Upload
marlon-martinez
View
217
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
8/13/2019 Retain Wall Counter Fort
1/48
1
Summary SheetSession Number :
Date :
Subject Expert :
5
09.04.2007
Dr. M.C. Nataraja
Professor
Department of Civil Engineering,
Sri Jayachamarajendra College of
Engineering,
Mysore 570 006.
Phone:0821-2343521, 9880447742
E-mail: [email protected]
8/13/2019 Retain Wall Counter Fort
2/48
2
Design and Detailingof Counterfort
Retaining wall
Dr. M.C. NATARAJA
8/13/2019 Retain Wall Counter Fort
3/48
3
When H exceeds about 6m,
Stem and heel thickness is more More bending and more steel
Cantilever-T type-Uneconomical
Counterforts-Trapezoidal section
1.5m -3m c/c
Counterfort Retaining wall
CRW
CF
Base Slab
Stem
8/13/2019 Retain Wall Counter Fort
4/48
4
Parts of CRW
Same as that of Cantilever Retaining wall PlusCounterfort
Stem
Toe Heel
Base slab
Counterforts
Cross section Plan
8/13/2019 Retain Wall Counter Fort
5/48
5
The stem acts as a continuous slab Soil pressure acts as the load on the
slab.
Earth pressure varies linearly over
the height The slab deflects away from the
earth face between the counterforts
The bending moment in the stem ismaximum at the base and reduces
towards top. But the thickness of the wall is kept
constant and only the area of steelis reduced.
Design of Stem
BF
p=Kah
8/13/2019 Retain Wall Counter Fort
6/48
6
Maximum Bending moments for stem
Maximum +ve B.M= pl2/16
(occurring mid-way between counterforts)
andMaximum -ve B.M= pl2/12
(occurring at inner face of counterforts)
Where l is the clear distance between thecounterfortsand p is the intensity of soil pressure
l
p+
-
8/13/2019 Retain Wall Counter Fort
7/48
7
Design of Toe Slab
The base width=b =0.6 H to 0.7 H
The projection=1/3 to 1/4 of base width.
The toe slab is subjected to an upwardsoil reaction and is designed as a
cantilever slab fixed at the front face ofthe stem.
Reinforcement is provided on earth facealong the length of the toe slab.
In case the toe slab projection is large i.e.
> b/3, front counterforts are providedabove the toe slab and the slab isdesigned as a continuous horizontalslab spanning between the frontcounterforts.
b
H
8/13/2019 Retain Wall Counter Fort
8/48
8
The heel slab is designed as a continuous slabspanning over the counterforts and issubjected to downward forces due to weight ofsoil plus self weight of slab and an upward
force due to soil reaction.
Maximum +ve B.M= pl2/16
(mid-way between counterforts)
AndMaximum -ve B.M= pl2/12
(occurring at counterforts)
Design of Heel Slab
BF
8/13/2019 Retain Wall Counter Fort
9/48
9
Design of Counterforts
The counterforts are subjected tooutward reaction from the stem. This produces tension along the
outer sloping face of the counterforts.
The inner face supporting the stem isin compression. Thus counterfortsare designed as a T-beam of varyingdepth.
The main steel provided along thesloping face shall be anchored
properly at both ends. The depth of the counterfort is
measured perpendicular to thesloping side.
TC
d
8/13/2019 Retain Wall Counter Fort
10/48
10
Behaviour of Counterfort RW
-M
-M
TOE
COUNTERFORT
+M
+M
STEM
HEEL SLAB
Important points
Loads on Wall
Deflected shape
Nature of BMs
Position of steel
Counterfort details
8/13/2019 Retain Wall Counter Fort
11/48
11
PROBLEM-Counterfort Retaining Wall
A R.C.C. retaining wall with counterforts isrequired to support earth to a height of 7 m above
the ground level. The top surface of the backfill ishorizontal. The trial pit taken at the site indicatesthat soil of bearing capacity 220 kN/m2is availableat a depth of 1.25 m below the ground level. Theweight of earth is 18 kN/m3and angle of repose is30. The coefficient of friction between concreteand soil is 0.58. Use concrete M20 and steelgrade Fe 415. Design the retaining wall.
