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Slide 1 of 134 ©2018 ∙ Table of Contents < >
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This Online Learning Seminar is available through a
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AEC Daily17817 Leslie Street, Suite 49
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©2018 AEC Daily. The material contained in this course was researched, assembled, and produced by AEC Daily and remains its property. Questions or concerns
about the content of this course should be directed to the program instructor. This multimedia product is the copyright of AEC Daily.
Rethinking Solid Waste Management
Image courtesy of The Ellen MacArthur Foundationpowered by
Slide 2 of 134 ©2018 ∙ Table of Contents < >
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Rethinking Solid Waste Management
To ensure the current status of this course, including relevant association approvals, please view the course details here.
The American Institute of Architects
Course No. AEC1319
This program qualifies for 2.5 LU/HSW Hours
Course Expiry Date: 10/29/2022
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This learning program is registered with AIA CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be
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AEC Daily Corporation has met the standards and requirements of the Registered
Continuing Education Program. Credit earned on completion of this program will be
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participant. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be
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How to Use This Online Learning Course
To view this course, use the arrows at the bottom of each slide or the up and down arrow keys on your keyboard.
To print or exit the course at any time, press the ESC key on your keyboard. This will minimize the full-screen
presentation and display the menu bar.
Within this course is a test password that you will be required to enter in order to proceed with the online test.
Please be sure to remember or write down this test password so that you have it available for the test.
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For additional information and post-seminar assistance, click on any of the logos and icons within a page or any of
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Slide 5 of 134 ©2018 ∙ Table of Contents < >
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Purpose and Learning Objectives
Purpose:
The magnitude and negative impacts of solid waste have become increasingly apparent, especially in regards to
plastics and their presence in the oceans. As a result, there have been many approaches to rethinking what constitutes
waste and how waste can be avoided, used, and/or managed in a more sustainable manner. This course explores
these emerging approaches to waste management planning, and illustrates them with current examples of solid waste
management (SWM) plans and initiatives from various countries around the globe.
Learning Objectives:
At the end of this program, participants will be able to:
• recall the ways in which waste and waste management impact community health, form, and energy use
• utilize existing waste more effectively as materials or energy
• use the solid waste management principles of rethink/redesign, prevention/reduction, usage/diversion, and disposal
to determine key goals and strategies of a solid waste management plan, and
• use international, national, and regional examples to inform and improve solid waste management planning
approaches.
Slide 6 of 134 ©2018 ∙ Table of Contents < >
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Contents
Why Think about Waste
Rethinking Waste
Principles and Elements of an SWMP
Developing an SWMP
Sample Plans, Processes, and Projects
Summary and Resources
Zero Waste France: CC BY-SA 4.0 via Wikimedia
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Why Think about Waste?
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Waste Is an Ever-Increasing Problem
The World Bank has calculated that the rate at which individuals
and communities generate waste will increase from 1.2 to 1.42
kg per person per day between 2010 and 2025, and that the
amount of solid waste globally will grow from the current 1.3
billion tonnes per year to approximately 2.2 billion tonnes per
year. The same analysis predicts that solid waste management
costs will increase from $205.4 billion in 2010 to about $375.5
billion in 2025 globally.
At the same time, worldwide population is rapidly urbanizing,
which means that this increased amount of solid waste will
become more and more concentrated in urban centers. This in
turn implies that municipalities will face steadily increasing costs
and burdens related to managing solid waste in the near future
if the issue is not addressed effectively.
For more information from the World Bank, see their document
“What a Waste: A Global Review of Solid Waste Management.”
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Waste Is a Local Problem
Although much of the new waste will be
generated by developing countries, some
sources cite New York City as the most waste-
generating city on the planet and the U.S. as
the world’s biggest producer of trash in absolute
terms, generating 624,700 metric tonnes per
day in 2011. This is 2.58 kg per capita, twice the
international average noted in the previous slide
and considerably more than many other rich
countries. In comparison, Japan generates 1.71
kg per capita, and the UK and France generate
1.79 kg and 1.92 kg per capita respectively.
The World Bank has also concluded that the
higher the income level and rate of
urbanization, the greater the amount of solid
waste that is produced.
Alex Marshall: CC BY-SA 2.5 via Wikimedia Commons
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Why Think about Waste
We are virtually surrounded by waste.
In addition to roadsides, beaches, and alleys, there is
even plastic waste in the Mariana Trench, the deepest
part of the Pacific Ocean. There is also an estimated
2,500 tons of space waste on the moon, and thousands
of articles of waste circling the planet.
We are also drowning in waste.
Perhaps the most visible icon of waste is the 1.4 billion
pounds of plastic that enter the oceans annually. This
type of waste affects 247 species and creates dead
zones in the ocean where algae’s consumption of oxygen
leaves little supply available to marine life, making these
areas uninhabitable. Floating debris and debris on
beaches also entangles and drowns marine life.
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Waste Affects Air Quality and Climate
All products have an associated generation of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.
Some emissions are upstream in the manufacturing process, and many are
downstream as a result of disposal. Two kinds of emissions can be created in
disposal: burning of waste generates CO2, and landfills release methane, which has
approximately twenty times the global warming potential of CO2. Recycling can reduce
GHG emissions by a factor of two to six by avoiding the energy and resource
extraction required for making new products and reducing waste generation.
According to the EPA, “landfills were the third largest human-made source of methane
in the United States in 2016, accounting for 14.1% of all GHG emitted.”
• Each kg of garbage produces 2.1 kg (4.6 lb) of CO2
• Each kg recycled vs. landfilled saves 2.4 kg (5.3 lb) of CO2
• Each kg composted vs. landfilled saves 1.3 kg (2.8 lb) of CO2
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Waste Management Affects Land Use and Community Planning
Landfills, tire dumps, scrap yards, recycling facilities, incinerators,
community composting yards—these facilities take up a
considerable amount of land and have varying effects on
community behavior. Locating them where they can benefit
community processes or where they will avoid degrading
community quality of life is part of the planning process.
Not only do these large land users significantly affect the options
for community layout and contribute to its sprawl, they also affect
the health, safety, comfort, and property values of those close by.
They can render adjacent properties undesirable, unusable, or
dangerous to use due to toxic odors, dust, noise, and
contamination of the water table.
Selecting waste management options that do not rely on large land
assemblies can lead to a more compact community form, allow for
greater flexibility in community planning, and control toxic
emissions and pollution.
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Waste Management Can Save Energy and Space
Aluminum: Recycling of aluminum cans saves 95% of the energy required to make the same amount of aluminum
from its virgin source. One ton of recycled aluminum saves 14,000 kilowatt hours (kWh) of energy, 40 barrels of oil, 238
million Btus of energy, and 10 cubic yards of landfill space.
Newsprint: One ton of recycled newsprint saves 601 kWh of energy, 1.7 barrels of oil (71 gallons), 10.2 million Btus of
energy, 60 pounds of air pollutants from being released, 7,000 gallons of water, and 4.6 cubic yards of landfill space.
Office Paper: One ton of recycled office paper saves 4,100 kWh of energy, 9 barrels of oil, 54 million Btus of energy,
60 pounds of air pollutants from being released, 7,000 gallons of water, and 3.3 cubic yards of landfill space.
Plastic: One ton of recycled plastic saves 5,774 kWh of energy, 16.3 barrels of oil, 98 million Btus of energy, and 30
cubic yards of landfill space.
Steel: One ton of recycled steel saves 642 kWh of energy, 1.8 barrels of oil, 10.9 million Btus of energy, and 4 cubic
yards of landfill space.
Glass: One ton of recycled glass saves 42 kWh of energy, 0.12 barrels of oil (5 gallons), 714,000 Btus of energy, 7.5
pounds of air pollutants from being released, and 2 cubic yards of landfill space. Over 30% of the raw material used in
glass production now comes from recycled glass.
Slide 14 of 134 ©2018 ∙ Table of Contents < >
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Waste Management Can Inform Building Design
Buildings are sometimes designed to use recycled materials (such as
glass or plastic bottles, wood structural elements and cladding, plastic
chairs, tires, and shipping containers [upper image]). A good example is
the EcoDom project in Mexico, in which houses are built entirely of
panels made with recycled plastic.
Other projects have used a waste management system as a key design
determinant. The Conservation Co-op in Ottawa, Ontario (lower
images), eliminated floor-by-floor garbage collection and planned for
four recycling rooms on each floor as well as a community composter in
the basement. In this building, it is easier to recycle than to discard, and
recovery rates are improved as a result.
Many high-rise buildings create floor plans to utilize vertical collection
chutes and basement recycling rooms.
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Waste Management Can Affect Community Dynamics
Fifteen recycling houses with full recycling and composting facilities serve the 1,800
inhabitants of Augustenborg, Sweden, who helped design them. The neighborhood
targets collecting 90% of its waste for recycling or reuse.
In the slums of Kibera, Nairobi, Kenya, a low-tech, high-temperature, clean emission
waste incinerator/stove was prototyped. Residents bring their trash from the
overcrowded and filthy community to this center and burn it in exchange for time on the
stove to cook food and heat water. Health conditions improve radically with the absence
of trash and with hot water for bathing and better food to eat.
Curitiba, Brazil, implemented a garbage-is-not-garbage program for its slums in 1991.
Streets were impassable for conventional vehicles, so residents bring garbage out of the
area and exchange it for food, education tokens, coupons, and transit tickets, allowing
them to access jobs and other opportunities further away from their homes. The
recycling centers that are part of this system are also employment and training centers.
This article, “Curitiba: An Environmental Showcase,” explains the program further.
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Why Think about Waste
Communities worldwide are increasingly adapting and
adopting planning practices that acknowledge community
environmental impacts, long-term community economic
health, resident well-being, and the creation of conditions
and resources that will facilitate future generations to
maintain a lifestyle equal or superior to that of the present
generation. This is usually referred to as sustainable
community planning (SCP).
The adjacent diagram is the most familiar way of illustrating
SCP and suggests that sustainability occurs where
economic, social, and environmental issues overlap and
integrate. Waste and its management is affected by, or
affects, all of those issue areas and must be considered as
a key element in community planning in order to generate
fully sustainable solutions.
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Waste Management Relates to All SCP Principles
Complete, Livable Communities: Unmanaged waste makes a community unlivable.
Environmental Protection: Improper waste disposal can contaminate the environment.
Energy and Emissions Reduction: Waste management can require or create considerable energy and can generate
significant greenhouse gases and pollutants.
Green, Efficient Resources: Excessive consumption leading to waste is an inefficient use of natural resources. Using
waste as a resource can reduce natural resource depletion.
