Results of the 28th Annual “Questionnaire on Environmental ......1 Foreword This report summarizes the results of the 2019 Questionnaire on Environmental Problems and the Survival

Results of the 28th Annual“Questionnaire on Environmental Problems and the Survival of

Humankind”

Report

September 2019

Contents

Foreword ..................................................................................................................................... 1

I. Facts about the 28th Annual “Questionnaire on Environmental Problems and the Survival of Humankind” ................................................................................................... 2

II. Summary of Questionnaire Results ........................................................................................ 3

III. Questionnaire Results ............................................................................................................. 4

1.Awareness of the Crisis Facing Human Survival ................................................................. 4

A. The Environmental Doomsday Clock ......................................................................... 4

B. Environmental Issues to be Taken Into Account ......................................................... 7

2.Awareness of Signs of Improvements in the Approach to Environmental Issues .............. 25

IV. Data ................................................................................................................................... 28

V. Questionnaire as Distributed to Respondents ................................................................... 33

Reference: Changes in the Environmental Doomsday Clock ........................................... 35

The Environmental Doomsday Clockthe sense of crisis felt about the continuance of the human race

1

Foreword

This report summarizes the results of the 2019 Questionnaire on Environmental Problems and the Survival of

Humankind, a survey conducted annually by the Asahi Glass Foundation since 1992. As in previous years, the

Asahi Glass Foundation wishes to continue communicating the current thoughts and opinions of environmental

experts around the world on the state of the global environment to as many people as possible.

Thanks to the cooperation of the participants, we received 2,072 responses to the questionnaire this year. (1,866

responses in 2018) We would like to express our gratitude for the opportunity to report once again this year on

an environmental survey covering most regions of the world.

This year, the Environmental Doomsday Clock shows 9:46. Last year, it was 9:47, which remains the most ad-

vanced time indicated since the start of the questionnaire. The time this year is one minute earlier, but the sense

of crisis is at the same level as then.

At the same time, introduced for the first time this year are questions about whether we perceive signs of im-

provements in terms of approaches to environmental issues, with consideration to “Public Awareness,” “Policies,

Legal System,” and “Funds, Human Resources, Technologies, and Facilities” as elements of social infrastructure.

We received a large number of responses and almost half of respondents provided strong opinions and com-

ments.

As in the previous fiscal year, we will post comments from respondents in each country on the website of the

Asahi Glass Foundation.

https://www.af-info.or.jp/en/questionnaire/result.html

Please refer to the views and opinions of environmental experts.

At the Foundation, we sincerely hope that we can contribute to the resolution of environmental problems using

this questionnaire to raise environmental interest among as many people as possible, not limited to environmen-

tal experts.

Once again, we extend our deepest gratitude to the respondents for taking the time to share their valuable opin-

ions and experience through the survey. In closing, we appeal to readers of this report for advice on how to en-

hance the survey in the coming years.

The Asahi Glass Foundation

September 2019

2

I. Facts about the 28th Annual “Questionnaire on Environmental 　Problems and the Survival of Humankind”

Response period: Questionnaires were sent out in April 2019 with a return deadline of June 2019.

Questionnaire respondent pool: Environmental experts selected from members of government organizations, academic institutions, NGOs, corporations, and mass media (based on the Asahi Glass Foundation database).

Questionnaires mailed: 27,642

Questionnaires returned: 2,072

Response rate: 7.5%

Region Number of responses Percent of totalOceania 71 3.4USA & Canada 232 11.2Central America, Caribbean countries 64 3.1South America 115 5.6Western Europe 224 10.8Africa 131 6.3Middle East 40 1.9Eastern Europe & former Soviet Union 39 1.9Asia 1156 55.8Total 2072 100.0

Occupational AffiliationCentral government, Local government 244 11.8University or research institution 682 32.9NGO/NPO 438 21.1Corporation 389 18.8Mass Media 48 2.3Other 266 12.8No response 5 0.2Total 2072 100.0

Table 1. Breakdown of respondents by region, gender, and occupational affiliation:

Unless otherwise noted, the questionnaire calculated as 100% the total number of responses received for questions where respondentswere only asked to choose one item. For questions with multiple selections, the questionnaire calculated the percentages based on thenumber of times a valid response was given.Figures have been rounded to the first or second decimal places.Each question was calculated based on the number of responses to that question and not the number of questionnaires that were returned.

*1

*2*3

3

II. Summary of Questionnaire Results

1. Awareness of the Crisis Facing Human Survival —The Environmental Doomsday Clock

• The average time of the Environmental Doomsday Clock for the whole world is 9:46, which is one minute earlier than last year. Last year’s time represented the highest sense of environmental crisis since the sur-vey began in 1992, and this year’s results are virtually the same.

• Overall, “Climate change” continued from last year to be the most frequently selected “Environmental issues to be taken into account” in determining the time on the Environmental Doomsday Clock. This was followed by “Biosphere Integrity (Biodiversity),” “Society, Economy and Environment Policies, Mea-sures,” “Water Resources,” “Biochemical flows (Pollution/Contamination),” “Population,” “Lifestyles (Consumption Habits),”and “Land-System Change (Land Use).”

• Overall, when arranging the top-ranked “Environmental issues to be taken into account” in descending order of severity on the Environmental Doomsday Clock, “Biosphere Integrity (Biodiversity)” had the most ad-vanced time. It was followed by “Population,” “Lifestyles (Consumption Habits),” “Climate Change,” then “Society, Economy and Environment Policies, Measures,” “Water resources,” and “Biochemical flows (Pol-lution/Contamination).”

• “Food,” which had significantly advanced since 2016, was 9:39, 33 minutes earlier than in 2018.

2. Awareness of Signs of Improvements in the Approach to Environmental Issues: Comparison with Prior to the Adoption of the Paris Agreement and the SDGs in 2015

• We asked about awareness of signs of improvements in the approach to environmental issues under the categories of transition to a decarbonized society and “Environmental Issues to Be Taken into Account,” from the three perspectives of “Public Awareness,” “Policies, Legal System,” and social infrastructure, “Funds, Human Resources, Technologies, and Facilities.”

