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Restructuring Restructuring ofof the Bulgarian sector the Bulgarian sector of of electrical engineeringelectrical engineering
Dr. Rumen AtanasovDr. Rumen AtanasovBulgarian Association of Electrical Engineering and ElectronicsBulgarian Association of Electrical Engineering and Electronics
Bulgaria, Latvia, Lithuania and Slovakia – Comparison Bulgaria, Latvia, Lithuania and Slovakia – Comparison of industrial transition modelsof industrial transition models
CCMI Conference, Sofia, 6-7 October 2008CCMI Conference, Sofia, 6-7 October 2008
07/10/0807/10/08 basselbassel 22
22%
21%
11%
7%
21%
19%
30%
18%
EU
USA
China
Japan
% in WGDP % in EE sector
share in WGDP and EE sector
12,3%
11,7%
8,2%
8,0%
Japan
China
USA
EU
Employed in the ELECTRA sector as % of the employed in
industry
The leading sector after WW2The leading sector after WW2 The basis of the technology development in the last 60 yearsThe basis of the technology development in the last 60 years It is the leading European industryIt is the leading European industry The most important for the Bulgarian industry, defines the technological The most important for the Bulgarian industry, defines the technological
level of the whole machining industry.level of the whole machining industry.
The Sector of the El. Eng. and Electronics The Sector of the El. Eng. and Electronics
07/10/0807/10/08 basselbassel 33
The Electrical Engineering in Bulgaria has a long historyThe Electrical Engineering in Bulgaria has a long history
The rootsThe roots 1878/791878/79 – first electrical lighting system; facilities for telegraph network – first electrical lighting system; facilities for telegraph network
delivered by SIEMENSdelivered by SIEMENS
1888/991888/99 – first electrified factories, collieries – first electrified factories, collieries
1900/021900/02 – first hydroelectric PS with 7 kV transmission line; first thermal – first hydroelectric PS with 7 kV transmission line; first thermal PS; tramway in Sofia starts to rollPS; tramway in Sofia starts to roll
1909/191909/19 – regular import of bulbs & utility material from Austria. SIEMENS – regular import of bulbs & utility material from Austria. SIEMENS wins tender for first 3000 posts distribution telephone exchange; wins tender for first 3000 posts distribution telephone exchange; permanent representation agencies of SIEMENS-SCHUCKERT for HV permanent representation agencies of SIEMENS-SCHUCKERT for HV technique and SIEMENS-RHEINIGER for medical equipmenttechnique and SIEMENS-RHEINIGER for medical equipment
1920/351920/35 – “Bulgarian Ltd Company for electricity-SIEMENS” inaugurated; – “Bulgarian Ltd Company for electricity-SIEMENS” inaugurated; regular import of radio receivers; first X-ray device imported; production regular import of radio receivers; first X-ray device imported; production start of small electric motors, dynamos, transformers, lighting fixtures, start of small electric motors, dynamos, transformers, lighting fixtures, cables, bulbs, switchgear; first 320 kVA transformercables, bulbs, switchgear; first 320 kVA transformer
1934/451934/45 – construction of automatic telephone exchanges; high- – construction of automatic telephone exchanges; high-frequency installations; repair workshops for radio sets, telephone and frequency installations; repair workshops for radio sets, telephone and telegraph appliances, el. motors, transformers, heating devicestelegraph appliances, el. motors, transformers, heating devices
07/10/0807/10/08 basselbassel 44
Subsectors included (acc. NACE codes)Subsectors included (acc. NACE codes) 29.4129.41 Manufacture of portable hand held power toolsManufacture of portable hand held power tools 29.7129.71 Manufacture of electric domestic appliancesManufacture of electric domestic appliances 31.1 Manufacture of electric motors, generators and transformers31.1 Manufacture of electric motors, generators and transformers 31.2 Manufacture of electricity distribution and control apparatus31.2 Manufacture of electricity distribution and control apparatus 31.3 Manufacture of insulated wire and cable31.3 Manufacture of insulated wire and cable 31.4 Manufacture of accumulators, primary cells and primary 31.4 Manufacture of accumulators, primary cells and primary