Enhanced Economic Performance: Waste management can be a huge cost burden for communities, but it can also
create employment and revenue.
Sustainable Community Management and Public Education: Waste, water, and energy management are integrated
and must form part of every sustainable community plan.
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Waste in a Community-as-System Design
Sustainable communities are now frequently
considered as systems where every building and
infrastructure component adopts (a) specific
role(s) in terms of energy creation and sharing,
food production, water treatment, and waste
management. To be an effective participant in
any aspect of community or building design,
each designer must become familiar with the
issues being addressed by every other designer
and the tools they are using to address them.
In a community as a system, the by-products
(waste) from one function could/should become
the resource for another in a manner that
somewhat replicates natural systems. This is
sometimes referred to as closing the loop or
circular design.
See Kalundborg symbiosis later on in this course.
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Why Think about Waste
The circular approach is exemplified by the recently created Fab City
Global Initiative, an international initiative that strives to develop
locally productive and globally connected self-sufficient cities. The
initiative describes cities as currently being linear trash machines,
and it partners with numerous cities and labs to develop circular
design and production models. They challenge cities to produce
everything they consume by 2054. This infers that all resources
must be local and reusable.
One example of the circular approach is a 3D printed bike frame
made with a thermoplastic embedded with carbon fiber that makes
the bike last longer, and if or when the bike reaches the end of its
life, the material can be reused by basically grinding it up and using
it to reprint something else. The bike can be made right in the shop
upon demand. There are already many products, including
structures, that have been produced by 3D printing. This article,
“Netherlands to Build World’s First Habitable 3D Printed Houses,”
describes some 3D printed buildings being built in the Netherlands.
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Recap and Review
Waste is an increasing and continuing problem because of the linear way we design and use the things we
make and build. Our waste is impacting our health and the health of our environment. It uses the finite
resources of the planet in an impractical manner.
Give some thought to the following review questions before moving on to the answers on the next slide:
❑ Describe one way waste management impacts community design.
❑ What waste management solution exchanges garbage collection by residents for community services?
?
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Recap and Review
❑ In planned communities, street widths have to be designed to accommodate garbage collection vehicles.
This results in wider streets with large turning radii.
❑ The initiatives in Curitiba, Brazil, and Nairobi, Kenya, offer services to the community in exchange for
residents bringing garbage to a central location. These solutions clean neighborhoods without municipal
garbage collection, improving the health of the community and its land and water, while providing needed
social services.
A
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Rethinking Waste
Image courtesy of Fab City Global Initiative, Tomas Diez and Mariana Quintero
+CO2
+CO2
+CO2
months’ or years’ process
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Rethinking Waste and Waste Management
There is no waste in nature; it is entirely manmade. This
image of a “birth stump” symbolizes that fact. Man has
discarded the stump as waste, but nature has adopted it as a
resource to grow a replacement tree. In this case the “waste”
has been left in its natural state, but in most cases waste is a
manmade combination of elements that cannot be readily
assimilated in this manner.
The fact that waste is created only by man infers that it can
and must be managed by man.
The most effective waste management strategies begin by
looking at what might have been previously thought of as
something to be disposed of (waste) as a resource or
opportunity instead. Once all the opportunities are extracted,
then and only then is disposal considered as an option.
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Waste in Waiting
Lyzadanger: CC BY-SA 2.0 via Wikimedia Commons
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Rethinking Waste Begins with Rethinking Design
Every package and product in the previous slide, as well as the shelves they
sit on and the building they are in, will become waste at some point unless
they have been designed to be reused, reconfigured, or reconstituted into
other products, or to decompose naturally.
There are a number of corporate and individual initiatives that are exploring
more sustainable design directions, especially in relation to packaging and
plastics.
• The Sustainable Packaging Coalition® offers courses and information
about sustainable packaging and composting. Numerous major firms have
taken their courses.
• Adidas with Parley has manufactured 1 million shoes with ocean plastics.
• Coca-Cola has launched a program called “World Without Waste” to
collect and recycle the equivalent of every bottle or can it sells globally by
2030.
• Ecovative has created mushroom root-based packaging, which will be
tested by IKEA.
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Rethinking Construction Waste
While single-use plastic is a significant and growing issue, it is important to
remember that although it is a major* and highly visible part of the waste stream, all
sectors need to be addressed simultaneously.
The EPA estimated that 534 million tons of construction and demolition waste were
generated in the U.S. in 2014 and that 90% of this was demolition waste. This was
double the amount of municipal solid waste. Research indicates that 75% of
construction waste has a residual value but, as of 2013, only 16% of it is recycled.
Certain sources cite the construction sector as the largest contributor to the solid
waste stream, and this sector continues to grow. The worldwide generation of solid
construction waste may double to as much as 2.2 billion tons by 2015 according to
a report by Transparency Market Research.
Clearly, if the construction industry were to rethink how it designs, constructs, and
deconstructs, it would have major positive impact on solid waste management.
*Estimates of plastic waste vary considerably from 5% to 15% of the solid waste stream, while construction
waste was estimated at 27% (in Canada).
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Rethinking Waste from Existing Buildings
Think of existing buildings as building material resource banks.
Portland, Oregon, is the first city in the U.S. to implement an
ordinance that requires “demolition” of houses and duplexes that
are either built earlier than 1916 or designated historic to be fully
deconstructed instead. This ensures that materials from these
buildings are diverted for reuse instead of crushed and landfilled.
Other examples of recovering and reusing waste from existing
buildings will be examined later in this course.
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Construction Waste Elimination Example
Mapleton Crescent, a 27-story tower in London, England, was constructed with modules
prefabricated off-site. Each module arrived complete with plaster, paint, windows, doors,
wiring, plumbing, bathrooms, and tiles, and was lifted into place at the rate of one complete
story every day.
These were structural modules that supported one another without additional structure and
that were also connected to a slip-formed concrete core. According to the developers, this
approach required 60% fewer truck journeys than conventional construction and produced
90% less waste. In addition, this allowed the development of a very small, irregularly
shaped site, which otherwise would be considered unbuildable.
Off-site modular construction, as espoused by the Modular Building Institute, provides an
effective technique to reduce overall waste on a project, while providing a more
environmentally sustainable building solution and creating a healthier and safer
environment.
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Rethinking Waste: Going Beyond Recycling
The recycling logo and the three Rs represent the current approach to
waste management in many, if not most, communities. Recycling
programs have a widely varying rate of success. A 2016 “State of
Curbside Report” by the Recycling Partnership analyzes the factors
affecting success or failure. It notes that single-family homes (in the
U.S.) generate between 800 and 1,000 pounds of recyclable
packaging per year with a recovery of only 357 pounds per household
per year. This is a recovery rate of just 35%–45%.
Given that solid waste has been predicted to increase in volume, cost,
and concentration, it becomes evident that recycling programs need
to be improved as well as enhanced and/or replaced with other waste
management approaches.
The following slides will explore some of the emerging approaches
that do this. While they differ in scope and intent, they also have a
number of common themes that can inform local action.
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Rethinking Waste: The Five (or Seven) Rs
There are a number of variations of the five Rs and some jurisdictions even list seven Rs.
• reduce, reuse, recycle, recover, residual management (disposal) or
• refuse, reduce, reuse, repurpose, recycle, or
• refuse, reduce, reuse, recycle, rot (compost). This set is the five Rs for zero waste.
The Rs represent the simplest next-step approach, which can encourage personal behavioral changes, but they do not
address the core issues related to waste creation and product redesign.
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Rethinking Waste: The AIR Strategy
Parley for the Oceans has an approach to solutions called the
Parley AIR Strategy, which is Avoid. Intercept. Redesign.
Parley is a nongovernmental organization (NGO), which as
described by the UN Ocean Conference, “addresses the global
marine plastic pollution crisis through creativity, collaboration,
and eco-innovation. It generates support and then encourages
collaboration among providers of solutions to this problem.
Parley AIR is well on its way to prevent and significantly reduce
plastics pollution by 2025.”
Their strategy focuses on existing ocean plastics but also
tackles the next step of product (re)design. In this case,
products were redesigned to use plastics that had already been
created and discarded and that were then recovered from
beaches and the ocean.
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Rethinking Waste: Zero Waste
The Zero Waste International Alliance defines zero waste as:
a goal that is ethical, economical, efficient, and visionary, to guide people
in changing their lifestyles and practices to emulate sustainable natural
cycles, where all discarded materials are designed to become resources
for others.
They go on to say:
Zero waste means designing and managing products and processes
to systematically avoid and eliminate the volume and toxicity of waste and
materials, conserve and recover all resources, and not burn or bury them.
Implementing zero waste will eliminate all discharges to land, water or air
that are a threat to planetary, human, animal or plant health.“Zero Waste begins when we realize that
there is no ‘away’ into which we can throw
what we call our waste.”
-- G. Ananthpadmanabhan, former executive
director, Greenpeace India
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Rethinking Waste: Zero Waste Challenge
Zero waste challenges are often issued in conjunction with
other events such as Earth Day. The intent is to challenge
residents of a community to try a zero waste lifestyle for a
short period (a month, week, or even just a day) in order to
familiarize themselves with the various approaches they can
use to work towards this goal. By using a short time frame, it
is hoped many will try and at least some will then adopt the
lifestyle in the long term.
Phoenix, for example, has held a Zero Waste Open since
2013 in conjunction with a PGA golf tournament. They boast
that in seven days with 600,000 fans, there is no waste at
the event. In parallel to this event, a home edition is also
held.
Challenges such as the Metro Vancouver Zero Waste
Challenge are also often issued at the full community scale
and for the long term.
Challenge by Nick Youngson: CC BY-SA 3.0 Alpha Stock Images
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Rethinking Waste: Waste Networks
The Zero Waste Network
provides workshops, case
studies, tools, and information
that can be used to develop
personal or community programs.
The Resource Exchange
Network for Eliminating Waste
(RENEW) is a material exchange
program that facilitates the
exchange of materials between
communities in Arkansas, New
Mexico, Oklahoma, Louisiana,
and Texas. Materials that are
considered as waste in one place
could become a resource for
another.
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Rethinking Waste: Waste to Energy
Converting waste into energy is a well-established practice that can
take various forms and operate at various scales.
At a landfill near Vancouver, Canada, methane is collected through a
series of pipes and delivered to cogenerators in a large greenhouse 2
km away. The greenhouse uses only the heat, so the 5.6 MW of
electricity generated is used to power about 3,000 homes in the area.
The 100,000 GJ/year of heat generated replaces the natural gas
previously burned for heating the tomato greenhouses.
The environmental benefit of this operation is equivalent to removing
the greenhouse gas emissions of 45,000 cars per year.