8/13/2019 Retain Wall Counter Fort
12/48
12
Draw the following:
Cross section of wall near the counterfort
Cross section of wall between the counterforts
L/s of stem at the base cutting the counterforts
Given:
fck= 20 N/mm2, fy = 415N/mm
2, H = 7 m above G.L,
Depth of footing below G.L. = 1.25 m, = 18 kN/m3,
= 0.58, fb=SBC= 220 kN/m2
8/13/2019 Retain Wall Counter Fort
13/48
13
a. Proportioning of Wall Components
Coefficient of active pressure = ka= 1/3
Coefficient of passive pressure= kp= 3
The height of the wall above the base
= H = 7 + 1.25 = 8.25 m.
Base width = 0.6 H to 0.7 H
(4.95 m to 5.78 m), Say b = 5.5 m
Toe projection = b/4 = 5.5/4 = say 1 .2 mAssume thickness of vertical wall = 250 mm
Thickness of base slab = 450 mm
H
b=5.5 m
1.25 m
h1=7 m
8/13/2019 Retain Wall Counter Fort
14/48
14
Spacing of counterforts
l = 3.5 (H/)0.25= 3.5 (8.25/18)0.25= 2.88 m
c/c spacing = 2.88 + 0.40 = 3.28 m say 3 m
Provide counterforts at 3 m c/c.
Assume width of counterfort = 400 mm
clear spacing provided = l = 3 - 0.4 = 2.6 m
l
8/13/2019 Retain Wall Counter Fort
15/48
15
4.05m
h=7.8 m
d
250 mm
1.2 m
b=5.5 m
H=8.25 mh1=7 m
1.25m
CF: 3m c/c,
400 mm
T
Details of wall
8/13/2019 Retain Wall Counter Fort
16/48
16
Sr.No.
Description ofloads
Loads in kNDist. of
e.g. fromT in m
Momentabout
T in kN-m
1Weight of stem
W1
25x0.25x1x7.8
= 48.75
1.2 + 0.25/2
=1.325
64.59
2Weight of base
slab W2
25x5.5x1x0.45= 61.88
5.5/2 =2.75 170.17
3
Weight of earth
over heel slab W3
18x4.05x1x7.8
= 568.62
1.45+4.05/2
= 3.475 1975.95
Total W = 679.25 W=2210.71
b. Check Stability of Wall
8/13/2019 Retain Wall Counter Fort
17/48
17
A B C D
H
8250
250 mm
1200 mm 4050 mm
450
Df= 1250
W
PA
R
eX b/2T
W3W1
W2
PA
Pressure distribution
Cross section of wall-Stability analysis
b/3kaH
H/3
h1= 7000
8/13/2019 Retain Wall Counter Fort
18/48
18
Stability of wallsHorizontal earth pressure on full height of wall
= Ph= kaH2/2 =18 x 8.252/(3 x 2) = 204.19 kN
Overturning moment = M0
= Phx H/3 = 204.19 x 8.25/3 = 561.52 kN.m.
Factor of safety against overturning
= M / M0= 2210.71/561.52 = 3.94 > 1.55safe.
8/13/2019 Retain Wall Counter Fort
19/48
19
Check for sliding
Total horizontal force tending to slide the wall
= Ph= 204.19 kN
Resisting force = .W = 0.58 x 679.25= 393.97 kN
Factor of safety against sliding
= .W / Ph= 393.97/204.19
= 1.93 > 1.55 ... safe.
