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EARTHQUAKE 2015 IN NEPAL:RESPONSE AND RECOVERY

(CULTUREAL HERITAGE)

Dr. Suresh Suras SHRESTHA,Head, World Heritage Conservation Section

Department of ArchaeologyKathmandu, Nepal

“Implementation of the cultural heritage-related elements of the SendaiFramework for Disaster Risk Reduction (SFDRR)”

9 - 11 March 2016, Washington DC, USA

Nepal is a small land-locked country situated in the heart of Asia. North of it liesthe People’s Republic of China and Republic of India to the east, west and south.

Nepal

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LUMBINIKATHMANDU VALLEY

CHITWAN

SAGARMATHA

Natural World Heritage Site

Cultural World Heritage Sites

World Heritage Properties

Kathmandu Valley WorldHeritage Property

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Kathmandu Valley World HeritageProperty

Consists 7 Protected Monument Zones1. Hanumandhoka Durbar Protected Monument

Zone2. Patan Durbar Protected Monument Zone3. Bhaktapur Durbar Protected Monument Zone4. Pashupati Protected Monument Zone5. Changu Narayan Protected Monument Zone6. Bouddha Area Protected Monument Zone7. Swayambhu Protected Monument Zone

Earthquake on 25th April 2015

Kathmandu Valley has been in the Earthquake prone areasince several hundreds of years

Several activities has carried out for EarthquakePreparedness in Nepal, some of the preparedness –awareness programs were also held for cultural heritage

All of sudden, the Earthquake was happened for about aminute and several monuments were turned into ruins on25th April 2015 and later.

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Earthquake …

Cultural Heritage affected by the earthquake:

Monuments affected:

In total (all over the country) - 750

Completely Collapsed - 133

Partially/Partly Collapsed - 95

Partially damaged – 522

Within the Kathmandu Valley World Heritage Property

Completely Collapsed - 37

Partially/Partly Collapsed - 162

In total – 199

Hanumandhoka durbarProtected monument zone

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After Earthquake

CHYASIN DEGA:

Before Earthquake

After Earthquake

DEGU TALEJU TEMPLE

Before Earthquake

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After Earthquake

GADDI BAITHAK

Before Earthquake

After Earthquake

KASTHAMANDAP

Before Earthquake

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After Earthquake

MAJU DEGA:

Before Earthquake

After Earthquake

NARAYAN TEMPLEBefore Earthquake

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After Earthquake

NAUTALE DURBAR

Before Earthquake

After Earthquake

PANCHAMUKHI HANUMAN

Before Earthquake

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After Earthquake

OVER VIEW OF TALEJU AND DEGUTALEJU TEMPLE

Before Earthquake

Bhaktapur Durbar ProtectedMonument Zone

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After Earthquake

BATSALA TEMPLEBefore Earthquake

After Earthquake

OVERVIEW OF BHAKTAPUR DURBARSQUARE

Before Earthquake

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After Earthquake

ENTRANCE GATE – SOUTH OFDURBAR SQUARE

Before Earthquake

After Earthquake

FASI DEGA:

Before Earthquake

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After Earthquake

NARAYAN TEMPLEBefore Earthquake

After Earthquake

KEDARNATH TEMPLEBefore Earthquake

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After Earthquake

SIDDHILAXMI TEMPLEBefore Earthquake

After Earthquake – not affected

BHAIRAV TEMPLE– not affected

Before Earthquake

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After Earthquake – not affected

NYATAPOL TEMPLE – not affected

Before Earthquake

ChanguNarayan ProtectedMonument Zone

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After Earthquake

KILESHWPR MAHADEV TEMPLEBefore Earthquake

After Earthquake

CHANGU NARAYAN TEMPLEBefore Earthquake

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After Earthquake

LAXMI NARAYAN TEMPL

Before Earthquake

After Earthquake

MAIN ENTRANCE GATE – CHANGUNARAYAN TEMPLE COMPLEX

Before Earthquake

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After Earthquake

AMATYA SATTAL – MUSEUMBUILDING

Before Earthquake

After Earthquake

CHAUGHERA SATTAL

Before Earthquake

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Patan Durbar ProtectedMonument Zone