Everyone enjoyed some financial benefit as well: the greenhouse
lowered its heating costs, the municipalities received increased taxes,
the homeowners had lower power bills, and the company delivering the
services made a profit.
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Waste-to-Energy Example
As noted on their own website:
The Wheelabrator Baltimore waste-to-energy facility uses up to 2,250
tons of postrecycled everyday waste from Baltimore area homes and
businesses as a local sustainable fuel to generate as much as 64 MW
of clean, renewable electricity for sale to the local utility—the
equivalent of supplying the electrical needs of 40,000 Maryland
homes as well as its own operations.
In addition to providing the power for Baltimore area homes, the plant
also provides steam to the downtown district heating loop, which
serves more than 230 businesses including the M&T Bank Stadium. It
uses local waste as fuel to create a local energy ecosystem that
recycles metals, provides power, reduces the need for landfill, and
lowers CO2 emissions.
Mike MC Caffery: CC BY SA-2.0 via Wikimedia
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Rethinking Waste: Waste to Energy
Although it produces about the same amount of
waste per capita as other Europeans, only 1% of
household waste in Sweden goes to landfills.
Starting in 1985, Sweden has built 32 waste-to-
energy (WTE) plants that currently incinerate about
half of this waste or about two million tons per year.
Since that time, the country has also reduced heavy
metal emissions by 99%, even though they now
incinerate three times more waste today than in
1985.
These plants generate enough energy to serve
almost a million homes with heating and over a
quarter of a million homes with electricity.
In 2015, Sweden imported 2.3 million tonnes of
waste from, among others, Norway, the UK, and
Ireland in order to have enough to burn.
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Rethinking Waste: Waste as Resource
There are many ways that waste can be used as a resource for new
products or processes. Recycled concrete aggregate alone can be
reused in many construction projects, as well as in:
• water purification
• sandpaper
• crayons
• plastics
• chewing gum
• paper
• sugar
• rubber
• fertilizers
• glass, and
• ceramics.
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Rethinking Waste: Cradle to Cradle Design
Cradle to Cradle® * (Remaking the Way We Make Things) “is an
approach for designing intelligent products, processes, and
systems, which takes into account the entire life cycle of the
product, optimizing material health, recyclability, and
renewability.”
It was intended to encourage the redesign of products and
ingredients to become nutrients, and to enable old products to
become the raw material for new goods and services.
Some building products emanating from their registration program
include insulation made from mushroom roots and bricks grown
from bacteria.*This concept was introduced in 2002 and is accredited to architect William McDonough
and chemist Michael Braungart.
This approach now embraces building design in the form of the ICEhouse™ (Innovation for the Circular Economy house)
in Davos, Switzerland, and Project Legacy for Universidad EAN in Bogota, Colombia. ICEhouse™ is a structure that can
be deconstructed and then reconstructed or, as an alternative, its components can be repeatedly remanufactured as new
products for other projects.
Zhiying Lim: CC BY-SA 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons
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Rethinking Waste: Other Approaches
• Industrial ecology is industrial in that it focuses on product design and
manufacturing processes, and ecological in that it looks to nonhuman
ecosystems as models for industrial processes and places human ecological
activity in the context of the larger ecosystems that support it.
• Natural capitalism is a way of thinking that assigns a value to natural elements
and proper stewardship and thus integrates business and environmental
concerns in a model where businesses can profitably satisfy their customers’
needs while helping to solve environmental problems all at the same time.
• Biomimicry is an approach to innovation that seeks sustainable solutions to
human challenges by emulating nature’s time-tested patterns and strategies. The
Biomimicry Institute offers more information on this topic.
As is evident, there are numerous overlaps and common themes in these various
approaches.
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Rethinking Waste: The Circular Economy
The circular economy is the most
comprehensive approach to rethinking waste,
and it synthesizes all the schools of thought
highlighted in the previous slides.
As a systemic shift in economic patterns and
design philosophy, it can only be fully
implemented in stages over an extended time
period. In the interim, the approaches,
practices, and thought patterns such as zero
waste, the AIR strategy, and Cradle to Cradle®
design can be implemented and contribute to
the full systemic shift.
Diagram courtesy of Ellen MacArthur Foundation
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Rethinking Waste: The Circular Economy
A circular economy is restorative and regenerative by design. It
relies on system-wide innovation and aims to redefine products
(including building materials) and services to design waste out,
while minimizing negative impacts.
The model is underpinned by a transition to renewable energy
sources, and the model builds economic, natural, and social
capital. It entails gradually decoupling economic activity from the
consumption of finite resources, and designing waste out of the
system. It is based on three principles:
1. design out waste and pollution
2. keep products and materials in use
3. regenerate natural systems
Optional reading: The Circular Economy Overview will explain the concept and the carrot.
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Rethinking Waste: Circular Design
The Circular Design Guide, which was developed in collaboration
with IDEO, an international innovation and design firm, provides
further insight and specifics on how design (and planning)
processes can be directed towards the circular model. It provides
a step-by-step framework with which an organization or
community can adopt the circular design approach.
It discusses new tools such as artificial intelligence, the internet
of things, and biomimicry and suggests that design ambitions are
limited only by our imagination.
The Sustainability Guide from EcoDesign Circle in Europe also
provides good examples of how to use design to achieve a
sustainable and circular business model as well as positive social
development. It explores circular design, life cycle thinking, cradle
to cradle, biomimicry, and a whole system approaches.
Optional reading: The Circular Design Guide, EU Sustainability GuideCS Odessa: CC BY-SA 4.0 via Wikimedia Commons
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Rethinking Waste: Industrial Symbiosis
The Journal of Industrial Ecology in 2012 defined industrial symbiosis
as:
a process which engages diverse organisations in a network to
foster eco-innovation and long-term culture change. Creating and
sharing knowledge through the network yields mutually profitable
transactions for novel sourcing of required inputs, value-added
destinations for non-product outputs, and improved business and
technical processes.
International Synergies adds:
The principle behind industrial symbiosis is quite simple; instead of
being thrown away or destroyed, surplus resources generated by an
industrial process are captured then redirected for use as a “new”
input into another process by one or more other companies,
providing a mutual benefit or symbiosis…Industrial symbiosis
challenges the business world to operate in the same way as the
natural eco-system where everything has a place and function, and
nothing goes to waste.
Example of industrial symbiosis: waste steam from
a waste incinerator is piped to an ethanol plant where it
is used as an input to their production process.
5451: Public domain via Wikimedia Commons
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Industrial Symbiosis Example
In 1972, Kalundborg (pop 20,000),
Denmark, began the development of
the first (and still best-known) example
of a community-scale symbiosis
network of industrial processes that
use each other’s waste products and
that recapture surplus energy outputs
from one another’s processes.
As illustrated in the accompanying
diagram, more than 30 exchanges of
water, energy, and other by-products
take place between the municipality
and eight participating companies.
Kalundborg is also a modern royal
borough with old half-timbered
structures.
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Rethinking Waste: Community as a Symbiotic System
A variety of by-products such as steam, ash, gas,
heat, and sludge that can be physically
transported from one company to another are
bought and sold by these private and public
companies in a closed cycle.
The network is essentially an on-the-ground
example of a circular economy.
The Kalundborg Symbiosis is a private association
run by a board made up of members of the
companies involved and representatives from the
municipality.
Bob Collowan: CC BY-SA 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons
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Recap and Review
Current thinking about what has previously been considered waste ranges from restructuring the economy to
eliminate waste altogether, to redesigning products in a manner that facilitates their reuse or natural
degradation, to improving the means of reusing products as new products or energy. In essence, waste is
increasingly being considered a resource.
Give some thought to the following review questions before moving on to the answers on the next slide:
❑ Why is controlling/reducing/eliminating construction and demolition waste as important as reducing plastic
waste?
❑ Of the various ways of rethinking waste outlined in this chapter, which do you think would be considered
the most comprehensive and why?
?
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❑ Construction and demolition waste comprises a greater percentage of the waste stream by mass than
plastic, and its value as a usable material is not currently recaptured to a sufficient degree.
❑ The circular economy is the most comprehensive approach since it synthesizes all the schools of thought
outlined in the previous chapter and also relies on system-wide innovation as opposed to just individual
actions and projects.
A
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Principles and Elements of an SWMP
Oregon Convention Center: CC BY-SA 2.0 via Flickr
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Solid Waste Management Plan (SWMP) Principles
AThis diagram illustrates the prioritization of the
principles of an SWMP. Principles are used to
help decide which specific elements or parts of
a plan should be included. Principles are
relevant to all plans but elements are chosen* to
suit their specific context. Some plan elements
will be for the short term and others for the long
term. Target dates for plan element review
should be incorporated in an SWMP.
*The EPA has developed a Waste Reduction Model tool called
WARM, which helps determine the GHG impacts of various
SWM options. This type of tool helps communities prioritize and
select their elements by supplying hard data about the impact of
choices.
Prevention/Reduction
Usage/Diversion
Disposal
Rethink/Redesign
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SWMP Principles
The top section of this upside-down pyramid demonstrates by its size that rethinking/redesigning is the most important
and effective principle for an SWMP. Although redesigning products and systems is perhaps the most effective
principle, it is a long-term approach and must be combined with shorter-term actions and strategies.
Reducing waste is the second most effective principle of SWMP that should be utilized. Waste prevention and reduction
is well within the reach of organizations, municipalities, and individuals and because it is quantifiable, it can be quite
effective. Prevention can be accomplished by redesign as well as by phasing out the use of certain products and
processes and by altering behaviors.
Rethink/Redesign
Prevention/Reduction
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SWMP Principles: Prevention/Reduction
Consider a life cycle impact assessment approach to
evaluating element options. For example, evaluate all the
resources used and waste created for the life cycle of
manufacturing, use, and disposal of a product.
Consider implementing extended producer responsibility
where the producers must take responsibility for their
products, giving them a financial incentive to reduce waste
throughout the product life cycle.
Recognize waste as a resource and/or opportunity.
NIST: Public domain via Wikimedia Commons
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SWMP Principles: Usage/Diversion
Create separate handling systems for hazardous wastes. Hazardous wastes
include but are not limited to oils, flammables, acids, toxics, pesticides, batteries,
and pharmaceuticals.
Utilize material exchange networks (or create one), like RENEW from Texas, and
establish special drop-off centers or drop-off days for pollutants (paint cans,
batteries, e-waste, etc.).
Disposal options should include identification and analysis of energy recovery
potential and local safe disposal options.
Deal with waste close to the source of generation in order to make diversion
activities simpler and affordable. Dealing with waste close to home or at home
avoids transportation, which means lower GHG emissions and costs.
