Restoring Relations with the Confederate States after the Civil War Key Questions 1. How do we bring the South back into the Union? 2. How do we rebuild the South after its destruction during the war? 3. How do we integrate and protect newly- emancipated black freedmen? 4. What branch of government should control the process of Reconstruction? President Lincolns Plan 10% Plan December 1863 * Replace majority rule with loyal rule in the South. * Pardon to all but the highest ranking military and civilian Confederate officers. * When 10% of the voting population had taken an oath of loyalty and established a state government, it would be recognized. MODERATE PLAN TO QUICKLY RESTORE THE SOUTH TO THE UNION Union General Sherman Issues Field Order No Acres and a Mule January ,000 acres of confiscated land along the coast of South Carolina, Georgia and Florida was to be divided into 40-acre parcels for freed slave families and other blacks then living in the area. In addition, they would receive surplus mules. 400,000 acres of confiscated land along the coast of South Carolina, Georgia and Florida was to be divided into 40-acre parcels for freed slave families and other blacks then living in the area. In addition, they would receive surplus mules. Freedmen hoped to become landowners. Freedmen hoped to become landowners. Freedmens Bureau Established March 1865 Freedmens Bureau Established March 1865 Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands to provide assistance to emancipated slaves It is organized to help ex-slaves with food, medical care, resettlement, and education President Lincoln Assassinated April 1865 Five days after General Robert E. Lee surrendered to General Ulysses S. Grant Vice President Andrew Johnson assumes the Presidency and follows Lincolns plans for Reconstruction President Andrew Johnson Democrat and Anti- Secessionist Anti-Aristocrat White Supremacist Agreed with Lincoln that states had never legally left the Union Damn the negroes! I am fighting these traitorous aristocrats, their masters! 13 th Amendment Abolishes Slavery in the United States 13 th Amendment Abolishes Slavery in the United States Ratified in December 1865 Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States or any place subject to their jurisdiction Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation The South lost their property and wealth President Johnsons Plan (10%+) Offered pardon upon simple oath to all Southerners except Confederate civil and military leaders, and wealthy planters (they would need to directly request one from Johnson) New state constitutions must accept 13 th Amendment prohibiting slavery, and renounce secession Revoked Shermans Field Order No. 15 EFFECTS? 1. Disenfranchised Confederate leaders 2. Pardoned planter aristocrats resumed control of Southern state governments 3. Outraged Republicans: planter elite were back in power in the South! Growing Northern Alarm! Had the Civil War been fought for nothing??? But thenJohnson granted 13,500 special pardons for Confederate leaders Former Confederates capture control of state governments and pass. Revival of southern defiance! BLACK CODES: Restricted rights of freedmen Black Codes Purpose: * Restricts the rights of freedmen * Guarantee stable labor supply now that blacks were emancipated Forced many blacks to become sharecroppers * Freedmen are all but slaves again Congress Breaks with the President Republicans want the South Punished Congress Breaks with the President Republicans want the South Punished Congress will not admit newly pardoned Southern Congressmen February, 1866 Johnson vetoes the Freedmens Bureau Bill March, 1866 Johnson vetoes the 1866 Civil Rights Act: To counteract Black Codes, Blacks have rights and privileges of full citizenship Congress passes both bills over Johnsons vetoes!! Freedmens Bureau Called carpetbaggers by white southern Democrats. Many former northern abolitionists risked their lives to help southern freedmen Freedmens Bureau Seen Through Southern Eyes Plenty to eat and nothing to do. RESPONSE? Race Riots in Memphis and New Orleans Southern Whites attack blacks and white Republicans Ku Klux Klan The Invisible Empire of the South Founded December 1866 Republicans win a 3-1 majority in both houses of Congress and gained control of Reconstruction A Window of Opportunity Opens for Freedmen. Radical Plan for Readmission Southern states need new constitutions Must allow blacks to vote, and must ratify the 13 th and 14 th Amendments The 14 th Amendment * Provides blacks with citizenship and guarantees that federal and state laws should be applied equally to black and white citizens Southern states would be punished for denying the right to vote to black citizens! All states, except Tennessee, refuse to ratify the Amendment Ridicule of both Freedmen Voting and Disenfranchised Confederates Reconstruction Acts of 1867 Military Reconstruction Act * Restart Reconstruction in the 10 Southern states that refused to