• With regard to the transition to a decarbonized society, some signs of improvement were noted, but the results showed that the advances for “Policies, Legal System,” and social infrastructure, “Funds, Human Resources, Technologies, and Facilities” were less pronounced than for “Public Awareness.”

• The items most commonly identified as showing signs of improvements were “Climate Change” at 25%, “Society, Economy and Environment, Policies, Measures” at 17%, and “Lifestyles” at 13%. The response “There are no sign of improvements at all” was at 17%.

• There were characteristic differences depending on county or region with regard to the relationship be-tween “Public Awareness” and “Policies and Legal System” for both responses.

4

III. Questionnaire Results

1-1. Awareness of the Crisis Facing Human Survival – The Environmental Doomsday Clock

In Table2(page7), “Environmental issues to be taken into account” are shown. Keeping in mind the problems that the environment faces at a global level, please select the three most pressing issues for the country or the region where you reside. Then, please rank them in the order of importance. Lastly, for each item, select a time using hours and minutes between 0:10 to 12:00, to indicate the level of crisis for that issue. For the purposes of calculating results, please select your times in units of 10 minutes.

About the calculation of the time on the Environmental Doomsday Clock The time on the Environmental Doomsday Clock will be determined by taking the weighted average of the data. The issue ranked in first place will be weighted at 50%, second place at 30%, and third place at 20%.In case of two valid responses, they will be weighted 62.5% and 37.5%, and 100% when it is only one.

A-1. The Environmental Doomsday Clock

Fig.1 Concern about Human Survival Prospects

• The average time on the Environmental Doomsday Clock for all respondents was 9:46, which is one minute earlier than last year.

'09 → '18 → '19 '09→'19 '18→'19Total 9:22 → 9:47 → 9:46 +24 -1

Oceania 10:10 → 10:03 → 10:31 +21 +28USA & Canada 10:01 → 10:11 → 10:30 +29 +19Central America, Caribbean countries → 9:10 → 9:36 +8 +26South America → 9:24 → 9:38 +10 +14Western Europe 9:55 → 10:04 → 10:06 +11 +2Africa 10:15 → 9:28 → 8:59 -76 -29Middle East 9:42 → 9:30 → 9:45 +3 +15Eastern Europe & former Soviet Union 10:00 → 8:42 → 9:13 -47 +31Asia 9:04* → 9:48 → 9:38 +34 -10

(Red indicates the advancement in time from last year; Green indicates a reversal)**Central America, Caribbean countries and South America are comparisons with Latin America *without Japan

Changes in time from year to yearChanges in average time

by region（mim.）

9:28**

5

（Total）

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

7:49 8:19 8:47 8:49 9:13 9:04 9:05 9:08 8:56 9:08 9:05 9:15 9:08 9:05 9:17 9:31 9:33 9:22 9:19 9:01 9:23 9:19 9:23 9:27 9:31 9:33 9:47 9:46

7:00

7:30

8:00

8:30

9:00

9:30

10:00

Total

Chart3. Changes in the Environmental Doomsday Clock (Overall)

Extremelyconcerned

Since the inception of the survey, ■represents the lowest sense of crisis, while ■represents the highest.

Fairlyconcerned

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Fig.2 Regional Times

（Total）

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

7:49 8:19 8:47 8:49 9:13 9:04 9:05 9:08 8:56 9:08 9:05 9:15 9:08 9:05 9:17 9:31 9:33 9:22 9:19 9:01 9:23 9:19 9:23 9:27 9:31 9:33 9:47

7:00

7:30

8:00

8:30

9:00

9:30

10:00

Total


Extremelyconcerned


Fairlyconcerned

Tim

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Eastern Europe & Former Soviet Union

9:13 Western Europe 10:06

Central America Caribbean countries

9:36

South America 9:38

Middle East 9:45

USA& Canada10:30

Oceania10:31

Asia

9:38

Africa 8:59

■Represents regions/countries where the time advanced from last year ■Represents regions/countries where the time retreated from last year

Fig.3 Changes in the Environmental Doomsday Clock (Overall)（Total）

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

7:49 8:19 8:47 8:49 9:13 9:04 9:05 9:08 8:56 9:08 9:05 9:15 9:08 9:05 9:17 9:31 9:33 9:22 9:19 9:01 9:23 9:19 9:23 9:27 9:31 9:33 9:47 9:46

7:00

7:30

8:00

8:30

9:00

9:30

10:00

Total


Extremelyconcerned


Fairlyconcerned

Tim

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6

A-2. Shifts in the Environmental Doomsday Clock Based on Respondent Age (2011 - 2019)

• Survey respondents over the age60 tended to report the latest times on the Environmental Doomsday Clock.　　　• There is a tendency for later times to be reported time to be later the older the respondent. Nevertheless the sense of envi-ronmental crisis among young respondents in their 20s and 30s was very high last year, while the time for those in their 40s and 50s remained largely same this year.

• The sense of crisis among respondents over the age of 60 has continued to increase since 2015.

A-2-1. Shifts in the Environmental Doomsday Clock by Generation

• The times reported by respondents over the age of 60, (the most advanced times of all age groups), remained stable between 9:28 and 9:36, until 2016. However, the clock has moved forward since 2017, reaching 9:57 this year.

• The Environmental Doomsday Clock for respondents in their 40s and 50s has been stable around 9:30 since 2012, with this year being 11 minutes later than last year.

• The Environmental Doomsday Clock for respondents in their 20s and 30s had been increasing from 8:34 (2011) until 2016, and reached about the same level as that for those in their 40s and 50s in 2016 and 2017. Because of the high sense of crisis among Chinese respondents in their 20s and 30s, it was 10:00 last year, but it is 20 minutes earlier this year.