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SWMP Principles
Diverting waste (from landfill) and/or finding ways to use it is based on the assumption that waste has been or will be
created. Diversion strategies are more readily implemented than prevention strategies, and thus any plan should
include them. Diversion strategies can be accompanied by targets and termination dates for these shorter-term actions.
Examples of diversion approaches are given in later slides.
There still is a need for a small amount of disposal, but this should always be considered a last-resort approach that
does not reduce waste but merely transfers problems from one place to another. Plans should target landfill reductions
and/or eliminations.
Usage/Diversion
Disposal
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SWMP Principles
Create an open, transparent, and inclusive SWMP. Decision-making must be open and transparent when planning
and cooperating (creating buy-in) with different groups (government, manufacturers, designers, retailers, users, public,
environmental groups, waste handling industry).
Establish targets or goals for waste management that are easy to measure: amount of waste diverted from landfill;
percentage of households participating in collection or home composting programs; number of offices with paper
recycling programs.
Develop a plan to measure, review, and report results. Choose indicators that meet the “SMART” (specific,
measurable, achievable, realistic, and timely) criteria.
Educate, engage, and consult with the public. A campaign to educate the broader public on waste management goals
and encourage broad participation is an important part of achieving waste targets.
Access resources from different levels of government, international associations, environmental groups, and industry
associations (e.g., design approaches, funding, information and program design, implementation support) and monitor
their evolution.
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SWMP Principles
The previous slides have highlighted a number of the major
guiding principles or ideas behind an SWMP that are used to
determine which more specific elements or parts of a plan
should be included. As noted, these principles can apply to all
plans.
The following slides will highlight some of the potential plan
elements. Elements are more specific and are selected
according to local context, their potential effectiveness, and
their ease and cost of implementation. Their inclusion in an
SWMP will direct the community towards shorter-term targets
while longer-term goals are being pursued.
Readily identifiable and measurable interim results help
maintain momentum in any plan execution.
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Elements of an SWMP
Redesign Element
Product redesign is not normally the responsibility of a municipality, but
the redesign of an SWM process is. Municipal officials can redesign
their collection and separation approaches and dictate the products
used by the municipality and its institutions.
In a similar manner, the design of buildings and infrastructure using
cradle-to-cradle principles could also be encouraged, rewarded, and/or
mandated.
Land use planning can identify those industrial processes that could be
encouraged to locate in a community in order to facilitate the creation
and functionality of an eco-industrial network (industrial symbiosis).
Waste collection vacuum tubes, which separate waste at
source and capture methane for reuse, Malmo, Sweden
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Elements of an SWMP
Redesign Element
As noted previously, waste reduction starts
upstream with the elimination of waste, most
effectively through the redesign of products to
ensure they can be reused or degrade naturally.
Packaging waste, which can represent up to 40%
of the waste stream, can be reduced through
changes in design and production, by using less
material for the same product, with reusable
packaging (boxes, pallets, and packaging
returned to the supplier), by the use of inflated
and sealed (biodegradable) plastic bags instead
of a large volume of packaging materials, by
packaging in bulk, by encouraging or mandating
the use of personal bags and containers, and by
avoiding the use of multimaterials (mixed plastics,
metals, and paper) that make reuse and recycling
more difficult.
Fully biodegradable packing made from mushroom rootsSteven Nock: CC BY-SA 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons
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Elements of an SWMP
Designing Out Construction Waste Element
The Waste and Resources Action Programme (WRAP)
in the UK has developed guidelines, tutorials, and tools
that assist with designing out waste in buildings. The
program is accompanied by a comprehensive resource
database that focuses on three priority areas: food and
drink, clothing and textiles, and electricals and
electronics.
Their redesign principles are:
• design for reuse and recovery
• design for off-site construction
• design for materials optimization
• design for waste-efficient procurement, and
• design for deconstruction and flexibility.
Snowmanradio: GNU Free Documentation via Wikimedia
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Elements of an SWMP
Prevention Element
Create an online purchasing guide that asks questions and provides tips such as:
• Is your purchase necessary? Can the need be met in another way? If the product is a consumable item, can the
consumption be reduced?
• Can the item be purchased used? Can it be shared? (See Thingery on the next slide.) Can it be rented?
• Choose a durable or longer-life product: Confirm if there is a nondisposable option for a disposable product
(evaluate the total costs of disposable products). Ask suppliers to report the environmental or social benefits of
products and choose products with advantages, and review environmental product certification programs.
• Choose suppliers committed to sustainability: Review corporate environmental policies from suppliers’ websites.
Question suppliers on their specific environmental commitments. Many large and small firms have realized the
benefit of adopting a sustainable approach to their products or services.
• Calculate and publish total costs: Evaluate total cost including purchase, additional cost requirements,
maintenance, energy use, disposal, and administration.
• Reduce transportation and energy impacts: Choose products with minimal transportation distances and that
minimize the use of raw materials and energy.
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Sample Prevention/Reduction Project
In Vancouver, a city that is targeting zero waste by 2040, a
not-for-profit entity has created the Thingery, which hosts
an inventory of things in self-service modified shipping
containers. Each Thingery’s inventory depends on what
neighbors donate to it and what they collectively
purchase. Potential inventory items include recreation
equipment, tools, event equipment, and household
appliances. Sharing in this manner is an opportunity to
prevent objects from needlessly going to landfill and to
reduce the amount of goods produced in the first place.
Thingery operates like a local lending library, where for a
one-time $50 membership share and an annual $29 fee,
members get access to hundreds of high-quality tools and
toys that would otherwise have to be bought or rented at
inflated prices. Such a facility could be twinned with fix-it
fairs and facilities.
Image courtesy of Thingery
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Elements of an SWMP
Diversion Element
Community reuse centers are an appropriate venture for
nonprofit organizations as well as for-profit companies. Reuse
centers will repair and sell a broad range of items that
otherwise would end up in landfill.
Reuse centers (repair, rental, and secondhand shops) reduce
waste while creating local jobs and training, and provide a
service, often to lower-income households.
Some systems charge a nominal amount and use revenue for
other programs, while others are free and operate on a straight
honor system donation/exchange approach.
Space requirements for the latter are usually small and can be
designed into many types of residential and community
buildings and public spaces.
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Diversion Element
Habitat for Humanity ReStores are perhaps one of
the more familiar reuse centers. Initially, they
concentrated on recycling used construction
material and fitments donated by contractors and
homeowners and sometimes new materials
donated by larger suppliers.
Items are resold to others looking to save money,
and the funds are used to help finance their sweat-
equity building programs around the world.
Currently they handle donated furniture, appliances,
and home accessories and can help with e-waste
as well. Habitat for Humanity Restore Thrift Store, Wallingford, CT. By Mike Mozart: CC BY 2.0 via Flickr
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Elements of an SWMP
Diversion Element
Fix-It Fairs and Workshops
These events or facilities attempt to repair small items such as toasters,
clothing, and bicycles, provide training for self-repair and maintenance of
household items, and also serve as information venues for related topics
such as recycling and energy conservation.
Water Bottle Refill Stations
London, England, is establishing a public network of water bottle refill stations
in order to reduce the need for single-use plastic bottles. Refill stations are
readily available and can be attached to existing water fountains, and are
already in place in many locations such as national parks (lower image).
Placing them in venues such as schools, athletic facilities, and offices can
reduce the need for bottled water and help phase out the need for bottles.
Austin Willhoit: Public domain via Joint Base Elmendorf,
Richardson, Alaska
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Diversion Element
Assign a Value to Waste
The Ontario Beer Store has a system where consumers pay a
refundable deposit at the time of purchase, which is refunded when
the empty container is returned to The Beer Store. This has led to a
96% return rate of all beer packaging (97% bottle recovery). Bottles
are reused an average of 15 times. This diverts 550,000 tonnes a
year from landfill and $60,000,000 a year in disposal and diversion
costs. The program was so successful, it was extended to include all
liquor bottles from the Liquor Control Board of Ontario with similar
results.
Many recycling centers also pay for waste, and this facilitates
increased collection by the informal recycling sector. A number of
jurisdictions, especially in developing countries or impoverished
areas, integrate the contribution of this sector into their SWM
process.
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Diversion Element
Assign a Value to Waste
Norway recycles 97% of its plastic drink bottles.
• Consumers pay a deposit that is returned at the store where the
bottles were purchased. Some stores use machines that crush
the bottles and issue a store credit (image). Stores report
increased overall traffic and sales as a result.
• The store receives a fee for handling the bottles.
• The manufacturers receive a tax credit in proportion to the
amount of recycled material they use.
• Some claim that a portion of the plastic has been used 50 times.
Numerous jurisdictions are either already using or intending to use
similar programs and devices.
Mattes: Public domain via Wikimedia
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Elements of an SWMP
Diversion Element
Curbside Recycling
Curbside recycling of source-separated material can be a very effective diversion
system. Curbside collection is a common system in many countries for collecting
recyclables from single-family households. In most cases, the householder is
responsible for cleaning and separating the recyclables and setting them out on
collection day; in some cases, specialized trucks sort the materials even further.
Special containers or bags are usually provided for the collection. The material is
collected curbside and taken to an MRF (municipal recycling facility) where the
material is further separated into as many as 15 to 20 categories and baled for
shipping and sales to the secondary materials market.
Each community will have its own version of what it can recycle, what is
considered waste, and how each is handled.
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Diversion Element
Depot Recycling
Depot recycling can be a low-cost collection system
but may have limited recovery of recyclables. Depots
can be central facilities where people or businesses
bring recyclables.
These cost less to operate than a curbside collection
system, but are less effective because consumers
must make additional efforts to deliver waste to a
depot. Depots can work well with specific materials
where a deposit provides a financial incentive to return
the product.
Some communities have mobile units that can be
moved to various events and locations.
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Diversion Element
Household Composting
Organic materials represent about 40% or more of the residential waste stream. Communities will
have specific industries and retailers that also have significant organic waste. Separating organic
material at the source before it becomes contaminated with undesirable materials is key to the
success of this approach.
In landfills, organic material degrades into a liquid called leachate that can extract and carry other
toxins in the waste stream and pollute groundwater. It will also generate methane, a potent
greenhouse gas under anaerobic conditions (no oxygen).
Composting avoids the problems of disposing of organics while creating a beneficial material
(compost) that is an important amendment to any agricultural operation. Composting is an excellent
example of man mimicking nature and treating waste as a resource.
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Diversion Element
Community Composting
Organic materials from residential and commercial
facilities can be composted in bulk in central facilities.