8/13/2019 Retain Wall Counter Fort
20/48
20
Check for pressure distribution at base
Let x be the distance of R from toe (T),
x = M / W = 2210.71 -561.52 /679.25 = 2.43 mEccentricity=e = b/2 - x = 5.5/2 - 2.43 = 0.32 < b/6 (0.91m)
Whole base is under compression.
Maximum pressure at toe
= pA= W/ b ( 1+6e/b) = 679.25/5.5 ( 1+ 6*0.32/5.5)= 166.61 kN/m2 < f
b(i.e. SBC= 220 kN/m2)
Minimum pressure at heel
= pD= 80.39 kN/m2compression.
8/13/2019 Retain Wall Counter Fort
21/48
21
Intensity of pressure at junction of stem with toe i.e. under
B
= pB= 80.39 + (166.61 - 80.39) x 4.3/5.5 = 147.8kN/m2
Intensity of pressure at junction of stem with heel i.e. under
C
=Pc= 80.39 + (166.61 - 80.39) x 4.05/5.5 = 143.9 kN/m2
8/13/2019 Retain Wall Counter Fort
22/48
22
80.39
kN/m2166.61
kN/m2143.9147.8153.9
A B C D
H
8250
250 mm
1200 mm
5500 mm
4050 mm
450
1250
W
PA
R
eX b/2T
8/13/2019 Retain Wall Counter Fort
23/48
23
b) Design of Toe slab
Max. BMB= psf x (moment due to soil pressure - momentdue to wt. of slab TB]
= 1.5 [147.8 x 1.22/2 + (166.61 - 147.8) x 1.2 (2/3 x 1.2)
-(25x 1.2 x 0.45 x 1.2/2) =174.57 kN-m.
Mu/bd2= 1.14 < 2.76, URS
8/13/2019 Retain Wall Counter Fort
24/48
24
To find steel
pt=0.34%
8/13/2019 Retain Wall Counter Fort
25/48
25
Check for Shear
Critical section for shear: At distance d (= 390 mm)from the face of the toe
pE= 80.39 + (166.61 - 80.39) (4.3 + 0.39)/5.5
= 153.9kN/m2
Net vertical shear
= (166.61 + 153.9) x 0.81/2 - (25 x 0.45 x 0.81)=120.7 kN.
Net ultimate shear = Vu.max= 1.5 x 120.7 =181.05
kN.v= 181.05x 1000/1000x390 =0.46 MPapt= 100 x 1827/ (1000 x 390) = 0.47 %
uc= 0.36 + (0.48 - 0.36) x 0.22/0.25= 0.47N/mm2 > vsafe
d
8/13/2019 Retain Wall Counter Fort
26/48
26
-M
-M
TOE
COUNTERFORT
+M
+M
STEM
HEEL SLAB
Counterfort RW
8/13/2019 Retain Wall Counter Fort
27/48
27
Continuous slab.
Consider 1 m wide strip near the outer edge D
The forces acting near the edge are
Downward wt. of soil=18x7.8xl= 140.4 kN/m
Downward wt. of heel slab = 25 x 0.45 x 1= 11.25 kN/m
Upward soil pressure 80.39 kN/m2= 80.39 x 1= 80.39 kN/m
Net down force at D= 140.4 + 11.25 - 80.39 = 71.26 kN/m
Also net down force at C = 140.4 + 11.25 - 143.9 = 7.75 kN/m
Negative Bending Moment for heel at junction of counterfort
Mu= (psf) pl2/12 = 1.5 x 71.26 x 2.62/12 = 60.2 kN-m (At the junction of CF)
(c) Design of Heel Slab
8/13/2019 Retain Wall Counter Fort
28/48
28
71.26
kN/m
7.75
kN/m
DC
Forces on heel slab
80.39
kN/m2166.61
kN/m2143.9147.8153.9
5500mm
8/13/2019 Retain Wall Counter Fort
29/48
29
To find steel
Mu/bd2=60.2x106/(1000x3902)=0.39 < 2.76, URS
To find steel
pt=0.114%
8/13/2019 Retain Wall Counter Fort
30/48
30
Maximum shear = Vu,max= 1.5 x 71.26 x 2.6/2 = 139 kNFor Pt, = 0.14 % and M20 concrete, uc= 0.28 N/mm2
v= Vumax/bd =0.36 N/mm2,
uc< v, Unsafe, Hence shear steel is needed
Using #8 mm 2-legged stirrups,
Spacing=0.87x415x100/[(0.36-0.28)x1000]
= 452 mm < (0.75 x 390 = 290 mm or 300 mm ) Provide #8 mm 2-legged stirrups at 290 mm c/c.