Fig.4 Shifts in the Environmental Doomsday Clock by Generation

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019Average Time 9:01 9:23 9:19 9:23 9:27 9:31 9:33 9:47 9:46

Over 60 9:28 9:35 9:30 9:35 9:33 9:36 9:43 9:49 9:5740s, 50s 8:56 9:30 9:25 9:16 9:30 9:28 9:29 9:33 9:4420s, 30s 8:34 9:05 9:01 9:25 9:17 9:30 9:32 10:00 9:40

7:30

8:00

8:30

9:00

9:30

10:00

10:30

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Over 60

40s, 50s

20s, 30s

Tim

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2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019Average Time 9:01 9:23 9:19 9:23 9:27 9:31 9:33 9:47 9:46

Over 60 9:28 9:35 9:30 9:35 9:33 9:36 9:43 9:49 9:5740s, 50s 8:56 9:30 9:25 9:16 9:30 9:28 9:29 9:33 9:4420s, 30s 8:34 9:05 9:01 9:25 9:17 9:30 9:32 10:00 9:40

7:30

8:00

8:30

9:00

9:30

10:00

10:30

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Over 60

40s, 50s

20s, 30s

Tim

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7

Table 1. Environmental issues to be taken into account

No. Category Examples of Observable Changes in the Country or the Region in which You Reside

Planetary Boundaries (PB) Category by SDGs # (Sustainable Development Goals: SDGs)

1. Climate ChangeGlobal warming; CO2%, ocean acidification; climatic aberrations (droughts, torrential rains and flooding, severe storms, heavy snow, abnormal temperatures, desertification, etc.)

Climate Change, Ocean Acidification, Atmospheric aerosol loading, Stratospheric ozone depletion

2.Biosphere Integrity(Biodiversity)

Acceleration of species extinction rate; effects of contamination, climate change, land use

Genetic diversity, Functional diversity

3.Land-System Change(Land Use)

Change in the amount of forest cover remaining at the tropical, temperate and boreal biomes.Change in the amount of cropland

Land-system change

4.Biochemical flows (Pollution/Contamination)

Increase in river, ocean and soil pollution: eutrophication caused by excessive nitrogen and phosphorus and contamination by microplastics and chemical substances; atmospheric pollution: particulates suspended in the atmosphere, soot and chemical substances

Chemical Polution, Nitrogen &Phosphorous Cycles

5. Water ResourcesDiminution of usable fresh water resources (depletion, contamination)Control and degeneration of Green water quality (water contained in soil and used by plants)

Freshwater Use

6. Population Population growth beyond what the Earth can support; aging of the population Related with almost all the PB

7. Food Diminution of food supply from land and oceans Related with almost all the PB

8.Lifestyles(Consumption Habits)

Transformation of lifestyles away from excessive consumption of resources like energy

Related with almost all the PB

9.Society, Economy and Environment, Policies, Measures

Establishing a Green Economy with environmental economics and accountingEnvironmental awareness at the individual and societal levels, progress of environmental education, Legal system, social foundation; poverty, governance; the status of women


Terms in blue are categories listed in Planetary boundaries: Will Steffen, Katherine Richardson, Johan Rockstrom et.al. Science 13 Feb 2015 vol. 347, issue 6223

To be continued

1.　Awareness of the Crisis Facing Human Survival - Environmental Doomsday Clock

In Table 1, “Environmental issues to be taken into account” are shown. Keeping in mind the problems that the en-vironment faces at a global level, please select the three most pressing issues for the country or the region where you reside. Then, please rank them in the order of importance. Lastly, for each item, select a time using hours and minutes between 0:10 to 12:00, to indicate the level of crisis for that issue. For the purposes of calculating results, please select your times in units of 10 minutes.

------------ Example ------------ --------------- Answer ---------------Category Number TIME Category Number TIME

First ( 1 ) 9 : 30 First ( ) : (of the first magnitude) (of the first magnitude)

Second ( 5 ) 7 : 40 Second ( ) :(of the second magnitude) (of the second magnitude)

Third ( 3 ) 8 : 20 Third ( ) :(of the third magnitude) (of the third magnitude)

12

3

6

9

0:01〜 3:00Barely Concerned

3:01〜 6:00Slightly Concerned

9:01〜12:00Extremely Concerned

6:01〜 9:00Fairly Concerned

2. Do you see any signs of improvement in the approach to global environmental issues. Please answer these questions from the following three viewpoints in comparison with before 2015 when the Paris Agreement and SDGs were adopted:

2-1 Do you think the society has been heading to decarbonized? Itdefinitely Itsomewhat Cannotsay Ithasn’t Itdefinitely

has has either way really has not

1. Public awareness A B C D E

2. Policies, legal system A B C D E

3. Funds, human resources, A B C D Etechnologies and facilities

2-2 Where do you see signs of improvement? Please choose one category from the Table 1 that shows a list of “Envi-ronmental issues to be taken into account”.Number of the category that shows signs of improvement: □ No sign of improvement at all

Thereare Thereareperhaps Cannotsay Therearen’treally Therearenoimprovements some improvements either way any improvements improvements at all




-About the calculation of the time on the Environmental Doomsday Clock The time on the Environmental Doomsday Clock will be determined by taking the weighted average of the data. The issue ranked in first place will be weighted at 50%, second place at 30%, and third place at 20%. In the example shown, the time comes to 8:43.











Land-system change





Freshwater Use










To be continued







12

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9



























Land-system change





Freshwater Use










To be continued







12

3

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B. Environmental issues to be taken into account

Table 2.

8











Land-system change





Freshwater Use










To be continued







12

3

6

9



























Land-system change





Freshwater Use










To be continued







12

3

6

9



























Land-system change





Freshwater Use










To be continued







12

3

6

9



























Land-system change





Freshwater Use










To be continued







12

3

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9



























Land-system change





Freshwater Use










To be continued







12

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9

B-1. Overall Analysis of the “Environmental issues to be taken into account”

• Looking at “Environmental issues to be taken into account” when determining the world’s overall Environmental Dooms-day Clock time, “Climate Change” (30%) was the most frequently selected, as it was last year, followed by “Biosphere Integrity (Biodiversity)” (14%), “Society, Economy and Environment, Policies, Measures” (11%), “Water Resources” (10%), “Biochemical Flows (Pollution/Contamination)” (9%), “Population” (8%), “Lifestyles” (7%), and “Land System Change (Land Use)” (7%).

• Likewise, in terms of “Environmental issues to be taken into account” for the whole world, “Biosphere Integrity (Biodiver-sity)” (9:58), “Population” (9:54), and “Lifestyles” (9:54) were ahead of the world average, followed by “Climate Change” (9:44), “Society, Economy and Environment, Policies, Measures” (9:41), “Water Resources” (9:41), and “Biochemical Flows (Pollution/Contamination)” (9:41).

