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Restoration in place:the impact of social context and type of
setting on restorative effects
Yvonne de Kort & Ramona Gal, Eindhoven (NL), Henk Staats, Leiden (NL)
Research questions
• What is the influence of the presence of others on restoration?
• Does this depend on the type of setting?
Tranquility vs. social richness
What would the effect be?
• Others are perceived as invading privacy or placing constraints on freedom, prevent the feeling of escape and thus hamper restoration in all settings
or:• Others are an additional source of stimuli, that could
especially enrich the experience of cities and other human made places because they belong there, but hamper restorative effect of natural scenes
The research design
• 3 (environment) x 2 (presence of others) between Ss design
• 90 respondents (15 in every experimental condition)• Effort to keep perceived safety and preference equal in all settings
Forest Park Village
Without people
With people
Experimental procedure
PRS + questio-nnaire
Repetition of slide show
Manipulation
Restorative slide show
Self report
attention
Necker Cube test
Pre-test attention
Practice arithmatic
task
Double cognitive
task
Actual arithmatic
task
Attentional fatigue induction
Frustration tolerance
test
Post-restorative attention
Self report
attention
Necker Cube test
A walk in the forest
A walk in the park
A walk in the village
Preference
omgeving
stadjeparkbos
Ge
mid
de
lde
sco
re o
p p
refe
ren
tie
6,0
5,5
5,0
4,5
4,0
wel of geen mensen
geen mensen
met mensen
forest park village
without people
with people
Perceived Restorativeness Scale
omgeving
stadjeparkbos
Wa
arg
en
om
en
re
sto
ratie
5,2
5,0
4,8
4,6
4,4
4,2
4,0
wel of geen mensen
geen mensen
met mensenEen hoger gemiddelde betekent een
hogere waargenomen restoratie
Park minder waargenomen restoratie dan bos en stadje. Bos zonder mensen
meer dan bos met mensen.
forest park village
without people
with people
Objective measures of attention
omgeving
stadjeparkbos
Ge
mid
de
ld a
an
tal k
ee
r ve
rsp
rin
ge
n
5,5
5,0
4,5
4,0
3,5
3,0
2,5
2,0
1,5
wel of geen mensen
geen mensen
met mensen
omgeving
stadjeparkbos
Ge
mid
de
ld a
an
tal s
eco
nd
en
fig
. 2
&3
420
400
380
360
340
320
300
280
wel of geen mensen
geen mensen
met mensen
Een hoger gemiddelde betekent een lager herstel
Stadje minder versprongen dan park
Een hoger gemiddelde betekent een hoger herstel
Stadje langer volgehouden dan park
Neckercube
forest park village
without people
with people
forest park village
Frustration tolerance
Highrestoration
Highrestoration
Attention: self report
omgeving
stadjeparkbos
Ge
mid
de
lde
va
n d
e v
rag
en
lijst
na
4,8
4,6
4,4
4,2
4,0
3,8
3,6
wel of geen mensen
geen mensen
met mensen
Een hoger gemiddelde betekent een hoger herstel
Bos met mensen hogere zelf gerapporteerde aandacht dan bos
zonder mensen
forest park village
without people
with people
Discussion
• Village was most restorative and prefered on all measures
• Results on preference and perceived restorativeness fitted with expectations
• Against expectations, the presence of people in forest had a positive effect on attention restoration measures
The end