Provide for 1m x 1m area as shown in figure
Check for shear (Heel slab)
8/13/2019 Retain Wall Counter Fort
31/48
31
A B C1200mm
4050mm
450
1250
R
eX b/2
26003000
4050
mm
C D
SFD
Net down force dia.
TOE
HEEL
139
71.28
kN/m7.75
kN/m
x1
y1Shear analysis and
Zone of shear steel
Area for
stirrups
8/13/2019 Retain Wall Counter Fort
32/48
32
Area of steel for +ve moment
(Heel slab)
Maximum +ve ultimate moment = psf x pl2/16
= 3/4 Mu= 0.75 x 60.2= 45.15 kN-m.Mu/bd
2=Very small and hence provide minimum steel.
Ast,min= 540 mm2
Provide # 12 mm bars at 200 mm c/c.
Area provided = 565 mm2> 540 mm2
8/13/2019 Retain Wall Counter Fort
33/48
33
Check the force at junction of heel slab with stem
The intensity of downward force decreases due toincreases in upward soil reaction. Consider m width ofthe slab at C
Net downward force= 18 x 7.8 +25 x 0.45 - 143.9 = 7.75
kN/m. Provide only minimum reinforcement.
Distribution steel
Ast = 0.12 x 1000 x 450/100 = 540 mm2
Using # 12 mm bars, spacing = 1000 x 113/468 = 241 mm.Provide # 12 mm at 200 mm c/c.
Area provided = 565 mm2
8/13/2019 Retain Wall Counter Fort
34/48
34
(d) Design of Stem (Vertical Slab).
Continuous slab spanning between the counterforts andsubjected to earth pressure.
The intensity of earth pressure
= ph= ka h =18 x 7.8/3=46.8 kN/m2
Area of steel on earth side near counterforts :
Maximum -ve ultimate moment,
Mu= 1.5 x phl2/12 = 1.5 x 46.8 x 2.62/12 = 39.54 kN.m.
Required d = (39.54 x 106/(2.76 x 1000)) = 119 mm
However provide total depth = 250 mm
Mu/bd2= 39.54x106/1000x3902=1.1 < 2.76, URS
8/13/2019 Retain Wall Counter Fort
35/48
35
To find steel: Pt=0.34%
8/13/2019 Retain Wall Counter Fort
36/48
36
At any section at any depth h below the top, the totalhorizontal earth pressure acting on the counterfort
= 1/2 kay h2x c/c distance between counterfort
= 18 x h2x 3 x 1/6 = 9 h2
B.M. at any depth h = 9h2xh/3 = 3h3
B.M. at the base at C= 3 x 7.83 = 1423.7 kN.m.
Ultimate moment = Mu= 1.5 x 1423.7 = 2135.60 kN.m.
Counterfort acts as a T-beam.