batteriesbatteries 31.5 Manufacture of lighting equipment and electric lamps31.5 Manufacture of lighting equipment and electric lamps 31.61 Manufacture of electrical equipment for engines and vehicles31.61 Manufacture of electrical equipment for engines and vehicles 33.333.3 Manufacture of industrial process control equipmentManufacture of industrial process control equipment
Subsectors not includedSubsectors not included Office technique, computers and other electronic facilitiesOffice technique, computers and other electronic facilities Communication techniqueCommunication technique
07/10/0807/10/08 basselbassel 55
Development in Bulgaria after WW2Development in Bulgaria after WW2
Specialists obtaining higher education in Germany, Italy, Specialists obtaining higher education in Germany, Italy, France, Czechoslovakia availableFrance, Czechoslovakia available
Administrated market of the former Soviet Union orientated Administrated market of the former Soviet Union orientated developmentdevelopment
Natural way of development without ill-founded political Natural way of development without ill-founded political solutionssolutions
Presence of some subsectors (electric motors, Presence of some subsectors (electric motors, transformers, cables, batteries) on the free marketstransformers, cables, batteries) on the free markets
Intensive development of specific subsectors in the Intensive development of specific subsectors in the eighties, licenses from leading companies eighties, licenses from leading companies
State monopoly on export and import; sales of State monopoly on export and import; sales of manufacturers used to be prerogative of the statemanufacturers used to be prerogative of the state
Exorbitant industrial developmentExorbitant industrial development
07/10/0807/10/08 basselbassel 66
The period after 1990The period after 1990
Disappearance of administrated marketsDisappearance of administrated markets: : internal and COMECONinternal and COMECON Suspension of supply sources of raw materials, components and Suspension of supply sources of raw materials, components and
elementselements Drastic decrease in production, closure of enterprises Drastic decrease in production, closure of enterprises Former state-owned factories performed social functions maintaining Former state-owned factories performed social functions maintaining
redundant personnelredundant personnel Difficult access to capital – as a result loss also of free marketsDifficult access to capital – as a result loss also of free markets
Liberalization of the tradeLiberalization of the trade Establishment of many small and micro enterprises, initially in the Establishment of many small and micro enterprises, initially in the
field of servicesfield of services 1997 - Start of privatization of the big state-owned factories1997 - Start of privatization of the big state-owned factories Different forms of privatization, in many cases owners without ideas Different forms of privatization, in many cases owners without ideas
about development of the factory – profiting from assets onlyabout development of the factory – profiting from assets only Restructuring – ownership, markets, products, managementRestructuring – ownership, markets, products, management
07/10/0807/10/08 basselbassel 77
The former state-owned enterprisesThe former state-owned enterprises of the electrical engineering of the electrical engineering industry are utilizing only 30-35% of their previous capacity. Some of industry are utilizing only 30-35% of their previous capacity. Some of them are not-existing anymore. In the last years – new technologies, them are not-existing anymore. In the last years – new technologies, new equipment (usually second hand). Personnel is optimized. During new equipment (usually second hand). Personnel is optimized. During the last 3-4 years, a process to discover “real owners” of the factories is the last 3-4 years, a process to discover “real owners” of the factories is runningrunning
A great number of A great number of newly establishednewly established ((after 1990) SMEsafter 1990) SMEs; ; new new technology, new facilitiestechnology, new facilities
In the last 5-6 years – investment into new production sites & buildings, In the last 5-6 years – investment into new production sites & buildings, new equipment even into some of the former state-owned factoriesnew equipment even into some of the former state-owned factories
The sector comprises about 590 enterprises, 350 of them – actively The sector comprises about 590 enterprises, 350 of them – actively operating; 20 are large (more than 300 wplcs), the rest – small and operating; 20 are large (more than 300 wplcs), the rest – small and mediummedium