These facilities can ensure that an optimal mix of green
waste (high nitrogen content) and brown waste (high
carbon content) is created. Blending in high carbon
sources such as leaves and yard waste can be critical to
success.
Community composting often utilizes regularly turned rows
of mixed organic material (windrows), but in a hot and dry
climate, the desired humidity content may not be
achievable in this manner. In that case, composting can
take place in a large, enclosed center or smaller, modular
containers. While this is more expensive, it makes it easier
to control the composting operation and achieve a usable
product.
Gossipguy: CC BY-SA 3.0 via Wikimedia
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Elements of an SWMP
Construction Waste Diversion Element
Implement design and construction approaches such
as optimal value engineering or off-site factory
fabrication, which both maximize material usage and
minimize offcuts.
Utilize and reward construction contracts that specify
how construction waste must be disposed of by
workers on-site. This can encourage the contractor to
reduce waste during the construction process.
Make contracts with waste haulers to have recycling
bins on-site and require waste (e.g., wood, metal,
gypsum wallboard, cardboard, plastic, hazardous
materials) to be separated at the construction site. If
separation on-site isn’t possible, some waste hauling
contractors also sort and recover recyclables from
waste after it is removed from the site.
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Construction Waste Diversion Example
Require building sites to provide space
(labeled bins) for sorting of materials. Sites
involving salvage, deconstruction, or
demolition require space for salvaged
materials and hard material crushing, and a
strategy for moving/reusing salvaged
materials.
Benny Farm in Montreal salvaged brick
from one building and used it to reclad
another. The project also recycled old
radiators in a new district geothermal
heating system and reused old wooden
studs. (See following slide.)
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Construction Waste Diversion Element
These images show brick recovery and cleaned, packaged, and labeled bricks ready for reuse on-site, temporary
storage for reusable studs, and old radiators ready for refurbishment and reuse in the new heating system.
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SWMP Elements
Disposal Element
Landfill has been (and still is) a common disposal
method, but in the future it should be considered a
last-resort option. Areas of concern include pollution
of groundwater, land availability, allowing untreated
toxic and hazardous waste, and methane emissions.
Feasible landfill sites are becoming increasingly
difficult to identify.
Contemporary landfills utilize liners, impermeable
soil (clay) and holding ponds to control leachate,
daily covering to control vermin and blowing dust
and debris, and landfill gas collection to control and
utilize methane. Methane is important to manage at
landfills because it can explode.
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Recap and Review
There are certain guiding principles common to all plans that can be used to identify which specific elements
a particular plan should incorporate. Some principles will spawn more effective elements than others, and
they should be identified and prioritized. Plans should balance long- and short-term elements.
Give some thought to the following review questions before moving on to the answers on the next slide:
❑ Why is disposal (especially in landfill) considered to be the least effective principle that an SWMP should
incorporate?
❑ Why is redesigning products and processes considered to be the most effective principle an SWMP
should follow?
?
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Recap and Review
❑ Landfill does nothing to reduce the amount of waste or change attitudes towards it. It also generates new
sets of issues that can have negative environmental impacts.
❑ Rethinking product and process design can eliminate the very notion of waste before it is created and
convert that which may have become waste into future resource. Redesign of products can also recover
and convert existing waste into useful products. Rethinking SWM and production processes can have
significant fiscal and environmental benefits.
A
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Developing an SWMP
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Developing an SWMP
Every planning context is unique, but there are certain commonalities in approach that can be shared. Suggested
planning steps include the following:
1. Understand problem and issues.
2. Identify goals and objectives.
3. Define sources and sectors involved (e.g., government departments, professionals, public, other stakeholders, financial institutions, insurance agencies).
4. Examine waste trends and waste management practices and state-of-the-art case studies (research).
5. Project waste management needs over a planning period.
6. Develop a reduction and diversion strategy (take-back by manufacturer and reduction at source).
7. Develop a cost and financing strategy.
8. Develop implementation timelines.
9. Design a monitoring, measuring, and reporting system.
10. Create a plan review agenda complete with contingencies.
11. Create a public education strategy.
12. Create a public consultation program.
13. Integrate with long-term sustainable community planning (economic, environmental, social).
14. Develop a disposal strategy only if needed.
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Developing an SWMP: International (EU) Guidelines
The adjacent list was excerpted from the European Union guidelines,
“Preparing a Waste Management Plan.” The full document can be reviewed
here.
The document provides considerable assistance and insight as to which
elements could become part of a contemporary SWMP. The EU also has a
strategy for plastics in a circular economy, which was released in January 2018.
Much of the EU is pursuing a circular economy model, and the European
Commission has developed a full strategy. The strategy package has a number
of documents outlining current patterns and future targets.
Following the evolution of such significant documents and directives can inform
any local SWMP development.
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Developing an SWMP: EPA National Strategy
The EPA has also published an SWMP document entitled “U.S. EPA
Sustainable Materials Management Program Strategic Plan.” This plan
describes sustainable materials management (SMM) as follows:
Sustainable Materials Management (SMM) is an approach to serving
human needs by using/reusing resources productively and sustainably
throughout their life cycles, generally minimizing the amount of materials
involved and all associated environmental impacts.
Program objectives are described in the plan as follows:
1. Decrease the disposal rate, which includes source reduction, reuse,
recycling and prevention.
2. Reduce the environmental impacts of materials across their life cycle.
3. Increase socio-economic benefits.
4. Increase the capacity of state and local governments, communities, and
key stakeholders to adopt and implement SMM policies, practices, and
incentives.
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Developing an SWMP: EPA National Strategy
This is a high-level and concise document that
focuses on three strategic areas:
1) the built environment
2) sustainable food management, and
3) sustainable packaging.
For each strategic area, it describes specific action
areas, possible activities, and anticipated national
outcomes by 2022. The adjacent sample taken from
the document is related to the built environment.
Consulting this national strategy while developing a
local SWMP will help ensure that such a plan will be
steered in the correct direction.
Note that the document does not use the word
“waste” in the title and very rarely in the text.
SMM and the Built Environment
Action Area 1: Incorporate life cycle SMM concepts into the built
environment marketplace. Work to influence the building design
marketplace, including architects, engineers, product designers,
educators, and students by working with federal, state, and
community stakeholders to adopt and implement SMM policies,
practices, and incentives that affect designing, building, using,
renovating, demolishing, recycling, or reusing materials in the built
environment.
Anticipated Outcomes by 2022:
Increase safe reuse and recycling of C&D materials.
Increase the safe, beneficial use of industrial by-product materials,
such as coal fly ash and spent foundry sand.
Examples of Possible Activities:
Integrate SMM into an existing life cycle building design competition.
Target large construction or demolition projects for beneficial use or
recycling.
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Developing an SWMP: A Regional Guideline
The following few slides provide a synopsis of a current initiative entitled “A
Guide to Solid Waste Management Planning,” which was issued by the
provincial government of British Columbia, Canada, in September 2016.
The guide is a comprehensive, 100-page document that provides guidance
for the research, development, review, and implementation of an integrated
SWMP.
The guide is intended for use by regional districts who are updating or
amending their SWMP and for interested parties engaged in this process.
The guide also suggests that SWMPs be reviewed/updated every decade.
The guide refers to current waste management directions such as the 5 Rs,
the circular economy, and waste-to-energy, and discusses how they can be
integrated into an SWMP.
It is suggested here that in addition to a 5- or 10-year full plan review that
any SWMP be structured to facilitate constant input and modification to suit
quickly evolving SWM and design trends.
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Developing an SWMP: A Regional Guideline
These are the principles that form the basis for the British Columbia plan:
1. Promote zero waste approaches and support a circular economy.
2. Promote the first three Rs (reduce, reuse, and recycle).
3. Maximize beneficial use of waste materials and manage residuals appropriately.
4. Support polluter and user-pay approaches and manage incentives to maximize
behavior outcomes.
5. Prevent organics and recyclables from going into the garbage wherever
practical.
6. Collaborate with other regional districts wherever practical.
7. Develop collaborative partnerships with interested parties to achieve regional
targets set in plans.
8. Level the playing field within regions for private and public solid waste management
facilities.
They note that the order the principles are listed in does not suggest the priority of one
over another. The plan does, however, include the adjacent pollution prevention hierarchy
diagram.
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Regional Guideline: Process
The document also outlines a four-step planning process and provides considerable detail as to how each step could be
undertaken. Note the importance placed on consultation. The document contains guidance on how this could or should
be done.
Step 1: Initiate the planning process, including setting the scope, notifying interested parties, establishing advisory
committees, and identifying the planning and consultation processes.
Step 2: Set the plan direction, including establishing principles, goals, and targets, gathering background information,
and identifying options for waste management.
Step 3: Evaluate options, including reviewing options for managing all forms of waste, consulting with interested parties
(including the general public), and determining proposed approaches.
Step 4: Prepare and adopt the plan, including submission of the final plan for minister’s approval.
Consultation is not shown as a separate step in the planning process, as it should be undertaken across all steps.
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Regional Guideline: Checklists
The adjacent diagram is one of many in the document. This one is
a checklist for step one of the planning process. Detailed
information such as this is valuable to any community striving to
develop its own plan. Consulting with the authors of such
documents may provide insight into what has worked well and
what should be avoided.
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Regional Guideline: Five-Year Plan Review
The guide discusses monitoring and review procedures and suggests that a five-year effectiveness review be
conducted. This review could be critical at a time when waste management approaches are evolving quickly. The
review should result in a report that is made publicly available (including online). Items to review/report on may include:
• overview of all programs or actions undertaken in first five years to support the plan goals and targets, including
status (started, in progress, complete) and implementation costs for each
• description and forecasted budget for programs or actions not yet started and status (implementation delayed,
implementation on schedule, implementation cancelled due to circumstances or decisions affecting the need for or
feasibility of undertaking the actions at all)
• five-year trend information for waste disposal per person
• five-year summary of economic development related to plan implementation
• five-year trend of greenhouse gases emitted and avoided (landfill gas capture and reuse, flaring, or waste
diversion)
• summary of any compliance activities taken, spills, leaks, and leachate collected at facilities, and wildlife
incidences over the past five years, and
• any significant changes related to the regional growth strategy or changes to large industry and businesses
operating in the area that might impact the solid waste management system over the next five years.
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Regional Guideline: Templates
The guidance document also supplies templates for a
plan, a consultation report, and a certification from
each corporate officer.
Adjacent is the index for the SWMP template.
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Regional Guideline: Strategy Options
The document provides a list of waste management strategies that
could be considered as well as the criteria by which each potential
strategy could be assessed for its applicability in a particular context.
