This resource type was originally developed by the Global Health Education and Learning Incubator at Harvard University in 2018. It is used and distributed with permission by the Global Health Education and Learning Incubator at Harvard University. The Incubator’s educational materials are not intended to serve as endorsements or sources of primary data, and do not necessarily reflect the views of Harvard University. [Last updated: June 2020]

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Emerging Epidemics Resource Pack 2020

Overview This resource pack was curated by the Global Health Education and Learning Incubator at Harvard University (GHELI) to explore the multiple dimensions of infectious disease outbreaks. The multidisciplinary materials are suitable for graduate students and educators wanting to understand the current context of emerging and evolving infectious diseases through multiple lenses: ethics in surveillance and during outbreaks; health security; global governance challenges and opportunities; zoonoses; and modeling, methods, and data. In particular, materials in this collection summarize lessons learned from recent Ebola, Zika, and influenza responses, outline considerations for collective action, and situate the issue in broader conversations about shifting global and environmental risks.

This resource pack includes:

• Emerging and Evolving Infectious Diseases • Ethics in Surveillance and Outbreaks • Security, Financing, International Collective Action • Global Governance, Investment in R&D • Global Vaccine Strategy for Access and Development • Zoonoses, Ecosystems, Environmental Dynamics • Modeling, Methods, Data • Country Case Examples • Editorials, Perspectives, Briefs

Resource Pack: Emerging Epidemics

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Selected Resources *indicates resource listed in GHELI's online Repository

EMERGING AND EVOLVING INFECTIOUS DISEASES

*Article. Emerging, Evolving, and Established Infectious Diseases and Interventions Halloran ME, Longini IM. Emerging, Evolving, and Established Infectious Diseases and Interventions. Science 2014; 345(6202): 1292-1294. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1254166.

Article. The Spread of Invasive Species and Infectious Disease as Drivers of Ecosystem Change Crowl TA et al. The Spread of Invasive Species and Infectious Disease as Drivers of Ecosystem Change. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 2008; 6(5): 238-246. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1890/070151.

* Report Chapter. Pandemics: Risks, Impacts, and Mitigation Madhav N et al. Chapter 17: Pandemics: Risks, Impacts, and Mitigation. Disease Control Priorities: Improving Health and Reducing Poverty. The World Bank Group 2017. Pages 315-345. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/28877.

* Report Chapter. Major Infectious Diseases: Key Messages From Disease Control Priorities Holmes KK et al., eds. Chapter 1: Major Infectious Diseases: Key Messages From Disease Control Priorities, Third Edition. Disease Control Priorities: Major Infectious Diseases. The World Bank Group 2017. Pages 1-27. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/28659.

* Report. Managing Epidemics: Key Facts About Major Deadly Diseases Managing Epidemics: Key Facts About Major Deadly Diseases. World Health Organization 2018. http://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/managing-epidemics/en.

* Article. Pandemic Preparedness and Response – Lessons From H1N1 Influenza of 2009 Fineberg HV. Pandemic Preparedness and Response – Lessons From H1N1 Influenza of 2009. The New England Journal of Medicine 2014; 370: 1335-1342. https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMra1208802.

Report Chapter. Global Disease Outbreak Global Disease Outbreaks. Part 3: Risks in Focus. Global Risks Report 2016. World Economic Forum 2016. Pages 38-67. http://reports.weforum.org/global-risks-2016/global-disease-outbreaks.

* Report. Integrating Neglected Tropical Diseases in Global Health and Development: Fourth WHO Report on Neglected Tropical Diseases Integrating Neglected Tropical Diseases in Global Health and Development: Fourth WHO Report on Neglected Tropical Diseases. World Health Organization 2017. http://www.who.int/neglected_diseases/resources/9789241565448/en.

* Report. Urbanization and Slums: New Transmission Pathways of Infectious Diseases in the Built Environment—A Workshop Urbanization and Slums: New Transmission Pathways of Infectious Diseases in the Built Environment—A Workshop. The National Academies Press 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17226/25070.

* Article. Planning for Large Epidemics and Pandemics: Challenges From a Policy Perspective Jain V et al. Planning for Large Epidemics and Pandemics: Challenges From a Policy Perspective. Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 2018; 31(4): 316-324. https://journals.lww.com/co-infectiousdiseases/Abstract/2018/08000/Planning_for_large_epidemics_and_pandemics__.9.aspx.

* Article. Pandemic Risk: How Large Are the Expected Losses? Fan VY, Jamison DT, Summers LH. Pandemic Risk: How Large Are the Expected Losses? Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2018; 96(2): 129–134. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5791779.

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Report. Building Communication Capacity to Counter Infectious Disease Threats: Proceedings of a Workshop Building Communication Capacity to Counter Infectious Disease Threats: Proceedings of a Workshop. The National Academies Press 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17226/24738.

* Report. Global Vector Response 2017-2030 Global Vector Response 2017-2030. World Health Organization 2017. http://www.who.int/malaria/global-vector-control-response/en.

Article. Expenditures on Vaccine-Preventable Disease Surveillance: Analysis and Evaluation of Comprehensive Multi-Year Plans (Cmyps) for Immunization Hossain A et al. Expenditures on Vaccine-Preventable Disease Surveillance: Analysis and Evaluation of Comprehensive Multi-Year Plans (Cmyps) for Immunization. Vaccine 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.07.068.

Video. The Next Outbreak? Gates B. The Next Outbreak? We’re Not Ready. TED 2015. https://www.ted.com/talks/bill_gates_the_next_disaster_we_re_not_ready.

Article. The 2011 Pandemic Influenza Preparedness Framework: Global Health Secured or a Missed Opportunity? Kamradt-Scott A, Lee K. The 2011 Pandemic Influenza Preparedness Framework: Global Health Secured or a Missed Opportunity? Political Studies; 2011 Vol 59(4): 831-847. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2011.00926.x.

Article. The WHO Pandemic Influenza Preparedness Framework: A Milestone in Global Governance for Health Fidler DP, Gostin LO. The WHO Pandemic Influenza Preparedness Framework: A Milestone in Global Governance for Health. JAMA 2011; 306(2): 200-201. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2011.960. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/1104074.

Article. A Retrospective and Prospective Analysis of the West African Ebola Virus Disease Epidemic Gostin LO et al. A Retrospective and Prospective Analysis of the West African Ebola Virus Disease Epidemic: Robust National Health Systems at the Foundation and an Empowered WHO at the Apex. The Lancet 2015; 385(9980): 1902–1909. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60644-4.

Article. Virus Sharing, Genetic Sequencing, and Global Health Security Gostin L et al. Virus Sharing, Genetic Sequencing, and Global Health Security. Science 2014; 345(6202): 1295-1296. DOI: 10.1126/science.1257622. https://science.sciencemag.org/content/345/6202/1295.

* Case. Ensuring Vaccine Supply for the Next Pandemic Flu: Will the World Be Ready? Moon S, Gordon R. Ensuring Vaccine Supply for the Next Pandemic Flu: Will the World Be Ready? Global Health Education and Learning Incubator at Harvard University, Connors Center for Women’s Health at Brigham and Women’s Hospital, FXB Center for Health and Human Rights, Harvard University 2014. http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/10686.

Report. Public Health Measures During the Influenza A(H1N1) 2009 Pandemic Public Health Measures During the Influenza A(H1N1) 2009 Pandemic. World Health Organization 2011. https://www.who.int/influenza/resources/documents/health_mesures_h1n1_2009/en.

* Data Interactive. COVID-19 Global Cases Coronavirus COVID-19 Global Cases by Johns Hopkins Center for Systems Science and Engineering. Johns Hopkins Center for Systems Science and Engineering. http://www.arcgis.com/apps/opsdashboard/index.html#/bda7594740fd40299423467b48e9ecf6.

* Data Interactive. Coronavirus Simulator Coronavirus Simulator. The Washington Post 2020; March 14. https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2020/world/corona-simulator.