• In comparison with 2018, clock times for “Biosphere Integrity (Biodiversity)” “Land-System Change (Land Use)” and “Lifestyles” have advanced, while the sense of crisis for “Food,” “Population,” and “Climate Change” has gone down. (Graph 1-1-4).

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Selection Percentage

9:44, 30%

9:58, 14%

9:35, 7%

9:41, 9%

9:41, 10%

9:54, 8%

9:39, 4%

9:54, 7%

9:41, 11%

9:30

9:40

9:50

10:00

10:10

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Graph 1-1-1. Overall (2019)

Climate Change

Land-SystemChange(Land Use)

Water Resources

overallaverage

9:46

Population

Food

Lifestyles

Biosphere Integrity(Biodiversity)

Biochemical flows(Pollution/Contamination)

Society, Economy, Environment,Policies and Measures

Graph 1-1-1. Overall (2019)

10


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9:35, 29%

9:44, 12%

9:20, 8%

9:25, 9%

9:32, 11%

9:40, 9%

9:43, 5%

9:28, 7%9:27, 10%

9:33

9:10

9:20

9:30

9:40

9:50

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Graph 1-1-3. Reference (2017)

Climate Change



Water Resourcesoverallaverage

9:33

Population

Food

LifestylesSociety, Economy and Environment


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9:49, 28%9:51, 12%

9:23, 7%

9:49, 8%

9:45, 11%

10:02, 9%

10:12, 6%

9:47, 7%

9:35, 10%

9:10

9:20

9:30

9:40

9:50

10:00

10:10

10:20

10:30

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35


Climate ChangeBiosphere Integrity(Biodiversity)


WaterResources

overallaverage

9:47

Population

Food

Lifestyles

Society, Economy and Environment




11

B-2. Distribution of the Environmental Conditions of Concern (2012 - 2019)

※"Society, Eeconomy and Environment" was changed to "Society, Economy and Environment, Policies, Measures" from 2019.

Climate Change Biosphere Integrity (Biodiversity) Land-System Change (Land Use)

Biochemical flows (Pollution /Contamination) Water Resources Population

Food Lifestyles (Consumption Habits) Society, Economy and Environment, Policies, Measures

※The categories "warming measures" "environment and economy" "environment and society" were deleted from 2017, and "society, economy and environment" have been added.

Climate Change

Biodiversity

Land UsePollution /Contamination

Water Resources

Population

Food

Lifestyles

Society, Economy and Environment, Policies, Measures

8:50

9:00

9:10

9:20

9:30

9:40

9:50

10:00

10:10

10:20

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

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Graph 1-1-4.

Cumultive Response Rate (%)






Climate Change

Biodiversity


Water Resources

Population

Food

Lifestyles


8:50

9:00

9:10

9:20

9:30

9:40

9:50

10:00

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10:20

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

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Climate Change

Biodiversity


Water Resources

Population

Food

Lifestyles


8:50

9:00

9:10

9:20

9:30

9:40

9:50

10:00

10:10

10:20

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

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Graph 1-1-4.


Graph 1-1-4.

12

B-3. Selection Patterns for “Environmental issues to be taken into account” By Region

• The most frequently selected of “Environmental issues to be taken into account” was “Climate Change” (30%) unchanged from last year, followed by “Biosphere Integrity (Biodiversity)” (13.6%). This was a trend that could be observed in almost all regions.

However, “Water Resources” was the second most frequently selected in India and China, while “Society, Economy and Environment, Policies, Measures,” “Biochemical Flows (Pollution/Contamination),” and “Lifestyles” were the second most selected in Japan, Taiwan, and Korea, respectively.

• “Climate Change” was the most frequently selected across the world as a whole, but “Biosphere Integrity (Biodiversity)” was the most frequently selected in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union, and “Water Resources” in the Middle East.

Table 3. 1.ClimateChange

2.Biosphere

Integrity(Biodiversi

ty)

3.Land-SystemChange(LandUse)

4.Biochemicalflows

(Pollution/

Contamination)

5. WaterResources

6.Population

7. Food 8.Lifestyles

(Consumption

Habits)

9.Society,

Economyand

Environment,

Policies,Measures

Global 30.0% 13.6% 6.6% 8.5% 10.0% 7.7% 4.3% 7.0% 11.1%

Oceania 34.2% 23.1% 8.6% 2.0% 5.1% 8.3% 0.4% 6.3% 9.2%Oceania (Except Australia) 32.1% 17.4% 9.5% 4.2% 6.3% 8.4% 1.6% 7.9% 12.6%

Australia 35.0% 25.2% 8.3% 1.2% 4.6% 8.3% 0.0% 5.8% 7.9%USA.& Canada 38.8% 17.2% 4.9% 3.9% 7.2% 8.4% 0.9% 7.8% 10.0%

Canada 42.8% 21.0% 6.6% 2.8% 5.0% 4.8% 0.4% 9.6% 7.0%USA 37.7% 16.1% 4.5% 4.2% 7.8% 9.5% 1.1% 7.3% 10.9%

Central America,Carribean countries

26.1% 17.2% 8.1% 4.2% 15.3% 5.6% 2.7% 3.3% 12.0%

South America 21.6% 18.3% 17.2% 5.2% 9.7% 4.4% 2.6% 7.0% 13.5%

Western Europe 30.9% 22.1% 8.0% 6.7% 4.1% 5.3% 1.3% 10.4% 10.4%

UK 34.0% 26.7% 4.6% 5.6% 1.3% 4.6% 2.5% 10.6% 6.0%Western Europe(Except UK)

30.1% 20.9% 8.9% 6.9% 4.8% 5.5% 1.0% 10.3% 11.6%

Africa 26.0% 14.7% 12.8% 3.3% 11.3% 8.6% 4.0% 3.1% 13.3%

Middle East 25.0% 15.5% 8.3% 4.3% 25.3% 5.5% 1.8% 4.0% 8.0%

Eastern Europe & formerSoviet Union

16.7% 19.0% 14.9% 14.4% 8.2% 1.8% 1.8% 9.5% 13.8%

Asia 29.9% 9.6% 4.4% 11.4% 11.1% 8.6% 6.2% 6.9% 11.0%

Japan 38.7% 12.3% 3.7% 9.9% 4.6% 6.1% 5.1% 6.1% 12.6%

India 28.4% 12.9% 10.5% 6.1% 17.7% 11.0% 1.1% 2.9% 7.7%

China 21.9% 5.5% 2.6% 12.0% 16.5% 12.5% 10.2% 8.0% 10.1%

Taiwan 35.7% 5.3% 3.7% 26.6% 8.9% 3.6% 1.6% 4.1% 10.7%

Korea 41.1% 11.1% 2.8% 8.9% 3.1% 4.7% 1.4% 19.7% 7.2%

Asian Region* 25.9% 18.0% 11.9% 6.0% 11.6% 5.7% 1.9% 6.0% 12.3%

■ Represents the most frequently selected item in the region/country, ■ Represents the second most frequently selected item in the region/country

*With the exception of India, China, Taiwan, Korea, and Japan

Table 3.