It identifies three basic strategy categories:
• informational strategies aimed at changing behavior and
informing decisions
• incentive programs encouraging behavior change through
providing financial and logistical support for beneficial initiatives,
and
• regulatory strategies enforcing limits on waste generation,
expanding environmental obligations, and imposing environmental
criteria on public contracts.
It lists evaluation criteria in four categories: general, environmental,
economic, and social.
This is a sample list from the plan for
resource recovery strategies that could
be considered:
• waste-to-energy facilities
• mixed waste material recovery
facilities (producing recyclables from
the waste stream through the
application of technology)
• production of refuse-derived fuel
• integrated resource recovery, which
includes heat and energy recovery
from organics processing and liquid
waste facilities
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Recap and Review
SWMP can take place on multiple levels simultaneously. International and national strategies should be
monitored to ensure local and regional plans are informed by and aligned with them. Utilizing tools provided
by guidelines and other sources helps ensure that every aspect and impact of plan elements are properly
considered.
Give some thought to the following review questions before moving on to the answers on the next slide:
❑ How does a document such as the EU guidelines “Preparing a Waste Management Plan” help with local
SWMP?
❑ What are some of the benefits of using an SWMP guideline?
?
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❑ Documents such as this provide insight into overall SWM trends and directions as well as the elements
that could be part of an SWMP. Following the evolution of such significant documents and directives can
inform and guide any local SWMP development.
❑ A guideline can provide detailed templates, checklists, and procedures that local planners can use to ensure
they have considered all details and have structured a plan that is comprehensive and clear.
A
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Sample Plans, Processes, and Projects
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Sample SWM Plans
The following slides highlight just a few of the many, more
advanced SWM plans and guidelines being implemented
currently.
When reading these examples, note that these cities (and
others) have developed waste strategies that nest and
integrate various subprograms that operate at various
scales—regional, district, municipal, and personal—and
how each scale has different options that can be deployed
in both the short and long term.
Also note that waste management strategies are linked to
land use planning, energy, and water management
strategies.
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NYC: Zero Waste Design Guidelines
New York City has established “Zero Waste
Design Guidelines” through a collaborative effort
involving developers, architects, engineers,
building managers, waste management
professionals, sustainability consultants,
university researchers, and city agencies such
as the New York City Department of Sanitation
and the departments of City Planning and
Transportation; the Mayor’s Office of
Sustainability; Design and Construction; Health
and Mental Hygiene; and Education; and the
New York City Housing Authority.
The wide scope of participants indicates how
integral waste management is to city operations
and also how many aspects of urban life are
affected by it.Please remember the exam password GARBAGE. You will be required to
enter it in order to proceed with the online examination.
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NYC: Zero Waste Design Guidelines
These particular guidelines focus on the relationship of SWM to building design. They are intended to be one specific
aspect of an overall municipal zero waste strategy, which itself is part of an even broader sustainable city strategy. The
initiative started with a question from an architect who asked, “What can architects do to support organics collection in
the buildings they design?”
The “Zero Waste Design Guidelines” point out that “waste is a design flaw in our packaging, in our products, and in
our buildings and cities, but the human designed system discards 99% of the materials we extract from the earth within
six months.” The report further asserts that “through design thinking, New York’s architects, government officials, and
citizens can solve their trash predicament.” Implementing these guidelines would be considered a short-term measure
as they can be readily initiated, although they would then remain in place for the long term.
The guidelines address questions such as:
• how materials can best be moved through the building
• whether buildings be designed with waste chutes
• what should be done about cardboard
• the possibility of avoiding bags on the curb, and
• where architects and developers can get guidance on design requirements and recommendations for best managing
waste.
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NYC: Zero Waste Design Guidelines
The guidelines were developed as part of the NYC plan for the future,
entitled “One New York: The Plan for a Strong and Just City” (2015),
which aims to move the city toward circular material loops. The One New
York plan is a long-term (15-year) plan. It is a comprehensive, 354-page
plan that addresses all aspects of urban life and planning and that also
includes a section on zero waste. It is the intention of NYC to achieve
zero waste by 2030.
As noted earlier, any waste management project or program should be
well integrated into the overall sustainable community planning process.
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NYC: Zero Waste Design Guidelines
Other zero waste initiatives noted in the plan include:
• expanding the NYC organics program* to serve all New
Yorkers by the end of 2018
• enhancing the City’s curbside recycling program by offering
single-stream recycling by 2020
• reducing the use of plastic bags and other noncompostable
waste
• giving every New Yorker the opportunity to recycle and
reduce waste, including at NYCHA housing
• making all schools zero waste schools
• expanding opportunities to reuse and recycle textiles and
electronic waste
• developing an equitable blueprint for a Save-As-You-Throw**
program to reduce waste, and
• reducing commercial waste disposal by 90% by 2030.
Moving waste by garbage scow. Note the waste that has been
dropped into the ocean. Up until the mid 1900s, NYC dumped most
of its waste directly into the ocean.
*The organics program picks up food scraps and yard waste from
certain areas and converts it to compost.
** The Save-As-You-Throw program is intended to provide financial
incentives for diverting waste.
Chester Higgins: Public domain via Wikimedia
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Los Angeles: Towards a Zero Waste City by 2025
As described by the plan itself:
In 2006, the RENEW LA (Recovering Energy, Natural Resources, and
Economic Benefits from Waste for Los Angeles) policy was passed
unanimously by the City Council as the resource management blueprint
to guide the City for the next 25 years. The [long-term] plan emphasized
economics, environmentalism, conservation, and technological
innovation. In addition to expanding the existing source reduction,
recycling, and composting efforts, and implementing new programs, the
RENEW LA plan calls for developing seven conversion technology
facilities, with one facility located in each of the sanitation’s six
wastesheds, and the seventh conversion technology facility to be located
within the local region.
The City Council codified RENEW LA Plan’s Zero Waste goal, stating:
The goal of Zero Waste as defined in this plan is to reduce, reuse,
recycle, or convert to energy the resources now going to disposal so as
to achieve an overall diversion level of 90% or more by 2025; and to
leave for disposal only a small inert residual.
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Los Angeles: Towards a Zero Waste City by 2025
In April 2015, LA also adopted “The Solid Waste Integrated Resources Plan”
(SWIRP)* through extensive stakeholder participation. This is a long-range
master plan for solid waste management that does not have site-specific
developments but that instead identifies 10 to 15 facilities that would address
the City’s SWM requirements up until 2030. It includes a series of targeted
diversion rates that would be implemented by a combination of enhancing
existing policies and programs and/or implementing new policies and
programs and/or the development of future facilities to meet the City’s needs.
LA has increasingly improved its diversion rates from 20.6% in 1990, to 46.0%
by 1995, 65.2% by 2000, and 76.4% at the end of 2011. This progress
suggests that their goal of 90% is achievable even when the difficulty of
reaching that goal increases as the city progresses closer and closer to it.
*Note that the word resources is used in conjunction with waste in the title.
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Los Angeles: Towards a Zero Waste City by 2025
A further program entitled recycLA divides the City
into eleven zones. The intention of such division
was to award a single waste company the
exclusive contract for each zone in order to ensure
that every individual and business would have full
access to recycling facilities. It was expected that
this would also result in fewer trucks and less
wear and tear on the streets. In order to secure
contracts, each contractor must use clean-fuel
trucks exclusively.
This approach has received criticism as some
consumers say their waste bills have doubled or
tripled because there is only one contractor in
each district to choose from.
An update to the plan is issued every year.
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Los Angeles: Towards a Zero Waste City by 2025
LA County has subsequently developed a program entitled Rethink LA that is
directed towards helping consumers rethink their patterns of consumption and
disposal. The program’s website has tips on reducing/eliminating waste at the
household level and numerous links to further resources. This type of
information source, which is used in many communities, would be considered
implementable in the short term. The intention is that, through multiple small
short-term actions, there is a large and immediate positive impact and that in
addition, positive lifelong patterns will be initiated and maintained.
The site asks questions such as:
• can it be reused?
• is it repairable?
• is it recyclable? and
• can the item be placed on LA county’s material exchange site LACoMAX ?
Note how one LA initiative has led to another and how they have steadily
increased awareness and participation in waste management options.
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Vancouver: Zero Waste by 2040
The City of Vancouver, British Columbia, is one of a number of cities that have adopted
a zero waste goal. In their case, this goal falls under an even broader umbrella, which is
to be the greenest city in the world by 2020.
They use zero waste as a framework to develop policies, programs, and projects that
support this goal. Their target date for achieving zero waste is 2040, a long-term goal.
The full strategy is available here. Scroll to Appendix A to see the zero waste plan.
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Vancouver: Zero Waste by 2040
The comprehensive greenest city strategy is a midterm strategy that identifies a
number of shorter-term actions that must be implemented in order to arrive at this
designation.
In reference to zero waste, it lists these as its 2017 achievements:
• The city’s micro street cleaning program, the daily collection of litter on foot
using brooms, shovels, and wheeled garbage carts, cleaned 400 city blocks
and collected over 12,000 bags of litter and 63,000 needles! (This is in addition
to the regular street cleaning.)
• 31 recycling stations were installed throughout the West End.
• The City ended its term as the contracted service provider. This means that
taxpayers will no longer have to pay a recycling utility fee.
• The City partnered with the Leverage Lab, Metro Vancouver, the Vancouver
Economic Commission, and industry to understand why so much clothing ends
up in the garbage, what happens to donated items, and how to support reuse
and recycling options.
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Vancouver: Zero Waste by 2040
The greenest city program incudes a “Greenest City
2020 Action Plan.” This is a short-term plan element as
it describes those activities that can and must be
implemented within a five-year time span. The viability of
short actions must be researched and coordinated with
technological developments. A sample short-term
(immediate) action is:
Increase overall diversion of organics by continuing
to support the expansion of food scraps recycling to
all sectors and support Metro Vancouver’s 2015
disposal ban on organic materials to landfill and
incinerator through education and enforcement.
The zero waste initiative and the greenest city initiative
are mutually supportive and integrated with one another
and with other programs for reduction of energy usage
and conversion to renewable sources, as well as water
usage and treatment.
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Vancouver: Zero Waste by 2040
Their zero waste strategic plan has the following objectives:
Primary objective: eliminate the disposal of solid waste to landfill and
incinerator by 2040.
Supporting objectives: focus efforts upstream at the source of waste and
involve the concepts of avoid/reduce, reuse, recycle.
Complementary objectives include:
• support community social goals
• grow Vancouver’s circular economy
• develop a zero waste culture
• reduce Vancouver’s greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and
• reduce Vancouver’s ecological footprint.