* Data Portal. State Data and Policy Actions to Address Coronavirus State Data and Policy Actions to Address Coronavirus. Henry J Kaiser Family Foundation. https://www.kff.org/health-costs/issue-brief/state-data-and-policy-actions-to-address-coronavirus.

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* Web Portal. LitCOVID Lu Z et al. LitCOVID. National Institutes of Health. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/research/coronavirus.

* Web Portal. CDC: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/index.html.

* Fact Sheet. Q&A on Coronaviruses Q&A on Coronaviruses (COVID-19). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/q-a-coronaviruses.

ETHICS IN SURVEILLANCE AND OUTBREAKS

* Report/Toolkit/Lessons. Integrating Ethics in Infectious Disease Outbreaks Integrating Ethics in Infectious Disease Outbreaks. World Health Organization 2018. https://extranet.who.int/ethics.

Report. Ethical Issues Associated With Vector Borne Diseases Ethical Issues Associated With Vector Borne Diseases. World Health Organization 2017. http://www.who.int/ethics/publications/vector-borne-diseases-ethics/en.

Report. WHO Guidelines on Ethical Issues in Public Health Surveillance WHO Guidelines on Ethical Issues in Public Health Surveillance. World Health Organization 2017. http://www.who.int/ethics/publications/public-health-surveillance-guidelines/en.

Report. Guidance for Managing Ethical Issues in Infectious Disease Outbreaks Guidance for Managing Ethical Issues in Infectious Disease Outbreaks. World Health Organization 2016. http://www.who.int/ethics/publications/infectious-disease-outbreaks/en.

Report. Global Health Ethics: Key Issues Global Health Ethics: Key Issues. World Health Organization 2015. http://www.who.int/ethics/publications/global-health-ethics/en.

Report/Training Manual. Ethics in Epidemics, Emergencies and Disasters: Research, Surveillance and Patient Care Ethics in Epidemics, Emergencies and Disasters: Research, Surveillance and Patient Care. World Health Organization 2015. http://www.who.int/ethics/publications/epidemics-emergencies-research/en.

SECURITY, FINANCING, INTERNATIONAL COLLECTION ACTION

Article. The International Health Regulations: The Governing Framework for Global Health Security Gostin L, Katz R. The International Health Regulations: The Governing Framework for Global Health Security. The Milbank Quarterly 2016; 94(2): 264–313. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2F1468-0009.12186.

* Article. The Neglected Dimension of Global Security – A Framework for Countering Infectious – Disease Crises Sands P et al. The Neglected Dimension of Global Security – A Framework for Countering Infectious – Disease Crises. The New England Journal of Medicine 2016; 374: 1281-1287. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMsr1600236.

Report. From Panic and Neglect to Investing in Health Security: Financing Pandemic Preparedness at a National Level From Panic and Neglect to Investing in Health Security: Financing Pandemic Preparedness at a National Level. International Working Group on Financing Preparedness. The World Bank 2017. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/979591495652724770/From-panic-and-neglect-to-investing-in-health-security-financing-pandemic-preparedness-at-a-national-level.

* Web Portal. WHO: Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Outbreak Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Outbreak. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019.

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* Web Portal. Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Situation Reports Coronavirus Disease (COVID-2019) Situation Reports. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/situation-reports.

Article. Financing of International Collective Action for Epidemic and Pandemic Preparedness Yamey G et al. Financing of International Collective Action for Epidemic and Pandemic Preparedness. The Lancet Global Health 2017; 5(8): e742–744. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(17)30203-6.

Article. Lassa Fever and Global Health Security Lassa Fever and Global Health Security. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 2018; 18(4): 357. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30179-8.

* Report. The Global Risks Report 2020 The Global Risks Report 2020. World Economic Forum 2020. https://www.weforum.org/reports/the-global-risks-report-2020.

* Report. COVID-19 Risks Outlook: A Preliminary Mapping and Its Implications COVID-19 Risks Outlook: A Preliminary Mapping and Its Implications. World Economic Forum 2020. https://www.weforum.org/reports/covid-19-risks-outlook-a-preliminary-mapping-and-its-implications.

* Fact Sheet. How Is Pandemic Flu Different From Seasonal Flu? How Is Pandemic Flu Different from Seasonal Flu? Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2016. https://www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources/basics/about.html.

GLOBAL GOVERNANCE, INVESTMENT IN R&D

Article/Perspective. International Engagement is Critical to Fighting Epidemics Nuzzo JB, Shearer MP. International Engagement is Critical to Fighting Epidemics. Health Security 2017; 15(1): 33–35. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1089/hs.2016.0098.

* Editorial/Perspective. In Search of Global Governance for Research in Epidemics Peters DH et al. In Search of Global Governance for Research in Epidemics. The Lancet 2017; 390(10103): 1632–1633. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32546-1. Web Portal. R&D Blueprint. World Health Organization 2017. www.who.int/blueprint/about/en.

* Report. 2018 Annual Review of Diseases Prioritized Under the Research and Development Blueprint 2018 Annual Review of Diseases Prioritized Under the Research and Development Blueprint. World Health Organization 2018. http://www.who.int/blueprint/priority-diseases/en.

Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever (CCHF). World Health Organization 2018. http://www.who.int/blueprint/priority-diseases/key-action/crimean-congo-haemorrhagic-fever/en.

Zika Zika. World Health Organization 2018. http://www.who.int/blueprint/priority-diseases/key-action/zika/en.

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). World Health Organization 2018. http://www.who.int/blueprint/priority-diseases/key-action/mers-cov/en.

Ebola Virus Disease and Marburg Virus Disease Ebola Virus Disease and Marburg Virus Disease. World Health Organization 2018. http://www.who.int/blueprint/priority-diseases/key-action/ebola/en.

Lassa Fever Lassa Fever. World Health Organization 2018. http://www.who.int/blueprint/priority-diseases/key-action/lassa-fever/en.

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Nipah and Henipaviral Diseases Nipah and Henipaviral Diseases. World Health Organization 2018. http://www.who.int/blueprint/priority-diseases/key-action/nipah/en.

Reports. Product Development for Vaccines Advisory Committee Product Development for Vaccines Advisory Committee. World Health Organization 2018. http://www.who.int/immunization/research/committees/pdvac/en.

Chapter. Access to Essential Medicines, TRIPS and the Patent System Chapter 15 – Access to Essential Medicines, TRIPS and the Patent System. Advancing the Right to Health: The Vital Role of Law. World Health Organization 2017. http://www.who.int/healthsystems/topics/health-law/health_law-report/en.

GLOBAL VACCINE STRATEGY FOR ACCESS AND DEVELOPMENT

Report. 2017 Assessment Report of the Global Vaccine Action Plan 2017 Assessment Report of the Global Vaccine Action Plan. Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization. World Health Organization 2017. http://www.who.int/immunization/global_vaccine_action_plan/sage_gvap_october_2017/en.

Report. Global Vaccine Action Plan: Monitoring, Evaluation & Accountability, Secretariat Annual Report 2017 Global Vaccine Action Plan: Monitoring, Evaluation & Accountability, Secretariat Annual Report 2017. World Health Organization 2017. http://www.who.int/immunization/global_vaccine_action_plan/previous_secretariat_reports_immunization_scorecards/en.

Topic Portal. Global Vaccine Action Plan 2011-2020 Global Vaccine Action Plan 2011-2020. World Health Organization 2018. http://www.who.int/immunization/global_vaccine_action_plan/GVAP_doc_2011_2020/en.

Topic Portal. Regional Vaccine Action Plans Regional Vaccine Action Plans. World Health Organization 2018. http://www.who.int/immunization/global_vaccine_action_plan/regional_vaccine_action_plans/en.

Report. Vaccine Position Papers by Disease Vaccine Position Papers by Disease. World Health Organization 2018. http://www.who.int/immunization/documents/positionpapers/en.

