ISSN 0036-8075

:7 December 19794': 0 v_1 . 4 ~~AA511volume ziu,.o-4Q4zi. 1, >

I

LETTERS The -Saty of 2q,4;,-?-A. H. Westing;, E H. Blair; Atlantic Hot4Spings?: P. A.Rona; R. A. Kerr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

EDITORIAL All Realy Great LesAre Tre: J. P,aknder. .........

ARTIT lhelium Question: E. Cook. . . . . . . . .

Keilip's Respiratory ChainConePt adthCinsequences:P. Mitchefll............"* lNT

..

., ,,.;

C0 "|ws

Parkk Is Sought to Save Indian Tribe in Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 10

Hum" RightsfqrTribal Peoples ...............

Brie*g: Ex-Ocialt Scoreo.GMfor Lack ofI,XO ion; Nuke Speak;

ApprovalSoughtforN#Pillant,. . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11684Ap 4Sogt,f-Q Nole ......P.."dot..Plant., . I.- . . . . . . . . . ............ . . ;,................... 16.

.ernor tste . . . .

gdofAcad ....... ........... . . .

The threat to Ozone Is Real, Increasing . . ... . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . .

Plants: Can They, Live in Salt Water and Like It? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168

1979 Election Results; Meeting Notes; Professionals anid Undergraduate Education;Energy Requirements ofRural America Discussed at Seminar; Mass MediaScience Fellows;The CinaIssue ofScience; Sectin News-Section B:;(Physics): R. U. Sincir; Women, Sience, 4iil: mhol*hogyt UNCSTD A-Follow-Up. .

1135

1139.

1141

1148

BOOK REVIEWS The Soviet Energy System, reviewed by G. Duffy; The History and Philosophy ofTechnology, A. C. Michalos; Plant Strategies and Vegetation Processes,0. T. Solbrig; Physics of Superionic Conductors, G. D. Mahan; BooksReceived . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1174

REPORTS Discharge of the Nile River: A Barometer of Short-Period Climate Variation:H. Riehl and J. Meitin ............................. . 1178

Recent Crustal Uplift in Yellowstoie National Park: J. R. Pelton andR . B. Smith . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1179

Dolphin Lung Collapse and Intramuscular Circulation During Free Diving:Evidence from Nitrogen Washout: S. H. Ridgway and R. Howard . . . . . . . 1182

Dopamine-Related Tetrahydroisoquinolines: Significant Urinary Excretion byAlcoholics After Alcohol Consumption: M. A. Collins et al .. . . . . . . . . . . 1184

Temperature-Dependent Sex Determination in Turtles: J. J. Bull and R. C. Vogt . . 1186

Target Cells for 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 in Intestinal Tract, Stomach,Kidney, Skin, Pituitary, and Parathyroid: W. E. Stumpf et al .. . . . . . . . . . 1188

A Glucose-Controlled Insulin-Delivery System: Semisynthetic Insulin Bound toLectin: M. Brownlee and A. Cerami ...................... . 1190

Different Nucleosome Structures on Transcribing and Nontranscribing RibosomalGene Sequences: E. M. Johnson, G. R. Campbell, V. G. Allfrey . . . . . . . . 1192

Time-Resolved Europium(III) Excitation Spectroscopy: A Luminescence Probe ofMetal Ion Binding Sites: W. DeW. Horrocks, Jr., and D. R. Sudnick . . . . . . 1194

The Dielectric Constant of Phospholipid Bilayers and the Permeability ofMembranes to Ions: J. P. Dilger et al. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1196

Microwaves: Effect on Thermoregulatory Behavior in Rats: S. Stern et al .... . . . 1198

Technical Comments: Chimpanzee Problem Comprehension: Insufficient Evidence:E. S. Savage-Rumbaugh and D. M. Rumbaugh; D. Premack and G. Woodruff . 1201

PRODUCTS AND Respirator; Micro Osmometers; Cryostat; Flame Photometer; Audio SignalMATERIALS Synthesizer; Solar Energy Meter; Infrared Spectrometer; Literature . . . . . . 1204