ratify the 14 th Amendment * Divide the 10 unreconstructed states into 5 military districts * Military enrolls eligible black voters Meanwhile. Johnson replaces generals in the field who were sympathetic to Radical Reconstruction Reconstruction Acts of 1867 Command of the Army Act * The President must issue all Reconstruction orders through the commander of the military Tenure of Office Act * The President could not remove any officials without the Senates consent Designed to protect radical Secretary of War Stanton Edwin Stanton President Johnsons Impeachment Johnson removed Secretary Stanton in February, 1868, hoping to replace him The House of Representatives impeached him on February 24, by a vote of , before even writing up the charges! The Senate Trial 11 week trial Johnson is acquitted by one vote, but presidency is essentially over Sharecropping Tenancy & the Crop Lien System Furnishing MerchantTenant FarmerLandowner Loan tools and seed up to 60% interest to tenant farmer to plant spring crop. Farmer also secures food, clothing, and other necessities on credit from merchant until the harvest. Merchant holds lien {mortgage} on part of tenants future crops as repayment of debt. Plants crop, harvests in autumn. Turns over up to of crop to land owner as payment of rent. Tenant gives remainder of crop to merchant in payment of debt. Rents land to tenant in exchange for to of tenant farmers future crop. The Black Vote With the Union army to protect them, and the Freedmens Bureau to help them, blacks came forward and voted in great numbers The Black Vote With the Union army to protect them, and the Freedmens Bureau to help them, blacks came forward and voted in great numbers StateWhite CitizensFreedmen SC291,000411,000 MS353,000436,000 LA357,000350,000 GA591,000465,000 AL596,000437,000 VA719,000533,000 NC631,000331,000 Reconstructed Governments : Black legislators: South Carolina is the only State with a black majority Carpetbaggers: Northerners eager to help or further their own fortunes Scalawags: Pro-Union southern whites Protected by federal troops Reconstructed Governments : Black legislators: South Carolina is the only State with a black majority Carpetbaggers: Northerners eager to help or further their own fortunes Scalawags: Pro-Union southern whites Protected by federal troops Black Senate & House Delegates Two blacks elected to the U.S. Senate, 20 to the House, and many more to state legislatures The 1868 Republican Ticket Grant wins by 300,000 voteswith 700,000 blacks voting! 15 th Amendment Extends the vote to all male citizens regardless of race 15 th Amendment Extends the vote to all male citizens regardless of race Ratified in The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. Womens rights groups were furious that they were not granted the vote! Federal Enforcement of Civil Rights Enforcement Acts of 1870 and 1871 [also known as the KKK Act] are passed to give the federal government power to punish violators of civil rights laws. KKK members are prosecuted, and numbers begin to decline The Civil Rights Act of 1875 Guarantees equal rights to blacks using public facilities Prohibited discrimination in jury selection. Shortcoming lacked a strong enforcement mechanism. Southern Whites Regain Control of State Governments Southern states added grandfather clauses to their state Constitutions to counter the 15 th Amendment. Tennessee is the first state to replace a bi-racial Republican state government with an all-white Democratic Government in 1868 Georgia, North Carolina and Virginia follow in 1870 Typical clauses state that the right to vote extends only to citizens or their descendants who had the right to vote prior to 1866 or 1867 Freedmens Bureau is abolished in 1872 Colored Rule in the South? A propaganda campaign is initiated portraying blacks as incompetent Literacy Tests, Poll Taxes, and Violence are used to deter black voting Propaganda Campaign The Ignorant Vote Southern Whites Make More Gains Arkansas and Alabama replace bi-racial Republican state governments with all- white Democratic Governments in 1874 Democrats gain control over the House of Representatives and the Senate Mississippi has an all-white Democratic Government in 1875 Northern Support Wanes Support of Useless S. Grant declines due to corruption Panic of 1873 sets off a 6- year depression Concern over westward expansion and Indian wars Supreme Court overturns the Enforcement Act of 1870 Legal Discrimination or Jim Crow laws 1876 President Rutherford B. Hayes Calms Southern Opposition 1876 President Rutherford B. Hayes Calms Southern Opposition President Hayes withdraws federal troops from the South that had been protecting black Civil Rights Remaining carpetbag governments collapse RECONSTRUCTION IS OVER 1883Civil Rights Act of 1875 Ruled unconstitutional 1896Plessy v. Ferguson rules separate is legal if equal 1901The last black leaves Congress No New Civil Rights Act was Attempted for 90 Years Brown v. Board of Education