RESPIRATORY SYSTEMPART IINOVEMBER 1

AGENDA● REVIEW● QUESTION● NOTES

REVIEW

4 STEPS OF RESPIRATION1. VENTILATION

2. EXTERNALRESPIRATION

3. INTERNALRESPIRATION

4. CELLULARRESPIRATION

<Cellular Respiration/Aerobic Respiration>

glucose + oxygen →

energy + water + carbon dioxide

C6

H12

O6

+ 6 O2

→ ATP + 6 H

2O + 6 CO

2

Aerobic Cellular Respiration

ATP - adenosine triphosphate

Energy is stored in the bonds of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) via phosphorylation

Phosphorylation: the

addition of a phosphate

group to a molecule;

QUESTION

Where does ADP come from?

NOTES

Respiratory Structures and Processes

STRUCTURES

Respiratory Structures

Respiratory Structures - Conducting

MOUTH AND TWO NASAL CAVITIES● ENTRY FOR AIR● FILTERING SYSTEM

○ HAIRS, MUCUS

PHARYNX● AIR-FILLED CHANNEL● BRANCHES INTO TRACHEA AND

ESOPHAGUS

Respiratory Structures - Conducting

EPIGLOTTIS ● COVERS THE GLOTTIS DURING SWALLOWING

GLOTTIS● OPENING OF TRACHEA

LARYNX (VOICE BOX)● TWO HORIZONTAL TISSUES - VOCAL CORDS

Respiratory Structures - Conducting

TRACHEA (WINDPIPE)● LINED WITH MUCOUS MEMBRANES

AND CILIA● CARTILAGE RINGS → KEEP THE

TRACHEA OPEN

Respiratory Structures - Conducting

BRONCHI (SINGULAR: BRONCHUS)● CARTILAGE RINGS● CARRY AIR INTO THE LUNGS

Respiratory Structures - Conducting

BRONCHIOLES● NO CARTILAGINOUS RINGS● SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS

Respiratory Structures - Gas Exchange

Respiratory Structures - Gas Exchange

LAW OF DIFFUSION

1. DISTANCE

Shorter, more exchange

2. SURFACE AREA

Larger, more exchange

3. AMOUNT

More molecules, more exchange

What characteristics of the alveoli make them ideal for gas exchange?

1. DISTANCE

Thin membrane → 0.1 and 0.2 um

2. SURFACE AREA

150 million alveoli/lung → cover half a tennis court = 40 x S.A of a human body

3. AMOUNT

O2

rich alveolus + O2

poor capillary

Respiratory Structures - Gas Exchange

Respiratory Structures PLEURAL MEMBRANE● THIN, FLUID-FILLED ● SURROUNDS LUNG● INNER WALL OF THE CHEST CAVITY

Respiratory Structures

Respiratory Structures DIAPHRAGM● DOME-SHAPED MUSCLE ● PRIMARY MUSCLE IN BREATHING

Respiratory Structures INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES● EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL● CAUSE RIBS TO MOVE

INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES

PROCESSES

INSPIRATION AND EXPIRATION

INSPIRATION AND EXPIRATION

INSPIRATION● DIAPHRAGM CONTRACTS

= FLATTENS● INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES

CONTRACT● RIB CAGE MOVES

UPWARD + OUTWARD● INCREASE IN CHEST

CAVITY ● PRESSURE IN THE LUNGS

DECREASES● AIR MOVES INTO THE

LUNGS (DOWN THE PRESSURE GRADIENT)

INSPIRATION AND EXPIRATION

EXPIRATION● DIAPHRAGM RELAXES

= DOME-SHAPED● INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES RELAX● RIB CAGE MOVES DOWNWARD● DECREASE IN CHEST CAVITY ● PRESSURE IN THE LUNGS

INCREASES● AIR MOVES OUT OF THE LUNGS

(DOWN THE PRESSURE GRADIENT)

WHY IS GUNSHOT SO FATAL?

Respiratory Structures