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Results of the CSIRO multisite national trial of telehealth for the management of chronic disease in the home Branko Celler, Leila Alem, Surya Nepal, Marlien Varnfield, Ross Sparks, Jane Li, Simon McBride and Rajiv Jayasena DIGITAL PRODUCTIVITY FLAGSHIP Funded by the Australian Government under the National Telehealth Pilots Program Contact: [email protected]

Results of the CSIRO multi-site national trial of telehealth for the

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Page 1: Results of the CSIRO multi-site national trial of telehealth for the

Results of the CSIRO multi‐site national trial of telehealth for the management of chronic disease in the homeBranko Celler, Leila Alem, Surya Nepal, Marlien Varnfield, Ross Sparks, Jane Li, Simon McBride and Rajiv Jayasena

DIGITAL PRODUCTIVITY FLAGSHIP

Funded by the Australian Government under the National Telehealth Pilots Program

Contact: [email protected]

Page 2: Results of the CSIRO multi-site national trial of telehealth for the

Summary CSIRO Is lead organisation Six clinical partners and three industry partners Total project size $5.4m ($3.02m from DOHA/DBCDE Pilot Program) 

Six (6) Trial sites in Five (5) states and territories Focus on Chronic Disease Management (CDM) in the Community

Six different models of care represented Trial duration 18 months – ends 30th Dec 2014 

NBN Telehealth Pilot Program CSIRO Telehealth Project

Page 3: Results of the CSIRO multi-site national trial of telehealth for the

Additional presentations on the CSIRO NBN Telehealth trial

• Dr. Rajiv Jayasena (today) Organisational change management and models for sustainability

• Dr. Surya Nepal (Wednesday) Data architecture, data models, security and confidentiality

• Dr. Marlien Varnfield (Wednesday) Human factors. Acceptability and useability of telehealth by patients and 

clinicians

Page 4: Results of the CSIRO multi-site national trial of telehealth for the

CSIRO NBN Telehealth Trial – 6 Sites• Townsville• Penrith• Nepean Blue Mountains / ARV• Canberra and ACT • Ballarat and the Grampians• Launceston / Northern TasmaniaNumber of patients at each site• 25 Test Patients• 50 Control PatientsTotal• 150 Test patients• 300 Control PatientsTrial Design• Case Matched controls• Before-After-Control-Impact (BACI)

Page 5: Results of the CSIRO multi-site national trial of telehealth for the

Key objectives of the CSIRO trial

• Identify and model the impact of introducing telehealth services into existing models for the management of chronic disease in the community.‐ Health and wellbeing outcomes‐ Socio economic outcomes‐ Acceptability and usability of telehealth services ‐ Impact on patients, carers and clinicians‐ Effect of workplace culture and capacity for organizational change 

management

• Develop robust statistical models to automatically risk stratify patients using questionnaires and vital signs data

Page 6: Results of the CSIRO multi-site national trial of telehealth for the

Ethics Approvals Received

ETHICS COMMITTEE APPROVAL #, DATE.

Commonwealth Science & Industrial Research Organisation

13/04, 25 March 2013. 

Department of Health & Ageing 25/2013, 7 August 2013.

Department of Veterans Affairs  Accepted DOHA Ethics Approval

Nepean Blue Mountains LHD LNR/13/NEPEAN/79, 1 July 2013.

Townsville MacKay LHD HREC/13/QTHS/56, 7 June 2013.

Ballarat LHD HREC/13/BHSSJOG/29, 27 May 2013.

Canberra Hospital and ACT Health ETHLR.13.122, 29 May 2013.

Tasmania North Health Service (Launceston Hospital)

Accepted CSIRO Ethics approval HREC 13/04

Page 7: Results of the CSIRO multi-site national trial of telehealth for the

Telemedcare Clinical Monitoring Unit

Page 8: Results of the CSIRO multi-site national trial of telehealth for the

Telehealth Services Provided

• Vital Signs (provided as appropriate to patient’s clinical condition)‐ Non Invasive BP (Auscultatory and Oscillometric)‐ Pulse Oximetry‐ Single lead ECG‐ Blood Glucometer‐ Spirometry (FEV1, VC, PEF)‐ Body Temperature‐ Body Weight

• Communications• Messaging• Video Conferencing

• Questionnaires• Large range of Clinical and Wellness questionnaires to choose from

Page 9: Results of the CSIRO multi-site national trial of telehealth for the

Patient Selection

Page 10: Results of the CSIRO multi-site national trial of telehealth for the

ICD‐10 Diagnostic Codes for subject selection

At least two unplanned admissions to hospital in the preceding year for one or more of the following chronic conditions;Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

• J41 – J44• J41 – J44 J47 and J20

(only with secondary diagnosis of J41, J42, J43, J44, J47)Coronary Artery Disease