Report. WHO 5th Product Development for 2018 Vaccines Advisory Committee (PDVAC) Meeting WHO 5th Product Development for 2018 Vaccines Advisory Committee (PDVAC) Meeting: June 26-28, 2018. Executive Summary. World Health Organization 2018. http://www.who.int/immunization/research/meetings_workshops/pdvac_june18/en.

ZOONOSES, ECOSYSTEMS, ENVIRONMENTAL DYNAMICS

* Article Series. One Health for a Changing World: Zoonoses, Ecosystems and Human Well-Being One Health for a Changing World: Zoonoses, Ecosystems and Human Well-Being. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 2017; 372(1725). http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/372/1725.

One Health for a Changing World: New Perspectives From Africa Cunningham AA, Scoones I, Wood JLN. One Health for a Changing World: New Perspectives From Africa. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 2017; 372(1725). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0162.

Local Disease–Ecosystem–Livelihood Dynamics: Reflections From Comparative Case Studies in Africa Leach M et al. Local Disease–ecosystem–livelihood Dynamics: Reflections From Comparative Case Studies in Africa. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 2017; 372(1725). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0163.

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One Health Contributions Towards More Effective and Equitable Approaches to Health in Low- and Middle-Income Countries Cleaveland S et al. One Health Contributions Towards More Effective and Equitable Approaches to Health in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 2017; 372(1725). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0168.

Poor Livestock Keepers: Ecosystem–poverty–health Interactions Grace D et al. Poor Livestock Keepers: Ecosystem–poverty–health Interactions. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 2017; 372(1725). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0166.

One Health, Emerging Infectious Diseases and Wildlife: Two Decades of Progress? Cunningham AA, Daszak P, Wood JLN. One Health, Emerging Infectious Diseases and Wildlife: Two Decades of Progress? Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 2017; 372(1725). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0167.

Views From Many Worlds: Unsettling Categories in Interdisciplinary Research on Endemic Zoonotic Diseases MacGregor H, Waldman L. Views From Many Worlds: Unsettling Categories in Interdisciplinary Research on Endemic Zoonotic Diseases. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 2017; 372(1725). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0170.

Facility-Based Surveillance for Emerging Infectious Diseases; Diagnostic Practices in Rural West African Hospital Settings: Observations From Ghana Jephcott FL, Wood JLN, Cunningham AA. Facility-Based Surveillance for Emerging Infectious Diseases; Diagnostic Practices in Rural West African Hospital Settings: Observations From Ghana. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 2017; 372(1725). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0544.

Structural Drivers of Vulnerability to Zoonotic Disease in Africa Dzingirai V et al. Structural Drivers of Vulnerability to Zoonotic Disease in Africa. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 2017; 372(1725). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0169.

Integrative Modelling for One Health: Pattern, Process and Participation Scoones I et al. Integrative Modelling for One Health: Pattern, Process and Participation. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 2017; 372(1725). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0164.

Spatial, Seasonal and Climatic Predictive Models of Rift Valley Fever Disease Across Africa Redding DQ et al. Spatial, Seasonal and Climatic Predictive Models of Rift Valley Fever Disease Across Africa. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 2017; 372(1725). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0165.

Zoonoses, One Health and Complexity: Wicked Problems and Constructive Conflict Waltner-Toews D. Zoonoses, One Health and Complexity: Wicked Problems and Constructive Conflict. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 2017; 372(1725). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0171.

Engaging Research With Policy and Action: What Are the Challenges of Responding to Zoonotic Disease in Africa? Bardosh KL et al. Engaging Research With Policy and Action: What Are the Challenges of Responding to Zoonotic Disease in Africa? Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 2017; 372(1725). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0172.

Workshop Report. Emerging Viral Diseases: The One Health Connection: Workshop Summary Emerging Viral Diseases: The One Health Connection: Workshop Summary. The National Academies Press 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17226/18975.

* Report. Combating Antimicrobial Resistance: A One Health Approach to a Global Threat Combating Antimicrobial Resistance: A One Health Approach to a Global Threat: Proceedings of a Workshop. The National Academies Press 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17226/24914.

* Report. Health and Climate Change: Policy Responses to Protect Public Health Watts N et al. Health and Climate Change: Policy Responses to Protect Public Health. The Lancet 2015; 386(10006): 1861–1914. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60854-6.

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* Report. Safeguarding Human Health in the Anthropocene Epoch: Report of The Rockefeller Foundation–Lancet Commission on Planetary Health Whitmee S et al. Safeguarding Human Health in the Anthropocene Epoch: Report of The Rockefeller Foundation–Lancet Commission on Planetary Health. The Lancet 2015; 386(10007): 1973–2028. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60901-1.

Article. Climate-Driven Introduction of the Black Death and Successive Plague Reintroductions Into Europe Schmid BV et al. Climate-Driven Introduction of the Black Death and Successive Plague Reintroductions Into Europe. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2015. http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2015/02/20/1412887112.short.

MODELING, METHODS, DATA

* Article. Big Data for Infectious Disease Surveillance and Modeling Bansal S et al. Big Data for Infectious Disease Surveillance and Modeling. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 2016; 214(S4): S375–S379. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiw400.

Article. Modelling the Global Spread of Diseases: A Review of Current Practice and Capability Walters CE et al. Modelling the Global Spread of Diseases: A Review of Current Practice and Capability. Epidemics 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epidem.2018.05.007.

* Article. Using Data-Driven Agent-Based Models for Forecasting Emerging Infectious Diseases Venkatramanan S et al. Using Data-Driven Agent-Based Models for Forecasting Emerging Infectious Diseases. Epidemics 2018; 22: 43-49. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epidem.2017.02.010.

Article. Characterising Pandemic Severity and Transmissibility From Data Collected During First Few Hundred Studies Black AJ et al. Characterising Pandemic Severity and Transmissibility From Data Collected During First Few Hundred Studies. Epidemics 2017; 19: 61-73. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epidem.2017.01.004.

Article. Estimating the Reproductive Number, Total Outbreak Size, and Reporting Rates for Zika Epidemics in South and Central America Shutt DP et al. Estimating the Reproductive Number, Total Outbreak Size, and Reporting Rates for Zika Epidemics in South and Central America. Epidemics 2017; 21: 63-79. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epidem.2017.06.005. Report. Dynamic Transmission Modeling: A Report of the ISPOR-SMDM Modeling Good Research Practices Task Force-5 Pitman R et al. Dynamic Transmission Modeling: A Report of the ISPOR-SMDM Modeling Good Research Practices Task Force-5. Value in Health 2012; 15: 828-834. https://www.ispor.org/docs/default-source/resources/outcomes-research-guidelines-index/dynamic_transmission_modeling-5.pdf?sfvrsn=86c71849_0.

* Article. Using Mobile Technology to Optimize Disease Surveillance and Healthcare Delivery at Mass Gatherings: A Case Study From India’s Kumbh Mela Kazi DS et al. Using Mobile Technology to Optimize Disease Surveillance and Healthcare Delivery at Mass Gatherings: A Case Study From India’s Kumbh Mela. Journal of Public Health 2017; 39(3): 616-624. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdw091.

COUNTRY CASE EXAMPLES

Country Profile. Indonesia Indonesia. World Intellectual Property Organization. https://www.wipo.int/directory/en/details.jsp?country_code=ID.

Report. Protecting People and Animals: Annual Report 2017 Protecting People and Animals: Annual Report 2017. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Emergency Center for Transboundary Animal Diseases Indonesia 2017. http://www.fao.org/3/CA1086EN/ca1086en.pdf.

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Report. USAID/Indonesia Avian and Pandemic Influenza (API) Program Evaluation 2009-2014 USAID/Indonesia Avian and Pandemic Influenza (API) Program Evaluation 2009-2014. United Nations Agency for International Development 2014. http://ghpro.dexisonline.com/sites/default/files/B4-009%20Indonesia%20API%20Eval%203.20.14.pdf.