13

B-4. Regional Distribution of the Environmental Doomsday Clock Time for “Environmental issues to be taken into account”

• Overall, all categories exceeded 9:35. This is the first time this has happened since the start of the survey. Moreover, only “Food” (9:39) and “Land System Change (Land Use)” (9:35) scored lower than 9:40, showing that the sense of crisis is high.

• While “Climate Change,” was the most frequently cited condition of concern, its time on the Environmental Doomsday Clock was the fourth most advanced, at 9:44.

Table 4. Total 1.Climate Change

2.Biosphere

Integrity

(Biodiversity)

3.Land-SystemChange

(LandUse)

4.Biochemical

flows(Pollution/Contaminatio

n)

5.WaterResource

s

6.Population

7.Food 8.Lifestyles

(ConsumptionHabits)

9.Society,

Economyand

Environment,

Policies,

Measures

Global 9:46 9:44 9:58 9:35 9:41 9:41 9:54 9:39 9:54 9:41

Oceania 10:31 10:26 10:28 10:42 - - 10:45 - 11:30 10:19

Oceania(Except Australia) 10:16 10:39 8:54 - - - - - 11:32 10:31

Australia 10:36 10:27 10:38 10:53 - - 11:14 - 11:32 10:01

USA.& Canada 10:30 10:34 10:38 10:10 10:04 10:23 10:17 - 10:39 9:56

Canada 10:30 10:54 10:47 9:14 - - 10:22 - 10:37 -

USA 10:30 10:32 10:34 10:29 10:01 10:23 10:15 - 10:41 9:55

Central America,Carribean countries

9:36 9:33 10:08 9:36 9:47 9:32 9:34 - 9:55 9:35

South America 9:38 9:17 10:07 9:58 9:48 10:01 10:06 9:58 9:11 9:29

Western Europe 10:06 10:09 10:11 9:47 9:44 8:52 10:21 10:22 10:27 9:58

UK 10:32 10:47 10:35 11:07 10:17 - 10:32 - 10:16 10:38

Western Europe(Except UK)

9:59 9:59 10:01 9:37 9:35 8:54 10:15 9:33 10:28 9:56

Africa 8:59 8:55 9:19 9:16 8:48 9:25 8:35 7:50 3:55 8:46

Middle East 9:45 9:46 9:54 9:47 9:54 9:40 10:53 - - 10:19

Eastern Europe & formerSoviet Union

9:13 9:12 8:30 9:01 - 9:32 - - 9:25 10:22

Asia 9:38 9:33 9:42 9:19 9:41 9:43 9:51 9:48 9:44 9:39

Japan 9:39 9:43 9:44 9:27 9:14 9:40 9:41 9:44 9:20 9:40

India 9:04 8:38 9:32 8:08 9:25 9:10 9:55 - - 8:57

China 10:02 9:57 10:03 9:51 10:04 10:03 10:00 10:01 10:00 10:11

Taiwan 8:53 8:48 - 9:52 9:20 8:28 9:22 8:07 - 9:16

Korea 9:45 - 10:25 8:24 9:13 - 9:41 - 9:53 -

Asian Region* 8:58 8:46 9:29 9:10 8:59 9:07 9:24 9:15 9:37 8:17

■ indicates the 11 o'clock hour, ■ indicates the 10 o'clock hour, □ Indicates the 9 o'clock hour,

■ indicates the 8 o'clock hour , and ■ the 7,6,5 o'clock hour*With the exception of India, China, Taiwan, Korea, and Japan

Table 4.

14

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10:27, 35%

10:38, 25%

10:53, 8%10:53, 1%

8:47, 5%

11:14, 8%

11:32, 6%

10:01, 8%

8:30

8:50

9:10

9:30

9:50

10:10

10:30

10:50

11:10

11:30

11:50

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Graph 1-2-2. Australia

Climate Change


overallaverage

9:46

regionalaverage10:36

Population

Lifestyles


Biochemicalflows(Pollution/Contamination) Land-System Change

(Land Use)

Water Resources

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10:26, 34%10:28, 23%

10:42, 9%

11:00, 2%

9:32, 5%

10:45, 8%

10:00, 0%

11:30, 6%

10:19, 9%

9:20

9:40

10:00

10:20

10:40

11:00

11:20

11:40

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Graph 1-2-1. Oceania

Climate Change


overallaverage

9:46


Population

Lifestyles

Land-System Change (Land Use)



Food

Water Resources

Graph 1-2-1. Oceania

Graph 1-2-2. Australia

15

累積支持率（％）

加重平均危機時刻

気候変動

9:14, 15%

生物多様性

8:46, 4%

土地利用

9:27, 5%

環境汚染

9:53, 29%

水資源

9:32, 14%

人口

9:12, 5%食糧

9:13, 6%

ﾗｲﾌｽﾀｲﾙ

9:00, 4%温暖化対策

9:00, 5%

環境と経済

9:32, 9%

環境と社会

9:33, 3% 地域平均

9:29

世界平均

9:27

8:00

8:10

8:20

8:30

8:40

8:50

9:00

9:10

9:20

9:30

9:40

9:50

10:00

10:10

10:20

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

中国


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10:34, 39%10:38, 17%

10:10, 5%

10:04, 4%

10:23, 7%

10:17, 8%

10:39, 8%

9:56, 10%

9:40

9:50

10:00

10:10

10:20

10:30

10:40

10:50

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Graph 1-3-1. USA & Canada

Climate Change

Land-System Change(Land Use)


