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Rethinking Biomass Energy in Sub-Sahara Africa
Ewah EleriInternational Centre for Energy, Environment &
Development
International Symposium, Bonn, Tuesday August 25, 2009
VENRO &
German NGO Forum on Environment & Development
2
Why the growing Interest in Biomass Energy?
The link between biomass energy and poverty is strong
Biomass delivers energy in all forms – solid, liquid and gas
Meets energy needs without expensive technologies
The linkage with ghg emission mitigation is strong
By being locally-driven, it enhances energy security
3
Why the growing Interest in Biomass Energy? Cont...
½ Million die annually in SSA as result of traditional fuelwood use (against 750,000 for malaria)
One billion in SSA will in 2030 be dependent on traditional woodfuel for energy
Access to modern energy is in decline in most of SSA countries
4
Decline in electricity use (kwh/capita) 1990 - 2004
COUNTRY RATE OF DECLINEGhana -22%Chad -31.3%Cameroon -8.9%S. Leone -54.7%DRC -42.1%Zimbabwe -10%Source: UNDP HDR, 2007/8
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Poverty – Main Driver of Energy Access Decline
Recent economic growth reversed by global economic crisis, crash in commodity prices, lower FDI and drop in remittances
Since 1980 the number of poor people had declined by 1% annually in developing countries, except in SSA
Most countries in SSA will not reduce by ½ the number of poor people by 2015
6
Growth in the number of poor people – 1990 - 2005
REGION 1980 2005World 52% 26%East Asia 80% 18%South Asia 60% 40%SSA 50% (200m) 50% (380m)Source: World Bank
7
Energy Resource Distribution
REGION RESOURCESWest Oil, Gas & HydroEast Hydro & GeothermalSouth Coal & HydroCentral Hydro & Biomass
Non-OECD
Europe0.2%
China4.5%
Asia*4.5%Latin
America9.2%
Africa12.2%
OECD23.7%
Middle East
30.9%
Former USSR14.7%
2005 Regional shares of Crude Oil production
Non-OECD
Europe0.6%
China1.9%
Asia*9.5%
Latin America
4.7%
Africa6.2%
OECD38.6%
Middle East
10.3%
Former USSR28.2%
2005 Regional Shares of Natural Gas
production
Climate Change: Challenges and Opportunities
9
Electricity Production
80%
17% 2% 1%
Electricity production in SSA
Coal
Hydropower
Nuclear power
Other Renewables
Underdeveloped Modern Energy Sector
Refining capacity only 3.3% of world total Hydropower production only 7% of total
potential Hydropower production only 3% of world
total
Energy & the MDGs
Energy underpins wealth creation Extends economic activities beyond
daylight Encourages locally owned businesses Bridges the digital divide Improves access to water resources Helps achieve universal primary education Reduces the burden of diseases
Biomass – Wood Resource Trends
0.7% annual forest decline in SSA Growing demand for fuelwood Increased fuel wood scarcity around major
towns Rising cost of fuel wood and charcoal in
urban and peri-urban areas
Total Wood Removal 1990 - 2005
Country % IncreaseAngola 42%Burundi 44%DRC 51%Gabon 92%Ghana 83%Rwanda 23%
Biomass – Charcoal Trends
The Energy Transition has stopped in charcoal use
Urban demand for charcoal is a key driver for peri-urban devegetation
Charcoal production and combustion technologies remain predominantly inefficient
15
Death as a Result of Solid Fuel Use
Countries/Regions Population Size (000)
Total deaths attributable to solid fuel use
Total deaths attributable to solid fuel use as proportion of population (%)
Sub-Saharan Africa
858,744 459,400 5.3 India 1 198 003 407,100 3.4 Brazil 193,734 4,100 0.2 China 1,345,751 380,700 0.3 Indonesia 229 965 15,300 0.7 Source: Population figures: Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat (2009). World Population Prospects: The 2008 Revision. Highlights. New York: UN Total death attributed to solid fuels use: WHO,2007: Indoor Air Pollution, National Burden of Disease Estimates
Number of People Using Traditional Biomass (in millions)
2000 2030China 706 645India 585 632Other Asia 420 456Latin America 96 72SSA 583 996Source: Karakezi et al, 2008
Traditional Biomass Energy Tech Trends – e.g. open fire stoves
High wood and energy loss High costs 15% of total food budget in street
restaurants (in Nigeria) 11% of total food budgets in secondary
schools (in Nigeria) High toll on health
Improved Biomass Energy Tech Trends – e.g cookstoves
Can be manufactured locally, No IPR barriers and requires only basic training
Good examples: 2m sold in Kenya; 1.5m delivered by GTZ
Stove programmes are small-scaled, donor dependent and project based
Hard road from project to the market place Stoves not available in markets New interests in large scale production
Why the lack of progress on cookstoves?
Policy failure Product Quality Promotion Pricing and finance Partnership
Modern Biomass Technologies - Biogas
Country Number distributedTanzania >1000Kenya 500Botswana 215Burundi 279Zimbabwe 200Lesotho 40Bukina Faso 20Source: Karekezi & Kithyoma 2003
Modern Biomass – Biofuels Trends
Potentials to reduce dependence on imported petroleum and stimulate access to rural energy
Isolated projects Investments in large scale or small scale
biofuels project almost non-existent Weak government promotion and regulation
Modern Biomass – Biofuel Issues
Food and fuel Fuel and environment Land rights Policy support Affordable financing Large scale vs. small scale
Modern Biomass – Cogeneration
Quick wins in opportunities for power production
Good examples in Mauritius and Kenya De-industrialisation reduces scope Weak policy support (feed-in laws in
Kenya and South Africa)
Domestic Reforms - Governance
Devolution of energy institutions Enhance participation in decision-making,
especially women Make access to energy a right Support budget tracking Build domestic coalitions for energy right Fight corruption
Domestic Reforms – Contd…
Think Big!! Engage the political process Deepen domestic financial markets Strengthen regulation and promotion of
sustainable biofuels Market development for improved and
modern biomass techs
The Role of International Cooperation
Set global targets on energy access Scale up quick gains – cookstoves and cogen Build a global biomass cookstove partnership Strengthen the link b/w energy access and the
tech transfer debate within UNFCCC Make the carbon market serve the poor Scrutinize the role of development assistance,
especially MFIs
Thank you!
Ewah Eleri
International Centre for Energy, Environment & Development
www.iceednigeria.org