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Sample Zero Waste Strategies
One program under the Vancouver’s zero waste umbrella is a
single-use reduction strategy that involves phasing out all “the
usual suspects” (image) by 2025. This would be considered a
midterm element that has to be coordinated with the availability of
substitutes for the items to be phased out. There are a number of
other cities and even countries that have already phased out some
or all of these items or are in the process of doing so.
Corporations have followed suit. Starbucks, for example, will stop
using plastic straws by 2020. This will eliminate 1 billion straws a
year. McDonald’s has now partnered with Starbucks on this
initiative, which will also develop a compostable cup.
In the United States alone, an estimated more than 500 million
disposable plastic straws are used every day, according to Eco-
Cycle, a nonprofit recycling organization. Although plastic straws
are made from polypropylene, a recyclable plastic, most recyclers
will not accept them.
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Vancouver: Zero Waste by 2040
Another supporting program for the Vancouver zero waste
strategy is the green demolition by-law, which applies to homes
built before 1940.
The adjacent image shows the heavy deposit required to apply
for demolition and the penalties that are applicable if the recycling
requirements are not met. While this may seem a very high
penalty, Vancouver housing prices are extremely high and it is not
unheard of for someone to pay $2 million for a house and to then
tear it down to build another, more expensive one in its place.
This fine then represents only a small portion of such costs.
A $14,650 deposit will be required when you
apply for a demolition permit with minimum
reuse and recycling requirements.
The deposit will be refunded if the reuse and
recycling requirements are met. To learn
more, read how we review recycling and
reuse compliance reports.
If the requirements aren’t met, some or all of
the deposit won’t be returned in accordance
with Appendix C of the Green Demolition By-
law.
The $350 demolition waste compliance fee is
a nonrefundable fee to ensure that Green
Demolition By-law compliance reviews are
done promptly.
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Edmonton, Alberta: Integrated SWM Facility
Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, has invested about $450 million into one of the
most sophisticated waste management programs in the world. The system
includes a 233-hectare (575-acre) waste management center, the largest and
most advanced such facility in North America. The total area of all the
buildings on-site is 80,000 square meters (860,000 square feet), and the
composting facility alone occupies almost 28,000 square meters (300,000
square feet). About 9,000 tonnes of material arrives in approximately 4,500
trucks every week, and every year more than 15,000 students, teachers, and
adults tour the center.
Their central integrated transfer plant sorts waste into four streams:
• organics for composting
• waste for recycling
• waste for landfill
• waste for conversion to ethanol
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Edmonton, Alberta: Integrated SWM Facility
The center includes:
• an enclosed composting facility that composts residential waste, including grass
clippings
• a material sorting facility so residents do not need to sort materials, simplifying
recycling for households, increasing participation, and ensuring correct sorting
• a construction waste facility that mechanically sorts separate mixed loads of material
into various reusable commodities (75% of an individual load must be wood, metal,
drywall, asphalt/concrete, asphalt shingles, cardboard, and paper)
• a 45,000 ft2 (4,180 m2) electronics facility to process 30,000 tonnes per year of
computers, televisions, and a wide range of electrical and electronic waste materials for
recycling, and
• a closed-loop recycling plant to process waste paper collected from city offices and
other sources into recycled paper products for sale back to the city.
The landfill site was closed in 2010.
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Edmonton, Alberta: Integrated SWM Facility
The center also includes:
• a landfill gas recovery facility, a 4.8-megawatt facility producing enough
electricity for 4,600 Edmonton homes
• biosolids settlement lagoons where recovered biosolids are integrated
into the composting system
• a state-of-the-art research and development facility that tests different
feedstocks for gasification and conversion to various green chemicals
and advanced transportation fuels such as ethanol
• an education building with a teaching theater, classrooms, and meeting
rooms for general and technical educational activities, and
• a five-hectare (12.5-acre) lake maintained as a natural habitat for deer,
geese, ducks, and other wildlife.
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Edmonton, Alberta: Integrated SWM Facility
This diagram illustrates how various waste streams are
directed, managed, and integrated in this central location.
The city, like many others,* is targeting a 90% diversion rate
but as of August 2018 only had a diversion rate of about
50%. This requires an SWM update in order to close the
various strategic and operational gaps and to define program
changes to align the City with this goal. A significant public
consultation will be part of this update process.
* A 90% diversion is a common target for a zero waste goal.
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Eliminating Demolition Waste: The C.K. Choi Building
The C.K. Choi Building at the University of
British Columbia is a unique building that
explores many sustainable concepts. The
university originally intended to dispose of the
timber from an arena being demolished across
the street from the site, but the architect
intervened and asked for the timber to be
salvaged, inventoried, and tested. The C.K.
Choi Building was then specifically dimensioned
and designed to use the retrieved heavy
timbers.
The building was also clad in brick recovered
from yet another deconstructed building, and
incorporates on-site water waste management
features such as composting toilets and
graywater gardens.
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Eliminating Demolition Waste: The C.K. Choi Building
Once the trusses from the armory were taken apart, the portions that were riddled with bolt holes were trimmed off and
the resulting timbers measured, tested, and stacked on-site. From this stack, an inventory was created, and from this
inventory, the building design and framing were developed.
The armory was not intentionally designed to be disassembled, but the configuration of the trusses and their
connections made it feasible.
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Eliminating Demolition Waste: The C.K. Choi Building
The new building was then constructed across the street from the old one using the recycled timbers as the main
framing, as shown above. Concrete stabilizing walls were also used as part of the framing strategy
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Eliminating Demolition Waste: The C.K. Choi Building
Mature trees were retained on the very narrow site (previously a parking lot).
The architect noted that cutting down trees while preserving timber was
counterproductive. The mature trees are also part of the cooling strategy and
ambience. This building is so pleasant and productive to work in that its public
spaces are often used by many from other faculties.
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Eliminating Construction Waste: High-Rise Mass Timber Construction
Wood construction has recently advanced significantly, and high-rise mass
timber construction is now feasible.
One of the technologies that is used for this type of construction is cross-
laminated timber (CLT). CLT panels are formed by stacking and gluing together
successive perpendicular layers of wood. The layered stacks are then pressed
in large hydraulic or vacuum presses to form an interlocked panel. These panels
usually use wood harvested from sustainable forests where each tree is
replanted multiple times.
The factory process itself reduces waste considerably, and since components
can be delivered completely finished to the site, this approach eliminates all site
waste related to structure and cladding as well. Panel connections can be
designed to permit disassembly and reuse if the building ever reaches the end
of its useful life. (The world’s oldest existing wood building was constructed in
711.) Thinkwood is a good source for more information, including further
continuing education credits on this type of construction.
Image courtesy of Lever Architecture
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Eliminating Construction Waste: Brock Commons Tallwood House
The Brock Commons Tallwood House, as of
2018, is the tallest mass timber tower in the
world, although there are many others in the
planning stage. The 18-story tower for 400
students was framed by nine men in less than
70 days after the prefabricated components
were delivered. Each week, two stories of
timber structure and facade were installed.
Importantly, the wood slab was clear for
working by other trades immediately
postinstallation: note the cleanliness of the site
and the lack of waste. Note also how the
simple base connection (bottom left image) will
allow easy removal of the column at a later
date. In addition to reducing waste, mass
timber has a number of other benefits such as
CO2 retention and structural lightness.
Images courtesy of https://imagelibrary.bcfii.ca/
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Design for Disassembly Example
One of the six key concepts of the built positive movement, an initiative of the
Cradle to Cradle Products Innovation Institute, is design for disassembly.
Their full list is:
• circular design
• material health
• design for disassembly, reuse, and recovery
• value chain collaboration and integration
• qualifying and quantifying, and
• policies and standards.
Venlo City Hall: see next slide.
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Eliminating Construction Waste: Design for Disassembly
One of the earlier buildings designed with this philosophy is
Venlo City Hall. In the words of Hans Goverde, partner and
architect at Kraaijvanger Architects, the building’s architects:
All the raw materials and parts used have a “passport,”
detailing their production and origin. The building is therefore
in essence a huge raw-materials databank. When a service
or product reaches the end of its useful life, these materials
can easily be retrieved for high-grade reuse.
The building design focuses on four key cradle-to-cradle
aspects:
• how the building can improve indoor and outdoor* air quality
• how the building can produce more renewable energy than it
needs
• how applied materials can be appropriate for a biological or
technological cycle without loss of quality
• how the building can improve water quality so the water
becomes healthy for biological metabolism
Note how the issues regards materials are integrated with other
issues and that considerations extend beyond the building to the
community.
* A portion of the facade is covered with vegetation.
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Eliminating Waste: Products as a Service
Interface, the world’s largest producer of modular carpets, pioneered
the concept of product as service in 1994 when it introduced the
carpet ReEntryTM program.
As originally stated by its CEO (since deceased),
If we’re successful, we’ll spend the rest of our days harvesting
yesteryear’s carpets and other petrochemically derived products
and recycling them into new materials and converting sunlight into
energy, with zero scrap going to the landfill and zero emissions
into the ecosystem. And we’ll be doing well, very well, by doing
good. That’s the vision. -- Ray C. Anderson, 1997
Since that time, the company has taken back any worn carpet tiles
and refurbished them and returned them to the marketplace in an
endless loop. They operate under Mission Zero®, a promise to
eliminate any negative impact the company has on the environment
by 2020.
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Product as a Service Example
In a similar vein, architect Thomas Rau has
developed light as a service in conjunction with
Philips Lighting. Together they created a pay-per-
lux intelligent lighting system to fit the requirements
of the space at a manageable price. Philips retains
control and ownership of the items they produce,
enabling better maintenance, reconditioning, and
recovery.
Thomas Rau has since created Turntoo. This is a
platform that facilitates products being treated as
resource banks, and that facilitates improved
resource management between manufacturer,
supplier, and end-user.
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Eliminating Waste: Paper as a Service
REEP, a startup from Israel, took a different approach
to rethinking and reengineering paper. REEP is
composed of two elements.
The first is an ablation-resistant, erasable paper that:
just seems like a nice quality paper compatible
with existing laser printers and copiers…The
second component, a device resembling an office
multifunction printer, contains a laser that can
erase the page and remove the toner from this re-
engineered paper. The device also saves the
contents of the page, including any of the user’s
annotations, and presents the original page ready
to be used again. Now, rather than buying reams
of office paper and paying for storage, distribution,
scanning, collecting, and shredding, customers
now buy the REEP service that provides cost
savings without any upfront investments.Image courtesy of
The Ellen MacArthur Foundation
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The Future of Circular Design
The previous few slides serve
simply to illustrate a few examples
of product, process, and business
model redesign that is taking place
globally.