Water Resources

overallaverage

9:46


Population

Lifestyles Biosphere Integrity(Biodiversity)

Society, Economy, Environment, Policies and Measures

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10:39, 32%

8:54, 17%

9:30, 9%

10:59, 4%

10:17, 6%

9:45, 8%

10:00, 2%

11:32, 8%

10:31, 13%

8:30

9:00

9:30

10:00

10:30

11:00

11:30

12:00

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Graph 1-2-3. Oceania (Except Australia)

Climate Change

overallaverage

9:46


Lifestyles




Water Resources

Food

Population

Land-system Change(Land Use)

Graph 1-2-3. Oceania (Except Australia)

Graph 1-3-1. USA & Canada

16

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10:32, 38%10:34, 16%

10:29, 4%

10:01, 4%

10:23, 8%

10:15, 9%

10:10, 1%

10:41, 7%

9:55, 11%

9:40

9:50

10:00

10:10

10:20

10:30

10:40

10:50

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Graph 1-3-3. USA

Climate Change

Water Resources

overallaverage

9:46


Population

Lifestyles


Biosphere Integrity(Biodiversity)Land-System Change

(Land Use)


Food

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10:54, 43%

10:47, 21%

9:14, 7%

10:05, 3%

9:40, 5%

10:22, 5%

11:00, 0%

10:37, 10%

10:13, 7%

8:40

9:00

9:20

9:40

10:00

10:20

10:40

11:00

11:20

11:40

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Graph 1-3-2. Canada

Climate Change

Lifestyles

overallaverage

9:46


Population



Food



Water Resources

Graph 1-3-3. USA

Graph 1-3-2. Canada

17


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9:17, 22%

10:07, 18%

9:58, 17%

9:48, 5%

10:01, 10%

10:06, 4%

9:58, 3%

9:11, 7%

9:29, 13%

9:00

9:10

9:20

9:30

9:40

9:50

10:00

10:10

10:20

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Graph 1-5. South America

Climate Change

overallaverage

9:46

regionalaverage

9:38

Population

Lifestyles

Land-SystemChange

(Land Use)

BiosphereIntegrity

(Biodiversity)

WaterResourcesFood


Society, Economy,Environment,

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9:33, 26%

10:08, 17%

9:36, 8%

9:47, 4%

9:32, 15%

9:34, 6%

8:48, 3%

9:55, 3%

9:35, 12%

8:40

8:50

9:00

9:10

9:20

9:30

9:40

9:50

10:00

10:10

10:20

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Graph 1-4. Central America, Caribbean countries

Climate Change

Land-System Change(Land Use) overallaverage

9:46

regionalaverage

9:36

Lifestyles



WaterResources


Population

Food

Graph 1-5. South America

Graph 1-4. Central America, Caribbean countries

18


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10:09, 31%

10:11, 22%

9:47, 8%9:44, 7%

8:52, 4%

10:21, 5%10:22, 1%10:27, 10%

9:58, 10%

8:40

8:50

9:00

9:10

9:20

9:30

9:40

9:50

10:00

10:10

10:20

10:30

10:40

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Graph 1-6-1. Western Europe

Climate Change


overallaverage

9:46


PopulationLifestyles

Food

BiosphereIntegrity

(Biodiversity)

WaterResources



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10:47, 34%

10:35, 27%

11:07, 5%

10:17, 6%

8:25, 1%

10:32, 5%

10:41, 3%

10:16, 11%

10:38, 6%

8:20

8:40

9:00

9:20

9:40

10:00

10:20

10:40

11:00

11:20

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Graph 1-6-2. UK

Climate Change


overallaverage

9:46


Population

Lifestyles

BiosphereIntegrity

(Biodiversity)



Food

Water Resources

Graph 1-6-2. UK

Graph 1-6-1. Western Europe

19


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9:59, 30%10:01, 21%

9:37, 9%9:35, 7%

8:54, 5%

10:15, 5%

9:33, 1%

10:28, 10%

9:56, 12%

8:40

9:00

9:20

9:40

10:00

10:20

10:40

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Graph 1-6-3. Western Europe (Except UK)

Climate Change

overallaverage

9:46

regionalaverage

9:59

Population

Lifestyles

Food

Water Resources

BiosphereIntegrity

(Biodiversity)




Weig

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8:55, 26%

9:19, 15%

9:16, 13%

8:48, 3%

9:25, 11%

8:35, 9%

7:50, 4%

3:55, 3%

8:46, 13%

3:30

4:00

4:30

5:00

5:30

6:00

6:30

7:00

7:30

8:00

8:30

9:00

9:30

10:00

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Graph 1-7. Africa

Climate Change

overallaverage

9:46

regionalaverage

8:59

Lifestyles

Population

Food



WaterResources



Graph 1-7. Africa

Graph 1-6-3. Western Europe (Except UK)

20

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9:12, 17%

8:30, 19%

9:01, 15%

9:15, 14%

9:32, 8%

8:58, 2%

9:56, 2%

9:25, 9%

10:22, 14%

8:00

8:20

8:40

9:00

9:20

9:40

10:00

10:20

10:40

0 5 10 15 20 25

Graph 1-9. Eastern Europe & former Soviet Union

ClimateChange

overallaverage

9:46

regionalaverage9:13

Lifestyles

BiosphereIntegrity

(Biodiversity)

WaterResources



Food

Population


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9:46, 25%

9:54, 16%9:47, 8%

9:54, 4%

9:40, 25%

10:53, 6%

7:45, 2%

10:26, 4%

10:19, 8%

7:30

7:50

8:10

8:30

8:50

9:10

9:30

9:50

10:10

10:30

10:50

11:10

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Graph 1-8. Middle East

Climate Change

overallaverage

9:46regionalaverage

9:45

Water Resources

BiosphereIntegrity

(Biodiversity)Land-System

Change(Land Use)