COVER

Felucca boats sailing the Nile River.Significant variations in climate on timescales of the order of 100 years havebeen found in the yearly records of theNile River discharge since A.D. 622.See page 1178. [Egyptian G.overmentTourist Office, New York City]

7 December 1979, Volume 206, Number 4423

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR All ReTHE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCEScience serves its readers as a forum for the presenta- The pr

tion and discussion of important issues related to the ad- a self-evilvancement of science, including the presentation of mi-nority or conflicting points of view, rather than by pub- bad. Thislishing only material on which a consensus has been cial, andreached. Accordingly, all articles published in Science-including editorials, news and comment, and book re- If costsviews-are signed and reflect the individual views of theauthors and not official points of view adopted by the benefit axAAAS or the institutions with which the authors are af- emientfiliated.

what wazEditorial Board man dise;

1979: E. PETER GEIDUSCHEK, WARD GOODENOUGH,N. BRUCE HANNAY, MARTIN J. KLEIN, FRANKLIN A. tion costLONG, NEAL E. MILLER, JEFFREY J. WINE Questi;

1980: RICHARD E. BALZHISER, WALLACE S. BROECK-ER, CLEMENT L. MARKERT, FRANK W. PUTNAM, BRY- unmamerANT W. ROSSITER, VERA C. RUBIN, MAXINE F. SINGER, current dPAUL E. WAGGONER, F. KARL WILLENBROCK . .d .of indivie

Publisher benefits aWILLIAM D. CAREY is, they r

Editor The firPHILIP H. ABELSON effective

Editorial Staff entire meManaging Editor Business ManagerROBERT V. ORMES HANS NUSSBAUM IS still aslAssistant Managing Editor Production Editor show usJOHN E. RINGLE ELLEN E. MURPHY Since tNews Editor: BARBARA J. CULLITONNews and Comment: WILLIAM J. BROAD, LUTHER J. the supp(

CARTER, CONSTANCE HOLDEN, ELIOT MARSHALL, naive. ElDEBORAH SHAPLEY, R. JEFFREY SMITH, NICHOLASWADE, JOHN WALSH. Editorial Assistant, SCHERRAINE cation ofMACK sagfnResearch News: BEVERLY KARPLUS HARTLINE, staggenRICHARD A. KERR, GINA BARI KOLATA, JEAN L. justificatiMARX, THOMAS H. MAUGH II, ARTHUR L. ROBINSON.Editorial Assistant, FANNIE GROOM be crucia

Consulting Editor: ALLEN L. HAMMOND SecondAssociate Editors: ELEANORE BUTZ, MARY DORF-

MAN, SYLVIA EBERHART, RUTH KULSTAD needs caAssistant Editors: CAITILIN GORDON, Lois SCHMITT people arBook Reviews: KATHERINE LIVINGSTON, Editor;

LINDA HEISERMAN, JANET KEGG majorityLetters: CHRISTINE KARLIKCopy Editors: ISABELLA BOULDIN, STEPHEN KEPPLE they serProduction: NANCY HARTNAGEL, JOHN BAKER; YA rightly fa

Li SWIGART, HOLLY BISHOP, ELEANOR WARNER;MARY MCDANIEL, JEAN ROCKWOOD, LEAH RYAN, we haveSHARON RYAN The oCovers, Reprints, and Permissions: GRAYCE FINGER, PEditor; CORRINE HARRIS, MARGARET LLOYD on the piGuide to Scientific Instruments: RICHARD G. SOMMER criteria dAssistant to the Editor: JACK R. ALSIPMembership Recruitment: GWENDOLYN HUDDLE societies.Member and Subscription Records: ANN RAGLAND l.i.EDITORIAL CORRESPONDENCE: 1515 Massachu- politic

setts Ave., NW, Washington, D.C. 20005. Area code keeps yoi202. General Editorial Office, 467-4350; Book Reviews,467-4367; Guide to Scientific Instruments, 467-4480; cost-beneNews and Comment, 467-4430; Reprints and Per- And thmissions, 467-4483; Research News, 467-4321. Cable:Advancesci, Washington. For "Instructions for Contrib- pursuit outors," write the editorial office or see page xi, Science, extension28 September 1979.BUSINESS CORRESPONDENCE: Area Code 202. strive forMembership and Subscriptions: 4674417. erland kn