The Ellen MacArthur Foundation, a
prime proponent of the circular
economy, hosts numerous other
projects and circular business
models.
Monitoring how product and
process redesign is evolving
internationally is critical to creating
an SWMP that will remain relevant
and effective over its lifetime.
Image courtesy of The Ellen MacArthur Foundation
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Many communities now address waste elimination and management with plans and programs as part of their
overall strategies to become sustainable communities. The design community has also integrated waste
elimination into numerous products and processes, and there are now a steadily increasing number of
examples that demonstrate the principles inherent in those plans.
Give some thought to the following review questions before moving on to the answers on the next slide:
❑ Which waste strategy in this chapter had the most direct focus on one aspect of waste management and what other strategies did it relate to?
❑ What are three benefits of using new high-rise wood technology?
?
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❑ The NYC “Zero Waste Design Guidelines” focus on the relationship of an SWMP to building design. They
are a subset of the NYC zero waste strategy, which is itself a part of the overall One New York plan.
❑ Off-site waste from factory fabrication is significantly reduced, on-site waste related to structure and
cladding is eliminated, and buildings can be designed for easy disassembly and reuse with high-rise wood
technologies.
A
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Summary and Resources
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Summary
The magnitude of solid waste as well as the awareness of its negative impacts on the environment, municipal
operations, and community health and behavior continues to grow. In parallel, there is also a rapidly evolving body of
thought on how to design and develop alternative, more effective, sustainable approaches to its elimination and/or
management.
These new approaches range from developing a comprehensive set of options for diverting waste from landfill and
watersheds; creating new products from existing waste; designing new products, processes, and structures that reduce
or eliminate waste; and planning communities that treat waste as a resource and/or energy; to redesigning economies
to behave in a circular manner somewhat similar to natural systems.
Measures such as these work across different time scales, and an SWMP should recognize this and incorporate both
shorter-term elements as well as long-term goals and strategies such as zero waste or a circular economy. The shorter-
term elements should be accompanied by achievable, measurable, reportable targets, which will maintain momentum
for any plan. These targets should be reviewed and updated regularly and success rates published.
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Summary
SWMPs are also designed to work at international, national, state or provincial, regional, municipal, corporate,
institutional, or personal scales. An SWMP should be constructed with those measures that match the scale of the area
that the plan is designed for and be informed by those actions that relate to larger or smaller scales.
Developing an effective SWMP involves analyzing all of these emerging directions, identifying those that are most
applicable to the planning context, refining them to suit local specifics, and integrating them into any planning process
and plan. An effective SWMP must also be integrated with all other aspects of community planning at the same time.
There are now a number of resources such as SWMP and design guidelines, templates, and strategies that can inform
the process of analyzing and synthesizing this complex topic into a manageable plan. Because the rate of rethinking
the topic of SWM is continually accelerating and evolving, an SWMP should be created as a living document that can
readily be adapted to incorporate new approaches and processes as they emerge.
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Resources
“Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Facts and Figures.” U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, May 2018,
https://www.epa.gov/facts-and-figures-about-materials-waste-and-recycling/advancing-sustainable-materials-management-0. Accessed
July 2018.
“Basic Information About Landfill Gas.” Landfill Methane Outreach Program (LMOP). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, n.d.,
https://www.epa.gov/lmop/basic-information-about-landfill-gas. Accessed September 2018.
The Biomimicry Institute, n.d., https://biomimicry.org/what-is-biomimicry/. Accessed August 2018.
Boffey, Daniel. “Netherlands to Build World’s First Habitable 3D Printed Houses.” The Guardian. Guardian News and Media Limited, 6
June 2018, https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2018/jun/06/netherlands-to-build-worlds-first-habitable-3d-printed-houses.
Accessed August 2018.
The Circular Design Guide. Ellen MacArthur Foundation + IDEO, n.d., https://www.circulardesignguide.com/. Accessed August 2018.
“Construction and Demolition Debris Generation in the United States, 2014.” U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Resource
Conservation and Recovery, December 2016, https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-
12/documents/construction_and_demolition_debris_generation_2014_11302016_508.pdf. Accessed August 2018.
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Resources
“Construction Waste-LEED Reporting.” Premier Facility Management. PFMGreen.com, n.d., http://www.pfmgreen.com/services.php.
Accessed July 2018.
“Construction Waste Market: Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends, and Forecast 2017–2025.” Transparency Market
Research, n.d., https://www.transparencymarketresearch.com/construction-waste-market.html. Accessed August 2018.
Davis, Nicola. “New Fountains and Bottle-Refill Points to Tackle London’s Plastic Waste.” The Guardian. Guardian News and Media
Limited, 23 January 2018, https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/jan/23/new-fountains-and-bottle-refill-points-to-tackle-londons-
plastic-waste?CMP=Share_iOSApp_Other. Accessed August 2018.
“Directory of Waste Resources on the Web.” U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, October 2017, https://www.epa.gov/international-
cooperation/directory-waste-resources-web. Accessed July 2018.
Dorwart, Laura. “Magic Mushrooms: How Fungus Could Help Rebuild Derelict Cleveland.” The Guardian. Guardian News and Media
Limited, 5 July 2018, https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2018/jul/05/magic-mushrooms-how-fungus-could-help-rebuild-derelict-
cleveland?CMP=share_btn_link. Accessed July 2018.
Fab.City. Fab City Global Initiative, n.d., https://fab.city/#intro. Accessed August 2018.
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Resources
Gratz, Roberta Brandes. “Curitiba: An Environmental Showcase.” Huffington Post. Oath Inc., 6 October 2013,
https://www.huffingtonpost.com/roberta-brandes-gratz/curitiba_b_3713953.html. Accessed August 2018.
Hoornweg, Daniel and Perinaz Bhada-Tata. “What a Waste: A Global Review of Solid Waste Management.” World Bank, March 2012,
http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANDEVELOPMENT/Resources/336387-1334852610766/What_a_Waste2012_Final.pdf.
Accessed August 2018.
“Implementation of the Circular Economy Action Plan.” European Commission: Environment. European Commission, July 2018,
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/circular-economy/index_en.htm. Accessed July 2018.
Lifset, R. and Thomas Graedel. “Industrial Ecology: Goals and Definitions.” University of Western Cape, n.d.,
http://planet.botany.uwc.ac.za/nisl/ESS/Documents/Industrial_Ecology_Overview.pdf. Accessed August 2018.
Lovins, Amory. “Natural Capitalism.” Australian Broadcasting Corporation, n.d., http://www.abc.net.au/science/slab/natcap/. Accessed
August 2018.
“Marriott Grande Lakes Sales Center.” Modular Building Institute, n.d.,
http://www.modular.org/Awards/AwardEntryDetail.aspx?awardentryid=755. Accessed July 2018.
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Resources
Marshall, Cody, et.al. “The 2016 State of Curbside Report.” The Recycling Partnership, January 2017,
https://recyclingpartnership.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/state-of-recycling-report-Jan2017.pdf. Accessed August 2018.
“Methane Emissions from Landfills.” Landfill Methane Outreach Program (LMOP). Environmental Protection Agency, May 2018,
https://www.epa.gov/lmop/basic-information-about-landfill-gas#methane. Accessed August 2018.
Parley. Parley for the Oceans, n.d., http://www.parley.tv/oceanplastic/#parley-air-strategy-1. Accessed August 2018.
“Parley AIR Strategy: Avoid.Intercept.Redesign.” UN Oceans Conference. United Nations, n.d.,
https://oceanconference.un.org/commitments/?id=15581. Accessed September 2018.
Pocket Living. Pocket Living Limited, n.d., https://www.pocketliving.com/pocket/buy/development/24. Accessed August 2018.
“Recycling Benefits to the Economy.” All-recycling-facts.com, n.d., http://www.all-recycling-facts.com/recycling-benefits.html. Accessed
July 2018.
REEP: The Digital Enterprise Office Solution. REEP Technologies Ltd., n.d., http://reepcorp.com/. Accessed August 2018.
.
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Resources
Simmons, Ann. “The World’s Trash Crisis, and Why Many Americans Are Oblivious.” Los Angeles Times, 22 April 2016,
http://www.latimes.com/world/global-development/la-fg-global-trash-20160422-20160421-snap-htmlstory.html. Accessed July 2018.
Slowey, Kim. “Report: Global Construction Waste Will Almost Double by 2025.” Construction Dive. Industry Dive, March 2018,
https://www.constructiondive.com/news/report-global-construction-waste-will-almost-double-by-2025/518874/. Accessed July 2018
“Sustainable Management of Construction and Demolition Materials.” U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, February 2018,
https://www.epa.gov/smm/sustainable-management-construction-and-demolition-materials. Accessed July 2018.
Taylor, Matthew. “Can Norway Help Us Solve the Plastic Crisis, One Bottle at a Time?” The Guardian. Guardian News and Media
Limited, 12 July 2018, https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/jul/12/can-norway-help-us-solve-the-plastic-crisis-one-bottle-at-a-
time?CMP=share_btn_link. Accessed August 2018.
The Thingery, n.d., http://thethingery.com/. Accessed August 2018.
“U.S. EPA Sustainable Materials Management Program Strategic Plan.” U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, October 2015,
https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-03/documents/smm_strategic_plan_october_2015.pdf. Accessed August 2018.
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Resources
“Waste: A Problem or a Resource?” European Environment Agency, August 2016, https://www.eea.europa.eu/signals/signals-
2014/articles/waste-a-problem-or-a-resource. Accessed July 2018.
“What Is Cradle to Cradle®?” Cradle to Cradle Islands. European Union, n.d.,
http://c2cislands.org/sjablonen/1/infotype/webpage/view.asp?objectID=1233. Accessed September 2018.
“What Is Industrial Symbiosis?” International Synergies. International Synergies Limited, n.d., https://www.international-
synergies.com/our-approach/what-is-industrial-symbiosis/. Accessed September 2018.
“Wheelabrator Baltimore.” Wheelabrator Technologies, n.d., https://www.wtienergy.com/plant-locations/energy-from-waste/wheelabrator-
Baltimore. Accessed September 2018.
Yeheyis, M., et al. “An Overview of Construction and Demolition Waste Management in Canada: A Lifecycle Analysis Approach to
Sustainability.” Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, vol. 15, no. 1, 2013, pp. 81-91, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-012-0481-
6. Accessed August 2018.
Zero Waste International Alliance, n.d., http://zwia.org/. Accessed August 2018.
Zero Waste Network, n.d., http://www.zerowastenetwork.org/. Accessed August 2018.
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Conclusion
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