• I20 – I25• I20 – I25

Hypertensive Diseases• I10, I11.9• I10 – I15 (I11.0: Hypertensive heart failure will be included in Congestive Heart 

Failure)Congestive Heart Failure

• I11.0, I50, J81• I50, J81, I11.0

Diabetes• E10 – E14

Asthma• J45

Page 11: Results of the CSIRO multi-site national trial of telehealth for the

Matching control subjects to test subjects• Perfect matching not possible given the limited number of cases

• The matching variables and associated importance weight, e.g.,

Test/Control

Age Gender Major Diagnosis

SIEFASocio‐Economic Indexes for Areas

Strength of the match (score of 0 equal perfect match)

Test 54 M COPD 1023

Control 1 56 M COPD 1015 1.68 #

Control 2 54 F HD 1022 2.16 $

Importanceweights

0.2 1 1 0.16

#

$

Page 12: Results of the CSIRO multi-site national trial of telehealth for the

• PBS Data from DHS• MBS Data from DHS• Telemedcare Vital signs data and adherence logs• Health RoundTable Hospital Data• Recorded events in Trial portal• HIE and Business Analytics data

– Questionnaires and structured interviews 

Data Resources

Page 13: Results of the CSIRO multi-site national trial of telehealth for the

Integration of multiple data sources

CSIRO Digital Productivity & Services Flagship | Aged Care into the Digital Era

Page 14: Results of the CSIRO multi-site national trial of telehealth for the

Evaluation Framework

Page 15: Results of the CSIRO multi-site national trial of telehealth for the

Internet Usage

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0

50

100

150

200

250

Total num

ber o

f con

nected

 patie

nts

Data usage

Total monthly data usage (Gb)

Connected patients

Data usage

 ‐ 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

Average trafic (monthly) (GB)

0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

Average trafic (daily) (GB)

ADSL, 19

NBN Fibre, 44

NBN ‐Wireless, 

3

VDSL, 1Overall

Page 16: Results of the CSIRO multi-site national trial of telehealth for the

Clinician login to patient portal

0.02.04.06.08.010.012.014.016.018.020.0

Minutes sp

ent p

er login

Axis Title

Time spent per login (minutes)

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

Jun‐13

Jul‐1

3Au

g‐13

Sep‐13

Oct‐13

Nov

‐13

Dec‐13

Jan‐14

Feb‐14

Mar‐14

Apr‐14

May‐14

Jun‐14

Jul‐1

4Au

g‐14

Sep‐14

Oct‐14

Nov

‐14

Dec‐14Minutes sp

ent o

nline

Axis Title

Time spent by clinician per day (minutes)

Page 17: Results of the CSIRO multi-site national trial of telehealth for the

RESULTS

Page 18: Results of the CSIRO multi-site national trial of telehealth for the

Final Numbers

Total enrolledN=287

ACT NSW QLD TAS VIC TOTAL

Test 16 16 26 29 26 113

Control 23 13 29 60 49 174

Demographics TEST CONTROL

Age (mean ± SD) 71 ±9.2  72±9.5

% Male 65 56

BMI (mean± SD) 30.6±8 28.0±7

Data Analysed

Test Control

101 139

Page 19: Results of the CSIRO multi-site national trial of telehealth for the

Great Variability in PBS and MBS data!As an example: Number of entries in PBS Data

PARAMETER TOTAL 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

MIN 1 0 0 0 0 0

MAX 1671 456 297 343 401 325

MEAN 412 85 72 81 88 87

SD 257 73 51 52 56 55

MEDIAN 375 72 68 76 82 80

Q75 535 112 99 109 115 112

Q25 241 32 37 43 55 53

IQR=Q75‐Q25 294 80 63 66 61 59

MEDIAN ‐1.5*IQR 81 ‐8 6 10 22 21

Because of this unexpected and inexplicable variability and missing data,data from 12 Test patients and 35 potential Control patients were rejected.

Page 20: Results of the CSIRO multi-site national trial of telehealth for the

Patient Characteristics…. by disease condition and socio‐economic index for areas