Article. H1N1, Globalization, and the Epidemiology of Inequality Sparke M, Anguelov D. H1N1, Globalization, and the Epidemiology of Inequality. Health & Place 2012; 18(4): 726-736. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2011.09.001.

Article. WHO’S Virus Is It Anyway? Carter J. WHO’S Virus Is It Anyway? How the World Health Organization Can Protect Against Claims of “Viral Sovereignty”. Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law 2010; 38(3). https://digitalcommons.law.uga.edu/gjicl/vol38/iss3/10.

Article. Negotiating Equitable Access to Influenza Vaccines: Global Health Diplomacy and the Controversies Surrounding Avian Influenza H5N1 and Pandemic Influenza H1N1 Fidler DP. Negotiating Equitable Access to Influenza Vaccines: Global Health Diplomacy and the Controversies Surrounding Avian Influenza H5N1 and Pandemic Influenza H1N1. PLOS Medicine 2010; 7(5): e1000247. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000247.

Article. Indonesia, H5N1, and Global Health Diplomacy Irwin R. Indonesia, H5N1, and Global Health Diplomacy. Global Health Governance 2010; 3(2). http://blogs.shu.edu/ghg/files/2011/11/Irwin_Indonesia-H5N1-and-Global-Health-Diplomacy_Spring-2010.pdf.

Slides. OFFLU Project on Vaccination in Indonesia Dauphin G. OFFLU Project on Vaccination in Indonesia. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. https://ec.europa.eu/food/sites/food/files/animals/docs/ad_cm_ai_nrl-annual-meetings-14_pres-17.pdf.

Article. Influenza Virus Samples, International Law, and Global Health Diplomacy Fidler DP. Influenza Virus Samples, International Law, and Global Health Diplomacy. Articles by Maurer Faculty 2008. https://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/facpub/447.

News. Indonesia Details Reasons for Withholding H5N1 Viruses. Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy Roos R. Indonesia Details Reasons for Withholding H5N1 Viruses. Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy. University of Minnesota 2008; Jul 15. http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2008/07/indonesia-details-reasons-withholding-h5n1-viruses.

EDITORIALS, PERSPECTIVES, BRIEFS

Editorial/Perspective. How to Be Ready for the Next Influenza Pandemic How to Be Ready for the Next Influenza Pandemic. The Lancet Infectious Disease 2018; 18(7): 697. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30364-5.

* Brief/Perspective. The Latest Ebola Outbreaks: What Has Changed in the International and U.S. Response Since 2014? Michaud J, Kates J. The Latest Ebola Outbreaks: What Has Changed in the International and U.S. Response Since 2014? Henry J Kaiser Family Foundation 2018. https://www.kff.org/global-health-policy/issue-brief/the-latest-ebola-outbreak-what-has-changed-in-the-international-and-u-s-response-since-2014.

* Editorial/Perspective. In Search of Global Governance for Research in Epidemics Peters DH et al. In Search of Global Governance for Research in Epidemics. The Lancet 2017; 390(10103): 1632–1633. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32546-1.

Simulation/Perspective. Innovation for Epidemics Gates B. Innovation for Epidemics. Shattuck Lecture 2018. https://www.gatesfoundation.org/Media-Center/Speeches/2018/04/Shattuck-Lecture-Innovation-for-Pandemics.

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Editorial/Perspective. Mechanistic Models of Infectious Disease and Their Impact on Public Health Lessler J, Cummings DAT. Mechanistic Models of Infectious Disease and Their Impact on Public Health. American Journal of Epidemiology 2016; 183(5): 415-422. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kww021.

Brief. Missing: Where Are the Migrants in Pandemic Influenza Preparedness Plans? Wickramage K et al. Missing: Where Are the Migrants in Pandemic Influenza Preparedness Plans? Health and Human Rights Journal 2018. https://www.hhrjournal.org/2018/05/missing-where-are-the-migrants-in-pandemic-influenza-preparedness-plans.

Brief. Pandemic Influenza Preparedness Framework: Q&As Pandemic Influenza Preparedness Framework: Q&As. World Health Organization 2016. https://www.who.int/influenza/pip/QA_Flyer.pdf?ua=1.

Perspective. Innovation for Epidemics Gates B. Innovation for Epidemics. Shattuck Lecture 2018. https://www.gatesfoundation.org/Media-Center/Speeches/2018/04/Shattuck-Lecture-Innovation-for-Pandemics.

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Annotated Bibliography

EMERGING AND EVOLVING INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Article. Emerging, Evolving, and Established Infectious Diseases and Interventions Halloran ME, Longini IM. Emerging, Evolving, and Established Infectious Diseases and Interventions. Science 2014; 345(6202): 1292-1294. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1254166. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/11165 This article from Science discusses how the shifting landscape of infectious diseases and interventions poses challenges. Planning, implementing, and evaluating interventions against infectious diseases depend on the nature of the infectious disease; the availability of intervention measures; and logistical, economic, and political constraints. Infectious diseases and vaccines—or drug-based interventions—can be loosely categorized by the degree to which the infectious disease and the intervention are well established. Pertussis, polio, and measles are three examples of long-known infectious diseases for which global vaccination has dramatically reduced the public health burden. Focused field epidemiology and surveillance are needed to provide the information required to make informed policy decisions about interventions to further global public health.

Article. The Spread of Invasive Species and Infectious Disease as Drivers of Ecosystem Change Crowl TA et al. The Spread of Invasive Species and Infectious Disease as Drivers of Ecosystem Change. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 2008; 6(5): 238-246. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1890/070151. This article from Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment examines the interactions between invasive species, disease vectors, and pathogens to explore their impact on ecosystem change. Changes in global climate, land use, and transport vectors are exacerbating and shifting the ecological and societal consequences of invasive species and pathogens—further underscoring the need for more nuanced approaches to untangling trends and patterns in disease emergence. The authors emphasize that an integrated network of research platforms is needed to pinpoint disease emergence and provide early detection and understanding of infectious diseases. In particular, the authors highlight the need for state and federal partnerships to build the evidence base needed and the role of citizen science in supporting these efforts.

Report Chapter. Pandemics: Risks, Impacts, and Mitigation Madhav N et al. Chapter 17: Pandemics: Risks, Impacts, and Mitigation. Disease Control Priorities: Improving Health and Reducing Poverty. The World Bank Group 2017. Pages 315-345. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/28877. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/12682 This report chapter from the World Bank examines the latest data and analysis for worldwide pandemics, their risks, impacts, and tactics of mitigation. In it, the authors outline the history and correlation between pandemic emergence, trends in globalization, and evolving policy approaches used by the international community to strengthen pandemic preparedness. Despite improvements in pandemic trends due to these policies, progress has been uneven and has led to greater mortality impacts in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).

This chapter is from the ninth volume of the Disease Control Priorities, third edition (DCP3) series, which focuses on the improvement of health and reducing poverty worldwide. The Disease Control Priorities Network (DCP) promotes and supports the use of economic evaluation for priority setting at both global and national levels, providing the most up-to-date evidence on intervention efficacy and program effectiveness for the leading causes of global disease burden. DCP3 presents its findings in nine individual volumes; the first eight focus on conceptually related health challenges—essential surgery, maternal/child health, cancer, mental and neurological disorders, cardiovascular and respiratory disorders, major infectious diseases, injury prevention, and child and adolescent development—and each package addresses the disease burden, interventions, policies, and economics of that cluster of health issues. The ninth volume provides an overview with main findings and conclusions about achieving health priorities. DCP3 chapters, background papers, articles, reports, briefs, and related resources are publicly accessible.

