: -it) as expected

see -litEla

across

mask

nominal

made exclusively of ---, done exclusively with --, completely (see -(x}dEq, -~o) redupl. 5

continued motion in a certain direction, in­differ~nt (=01. alone weakens)

ses -bota I to have been

see -xdEq

ugly

remote past (wordsuffix)

motion towards a 'definite goal (see =(9}Et)

plural of locative suffixes by inserting -Em­preceding the suffix; expresses in itr. vb. plural of the subj., in tr. vb. plural of obj.

nominal formative suffix

diminutive redupl. 5

passive, instrument (see =ayu, -s07) {occurs more frequently than =ayu after the suffixes =it, -gEls, -lis, =xs (ns, qa)}

exclusively; according to the character of the stem or the context "real, really" or "just only, common" stem exp. 3f

see -(x )dEm

see -mut, -m'ut

time, place where something is done regularly; without the locative endings (=it, -!s, -!a) it expresses time with =it and -!s the place appropriate for some­thing or a ,favorite place with -!a it designates a place used regularly for a certain purpose (see also -as)

face, head; in front, ahead (usually -Em after cons., with a few exceptions (s and tl), in some cases -s~Em}

-s(g)Em

-k'Em

=olEm

-nEm, =nEm

-anEm

=anEm

-ganEm

-sEm

=alisEm

-!axsEm

=elexsEm (=eleq-s(g)Em)

-m'

-am'

-em'

-En, =En

-!En

-cEn

-dEn

-kEn (-kEns)

-kEn

-(k)JEn

-(x)dEmk'En

-mEn, -m'En

-tlEn

-0

-0, -wB

- ! bo. ( - ! p ( El a ) )

-87-

round surface, round thing (aft~r vowels, m, n, I, sonants and glottals -sgEm, otherwise -sEm; see -gEm)

sign, omen

nominal suffix

nominal formative suffix

nominal suffix (irregular)

obtained by (see =inet)

perhaps

see -s(g)Em

to die of (see -sdana) does not weaken glottals

woman

nearly (for colors): ---ish, diminutive of quality (see -!ElxEla, =deq, -~dala, -xda7eleqa):'a)

verbal suffix, indicating that the subject has been referred to or thought of before

suffix for names of plants redupl. 5

nearby (usually in combination with locative suffixes)

nominal endinQ

see -(k)!En

to travel by means of

finger-width (with numerals, also with other stems)

to be somewhere at the same time, also; to do at the same time, also redupl. 5

too much stem expo 3h

(long) body (see -(g)ita)

dress (see -k'En)

young of animals

nominal suffix: what serves for ---

a doubtful suffix (nouns and vbs ending in -0; in a number of suffixes -0 occurs as terminal, f.e. =abo, =oy'o, -dzo, etc.)

negative: off, away from, out of (stemsuffix) usually followed by other suffixes f.e. -od! -oy'u, -wala, -wamas, etc.) -0: after stops, y, w, sometimes m, n, 1 -w§: after vowels, sometimes after m, n, 1

chest

=abo (=ap(Ela)

-w'Elc'o

=dzo (=dz61a, =dzod)

-ill 'Eldzo

-(9)0 (-(~)6, -(g)awe7)

-m '0 ( -m I 61a )

-(x)dzam'o

=no (=nEwe7, =noy'e, =nod)

=ano

-qEno

-qlEno

-anlo

=(a)an'o

=enlo

-saqo

-07so

=ato

-platto (-pia -7sto)

-7sto

=xtlo

-:xo (-!xawe7)

=etl'xo

=oy'o

-s70

-kas70

-c'o

-dzo

-(9)8 -en'o

(-C'Ew-)

-(g)en'o

-(w ' )Eq6

-(x)sa

-wlEtte

-(g)ust6

=( x)to

-88-

underneath, bottom

out of --- (see -0, -cia)

on a flat thing

off from flat object (see -0, =dzo)

between (probably one and the same suffix with -(g)oxw'id, -(9)01a "together") stem exp. 6a

moving in company

in frQnt of body

side of round things

instrument (passive parallel to =ayu, with suffixes that form transitives in -End)

suddenly

jointly with (only with tentative -~a)

nominal (plant names, see also =(a)an'o)

a long stretched-out object and attached to something

to do to one passing by

penis

to cause unintentionally (see -ames)

ear (appears to refer to external, 'but is not rigidly adhered to; see -:a)

to see

round opening; secondary meaning~ implying "fixed place" (like -7sta in respect to accent)

ends of branches of tree, leaves, hair on body of animal (does not weaken t) neck (does not harden t) into mouth

see :oy'od

piece of

fine and beautiful

in(side)

emphatic

see -(9)0 with, to join in (see -(g)9n'6

to follow suit, to do also individually what others are doing (see -:ala) redupl. 5

out of hole (see -0, -wEls)

through (a hole or enclosed space)

out of canoe (see -0) up, grow up (after vowels, m, n, 1, -gusto, otherwise -ust6)

on top of long object

cap

-(c}:ap

-qwap

-mp

-ap'