Population

Society, Economy,Environment,

Policies and Measures

Lifestyles

Food

Graph 1-9. Eastern Europe & former Soviet Union

Graph 1-8. Middle East

21


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9:33, 30%

9:42, 10%

9:19, 4%

9:41, 11%9:43, 11%

9:51, 9%

9:48, 6%

9:44, 7%

9:39, 11%

9:10

9:20

9:30

9:40

9:50

10:00

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Graph 1-10-1. Asia

Climate Change

overallaverage

9:46

regionalaverage

9:38

Population

Food

LifestylesWater

Resources Biochemical flows(Pollution/Contamination)




Weig

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8:46, 26%

9:29, 18%

9:10, 12%

8:59, 6%

9:07, 12%

9:24, 6%

9:15, 2%

9:37, 6%

8:17, 12%

8:00

8:10

8:20

8:30

8:40

8:50

9:00

9:10

9:20

9:30

9:40

9:50

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Graph 1-10-2. Asian Region (Except India, China, Taiwan, Korea, Japan)

Climate Change

overallaverage

9:46

regionalaverage

8:58

Population

Lifestyles

Food

BiosphereIntegrity

(Biodiversity)


WaterResources



Graph 1-10-2. Asian Region (Except India, China, Taiwan, Korea, Japan)

Graph 1-10-1. Asia

22

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8:38, 28%

9:32, 13%

8:08, 10%

9:25, 6%

9:10, 18%

9:55, 11%

8:47, 1%

6:43, 3%

8:57, 8%

6:30

7:00

7:30

8:00

8:30

9:00

9:30

10:00

10:30

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Graph 1-10-3. India

Climate Change

overallaverage

9:46

regionalaverage

9:04

Population

Land-SystemChange

(Land Use)

WaterResources


BiosphereIntegrity

(Biodiversity)

Society, Economy, Environment,Policies and MeasuresFood

Lifestyles


Weig

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9:57, 22%

10:03, 6%

9:51, 3%

10:04, 12%

10:03, 16%

10:00, 12%10:01, 10%

10:00, 8%

10:11, 10%

9:45

9:50

9:55

10:00

10:05

10:10

10:15

0 5 10 15 20 25

Graph 1-10-4. China

Climate Change

Population

Water Resources

overallaverage

9:46


FoodLifestyles

Biochemical flows(Pollution/Contamination)Biosphere Integrity


Land-SystemChange

(Land Use)

Graph 1-10-4. China

Graph 1-10-3. India

23

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10:01, 41%

10:25, 11%

8:24, 3%

9:13, 9%

7:09, 3%

9:41, 5%

5:23, 1%

9:53, 20%

9:18, 7%

5:10

5:40

6:10

6:40

7:10

7:40

8:10

8:40

9:10

9:40

10:10

10:40

11:10

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Graph 1-10-6. Republic of Korea

Population

overallaverage

9:46regionalaverage

9:45

Lifestyles


Climate Change



Water Resources

Food


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8:48, 36%

7:30, 5%

9:52, 4%

9:20, 27%

8:28, 9%

9:22, 4%

8:07, 2%

8:00, 4%

9:16, 11%

7:20

7:40

8:00

8:20

8:40

9:00

9:20

9:40

10:00

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Graph 1-10-5. Taiwan

Climate Change

overallaverage

9:46

regionalaverage

8:53

Food


WaterResources

PopulationSociety, Economy, Environment,

Policies and Measures

Land-System Change (Land Use)

Lifestyles


Graph 1-10-6. Republic of Korea

Graph 1-10-5. Taiwan

24


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9:43, 39%

9:44, 12%

9:27, 4%

9:14, 10%

9:40, 5% 9:41, 6%

9:44, 5%

9:20, 6%

9:40, 13%

9:10

9:20

9:30

9:40

9:50

10:00

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Graph 1-10-7. Japan

Climate Change

overallaverage

9:46

regionalaverage

9:39

Population

Food

Lifestyles

Biosphere Integrity (Biodiversity)



WaterResources

Land-system Change(Land Use)

Graph 1-10-7. Japan

25

With signs of improvement in the approach to environmental issues being seen in the context of the three elements “Public Awareness,” “Policies, Legal System,” and social infrastructure “Funds, Human Resources, Technologies, and Facilities,” we asked questions by category indicating the transition to a decarbonized society and each environmental issue.

We calculated averages by quantifying the replies as follows: -2 for “It definitely has not,” -1 for “It hasn’t really,” 0 for “Can-not say either way,” +1 for “It somewhat has,” and +2 for “It definitely has.”

We used samples of 30 or higher when calculating averages for regions and countries.

2-1 Do you think the society has been heading to decarbonized?

Graph 2-1-1 shows the averages for the whole world and for regions and countries.The world averages were as follows.• Public Awareness +0.52• Policies, Legal Systems +0.27• Funds, Human Resources, Technologies,

and Facilities +0.32

Overall, there were some signs of improve-ments in the approach to the transition to a decarbonized society, but “Policies, Legal System” and social infrastructure “Funds, Human Resources, Technologies, and Fa-cilities” had not advanced as much as “Pub-lic Awareness.”

The only places where the value for “Poli-cies, Legal System” was negative were Ja-pan, Australia, USA, Canada, Middle East Central America, and Western Europe (ex-cept UK), showing no improvements.

By contrast, the responses from China and Taiwan showed that rather than “Public Awareness,”“Policies, Legal System” had advanced. The same trends could be seen in responses from business people by occupa-tion type.

What stood out is that “Public Awareness” yielded a positive value only in Central America and that “Cannot say either way” was the most frequent reply for all elements in Japan, while “There are no sign of im-provements” was the most frequent in Ko-rea.

Oceania

　Oceania(Except Australia)

　Australia

USA & Canada

　Canada

　USA

Central America, Caribbean countries

South America

Western Europe

　UK

　Western Europe(Except UK)

Africa

Middle East

Eastern Europe & former Soviet Union

Asia

　Japan

　India

　China

　Taiwan

　Korea

　Asian Region*

Central government

Local government

University or research institution

NGO/NPO

Corporation

Media

Other

20s, 30s

40s, 50s

Over 60*with the exception of India, China, Taiwan, Korea and Japan

Public awareness

Policies, legal system

Funds, human resources,technologies and facilities

It definitelyhas

It somewhathas

Cannot sayeither way

It hasn'treally

It definitelyhas not

-2 -1 0 +2+1

+1.00-0.28

+1.16-0.34

+0.94-0.72

Graph2-1-1. Decarbonaized Society,Average of Total, Area and Attribution

+0.52

+0.27

+0.32

2. Awareness of Sign of Improvements in the Approach to Environmental Issues

Do you see any signs of improvement in the approach to global environmental issues? Please answer these questions from the following three viewpoints in comparison with before 2015 when the Paris Agreement and SDGs were adopted.