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Report Chapter. Major Infectious Diseases: Key Messages From Disease Control Priorities Holmes KK et al., eds. Chapter 1: Major Infectious Diseases: Key Messages From Disease Control Priorities, Third Edition. Disease Control Priorities: Major Infectious Diseases. The World Bank Group 2017. Pages 1-27. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/28659. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/12683 This report chapter summarizes key findings from the sixth volume of the Disease Control Priorities, third edition (DCP3) series, which examines the burden of infectious diseases—still the leading cause of death globally, especially for children and adolescents. This report identifies feasible and cost-effective platforms to prevent and treat diseases like HIV/AIDS, other sexually transmitted infections, tuberculosis, malaria, adult febrile illness, viral hepatitis, and tropical diseases. This volume also emphasizes the importance of addressing antimicrobial resistance, developing innovative prevention and treatment approaches, and increasing access to stronger health systems. This chapter includes a glossary of helpful terms and abbreviations related to infectious disease, and data tables that detail essential interventions for each major infectious disease.

The Disease Control Priorities Network (DCP) promotes and supports the use of economic evaluation for priority setting at both global and national levels, providing the most up-to-date evidence on intervention efficacy and program effectiveness for the leading causes of global disease burden. DCP3 presents its findings in nine individual volumes; the first eight focus on conceptually related health challenges—essential surgery, maternal/child health, cancer, mental and neurological disorders, cardiovascular and respiratory disorders, major infectious diseases, injury prevention, and child and adolescent development—and each package addresses the disease burden, interventions, policies, and economics of that cluster of health issues. The ninth volume provides an overview with main findings and conclusions about achieving health priorities. DCP3 chapters, background papers, articles, reports, briefs, and related resources are publicly accessible.

Report. Managing Epidemics: Key Facts About Major Deadly Diseases Managing Epidemics: Key Facts About Major Deadly Diseases. World Health Organization 2018. http://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/managing-epidemics/en. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/12562 This report from the World Health Organization (WHO) shares current information about 15 infectious diseases with global ramifications should they develop into international threats. In particular, the report highlights how climate change, lifestyle changes, and the animal-to-human transmission of infectious diseases are exacerbating the threat of epidemics. The report covers common facts about the disease burden and transmission, approaches for prevention and response, and supplementary resources to further understand each diseases. The authors identify three key focuses for effective epidemic response—community engagement, risk communication, and protecting the health workforce.

The diseases included in this report are: Ebola virus disease, lassa fever, Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever, yellow fever, Zika, chikungunya, avian and other zoonotic influenza, seasonal influenza, pandemic influenza, Middle-East respiratory syndrome (MERS), cholera, monkeypox, plague, leptospirosis and meningococcal meningitis.

Article. Pandemic Preparedness and Response – Lessons From H1N1 Influenza of 2009 Fineberg HV. Pandemic Preparedness and Response – Lessons From H1N1 Influenza of 2009. The New England Journal of Medicine 2014; 370: 1335-1342. https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMra1208802. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/12690 This article from The New England Journal of Medicine discusses the global pandemic caused by the influenza A (H1N1) strain. H1N1 presented a public health emergency of uncertain scope, duration, and effect, and prompted the first activation of provisions under the 2005 International Health Regulations (IHR). The pandemic exposed strengths of the newly implemented IHR as well as a number of shortcomings and vulnerabilities in terms of “global, national, and local public health capacities, limitations of scientific knowledge, difficulties in decision making under conditions of uncertainty, complexities in international cooperation, and challenges in communication among experts, policymakers, and the public”. This article reviews the experience of the pandemic, with special attention given to the function of the 2005 IHR and the performance of the WHO, and highlights steps that can be taken to improve global readiness to deal with future pandemics.

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Report Chapter. Global Disease Outbreaks Global Disease Outbreaks. Part 3: Risks in Focus. Global Risks Report 2016. World Economic Forum 2016. Pages 38-67. http://reports.weforum.org/global-risks-2016/global-disease-outbreaks. This report chapter published in the World Economic Forum’s Global Risks Report 2016, highlights the most significant long-term risks worldwide, drawing on the perspectives of experts and global decision-makers. This chapter focuses on specific risks including global disease outbreaks, cites causes for concern, and details social factors which ultimately influence the epidemiology of infectious diseases. The analysis of this chapter includes studying economic risks and challenges in containing those risks. The authors determine that three initiatives will be significant in mitigating the risk and impact of global disease outbreaks: building resilient health systems; collaboration between public-private actors; and compiling large data sets which can be used to reveal patterns, trends, and associations in the spread of viruses.

Report. Integrating Neglected Tropical Diseases in Global Health and Development Integrating Neglected Tropical Diseases in Global Health and Development: Fourth WHO Report on Neglected Tropical Diseases. World Health Organization 2017. http://www.who.int/neglected_diseases/resources/9789241565448/en. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/10994 This World Health Organization (WHO) report analyzes the investments needed to tackle the 17 neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) that affect more than one billion people in 149 countries worldwide. The fourth such report from WHO, this publication examines the progress made towards the global goals of eradicating, eliminating and intensifying control of NTDs by 2020, and discusses possible strategies for integrating neglected tropical diseases into the 2030 Agenda of the Sustainable Development Goals. Focusing on recent advances in the field, including significant reductions across a number of diseases, the report makes a case for expansion of effective interventions and public health policies, while adhering to the fundamental idea that “no one must be left behind.”

Report. Urbanization and Slums: New Transmission Pathways of Infectious Diseases in the Built Environment—A Workshop Urbanization and Slums: New Transmission Pathways of Infectious Diseases in the Built Environment—A Workshop. The National Academies Press 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17226/25070. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/12500 This report from the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine presents a factual summation of a workshop, hosted by the Forum on Microbial Threats and the Board on Life Sciences in late 2017, that explored the social, physical, environmental, and political drivers of infectious disease transmission in an increasingly urban, interconnected world. The workshop featured discussions on the global and local challenges of disease control in urban environments; effective interventions and policies to create sustainable, health-promoting urban built environments; and strategies to close the research gap and scale up successful practices. The report also includes case examples of how conceptual models of infectious disease transmission translate into practice. Video recordings and presenters’ slide sets from the workshop are available on the workshop’s website.

Article. Planning for Large Epidemics and Pandemics: Challenges From a Policy Perspective Jain V et al. Planning for Large Epidemics and Pandemics: Challenges From a Policy Perspective. Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 2018; 31(4): 316-324. https://journals.lww.com/co-infectiousdiseases/Abstract/2018/08000/Planning_for_large_epidemics_and_pandemics__.9.aspx. GHELI repository link:http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/12686 This article published in the Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases evaluates the urgent need for creating policies designed to address infectious disease epidemics and pandemics. These outbreaks not only lead to significant loss of life, but also severe economic loss. The policies will need to address outbreak preparedness and response financing, coordination of efforts, outbreak preparedness and assessment, the shortfall in the biomedical workforce, human and material resource capacity, investment in health services, capacity building for research and development, and measures for infection prevention and control. Although difficult, the challenges in implementing these policies can be addressed by securing significant political commitment, seeking strategic leadership, and realizing effective health system-strengthening efforts.

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Article. Pandemic Risk: How Large Are the Expected Losses? Fan VY, Jamison DT, Summers LH. Pandemic Risk: How Large Are the Expected Losses? Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2018; 96(2): 129–134. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5791779. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/12684 This article from the Bulletin of the World Health Organization examines the most recent valuations of pandemic loss across the globe based off of recent and predicted trends. Using probability case studies varying from influenza to global warming, the authors provide estimates for pandemic-related deaths, as well as monetary loss. Their estimates show that the effects of emerging pandemic risks could result in annual losses for lower-middle-income countries that are disproportionately higher than those that would be experienced by high-income countries.

Report. Building Communication Capacity to Counter Infectious Disease Threats: Proceedings of a Workshop Building Communication Capacity to Counter Infectious Disease Threats: Proceedings of a Workshop. The National Academies Press 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17226/24738. This report published by the National Academies Press NAP) documents the proceedings of a workshop focusing on building communication capacity to counter infectious disease threats. Building this capacity is a critical piece of preparing for, detecting, and responding to infectious disease threats. By investing in communication capacity, public health and government officials and civil society organizations facing similar crises would be prepared to provide advice, information, and reassurance to the public as well as to rapidly develop messages and coordinated community engagement activities. Governments and nongovernmental organizations have developed and implemented plans to address the gaps in communication during infectious disease outbreaks, but many have not streamlined, integrated, or translated these approaches into effective practice. This workshop seeks to bring professionals together to discuss improvements in leadership, collaboration, and research to foster better communication.