Even assuming rectangular section,
d =(2135.6 x 106(2.76 x 400)) = 1390 mm
(e) Design of Counterfort
8/13/2019 Retain Wall Counter Fort
37/48
37
The effective depth is taken at rightangle to the reinforcement.
tan = 7.8/4.05 =1.93, = 62.5,
d = 4050 sin - eff. cover= 3535 mm > > 1390 mm
Mu/bd2=2135.6x106/(400x35352)
=0.427, pt=0.12%, Ast=1696mm2
Check for minimum steel4.05m
h =7.8 m
d
8/13/2019 Retain Wall Counter Fort
38/48
38
Ast.min= 0.85 bd/fy= 0.85 x 400 x 3535/415 = 2896 mm2
Provided 4- # 22 mm + 4 - # 22 mm,
Area provided = 3041 mm2
pt= 100 x 3041/(400 x 3535) = 0.21 %
The height h where half of the reinforcement can becurtailed is approximately equal to H= 7.8=2.79 m
Curtail 4 bars at 2.79-Ldt from top i.e, 2.79-1.03 =1.77mfrom top.
8/13/2019 Retain Wall Counter Fort
39/48
39
Design of Horizontal Ties
The direct pull by the wall on counterfort for 1 m height atbase
= kah x c/c distance =1/3x18 x 7.8 x 3 = 140.4 kNArea of steel required to resist the direct pull
= 1.5 x 140.4 x 103/(0.87 x 415) = 583 mm2per m height.Using # 8 mm 2-legged stirrups, Ast = 100 mm
2
spacing = 1000 x 100/583 = 170 mm c/c.
Provide # 8 at 170 mm c/c.
Since the horizontal pressure decreases with h, thespacing of stirrups can be increased from 170 mm c/c to450 mm c/c towards the top.
8/13/2019 Retain Wall Counter Fort
40/48
40
Design of Vertical Ties
The maximum pull will be exerted at the end of heel slabwhere the net downward force = 71.26 kN/m.
Total downward force at D
= 71.26 x c/c distance bet. CFs = 71.28 x 3 = 213.78 kN.
Required Ast= 1.5 x 213.78 x 103/(0.87 x 415) = 888 mm2
Using # 8 mm 2-legged stirrups , Ast= 100 mm2
spacing = 1000 x 100/888 = 110 mm c/c.
Provide # 8 mm 2-legged stirrups at 110 mm c/c.
Increase the spacing of vertical stirrups from 110 mm c/c to450 mm c/c towards the end C
8/13/2019 Retain Wall Counter Fort
41/48
8/13/2019 Retain Wall Counter Fort
42/48
42
250 mm
1200 mm 4050 mm
450
1250
#16@120 #12@200 #12@200
#12@200
#12@200
8250 mm
7000
Cross section between counterforts
0-200mm
STEM COUNTERFORT
TOE HEEL
8/13/2019 Retain Wall Counter Fort
43/48
8/13/2019 Retain Wall Counter Fort
44/48
44
Section through stem at the junction of Base slab.
Backfill
With straight bars
0.3l
0.25 l
Backfill
With cranked
bars
STEM
STRAIGHT
BARS
8/13/2019 Retain Wall Counter Fort
45/48
45
Cross section of heel slab
BackfillBackfill
8/13/2019 Retain Wall Counter Fort
46/48
46
Examination Problems
July 2006
Single bay Fixed Portal Frame
Combined footing (Beam and slab type)
December 2006
T-shaped Cantilever Retaining wall
Combined footing (Type not mentioned)
8/13/2019 Retain Wall Counter Fort
47/48
47
Exam Problem (Dec. 2006)
Design a T shaped cantilever retaining wall to retain earthembankment 3.2 m high above the ground level. Theunit weight of the earth is 18 kN/m2 and its angle ofrepose is 30 degrees. The embankment is horizontalat it top. The SBC of soil is 120 kN/m2 and the co-efficient of friction between soil and concrete is 0.5.
Use M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel. Draw thefollowing to a suitable scale:
1. Section of the retaining wall
2. Reinforcement details at the inner face of the stem.
60 Marks
Data: h1=3.2 m, =0.5, =18 kN/m2, =30, SBC= 120kN/m2,
M20 Concrete and Fe 415 steel
Find H= h1+ Df
8/13/2019 Retain Wall Counter Fort
48/48
48