0.0%

10.0%

20.0%

30.0%

40.0%

50.0%

60.0%

70.0%

80.0%

Cardiac Diabetes Respiratory Other

Percen

tage of the

 respective grou

p

Broad Disease Categories

Test

Control

0.00

200.00

400.00

600.00

800.00

1000.00

1200.00

ACT NSW QLD VIC TAS

SEIFA Inde

x

SEIFA Indexes

Page 21: Results of the CSIRO multi-site national trial of telehealth for the

Patient Compliance with questionnaires

Number of Scheduled 

Tasks

Number of Tasks 

Completed 

Compliance  Percentage

Anxiety and Depression 1069 536 50.1%

Quality of Life 4379 2254 51.5%

Medication Adherence 328 98 29.9%

Living With and Managing Medical Conditions 1092 630 57.7%

COPD Questionnaire 12269 4337 35.3%

User Acceptance and Satisfaction 94 32 34.0%

Dietry Habits and Active Australia 93 34 36.6%

Total 19324 7921 41.0%

Page 22: Results of the CSIRO multi-site national trial of telehealth for the

Patient Compliance with Daily Measurement Schedule

Number of Scheduled Tasks

Number of Tasks Completed 

Compliance  Percentage

BloodGlucose 12,464  8,739  70.1%

BloodOximetry 30,834  20,216  65.6%

BloodPressure 30,679  20,551  67.0%

BodyTemperature 27,297  17,143  62.8%

ECG 30,327  19,817  65.3%

Forced Spirometry 20,692  10,876  52.6%

Weight 25,122  14,124  56.2%

Total 177,415  111,466  62.8%

Page 23: Results of the CSIRO multi-site national trial of telehealth for the

VariableControlBefore

TestBefore

P Value

Number of visits to GPs4.2

(3.4 ‐ 5.1)5.7

(4.4 ‐ 7.1)0.04*

Cost of visits to GPs ($)183.7

(146 ‐ 223)245

(189 ‐ 306)0.35

Number of Allied Health visits 0.5

(0.3 ‐ 0.8)0.6

(0.3 ‐ 0.9)0.42

Cost of Allied Health Services ($)25.1

(14.6 ‐ 41.7)30.2

(17 ‐ 51.8)0.4

Number of visits to Specialists1.3

(0.9 ‐ 1.9)1.6

(1.1 ‐ 2.2)0.15

Cost of visits to Specialists ($)130.6

(85.6 ‐ 192)159.1

(105 ‐ 232)0.22

Number of medications prescribed

25.5(22 ‐ 28.4)

28.1(23.8 ‐ 31.9)

0.21

Cost of medications dispensed ($)

1076.7(867 ‐ 1288)

959.0(814 ‐ 1088)

0.3

Total Cost of Procedures/Tests ($)

525.1(320 ‐ 830)

625.1(385 ‐ 976)

0.35

Cost of Laboratory Tests ($)134.8

(91 ‐ 192)133

(89.3 ‐ 191)0.43

Cost of all MBS and PBS items ($)

2019.7(1633 ‐ 2406)

2029.9(1697 ‐ 2338)

0.17

Patient travel cost in visiting GPs ($)

39.2(27.3 ‐ 54.3)

44.4(30.0 ‐ 63.3)

0.48

Comparing Test Patients and Control Patientsover 100 days prior to monitoring commencing

No significant differences between all parameter except the Number of Visits to GPs

The non statistically significant differences observed suggest that Test patients may generally be a little more ill than Control Patients!

Page 24: Results of the CSIRO multi-site national trial of telehealth for the

MORTALITY

• Calculated as % probability of death during the period of intervention For TEST patients 

2/(3+77) = 3.75% For Control patients

5/(5+79) = 5.95%

• Hence telehealth monitoring reduces mortality by 37%

LOCATION Control patients

Test Patients

Neither

TasmaniaAlive at the end of the study 38 24 100Died during the trial 4 1 50NSWAlive at the end of the study 6 4 160Died during the trial 0 0 71QLDAlive at the end of the study 19 27 124Died during the trial 1 2 55ACTAlive at the end of the study 16 22 404Died during the trial 0 0 16TOTAL (excluding VIC)Alive at the end of the study 79 77 788Died during the trial 5 3 192

Page 25: Results of the CSIRO multi-site national trial of telehealth for the

Note a significant greater reduction in Hospital length of stay for test patients than for the control patients. This was significant at the 5% level of significance using a generalised linear mixed effect model assuming that Hospital length of stay in days is a Poisson distribution. Test patients exhibited a 43.2% fall in the number of hospitalisations, whilst Control patients a 30.6% reduction

Rate of hospitalisation

NOTE: These plots were updated from those presented at the HIC2015 conference, which were plotted on the LOG scale

TEST CONTROLNumber of hospitalisation events

Before After Before After

6.0(4.6‐13)

3.4(2.6‐4.2)

5.7(4‐8.4)

4.0(2.6‐5.3)

31 Test Patients of 101 had a period of hospitalisationPeriod of intervention varied from 30‐480 days

Page 26: Results of the CSIRO multi-site national trial of telehealth for the

Note a significant reduction in Hospital length of stay for test patients but not for control patients. This was significant at the 1% level of significance using a generalised linear mixed effect model assuming that Hospital length of stay in days is a Poisson distribution.