Labor force in the sector – about 20 000 employeeLabor force in the sector – about 20 000 employeess
Restructuring still not completed, clusters – in highly introductory phaseRestructuring still not completed, clusters – in highly introductory phase
NowNow 100% private industry100% private industry
07/10/0807/10/08 basselbassel 88
The most important for the sector - The most important for the sector - FDIFDIssUSD mUSD m
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
2004 2005 2006
Companies 85; Private persons 124
07/10/0807/10/08 basselbassel 99
Factories of important foreign Factories of important foreign investorsinvestors
( (former state-owned factoriesformer state-owned factories)) ABBABB:: MV&LV switchgear; 250 wplcs MV&LV switchgear; 250 wplcs
HYUNDAI HEAVY IND.HYUNDAI HEAVY IND.: : power trafos, tap-changers; 600 wplcspower trafos, tap-changers; 600 wplcs
SCHNEIDERSCHNEIDER: : LV breakers (the old one)LV breakers (the old one)
SPARKYSPARKY: el. hand tools; 1300 wplcs: el. hand tools; 1300 wplcs
SETSET: PCBs; 280 wplcs: PCBs; 280 wplcs
MHTMHT: magnetic heads; 200 wplcs: magnetic heads; 200 wplcs
DZU-VIDEOTONDZU-VIDEOTON:: small household appl’s, el.mech. devices; 650 wplcs small household appl’s, el.mech. devices; 650 wplcs
NAYDEN KIROVNAYDEN KIROV: LV installation products; 300 wplcs: LV installation products; 300 wplcs
AROS QUALITYAROS QUALITY: small trafos; 290 wplcs: small trafos; 290 wplcs
07/10/0807/10/08 basselbassel 1010
Factories of important foreign investors Factories of important foreign investors ((green field projectsgreen field projects))
ABBABB: 2 : 2 factories; LV, 150 workers.; now 3factories; LV, 150 workers.; now 3thth LV/MV, 600 LV/MV, 600 wplcs, start May 2009; 4wplcs, start May 2009; 4th th plannedplanned
LIEBHERRLIEBHERR:: fridges, 1500 wplcs; R&D center, 30 eng.fridges, 1500 wplcs; R&D center, 30 eng. SCHNEIDERSCHNEIDER: : new (2new (2ndnd) factory, LV breakers, 800 wplcs) factory, LV breakers, 800 wplcs EPIQEPIQ: PCB assembling; 2000 wplcs: PCB assembling; 2000 wplcs MELEXISMELEXIS: PCB assembling; 200 wplcs: PCB assembling; 200 wplcs FESTOFESTO:: sensors for automation; 200 wplcs sensors for automation; 200 wplcs SIEMENSSIEMENS:: HV measurement transformers HV measurement transformers ARKOMATARKOMAT: automotive wire harnesses, 600 wplcs: automotive wire harnesses, 600 wplcs NURSANNURSAN: automotive wire harnesses: automotive wire harnesses CURTISCURTIS: el. motor-control for forklifts; 140 wplcs: el. motor-control for forklifts; 140 wplcs
07/10/0807/10/08 basselbassel 1111
The success stories of FDIThe success stories of FDI The sector had a good reputation amongst global leaders: with the The sector had a good reputation amongst global leaders: with the
start of privatization SIEMENS, ABB, SCHNEIDER, EPIQ, SPARKY, start of privatization SIEMENS, ABB, SCHNEIDER, EPIQ, SPARKY, HYUNDAI (well knowing the sector) came to Bulgaria and bought up HYUNDAI (well knowing the sector) came to Bulgaria and bought up the state-owned factoriesthe state-owned factories
Subsequently, a series of green field projects were realized and were Subsequently, a series of green field projects were realized and were successfully developedsuccessfully developed
For the last years - $137 million FDI. This is a very small amount For the last years - $137 million FDI. This is a very small amount against the background of the total FDI in this country. However, against the background of the total FDI in this country. However, production FDI drive into the country new products and respective production FDI drive into the country new products and respective markets, new technologies, new management, new industrial markets, new technologies, new management, new industrial mentalitymentality
Production FDIs are generating a new industry of sub-suppliers in the Production FDIs are generating a new industry of sub-suppliers in the region, natural clustersregion, natural clusters
Some new, very large and important industrial areas have been Some new, very large and important industrial areas have been stimulated and established in our countrystimulated and established in our country
In general – all FDIs in new production enterprises are success In general – all FDIs in new production enterprises are success stories.stories.
And yet why?And yet why?