Report. Global Vector Response 2017-2030 Global Vector Response 2017-2030. World Health Organization 2017. http://www.who.int/malaria/global-vector-control-response/en. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/11820 This report from the World Health Organization (WHO) outlines a new strategy adopted by the World Health Assembly in May 2017 for a global strengthening of vector control by 2030 as the best-proven measure for limiting and eradicating vector-borne diseases. Mosquitoes, ticks, flies, snails, and other vectors can spread diseases such as malaria, dengue, Chagas disease, and Zika virus. This report provides guidance to nations, governments, and development partners for implementing vector control programs as a coordinated global response to the staggering health and economic burdens caused by vector-borne diseases.

The guidance establishes a framework of priority activities and enabling conditions that can be adapted effectively and sustainably to the particular needs and challenges of individual countries and regions. Because there has been a recent intensification, re-emergence, and geographical spread of vector-borne diseases worldwide, the report takes into account social, demographic, and environmental trends that are affecting pathogen transmission, including climate change, the international transportation of people and products, unplanned urbanization, and biological changes in pathogenic organisms.

The explosive outbreaks of Zika and yellow fever that occurred in 2015-2016 exemplify new threats that reinforce the urgency of a global vector control movement as a necessary and achievable response for reducing vector-borne disease burdens and for meeting global health objectives of the Sustainable Development Goals adopted by world leaders in 2015.

Article. Expenditures on Vaccine-Preventable Disease Surveillance: Analysis and Evaluation of Comprehensive Multi-Year Plans (Cmyps) for Immunization Hossain A et al. Expenditures on Vaccine-Preventable Disease Surveillance: Analysis and Evaluation of Comprehensive Multi-Year Plans (Cmyps) for Immunization. Vaccine 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.07.068. This article published in Vaccine studies the cost of monitoring disease, a topic about which very little is known. The authors used Comprehensive Multi-Year Plans for Immunization (cMYPs) to estimate expenditures on vaccine-preventable disease (VPD) surveillance at the country level in 63 low- and middle-income countries. They found that

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there is a large range in surveillance expenditures and analyzed the results to provide insights to improve costing guidelines and practices.

Video. The Next Outbreak? We’re Not Ready Gates B. The Next Outbreak? We’re Not Ready. TED 2015; Mar. https://www.ted.com/talks/bill_gates_the_next_disaster_we_re_not_ready In 2014, the world avoided a global outbreak of Ebola, thanks to thousands of selfless health workers -- plus, frankly, some very good luck. In hindsight, we know what we should have done better. So, now's the time, Bill Gates suggests, to put all our good ideas into practice, from scenario planning to vaccine research to health worker training. As he says, "There's no need to panic ... but we need to get going."

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Article. The 2011 Pandemic Influenza Preparedness Framework: Global Health Secured or a Missed Opportunity? Kamradt-Scott A, Lee K. The 2011 Pandemic Influenza Preparedness Framework: Global Health Secured or a Missed Opportunity? Political Studies; 2011 Vol 59(4): 831-847. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2011.00926.x. This article investigates the events that prompted the re-examination of a technical cooperation system that has provided effective global health security on influenza for 60 years, and evaluates the framework that has now been agreed. Drawing the distinction between functional and moral-political benefits, the article argues that PIPF more accurately represents a diplomatic stand-off – one that has now been effectively sidelined with the passage of the agreement – rather than genuine reform. In fact, the PIPF papers over fundamental disagreements regarding authority in global health governance, the relationship between the WHO and governments, and the role of private industry. The article concludes by examining an alternative mechanism that would arguably better address the inherent tensions between national and collective interests, and accomplish the functional and moral-political benefits that the negotiations set out to achieve.

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Article. The WHO Pandemic Influenza Preparedness Framework: A Milestone in Global Governance for Health Fidler DP, Gostin LO. The WHO Pandemic Influenza Preparedness Framework: A Milestone in Global Governance for Health. JAMA 2011; 306(2): 200-201. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2011.960. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/1104074. After years of negotiations, the World Health Organization (WHO) reached agreement on a pandemic influenza preparedness (PIP) framework for the sharing of influenza viruses and access to vaccines and other benefits in April 2011. The framework addresses a troubling controversy—should low- and middle-income countries share influenza virus specimens with WHO without assurances that benefits derived from sharing will be equitably distributed?

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Article. A Retrospective and Prospective Analysis of the West African Ebola Virus Disease Epidemic Gostin LO et al. A Retrospective and Prospective Analysis of the West African Ebola Virus Disease Epidemic: Robust National Health Systems at the Foundation and an Empowered WHO at the Apex. The Lancet 2015; 385(9980): 1902–1909. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60644-4. The Ebola virus disease outbreak in west Africa is pivotal for the worldwide health system. Just as the depth of the crisis ultimately spurred an unprecedented response, the failures of leadership suggest the need for innovative reforms. Such reforms would transform the existing worldwide health system architecture into a purposeful, organised system with an empowered, highly capable WHO at its apex and enduring, equitable national health systems at its foundation. It would be designed not only to provide security against epidemic threats, but also to meet everyday health needs, thus realising the right to health. This retrospective and prospective analysis offers a template for these reforms, responding to the profound harms posed by fragile national health systems, delays in the international response, deficient resource mobilisation, ill defined responsibilities, and insufficient coordination. The scope of the reforms should address failures in the Ebola response, and entrenched weaknesses that enabled the epidemic to reach its heights.

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Article. Virus Sharing, Genetic Sequencing, and Global Health Security Gostin L et al. Virus Sharing, Genetic Sequencing, and Global Health Security. Science 2014; 345(6202): 1295-1296. DOI: 10.1126/science.1257622. https://science.sciencemag.org/content/345/6202/1295. This Perspective focuses on the future of the Pandemic Influenza Preparedness (PIP) Framework, which was initially established to promote the fair sharing of public health–related pandemic influenza samples between countries. We examine the changes that need to be made to address the growing likelihood that genetic sequence data might be shared instead of physical virus samples, as well as the need to expand the PIP framework’s scope and to improve its fairness.

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Case. Ensuring Vaccine Supply for the Next Pandemic Flu Moon S, Gordon R. Ensuring Vaccine Supply for the Next Pandemic Flu: Will the World Be Ready? Global Health Education and Learning Incubator at Harvard University, Connors Center for Women’s Health at Brigham and Women’s Hospital, FXB Center for Health and Human Rights, Harvard University 2014. http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/10686. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/10686 This case highlights the challenges of managing externalities and sovereignty through the example of pandemic flu. Recent outbreaks of both the H5N1 and H1N1influenza strains have illustrated that the global institutions charged with preventing and responding to these pandemics are not up to the task. With both, there were significant problems with the development, production, and distribution of flu vaccines. Indeed, stemming a modern day pandemic depends on the rapid development, sufficient production, and equitable, timely access to influenza vaccines, all within a complex global context. Compounding these challenges are the disease-specific “unknowns” related to the emergence of a new virus, including severity levels, transmission ease, human immunity, and drug vulnerability. Specific themes covered in Ensuring Vaccine Supply for the Next Pandemic Flu: Will the World Be Ready? include issues of sovereignty; the legitimacy, authority, and credibility of the World Health Organization (WHO); uncertainty and risk; world dependence on private vaccine manufacturers for an essential public health good; health as a security issue; and equity issues in vaccine distribution.