=ar l

-(x)sEiy'ap'

-lq

=aq

-c'aq

=olaq

=sdenaq

-(g)i;iq

ceq

-:eq (-!eqE1a)

=deq

=eleq

-xda7eleq

-c'Eq

-(x)dEq

-dzEq

-p'Eq

=aqw (7)

-dEqw

-:s -(a)s (-(a)dze7)

-as

cas

-e'as

-ga(s) . -kas

-alas

-mas

-amas

-lemas

-c'emas (probably -Es-!emas)

-89-

see -lbo

see cabo

"to be able to"

fire (see -baqwEla)

relationship

each other, one another stem exp. 2

nape of neck, behind

shoulder, arm above elbow (see _ap')

see -:qa

crotch

long objects

"spoon"

to work, not free (used anly when an action is unusual)

alongside of; along bank of river, shore of lak. (after vowels, m, n, 1, -gaq, otherwise -aq)

see =eleq(a,ta)

in body, mind; to think of (see -ElqEla)

"blood"

see =eleq(a,ta)

see -xda7eleq(ata)

expresses a human quality

exclusively by --- (see =o,t) redupl. 3d

hole (perhaps wider meaning)

stick, tree

"someone"

"snot, saliva"

on the ground outside the house (see cit)

side of flat thing

nominal: tree (Koskimo, BB; irregular)

place of stem exp. la

"(intuitively) skilful" (see -:Es and -qtEs)

woman

really (wordsuffix)

material for

expresses a quality

to cause (see -gila, -07so)

see -!ema

something of the kind belonging to

-:omas

-c'anas

=inas

-(x}s~y'as

-(g)as, -(ga7a)tlas

=es

-:es

-Ene'es

-w'Esdes

-usdes (-usta=es)

-mes

-k'a7es

-Es

=Es (-s after m,n)

-:Es

-bEs

-dzEs

-k'Es (-q'Es)

-mEs (-Ems, -m's)

-q'Es

-q'Es

-aq'Es

-xEs,. =xs, =ks

=is

-m'ls (-m'-wis)

-(x}sis

-wis

-wis

-90-

classes of things (see -:emas)

successful, clever at something (see =w'at)

see =ina

instrument used in connection with some acti­vity

reso. on roof / on to roof (see -ga78)

inside of body (see -:es, -k'a7es)

inside or outside of stomach (see =es)

down to beach

up from beach (see -0, -usta?)

up from beaoh

useless part (nominal suffix)

on front outside of body, tree, mountain, also in body (see =es,-!es)

belonging to (see -dzEs)

cont~nuously, all the time stem exp. 4

exoelling in the use of senses, always in some bodily or mental condition (see -q'Es, -o'as) stem exp. 3f (irregular)

fond of, devoted to

piece of, belonging to

to eat; into body through mou.th. (see =es, -:es, -k'a7es)

nominal suffix, in names of plants derived from the term for the fruit, bark, or other part used (-Ems / -m's after vowels, m, n, 1 and glottalizedcons; -mEs after other cons.)

see -k'Es

having an outstending quality (see -:Es,-o'as)

back and forth stem exp. 2

acting, being like

in an open space; on the beach; in the world; on the bottom of the water; on the bottom in­side the body (see -k'a7es)

and so (this suffix is often separated into its parts by other suffixes)

foot

only in names

and so (expresses a weak causal connection, generally compOUnded with -m' and -m'is, but separated from it by -l'a "it is said" and similar suffixes)

=ks

-Els

-wEls

-Ems

-m's

=Ens

-as

-!os

-stos (7)

=nus (=nudze7)

-atus

=yus

=xs y

=xs

-xwa7s

-(x)dEm'7s

-078

=w'at

=inet

-(g)it

-xEnt

-at

-ot

-(k)!ot

-mut, -m'ut

=aan'ut

":'wut, -ot

-xat'

-xst'