Test Patients had a 32.1% greater reduction in Length of Stay (LOS) relative to Control patients

Length of Stay

NOTE: These plots were updated from those presented at the HIC 2015 conference, which were plotted on the LOG scale

TEST CONTROLLength of stay (days) in hospital

Before After Before After

37.14(18‐58)

18.7(8.4‐29)

22.4(10‐42)

18.9(8‐42)

31 Test Patients of 101 had a period of hospitalisationPeriod of intervention varied from 30‐480 days

Page 27: Results of the CSIRO multi-site national trial of telehealth for the

Time Series Analysis of PBS Dispensing Costs – for TEST patients 

30 day intervals, synchronised to start of intervention

Log(

PB

S d

ispe

nsin

g co

sts

+1)

Page 28: Results of the CSIRO multi-site national trial of telehealth for the

Time Series Analysis of PBS Dispensing Costs – for CONTROL Patients 

Log(

PB

S d

ispe

nsin

g co

sts

+1)

30 day intervals, synchronised to start of intervention

Page 29: Results of the CSIRO multi-site national trial of telehealth for the

Time Series Analysis of Total MBS Item Costs – for TEST patients 

30 day intervals, synchronised to start of intervention

Log(

MB

S d

ispe

nsin

g co

sts

+1)

Page 30: Results of the CSIRO multi-site national trial of telehealth for the

Time Series Analysis of MBS Item Costs – for CONTROL patients 

30 day intervals, synchronised to start of intervention

Log(

MB

S d

ispe

nsin

g co

sts

+1)

Page 31: Results of the CSIRO multi-site national trial of telehealth for the

Model Projection of MBS Item Costs for TEST patients

Page 32: Results of the CSIRO multi-site national trial of telehealth for the

Model Projection of One Year Cost Savings from telehealth intervention in MBS Item Costs

Page 33: Results of the CSIRO multi-site national trial of telehealth for the

Model Projection of PBS Dispensing Costs for TEST patients

Page 34: Results of the CSIRO multi-site national trial of telehealth for the

Model Projection of One Year Cost Savings from telehealth intervention in PBS Dispensing Costs

Page 35: Results of the CSIRO multi-site national trial of telehealth for the

• The results of the CSIRO NBN trial will make a significant contribution to the development of government policy and funding models.

• The CSIRO NBN Telehealth project has broken new ground in clinical trial methodology and analysis of time series health data

• The ongoing costs of managing chronically ill patients have been identified and the progression over time of these costs have been modelled.

• We have demonstrated that at home monitoring of vital signs can lead to significant savings over time of PBS dispensing costs and costs associated with MBS items

• Preliminary data suggests that telehealth monitoring will lead to a significant reduction in unscheduled hospitalisation and Length of Stay.

• At home telehealth monitoring is well accepted by clinicians and patients alike who can readily appreciate the benefits

• Return on investment on investing in telehealth for the management of chronic disease is likely to be between 2 and 3. 

Preliminary Conclusions..it’s early days yet, but

Page 36: Results of the CSIRO multi-site national trial of telehealth for the

Health economics of Aged CareThe Numbers ‐ Aged Care Cost Per Year: 

Home health monitoring $1,600 /year ($2,550 in Aust)In Home Nursing Visitation $13,121 /yearNursing Home $77,745 /year

Source – US Veterans Health Administration (VHA)

The Numbers: Health Care Cost Per Day:   Telecare $3.46 /dayTelehealth  $7.14 /dayAcute Hospital Bed $967.00  /day

Source ‐ Feros Care (Aust) – Telehealth Care Pilot Program

Page 37: Results of the CSIRO multi-site national trial of telehealth for the

Estimated Potential Return on Investment (…hypothetical, but plausible! Based on CSIRO Project experience)

• Minimum estimated Costs / month for telehealth management of chronically ill patient Capital costs averaging $850 amortised over 4 years at 6% pa $20 /month Internet costs (3/4G data costs, 10MB monthly plan) $5 /month Monitoring, hosting and maintenance @ $5/day $150 /month Nurse coordination (0.5 hours/week/patient + overheads) $50 / month

• ANNUAL COST ESTIMATE $2,700 pa ($7.40/day)

• ANNUAL SAVINGS ESTIMATES Savings in PBS dispensing $200 pa Savings in utilisation of clinical services $800 pa Reduced  rate of Hospitalisation (1/annum) and reduced LOS >$6000 pa Reduced demand on community nurses

(Increased case load per nurse, equivalent to saving of 5% EFT) $4000 pa

TOTAL SAVINGS $11,000 paESTIMATED ROI = 3.07

Page 38: Results of the CSIRO multi-site national trial of telehealth for the

ANY QUESTIONS?

Prof. Branko CellerCSIRO eHealth Research ProgramPhone: 0418 228 297E-mail: [email protected]