Advertising Representatives When 1Director: EARL J. SCHERAGO populatioProduction Manager: GINA REILLYpouaiAdvertising Sales Manager: RICHARD L. CHARLES they neecMarketing Manager: HERBERT L. BURKLUND asked for

Sales: NEW YORK, N.Y. 10036: Steve Hamburger, 1515Broadway (212-730-1050); SCOTCH PLAINS, N.J. 07076: of LandstC. Richard Callis, 12 Unami Lane (201-889-4873); CHI- tioner if ICAGO, ILL. 60611: Jack Ryan, Room 2107, 919 N. Mich-igan Ave. (312-337-4973); BEVERLY HILLS, CALIF. -JOHN I90211: Winn Nance, 111 N. La Cienega Blvd. (213-657-2772); DORSET, VT. 05251: Fred W. Dieffenbach, Kent Medical IHill Rd. (802-867-5581) 304ADVERTISING CORRESPONDENCE: Tenth floor,1515 Broadway, New York, N.Y. 10036. Phone: 212-730-1050. *Julius H. C

SCIE:NCE

mally Great Lies Are Half Trueoposition that good is preferable to evil is for most of us an axiom,ident truth. Not so evident, however, is what is good and what iss lack of consensus exists for a wide range of issues-political, so-personal-as a glance at the morning paper will show.s can be totally equated with bad and benefits with good, then cost-nalysis of medical research would appear equally axiomatic. Gov-and private sources of research money are increasingly asking, "Iny will your project contribute to our ability to prevent or treat hu-ase?" And because good is so obviously preferable to bad, to ques-,-benefit analysis appears as illogical as questioning motherhood.oning motherhood, however, may not be so illogical if you are 14,d, and 7 months pregnant. Similarly,.there are two fatal flaws in thelemand for cost-benefit analysis. First, it is increasingly demandeddual projects, rather than of research as a whole. Second, whileare benefits, the costs incurred may have redeeming features-thatmay not be wholly bad.rst question is that of the part and the whole. The discovery ofpolio vaccines saves the U.S. community more each year than thesdical research budget; this takes care of the global question. But itked about your project, and mine, "'If $50,000 is invested, can youconclusively and prospectively how we will save $100,000?"the milestone study by Comroe and Dripps of the scientific basis forort of biomedical research,* such a question appears increasingly,ffective, safe, corrective open-heart surgery involves the appli-rfindings-more often than not of basic, undirected research-in ag range of fields. Could Landsteiner have provided a cost-benefition of his work on blood groups, on the basis that one day it would1 for cardiac surgery?I, the premise that the cost of medical research is unrelievedly badreful scrutiny. In Western societies a very small percentage ofre involved in primary production of the necessities of life. Thework in occupations that are "nonproductive" in this sense-bevice, administrative, or creative. In Bangladesh, priorities mayvor skim milk over medical research, soybeans over symphonies;the luxury of options.litician, the treasury official, the research worker-we are all costsublic purse. We are all judged to be more or less worthwhile onifferent from those of subsistence farmers or hunting-and-gatheringFinancially, the doctor may be better off in private practice, theback in his law office, the treasury official in a boardroom. What

iu in the laboratory at,nights, at home writing on weekends, is notifit but commitment.e commitment is to doing something well, not saving mankind. The)f excellence-in singing, or science, or whatever-is the logicala of our starting axiom; if good is preferable to bad, then we shouldthe best. And you know, and the politician listening to Joan Suth-lOWS, that excellence is not just its own reward.the people of the Ile-de-France began building Notre Dame, the)n of Paris was 35,000; on any short-term, dollars-and-cents basis,ded Notre Dame like a hole in the head. So the next time you area cost-benefit analysis of a particular project, think of polio, thinkteiner, think of Notre Dame-and innocently inquire of your ques-he has data on the costs and benefits of cost-benefit analyses.FUNDER, President, Australian Society for Medical Research,Research Centre, Prince Henry's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia

I (liH'Comroe, Jr., and Robert D. Dripps, Science 192, 105 (1976).I - - ss - as. >S