07/10/0807/10/08 basselbassel 1212
FINANCIAL STABILITYFINANCIAL STABILITY Currency board since 1997 Currency board since 1997
The Central Bank does not act as a lender to government and The Central Bank does not act as a lender to government and commercial bankscommercial banks The exchange rate to foreign reserve currency (EURO) is strictly The exchange rate to foreign reserve currency (EURO) is strictly fixed, 1 € = 1,95583 BGNfixed, 1 € = 1,95583 BGN The Central Bank will issue only one unit of local currency for each The Central Bank will issue only one unit of local currency for each unit of foreign reserve currency it has in its vaults unit of foreign reserve currency it has in its vaults The country has not the ability to set monetary policy according to The country has not the ability to set monetary policy according to domestic considerationsdomestic considerations
4
POLITICAL STABILITY
NATO member country sinceNATO member country since April 2004 April 2004 EU member country sinceEU member country since January 2007January 2007 All political parties support NATO and EU membershipAll political parties support NATO and EU membership No ethnical problemsNo ethnical problems
07/10/0807/10/08 basselbassel 1313
FAVORABLE INVESTMENT CLIMATE
Corporate Tax: 10% Manufacturing companiesin high-unemployment municipalities: 0%
17
EU TECHNICAL LEGISLATION IN FORCEEU TECHNICAL LEGISLATION IN FORCE Transposed directives: Transposed directives: LVD, EMC, R&TTE, ATEX, LVD, EMC, R&TTE, ATEX, MachineryMachinery, ,
liftslifts, , gas appliances, simple pressure vessels, pressure gas appliances, simple pressure vessels, pressure equipment, toys, NAWI, refrigeration appliances, hot water equipment, toys, NAWI, refrigeration appliances, hot water boilers, noise emission, etc.boilers, noise emission, etc.
WEEEWEEE (effective from 01.07.06); (effective from 01.07.06); RoHSRoHS (effective from 01.01.07); (effective from 01.01.07); Batteries (since 2005)Batteries (since 2005) Transitional period - Directives on medical devicesTransitional period - Directives on medical devices Most enterprises ISO9000 certified by TUV, SGS, LR, BVQiMost enterprises ISO9000 certified by TUV, SGS, LR, BVQi
07/10/0807/10/08 basselbassel 1414
WELL EDUCATED AND HIGHLY SKILLED LABOR FORCE
43 Universities; 45 000 graduates (BA or MA) annually 350 vocational technical colleges, 65 000 graduates annually 30 000 Bulgarian students in foreign countries
13
THE LOWEST PRICE LEVEL IN EU !!!
07/10/0807/10/08 basselbassel 1515
Price Level Indices 2005 (%)100
76
64
64
60
58
58
57
55
53
43
EU Average
Slovenia
Estonia
Hungary
Poland
Czech Rep.
Slovakia
Latvia
Lithuania
Romania
Bulgaria
15
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
2200
2400
2003 2004 2005 2006
el.eng.
electronics
Annual average gross Annual average gross wageswages,, EE sector BG, EE sector BG, EUREUR
07/10/0807/10/08 basselbassel 1616
Monthly emoluments in electricalMonthly emoluments in electricalengineering sector, large cities, EUR, 2006engineering sector, large cities, EUR, 2006
PositionPosition Gross salaryGross salary Total costTotal cost
Low-skilled workerLow-skilled worker 110110 136136
Skilled workerSkilled worker 190 190 toto 300 300 236 236 toto 372 372
Engineer (MSc)Engineer (MSc) 330 330 toto 450 450 409 409 toto 558 558
ManagerManager 400 400 toto 500 500 496 496 toto 620 620
07/10/0807/10/08 basselbassel 1717
Produced/employed (BGN/empl.)