26

2-2 Where do you see signs of improvement? Please choose one category from the table 2(page7) that shows a list “Environmental issues to be taken into account.”

The item most frequently selected for having signs of improvement was “Climate Change” at 25%, followed by “Society, Economy and Environment, Policies, Measures” at 17%, and “Lifestyles” at 13%. 17% responded “There are no improve-ments at all.”Table 5 shows the quantified results just like Q2-1.

Table 5. World averages by item

Graph 2-2-2 shows the averages for all re-sponses and the averages for countries and regions with samples of 30 or more with regard to “Climate Change,” which was selected most frequently.

The world averages were as follows.• Public Awareness +1.22• Policies, Legal Systems +0.65• Funds, Human Resources, Technologies, and Facilities +0.61

For “Public Awareness,” the world average exceeded the value for “There are perhaps some improvements.”Although a relative comparison, it was es-pecially high in Oceania, Western Europe, and then North America.The responses from Japan had the lowest average.

For “Policies, Legal Systems,” all of Asia and especially China score higher than the world average, and it was relatively low in Oceania and USA&Canada despite the high “Public Awareness.”

For “Funds, Human Resources, Technolo-gies, and Facilities” as social infrastructure, it was high for China and Western Europe, but low for South and Central America.

No graphs were made for the other items as there were too few samples per country and region.

Oceania

　Oceania(Except Australia)

　Australia

USA & Canada

　Canada

　USA

South and Central America

Western Europe

　UK

　Western Europe(Except UK)

Africa

Middle East

Eastern Europe & former Soviet Union

Asia

　Japan

　India

　China

　Taiwan

　Korea

　Asian Region*

Central government

Local government

University or research institution

NGO/NPO

Corporation

Media

Other

20s, 30s

40s, 50s

Over 60*with the exception of India, China, Taiwan, Korea and Japan

Public awareness

Policies, legal system

Funds, human resources,technologies and facilities

-2 -1 0 +2+1

+1.61+0.72

+1.10+0.26

+0.93+0.28

Graph2-2-2. Signs of Improvement, Environmental Issues,Average of Total, Area and Attribution

There are noimprovements

at all

There aren't reallyany

some improvements

Cannotsay

either way

Thereare

improvements

There areperhaps

some improvements

+1.22

+0.65

+0.61

Publicawareness

Policies, legalsystem

Funds, humanresources,

technologiesand facilities

Climate Change 1.22 0.65 0.61

Society, Economy and Environment, Policies, Measures 0.99 0.91 0.86Lifestyles (Consumption Habits) 1.07 0.43 0.62Biochemical flows(Pollution/Contamination) 1.04 0.95 0.90Biosphere Integrity (Biodiversity) 1.03 0.63 0.49Water Resources 0.96 1.03 1.01Land-System Change (Land Use) 0.81 0.57 0.56Population 0.80 0.52 0.59Food 0.88 0.73 0.85

Climate Change25%

Society, Economy and Environment,

Policies, Measures

17%

Lifestyles(Consumption Habits)

13%

Biochemical flows(Pollution/C

ontamination)8%

Biosphere Integrity(Biodiver

sity)7%

Water Resources4%


4%

Population3%

Food2%

No sign of improbement at

all17%

Graph2-2-1. Signs of Improvement, Chosen Environmental Issues

- 1 -

27

Comment

As shown by the recent late time of the Environmental Doomsday Clock, environmental crisis awareness has reached its high-est level since the start of this survey. Despite the critical situation, we conducted a survey involved environmental experts all over the world to gauge if there has been any improvements or if things are only getting worse. As a standard, we make a comparison with prior to the adoption of the International Framework Convention on Climate Change (Paris Agreement) and the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in 2015.“Policies, Legal System” and social infrastructure “Funds, Human Resources, Technologies, and Facilities” differ depending on the circumstances in countries or regions, so we show the variance between the total and the local by including world aver-ages and averages for countries or regions in one graph.

Looking at the advance of the transition to a decarbonized society in Q2-1, many results for so-called advanced countries were negative in that “Policies, Legal System” had not advanced as much as “Public Awareness,” but interestingly, in China and Taiwan, it seemed that “Policies, Legal System” has advanced more than “Public Awareness.”

For the items about signs of improvements in Q2-2, the order was “Climate Change,” “Society, Economy and Environment, Policies, Measures,” and “Lifestyles.” Likewise, “Climate Change” was also the item selected most frequently as important when thinking about environmental issues in Q1, so we can see a strong interest in the severity of the situation and the ap-proach to make improvements.Even so, “Biosphere Integrity (Biodiversity),” which was picked second most frequently in Q1 and is a primary factor in the advance of the Doomsday Clock, was only picked fifth in terms of whether signs of improvement can be seen, so we worry that there are few signs of improvement and that the situation has become more serious.

For the future, we will continue using these same questions for a while, and continue conducting this survey while paying attention to variance between world averages and those of countries and regions.

You might have found the questionnaire difficult to fill out, but we want to thank all responders for your help in providing comments and good answers.

Results of the 28th Annual“Questionnaire on Environmental Problems and the Survival of Humankind”

REPORT

September 2019Published by the Asahi Glass Foundation

2nd Floor, Science Plaza, 5-3, YonbanchoChiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0081, Japan

Phone +813 5275 0620Fax +813 5275 0871

If you have inquiries regarding this questionnaire,please contact Junichi Shimizu at the Asahi Glass Foundation.

2nd Floor, Science Plaza, 5-3, YonbanchoChiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0081, JapanTel.: +81 3 5275 0620 Fax: +81 3 5275 0871E-Mail: [email protected]: https://www.af-info.or.jp

Documents

Results of the 28th Annual “Questionnaire on Environmental ......1 Foreword This report summarizes the results of the 2019 Questionnaire on Environmental Problems and the Survival