Public Health Measures During the Influenza A(H1N1) 2009 Pandemic Report. Public Health Measures During the Influenza A(H1N1) 2009 Pandemic. World Health Organization 2011. https://www.who.int/influenza/resources/documents/health_mesures_h1n1_2009/en. In order to learn from the experiences of Member States in the implementation of public health measures during the influenza A(H1N1)2009 pandemic, the WHO Global Influenza Programme held a workshop in Gammarth, Tunisia, 26–28 October 2010. Information and findings from this workshop will inform the revision of the pandemic preparedness and response guidance.

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Data Interactive. COVID-19 Global Cases Coronavirus COVID-19 Global Cases by Johns Hopkins Center for Systems Science and Engineering. Johns Hopkins Center for Systems Science and Engineering. http://www.arcgis.com/apps/opsdashboard/index.html#/bda7594740fd40299423467b48e9ecf6. GHELI repository link: https://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/13178 This data interactive by Johns Hopkins Center for Systems Science and Engineering has the ability to display numerous different data sets related to COVID-19 on an interactive map. Upon entering the interactive, the map displays global cumulative confirmed cases of COVID-19. However, the user can also opt to view active cases of Coronavirus Disease 2019, the incidence rate, and the case-fatality ratio by country. The user can zoom in and out along the map and select different outbreaks to see specific information related to that country as well. The global data, which is updated numerous times per day, can also be broken down by region, country, and state or province. In addition, a recent update to the interactive added data on the total number of people tested and hospitalized in the U.S., as well as the ability to break down confirmed cases in the U.S. by state and county.

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Data Interactive. Coronavirus Simulator Coronavirus Simulator. The Washington Post 2020; March 14. https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2020/world/corona-simulator. GHELI repository link: https://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/13292 This interactive is hosted by The Washington Post is a useful conceptual resource for visualizing the general dynamics of infectious disease spread. It actively simulates what happens when the virus spreads in the absence of any mitigation efforts, and demonstrates the impact of quarantine and social distancing.

Data Portal. State Data and Policy Actions to Address Coronavirus State Data and Policy Actions to Address Coronavirus. Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. https://www.kff.org/health-costs/issue-brief/state-data-and-policy-actions-to-address-coronavirus. GHELI repository link: https://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/13206 This data portal from the Kaiser Family Foundation provides an in-depth overview of state level policy actions to curtail the spread of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). The portal provides data on the number of COVID-19 cases and deaths country-wide, while also displaying specific policy actions taken by individual states. While all states have declared a state of emergency, various states have also passed policies waiving testing fees for COVID-19, paid sick leave, or early prescription refills. This data is presented in both map and table format and can be exported. This data portal can be incorporated in comparative classroom activities exploring state-level healthy policy action.

Web Portal. LitCOVID Lu Z et al. LitCOVID. National Institutes of Health. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/research/coronavirus. GHELI repository link: https://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/13218 This web portal from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) is a curated repository of scientific research that connects users to a growing number of articles on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). The portal compiles articles from numerous journals, including The Lancet, JAMA, Respiratory Medicine and more - with many of the articles available to the public for free. The research articles are categorized by topic, ranging from general information on COVID-19 to transmission, to prevention, to forecasting. The portal also displays the number of publications about COVID-19 per week and tracks the countries mentioned in abstracts via an interactive map--a useful starting place for educators and learners.

Web Portal. CDC: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/index.html. GHELI repository link: https://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/13176 This web portal from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) hosts a wide range of information on the COVID-19 outbreak, from recent updates on disease spread to travel information. The basics of COVID-19 are included, such as how the disease spreads, symptoms, testing, and frequently asked questions. The CDC updates the situation summary regularly, providing insight into the steps taken by the organization to curb the spread of disease in the U.S., illness severity, and risk assessments. The portal also includes travel advisories, a map of confirmed cases, and the latest news on COVID-19.

Fact Sheet. Q&A on Coronaviruses Q&A on Coronaviruses (COVID-19). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/q-a-coronaviruses. GHELI repository link: https://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/13177 This fact sheet from the World Health Organization (WHO) provides basic information on COVID-19. The resource answers numerous questions related to the disease and the outbreak. Topics touched on by the fact sheet include symptoms of the disease, prevention methods, risk factors, whether the general public should be worried, and mask efficacy.

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ETHICS IN SURVEILLANCE AND OUTBREAKS

Report/Toolkit/Lessons. Integrating Ethics in Infectious Disease Outbreaks Integrating Ethics in Infectious Disease Outbreaks. World Health Organization 2018. https://extranet.who.int/ethics. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/12561 This resource portal from the World Health Organization (WHO) provides a platform of resources on ethical principles for public health officials and frontline workers engaged in the identification and prevention of infectious diseases. The site outlines key principles that govern decision-making, how to use them, and how to integrate ethics in every aspect of responses to an infectious disease outbreak. Topic sections include Ethics Matters, a video summarizing why ethics are important in epidemiologic responses; Ethics Issues, an illustrated summary of intersections between surveillance and research; Ethics in Action, an online case-based quiz to train viewers on strengthening effective responses; and Resources, with links to checklists, training courses, video materials, WHO publications, and other institutional resources.

Report. Ethical Issues Associated With Vector Borne Diseases Ethical Issues Associated With Vector Borne Diseases. World Health Organization 2017. http://www.who.int/ethics/publications/vector-borne-diseases-ethics/en. This report from the World Health Organization (WHO) summarizes the proceedings of a WHO scoping meeting to identify the ethical issues associated with vector borne diseases (VBDs), including those related to the environmental and social determinants of health, new technologies, surveillance and research, and mass public health interventions.

Report. WHO Guidelines on Ethical Issues in Public Health Surveillance WHO Guidelines on Ethical Issues in Public Health Surveillance. World Health Organization 2017. http://www.who.int/ethics/publications/public-health-surveillance-guidelines/en. This report from the World Health Organization (WHO) is intended to help policymakers and practitioners navigate the ethical issues presented by public health surveillance. The report outlines 17 ethical guidelines that can inform actions of those engaged in public health surveillance, including officials in government agencies, health workers, NGOs and the private sector.

Report. Guidance for Managing Ethical Issues in Infectious Disease Outbreaks Guidance for Managing Ethical Issues in Infectious Disease Outbreaks. World Health Organization 2016. http://www.who.int/ethics/publications/infectious-disease-outbreaks/en. This report from the World Health Organization (WHO) discusses how infectious disease outbreaks are often characterized by “scientific uncertainty, social and institutional disruption, and an overall climate of fear and distrust.” Policy makers and public health professionals need to balance and prioritize potentially competing ethical values in the context of resource constraints and time-sensitive decision making needs. This report is intended to “assist policy-makers, health care providers, researchers, and others prepare for outbreak situations by anticipating and preparing for the critical ethical issues likely to arise.”

Report. Global Health Ethics: Key Issues Global Health Ethics: Key Issues. World Health Organization 2015. http://www.who.int/ethics/publications/global-health-ethics/en. This report from the World Health Organization (WHO) describes the challenges of applying ethical principles to population health and provides practical strategies to meet these challenges. It is intended to guide policy-makers, health care providers and researchers who are interested in better understanding key concepts in health ethics.

Report/Training Manual. Ethics in Epidemics, Emergencies and Disasters: Research, Surveillance and Patient Care Ethics in Epidemics, Emergencies and Disasters: Research, Surveillance and Patient Care. World Health Organization 2015. http://www.who.int/ethics/publications/epidemics-emergencies-research/en. This training manual from the World Health Organization (WHO) explores ethics in epidemic response. Responses to epidemics, emergencies and disasters raise many ethical issues for public health professionals and policy makers. This training manual includes two parts, and lessons may be adapted into teaching material for a wide range of learning

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environments. Part 1 covers ethical issues in research and surveillance, such as conflicts that might arise between the common good and individual autonomy, ethics oversight and publication ethics. Part 2 covers patient care, including triage, standards of care and the professional duties of health care workers in emergencies.