0
10 000
20 000
30 000
40 000
50 000
60 000
70 000
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Productivity rises, but still too unsatisfactory Productivity rises, but still too unsatisfactory
07/10/0807/10/08 basselbassel 1818
Labor productivityLabor productivity in 2006 – GDP per employee in 2006 – GDP per employeeon PPP basis as a percentage of the EU–27 on PPP basis as a percentage of the EU–27
averageaverage
Top 5 statesTop 5 states Bottom 5 statesBottom 5 states
CountryCountry % of the % of the EU-27 EU-27
averageaverage
CountryCountry % of the % of the EU-27 EU-27
averageaverage
LuxembourLuxembourg g
183.3183.3 PolandPoland 61.561.5
BelgiumBelgium 134.9134.9 Lithuania Lithuania 58.558.5
Ireland Ireland 132.1132.1 LatviaLatvia 52.852.8
France France 125.2125.2 RomaniaRomania 38.338.3
AustriaAustria 121.1121.1 BulgariaBulgaria 35.335.3
07/10/0807/10/08 basselbassel 1919
Important el. eng. sub-sectorsImportant el. eng. sub-sectors
Power equipment (Power equipment (transformerstransformers, , switchgearswitchgear)) Motors, generators, alternatorsMotors, generators, alternators Cables and wiresCables and wires Batteries, start and tractionBatteries, start and traction LV apparatus, building installation productsLV apparatus, building installation products Control, measurement and automation devices and systemsControl, measurement and automation devices and systems Industrial electronics, PCBs, electronic modules and systemsIndustrial electronics, PCBs, electronic modules and systems Automotive partsAutomotive parts Lighting fixturesLighting fixtures Optical devicesOptical devices HHousehold appliancesousehold appliances Sub suppliers (plastics, metal parts, ceramics etc.)Sub suppliers (plastics, metal parts, ceramics etc.)
07/10/0807/10/08 basselbassel 2020
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
productionexport
Production and export, EUR mProduction and export, EUR m
07/10/0807/10/08 basselbassel 2121
Production of electric motors, Production of electric motors, batteries, switchgearbatteries, switchgear
€ m
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
motors, transformers batteries switchgear
07/10/0807/10/08 basselbassel 2222
Export of assembled PCBs, € mExport of assembled PCBs, € m
8,2 7,7
17,3
25,2
33,2
41,9
52
80
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
07/10/0807/10/08 basselbassel 2323
0
50 000100 000
150 000
200 000
250 000300 000
350 000
400 000
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
fridges geysers
ProductionProductionof electrical household appliancesof electrical household appliances, , pcspcs
07/10/0807/10/08 basselbassel 2424
Import of electrical household appliancesImport of electrical household appliances, , pcspcs
0
50 000
100 000
150 000
200 000
250 000
300 000
350 000
2002 2003 2004 2005
refrigerators washing machines vacuum cleaners
07/10/0807/10/08 basselbassel 2525
Proportion of the population aged 25–64 with Proportion of the population aged 25–64 with completed secondary educationcompleted secondary education
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
EU27
EU15
BG
Human resourcesHuman resources
07/10/0807/10/08 basselbassel 2626
Proportion of the population aged 25–64 with Proportion of the population aged 25–64 with higher educationhigher education
0
5
10
15
20
25
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2005EU25
2005EU15
07/10/0807/10/08 basselbassel 2727
University graduates in science and University graduates in science and technologytechnology
per 1,000 population in the age group 20–29per 1,000 population in the age group 20–29
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
EU27
BG
07/10/0807/10/08 basselbassel 2828
Lifelong learning – proportion of the populationLifelong learning – proportion of the population aged 25–64 involved in training and education aged 25–64 involved in training and education
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
EU27
EU15
BG
07/10/0807/10/08 basselbassel 2929
Number of graduatesNumber of graduatesin electrical engineering subjects, in electrical engineering subjects, 20052005
There are 5 technical universities and 65 vocational There are 5 technical universities and 65 vocational
schools with el. eng. & electronic disciplinesschools with el. eng. & electronic disciplines
SubjectSubject BachelorBachelor MasterMaster TotalTotal
Mech. engineeringMech. engineering 247247 113113 360360El. engineeringEl. engineering 00 2424 2424El. devicesEl. devices 130130 3434 164164El. installationEl. installation 263263 106106 369369
07/10/0807/10/08 basselbassel 3030
State economic strategyState economic strategy According to “STRATEGIC TRENDS OF BULGARIAN ECONOMY”According to “STRATEGIC TRENDS OF BULGARIAN ECONOMY”, ,
published July 2007 by the Ministry of Economy and Energypublished July 2007 by the Ministry of Economy and Energy:: DELOITTE’S SURVEY -DELOITTE’S SURVEY - most perspective sectors and most perspective sectors and
competitive advantages in Bulgaria are:competitive advantages in Bulgaria are: ITIT, , outsourcingoutsourcing, , electrical engineering and electronicselectrical engineering and electronics;;
UNCTAD’S SURVEY 2007/2008 - UNCTAD’S SURVEY 2007/2008 - electrical engineering electrical engineering and electronicsand electronics is most perspective industrial sector for is most perspective industrial sector for investments in Bulgariainvestments in Bulgaria
Sector strategySector strategyA “National Strategy for the Development of the Electrical A “National Strategy for the Development of the Electrical Engineering Industry in Bulgaria up to 2013” was jointly Engineering Industry in Bulgaria up to 2013” was jointly elaborated with the Ministry of Economy and Energy. Yearly elaborated with the Ministry of Economy and Energy. Yearly Action plans.Action plans.