After Earthquake

OVERVIEW OF PATAN DURBAR SQUARE

Before Earthquake

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After Earthquake

CHAR NARAYAN TEMPLE

Before Earthquake

STONE PILLAR – STATUE OF YOGNARENDRA MALLA

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After Earthquake

TALEJU TEMPLE - PATAN

Before Earthquake

CHYASIN DEGA - PATANAfter Earthquake

Before Earthquake

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After Earthquake

HARI SHANKAR TEMPLE

Before Earthquake

DEGU TALEJU TEMPLEAfter Earthquake – not affected

Before Earthquake

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Narsimha Temple

Krishna Temple

After Earthquake – not affected

Bouddha Protected MonumentZone

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After Earthquake

BOUDDHA STUPA

Before Earthquake

Swayambhu Protected MonumentZone

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After Earthquake

ANANTAPUR

Before Earthquake

After Earthquake

PRATAPPUR TEMPLEBefore Earthquake

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After Earthquake

DEVA DHARMA MAHAVIHAR

Before Earthquake

After Earthquake

SHANTIPUR TEMPLE

Before Earthquake

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After Earthquake

SWAYAMBHU MAHACHAITYA

Before Earthquake

After Earthquake

ruined surrounding area

KARMARAJ MAHAVIHARA

Before Earthquake

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After Earthquake

DHARAHARA – beyond KVWHP boundary

Before Earthquake

EMERGENCY ACTIVITIES

RESPONSE TO THE EARTHQUAKE

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Post Earthquake Emergency Response Activities

Earthquake and Emergency Rescue Operation for Cultural Heritage

Immediate Response - Data Collection and Preliminary Assessment- Mobilization of Rescue Team

Evacuation, Salvaging and Immediate Protection of the Sites Discussion and Interaction with Experts and Contractors Documentation of the Sites

Stabilization and Temporary Protection of the Sites - Rainy Season Formation of Experts Groups Detail Damage Assessment

Preparation of drawings, designs and cost estimation

Long Term Conservation, Renovation and Reconstruction Planning

Post Earthquake Activities …

Detail Assessment

on the basis of preliminary assessment – Site wise detailassessments were carried out through the NationalExperts of DoA

The Detail Assessment has been carrying out through theInternational Assistance Emergency Fundprovided by UNESCO World Heritage Center and alsothrough the international collaboration with othergovernment

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Post Earthquake Activities …

Improvement on existing organizationalstructures

appointment of 105 additional human resources:Architects and Engineers (65), Sub-Engineers (10),Archaeological officers (5), Computer Operators (3) andother supporting staffs

The Earthquake Response Coordination Office (ERCO)has established in coordination with UNESCO Office inKathmandu from the beginning of the Post EarthquakeActivities – ERCO has been supporting as a supplementfor documentation and coordination among the numerousstakeholders

Post Earthquake Activities …

Recovery Master Plan

6 years Action Plan has already declared by thegovernment of Nepal, Department of Archaeology as a wayto go, amendment would be done as per the necessity

Site wise Master Plan has also been preparing, however itson the discussion and some of them are in progress

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Post Earthquake Activities …

Policy and Amendment of ConservationGuidelines

Post Earthquake Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Policyhas approved and implemented by the governmentthrough Nepal Reconstruction Authority

Post Earthquake Conservation, Reconstruction andRehabilitation Guidelines has also approved by theGovernment of Nepal

Post Earthquake Activities …

Preparation of drawings, designs and costestimation

As DoA has been strengthening its organizational capacity,preparation of drawing, designs and cost estimation hasalso been preparing very smoothly in the process ofdetail documentation after Earthquake

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International Cooperation for PostEarthquake Conservation,

Reconstruction, Rehabilitation

International Cooperation for Post Earthquake Conservation,Reconstruction, Rehabilitation

Assistance from UNESCO WHC/ Office in KathmanduGovernment of Nepal has received International Assistance Fund forEmergency Situation, through which the emergency activities for postearthquakes are going on

Besides that, DoA and UNESCO Office in Kathmandu have signed inthree different MoU for Emergency Activities as well as for protectionand overall further way out

DoA and Heritage and Environment Conservation Foundaiton Nepalhas also singed in a MoU for Emergency Protection, ComprehensiveMaster Plan and Research work, which is for Changu NarayanProtected Monument Zone, one of the component of KVWHP

Government of Nepal and China also singed in a MoU for conservation,reconstruction and rehabilitation of monuments within HanumandhokaDurbar Protected Monument Zone (Nautale Durbar) and NuwakotDurbar Complex

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International Cooperation …

GIZ has assisted providing construction material for emergency

protection as well as for the conservation of some monuments inBhaktapur Durbar Protected Monument Zone, one of the component ofKVWHP