-tl

-91-

see -xEs

outside (see -:s, -0) out of house (see -0 and -Els)

see -mEs

see -mEs

found un~xpectedly (see =agEns) I

stem exp, 2

a doubtful suffix

cheek

"willing"

side of long or round thing (inanimate or per­son, see =no)

down river

always (engaged in); only in names sometimes with redupl. or stem exp.

see -xEs

in a canoe (see :it) The suffixes =it, =is, -!s, -!a, =xs are, when the verb is static, attached to the stem, rarely to the word with formative endings. With terminal -8 (excepted -!a) these suffixes are active or transitive (see also =etl, -git(a»

day (only with numeral adverbs)

appropriate place outside on ground

from one to other (refers to a single action)

successful (see -c'anas)

obtained by (see =anEm)

see -(g)it(a)

evidently

see -luut

sound (7)

opposite (frequently in combination with other suffixes; after x, s, tl: -at; terminal q of stem changes to x arid is followed by -k'ot)

useless, refuse (-mut after.$tems with terminal sonant or glottalized cons.) redupl. 6c

to put at end of line or long object (see =aan'ol

fellow (after fricatives and k-sounds it takes the form -w'ut, the k-stops becoming fricatives)

see -xa7a as usual (wordsuffix)

future

=etl (transitive =etla)

-etl

-at!

-potl

=nutl

-(g)iu {-(g)ime7)

-(x)siu

-xiu (-xiwe7)

-(gE)manu

-92-

into house, into mouth,' into inlet

going along (occurs most frequently with -:s . "on ground" and -!a "on rocks")

to obtain

into hole (Koskimo)

side (used primarily with body parts, almost exclusively with other suffixes)

(What is on) forehead, front

mouth of river

on top

head (from -gEm "face")

=ayu (-y'u if following vowels, m, n, 1, instrument, passive (see -s07, -Em) y, w)

-a9aw

-x -lax

-(x)dax

· -'E)n~ -!Enx

-x7Enx

-m 'Enexw

-!oxw

-(x)da?xw

-e7, =e7, -!e7

-!genisbe7

-!dze7

-!dze7

-(a)dze7

=abedze7

=nudze7

=ege7

-!8ge7

:;.k87

-k'e7 (-k'a1a)

see -a98w(e?)

exhortative suffix

uncertainty

still, yet (synonym of -xss) edge of a flat or long thing

season

see -!Enx

small (plural, see -bido7 sg.; wordsuffix)

price

a person who does an act habitually, profes­sionally; an habitual action; tribal name

pl. of 2nd and 3d persons of verb; also of POSSe nouns; personal only

nominal ending (nouns derived from active verbs)

inside of nose (see =itba)

number

child of a kind

see-(a)s

calf (of leg)

see =nus

see =eka

see -!aqEla

favorite place

assistant, to 8ssit redupl. 5

-93-

=ne7 corner (see =neqwa)

=ane7 (?), -:ane7 names of animals

-:.ne7 (-ene7 with retention of' suff.-a) abstract noun, denoting quality or condition

-Ene7 to go to visit relatives or home

=tle7 (=tlay'ala, =tlay'od) moving on watsr; at sea (does not weaken spirants)

-(g)awe7 see -(9)0 v (7 ) ( Y d ......, . d ... "'I ) -agaw e -ago , -agoxw 1 , -ago a

-(g)isawe7 (-(g)ls01a)

-!xawe7

-!ay'awe7 (-!ay'61a)

-7awe7 (-761a)

=gE,imEwe7

=nEwe7

=aan'Ewe7 (=aan'o-e7)

=(g)iiue7

-(g)iwe7

-a,igiwe7, (-a,igiwala)

-(x)siwe7

-xiwe7

-aqEnwe7

-bid07

-n'07

-s07

mars, extreme; refers to relative position of two (-q, -ge7 for more than two)

left ovpr, to leave over (see -!ay'awe7, -!ay'81a, -7awe7, -701a) redupl. 6c

see -!xo

left over (see -gls8ws7, -7awe7, -761a)

left behind (see-!ay'awe7, -!ay'ola, -gisame7)

see =gE,imoy'e

see =no

line

bow of canoe (weakens stops; 9 is not changed to gw after stops)

see -(g)iu

moving ahead, ahead redupl. 5

to have to do something on account of circum­stances

see -xiu

see -aqanud

small, singular (wordsuffix; see also -m'Ene~w)

too much, too often (only 2nd person)

the passive of vbs governing the objective forms (pronominal -q, nominal -x(a» is ex­pressed by -s07