07/10/0807/10/08 basselbassel 3131
R&D expenditures in ELECTRA (% of the GVA)
24%
17%
11%
0%
Japan
USA
EU
China n.a. ?R&D expenditures, % of GDPR&D expenditures, % of GDP
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
EU15
EU27
BG
07/10/0807/10/08 basselbassel 3232
NIF NIF - - Projects financed byProjects financed by
NIF SessionProjectsSubmitted
Projects Selected
Success Rate %
Agreed Subsidy( BGN m)
Average Value of the Financed Project ( BGN)
1st session 118 43 36 6,7 156 000
2nd session 120 67 56 8,3 124 000
3rd session 146 108 74 16,6 154 000
4th session 168 102 61 16,9 166 000
Projects’ leading sectorsProjects’ leading sectors ICT ICT - - 26.5 %26.5 % electronics and electrical engelectronics and electrical eng.. - - 15.7 %15.7 % biotechnologiesbiotechnologies & & food industry food industry - - 13.7 %13.7 % mechanical eng. &mechanical eng. & metal processing metal processing - - 10.7 %10.7 %
Bulgarian National Innovation PolicyBulgarian National Innovation Policy
07/10/0807/10/08 basselbassel 3333
Other instruments to promote Other instruments to promote innovationsinnovationsVoucher schemeVoucher scheme;;
Techno-starter schemeTechno-starter scheme; ;
Tax incentive schemeTax incentive scheme;;
Loan guarantee schemeLoan guarantee scheme;;
Venture capital schemeVenture capital scheme
07/10/0807/10/08 basselbassel 3434
But !?But !?
Lisbon Lisbon 20102010
BG 2003BG 2003 Nat’l Str.Nat’l Str.20062006
Nat’l Str.Nat’l Str.20102010
R&D % R&D % GDPGDP 33 0,430,43 0,450,45 0,510,51
Share of Share of business business for R&Dfor R&D
6767 2222 18,818,8 2323
07/10/0807/10/08 basselbassel 353529/02/0829/02/08 nceebnceeb 3535
Social DialogueSocial Dialogue
Sector councils for social collaboration with the Ministry of Sector councils for social collaboration with the Ministry of Economy and EnergyEconomy and Energy
Law on health preserving and safe conditions of workLaw on health preserving and safe conditions of work, including a , including a separate system for social dialogue at national, sector, regional, separate system for social dialogue at national, sector, regional, company levelcompany level
Two trade-union partners of the Association.Two trade-union partners of the Association.
A collective labor agreement is signed for the EE-industry A collective labor agreement is signed for the EE-industry between the sector organizations of employers (NCEEB) and the between the sector organizations of employers (NCEEB) and the trade unionstrade unions
Very strange!. The dialogue between employers and trade unions Very strange!. The dialogue between employers and trade unions is far more spontaneous and constructive than between business is far more spontaneous and constructive than between business and the state administrationand the state administration..
07/10/0807/10/08 basselbassel 363622/04/0822/04/08 nceebnceeb 3636
Thank you for your kind attentionThank you for your kind attention