A short Project on Sorting and Storing the wooden elements (collected)from the collapsed monuments within Hanumandhoka Durbar PMZ isbeing implementation in close coordination with UNESCO Office inKathmandu and national Experts thevery soon (within one or twoweeks)

Rescue of Mural Painting of Shantipur at Swyambhu is also going tostart very soon (from November 20) in collaboration with UNESCOOffice in Kathmandu

Archaeological Exploration and Excavation activities has been going onin close coordination with UNESCO Office in Kathmandu and DurhamUniversity, UK

International Cooperation …

ARCHES, one of the Documentation System is going to be adopt andimplement in the documentation over all in the cultural heritage ofNepal, which is also in close collaboration with UNESCO Office inKathmandu through Earthquake Response Coordination Office (ERCO)

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National CooperationFor Post Earthquake Conservation,

Reconstruction, Rehabilitation

National Cooperation for Post Earthquake Conservation,Reconstruction, Rehabilitation

KATHMANDU METROPOLITAN CITY AND BHAKTAPUR MUNICIPALITYhas been initiating for post earthquake conservation, reconstruction andrehabilitation allocating budget for conservation and rehabilitation ofmonuments

Bhaktapur Municipality has been conducting series of trainings fortraditional masons. Crafts-persons, carpenters and so on

Kathmandu Metropolitan City has also been conducting trainings forDocumentation of heritage buildings and initiating for other technicaltrainings

National Planning Commission, Ministry of Urban Development , Ministry ofLocal Development and other related Ministries has also been initiating forthe best of post earthquake conservation, reconstruction and rehabilitation

Coordinative Working Committee has been also actively working in thisregard (CWC – IMF/KVWHP)

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During Post Earthquake Response andRecovery Situation

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Full inventory and detaildocumentationof the elements

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CHALLENGES & LESSON LEARNT

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CHALLENGES

COORDINATION

Within National Agencies - Army, Police, Armed Police Force,

volunteer organizations/individuals

With International Agencies

With Humanitarian Volunteers/Agency

With Heritage professionals & Volunteers

Government and Bureaucracy

CHALLENGES …

EMERGENCY RESPONSE

Identification of Heritage

Preliminary Assessment

Detail Assessment

Salvaging and Documentation

Emergency Protection

Short Term and Long Term Planning

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CHALLENGES …

EXISTING LEGISLATIONS

Lacking Provisions in the Existing Legislative system

Quick arrangement for Special Legislative Provisions during

Quick Response to the Earthquake

Special Planning and Legislative and Functional Provisions for

reconstruction, rehabilitation, conservation, resettlement of towns

and villages

LESSON LEARNT

PREPAREDNESS – must always be updated/ready to implement

Complete study on the cultural heritage; at least the World

Heritage Sites and other national designated heritage

Publish and disseminate the reports, inventories of studied

heritage to make aware the people

Clear indication of evacuation planning or lay out within the area

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LESSON …

PREPAREDNESS – must always be updated/ready to implement

Clear identification of the heritage – which is which monument

Well equipped with necessary tools to work quickly and correctly

MAKE AWARE TO THE HERITAGE PROFESSIONALS TOMOBILISE WITH SELF MOTIVATION IN THE DISASTERSITUATION

LESSON …

EMERGENCY RESPONSE

Identification of Heritage – well prepared documentations

Preliminary Assessment – trained staffs

Detail Assessment – trained expertise / staffs

Salvaging and Documentation – trained human resources – Army,

Police and other collective potential groups

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LESSON …

Emergency Protection - trained professionals : staffs, consultants

Short term and long term planning - Patience work by

government and community

Community Awareness – full support for reconstruction and

rehabilitation process

LESSON …

COORDINATION – should be an identified coordinationmechanism as now ERCO

Within National Agencies - Army, Police, Armed Police Force,

volunteer organizations/individuals

With International Agencies – integral coordination for heritage

With Humanitarian Volunteers/Agency

With Heritage professionals & Volunteers

Government and Bureaucracy

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Conclusion

The earthquake of 25 April 2015 and the aftershocks havecaused the damage to the World Heritage property; however ithas been a coordinated response and planning for stepwiserehabilitation is underway. The Department of Archaeology,government of Nepal has been working together with Nationaland International communities including UNESCO in acoordinative way in the post-earthquake situation.

The Department of Archaeology has been doing its best forbetter conservation, reconstruction and rehabilitation of themonuments and revive the OUV of Kathmandu Valley WorldHeritage Property as well as of other national heritages