Memory Storage

Retrieval

Types of RetrievalThe process of getting information out of memory storageRelearning Takes less time to relearn something youve already studied/learned before.Recalltest of LTM that involves retrieving memories without cues, also termed free recallCued recalltest of LTM that involves remembering an item of information in response to a retrieval cueRecognitiontest of LTM that involves identifying correct information from a series of possible choices.Serial position effecttendency to remember items at the beginning and end of a list better than items in the middle. Primacy beginning of listRecency end of the listName the Seven Dwarves Take out a piece of paper

RecallA measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlierExample: Essay, fill-in-the-blank, and short answer test questions test recallRecall Tests will do THIS to your head.RecognitionA measure of memory in which a person must identify items learned earlierExample: Multiple choice and matching test questions test recognitionNow pick out the seven dwarves.Turn your paper over.Grouchy Gabby Fearful Sleepy Smiley Jumpy Hopeful Shy Droopy Dopey Sniffy Wishful Puffy Dumpy Sneezy Pop Grumpy Bashful Cheerful Teach Snorty Nifty Happy Doc Wheezy Stubby Poopy Seven Dwarves

Sleepy, Dopey, Grumpy, Sneezy, Happy, Doc and Bashful

Recall vs. Recognition testsImportance of retrieval cues evident in recall vs. recognition testsRecall tests - must retrieve info learned earlier. Two step process: 1) generate a mental list, 2) recognize the answer from the list.Examples: Fill-in-the-blank test; essay examsRecognition tests - only need to identify the correct answer. 1 step process: 1) recognize answer from the list. List was already generated for you.Example: Multiple choice tests

8key words: forgetting; retrieval; retrieval cues; recall; recognitionPrimingMemoryless MemoryPriming is influence of one memory on another without your awarenessA type of implicit memory because it does not depend on awareness and is automaticView this example from Derren Brown with his ad agency video 8 min

9Key words: long-term memory; implicit memory; non-declarative memory; primingPerceptual PrimingPrime enhances ability to identify a test stimulus based on its physical featuresBy showing you one thing, I can influence how youll see or perceive another.

Does not work across sense modalitiesHere is a demonstration

10Key words: long-term memory; implicit memory; non-declarative memory; priming; perceptual primingPerceptual PrimingCan you identify the fragmented stimulus to the right?

11Key words: long-term memory; implicit memory; non-declarative memory; priming; perceptual primingPerceptual PrimingWhat if you were shown the following slide earlier in the lecture?

12Key words: long-term memory; implicit memory; non-declarative memory; priming; perceptual primingRetrieval: Context EffectsRetrieval CueRetrieval Cue a clue, prompt, or hint that can trigger the recall of a stored memory 3 Associations DemoMemories only appear to be forgotten. You are only lacking the right retrieval cue.

Which retrieval cues work best? Encoding Specificity When conditions of retrieval are similar to original conditions of encoding, retrieval is more likely to be successfulEncoding Specificity TypesContext effectsenvironmental cues to recallState dependent retrievalphysical, internal factors Mood Congruencefactors related to mood or emotions

Which retrieval cueswork best?Context-dependent memory - enhanced ability to retrieve information when you are in an environment similar to the one in which you encoded the informationBetter recall if tested in classroom where you initially learned info than if moved to a new classroomIf learning room smells of chocolate or mothballs, people will recall more info if tested in room with the same smell compared to different smell or no smell at all16key words: forgetting; retrieval; retrieval cues; encoding specificity principle; context-dependent effects

Retrieval uses your Senses!fMRI shows that when people memorized the label dog with the sound of a bark the auditory cortex activated when they retrieved it. Those memorized the label dog to a picture activated their visual cortex when they retrieved it.Retrieving a memory reactivates the sensory area of the cortex that was involved in the initial perception of the event. State-Dependent MemoryThe enhanced ability to retrieve information when the person is in the same physical and emotional state they were in when they encoded the informationIf you are in an altered state of consciousness you will be more likely to remember things you learned or did when in that state again.

19key words: forgetting; retrieval; retrieval cues; context-dependent effects; state-dependent effects

State Dependent Memory(Drug Induced State)

Drunk doingsomething

Recall better if drunk

Than if sober

20key words: forgetting; retrieval; retrieval cues; state-dependent effects

Notes:

Example of state-dependent effect: A person who hides money while drunk may forget the location until drunk again.

For this example, I usually stress that this this is not a call to get drunk before an exam in order to improve your grade. I point out that subjects who are sober at the initial time of learning and during testing do significantly better than those in an intoxicated state.Mood CongruenceType of State Dependent MemoryMood Congruence Mood tends to evoke memories of when you were in that same mood. Positive mood will likely cause you to remember other times you were positive.

Mood Congruence effectsBipolar depressivesInfo learned in manic state, recall more if testing done during manic stateInfo learned in depressed state, recall more if testing done during depressed state

22key words: forgetting; retrieval; retrieval cues; state-dependent effects; mood congruence

Semantic Network ModelMental links between conceptscommon properties provide basis for mental linkShorter path between two concepts = stronger association in memoryActivating one concept can spread and activate other associations. Think of our Spaghetti Demo in class to demonstrate this.23Key words: memory organization; hierarchical organization; associations; spreading activation modelSemantic Network ModelSee example at Human Cloud BrainRedFireHouseCherryAppleRosePearAmbulance Fire EngineTruckBusCarFlowerVioletHotPotStovePanPie24Hockenbury Slides (Schulman) Key words: memory organization; hierarchical organization; associations; spreading activation modelWho are YouAaron & Steffanie PortengaAaron & Steffanie Portenga's Album200824555.195eng - iTunNORM 00000284 000001CF 00001A81 00001E4A 000027E5 0000059C 00006868 0000801D 000027CB 0000258Deng - iTunSMPB 00000000 00000210 0000076E 0000000000107C82 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000HappyAaron & Steffanie PortengaAaron & Steffanie Portenga's Album201426566.67eng - iTunNORM 00000B0B 00000A8B 00004056 00003FA2 000025A7 00004EE0 00008311 000080AF 00001ABC 00004D58eng - iTunSMPB 00000000 00000210 00000966 000000000011D50A 00000000 00066F59 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000