SECURITY, FINANCING, INTERNATIONAL COLLECTION ACTION

Article. The International Health Regulations: The Governing Framework for Global Health Security Gostin L, Katz R. The International Health Regulations: The Governing Framework for Global Health Security. The Milbank Quarterly 2016; 94(2): 264–313. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2F1468-0009.12186. This article from The Milbank Quarterly evaluates the performance of the International Health Regulations (IHR)—the world’s guiding international health policy framework—over the last ten years and provides a set of recommendations to encourage tangible, realistic security improvements., The authors analyze performance indicators to shed light on recent doubts cast by recent epidemic crises such as the Ebola outbreak. Challenges to IHR’s viability include poor national core capacity to detect disease events; limited international funding for building IHR systems; inadequate country self-assessments; delayed epidemiologic reporting. Their recommendations to strengthen IHR are intended to reduce the dire consequences of a future pandemic event and address a number development areas, ranging from harmonizing with the Global Health Security Agenda and committing to comprehensive workforce development, to enhancing compliance mechanisms and engaging civil society organizations.

Article. The Neglected Dimension of Global Security – A Framework for Countering Infectious – Disease Crises Sands P et al. The Neglected Dimension of Global Security – A Framework for Countering Infectious – Disease Crises. The New England Journal of Medicine 2016; 374: 1281-1287. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMsr1600236. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/11085 This review article from The New England Journal of Medicine summarizes the work and findings of the Commission on a Global Health Risk Framework for the Future. Convened in light of the need for improved responses to global public health emergencies, the Commission comprised 17 members from 12 countries on five continents and included clinicians, scientists, social researchers, policy experts, industry leaders, financiers, and community leaders. The Commission was tasked with providing recommendations on creating an effective global architecture for recognizing and mitigating the threat of epidemic infectious diseases. These recommendations encompass substantial changes to organizational structure and roles, new and modified processes and mechanisms, and new financial arrangements. Taken together, they create a global framework that would protect the world far better against infectious-disease threats. The detailed findings of the Commission were published in the National Academy of Medicine report, The Neglected Dimension of Global Security: A Framework to Counter Infectious Disease Crises.

Report. From Panic and Neglect to Investing in Health Security: Financing Pandemic Preparedness at a National Level From Panic and Neglect to Investing in Health Security: Financing Pandemic Preparedness at a National Level. International Working Group on Financing Preparedness. The World Bank Group 2017. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/979591495652724770/From-panic-and-neglect-to-investing-in-health-security-financing-pandemic-preparedness-at-a-national-level. This report published by the World Bank proposes ways in which national governments and development partners can finance investments in country and regional preparedness and response capacities for pandemics and other health emergencies. Investments improving preparedness offer a high potential return, due to the subsequent lessening of deaths and mitigation of immense economic disruption. The authors convey that investing in preparedness has important benefits for broader national health systems and achieving universal health security.

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Web Portal. WHO: Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Outbreak Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Outbreak. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019. GHELI repository link: https://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/13195 This web portal from the World Health Organization (WHO) presents curated and regularly updated information about the global response to the COVID-19 outbreak. The portal includes a Q&A fact sheet, videos, a database of global research, daily situation reports, and other training and e-learning resources.

Web Portal. Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Situation Reports Coronavirus Disease (COVID-2019) Situation Reports. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/situation-reports. GHELI repository link: https://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/13180 These data publications from the World Health Organization (WHO) present daily updates about the current COVID-19 outbreak. Each situation report highlights key takeaways from current data as well as a snapshot of current numbers. Surveillance data is further disaggregated by region, population, confirmed and suspected cases, and deaths. The reports also outline up-to-minute preparedness and response guidelines, research updates, and advice to the public.

Article. Financing of International Collective Action for Epidemic and Pandemic Preparedness Yamey G et al. Financing of International Collective Action for Epidemic and Pandemic Preparedness. The Lancet Global Health 2017; 5(8): e742–744. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(17)30203-6. This article from The Lancet Global Health explores trends in the global pandemic response, with a focus on increasing financing in within two primary areas of concentration: public health preparedness and research and development. The authors suggest significant increases in financing for initiatives that focus on innovative epidemic countermeasures, such as the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI) and the WHO R&D Blueprint for Action to Prevent Epidemics. They also highlight the need for increased funding for the WHO emergency protocols, and the importance of creating a global pandemic preparedness index.

Article. Lassa Fever and Global Health Security Lassa Fever and Global Health Security. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 2018; 18(4): 357. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30179-8. Published in The Lancet Infectious Diseases, this editorial discusses the overlap between the cut to the US Center for Disease Control’s (CDC) Global Health Security Agenda – launched by the USA to strengthen national and international capacity to prevent, detect, and respond to infectious disease – and Nigeria’s Lassa fever epidemic. As the budget cut and Lassa fever epidemic take place simultaneously, there is a threat that there will be a vacuum in essential epidemic mitigation activities. Although Nigeria has a health system equipped to deal with this outbreak, the Lassa fever outbreak could still quickly become a global threat. The editorial accentuates that strengthening health systems, ensuring basic laboratory capacity, and sharpening surveillance and emergency responses are an essential part of pandemic prevention.

Report. The Global Risks Report 2020 The Global Risks Report 2020. World Economic Forum 2020. https://www.weforum.org/reports/the-global-risks-report-2020. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/11497 This report from the World Economic Forum examines the current landscape of global risks and their long-term economic, political, and social ramifications. The largest risks, according to the rankings from over 750 global experts, are political polarization and economic confrontations. These two risks have drastic impacts on the world’s ability to combat the climate crisis and biodiversity loss. This report’s main focus is environmental degradation, as the top five risks cited by the global experts were all related to the environment – such as extreme weather and human-made environmental damage. Through this publication, the authors and contributors hope to outline the greatest risks to societal stability and develop sustainable solutions to protect against the worst of the fallout. Also included are shareable infographics displaying results from this year’s report.

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Report. COVID-19 Risks Outlook: A Preliminary Mapping and Its Implications COVID-19 Risks Outlook: A Preliminary Mapping and Its Implications. World Economic Forum 2020. https://www.weforum.org/reports/covid-19-risks-outlook-a-preliminary-mapping-and-its-implications. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/12190 This report from the World Economic Forum identifies four risk areas of concern—economic shifts, sustainability setbacks, societal anxieties, and technological dependence—that warrant careful global attention. Prolonged recession associated with COVID-19 remains the highest concern, followed by setbacks in climate action, increases in social disruption, and cybersecurity risks related to rapid technology adoption. The report emphasizes that the current moment is an opportunity to “build back better,” addressing short-term concerns within these domains but also prioritizing long-term, transformative action that can support a more cohesive, equal, and inclusive society.

Fact Sheet. How Is Pandemic Flu Different From Seasonal Flu? How Is Pandemic Flu Different From Seasonal Flu? Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2016. https://www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources/basics/about.html. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/12190 This fact sheet from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) compares seasonal flu with pandemic flu, which are frequently confused with one another. In essence, seasonal flu happens annually, while pandemic flu rarely happens—just three times in the 20th century thus far. The fact sheet explores a wide range of factors, including frequency, population at risk, availability of medical care, complications, vaccine/antiviral availability, and impact on schools and workplace environments.

GLOBAL GOVERNANCE, INVESTMENT IN R&D

Article/Perspective. International Engagement is Critical to Fighting Epidemics Nuzzo JB, Shearer MP. International Engagement is Critical to Fighting Epidemics. Health Security 2017; 15(1): 33–35. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1089/hs.2016.0098. This article from Health Security explores the unmet need for greater attention on public health infrastructure improvements with the assistance of countries that have resources to support state-by-state and regional change. Through the analysis of recent regional and global epidemic events such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Ebola, the authors highlight the varying missteps that could have been prevented had there been greater policy support and investment behind the International Health Regulations (IHR). They also illustrate and call for increased participation from countries such as the US that have the capacity to support countries that are in need of improved health security measures, as well as putting an end to protocols that are non-evidence based approaches to disease containment such as quarantines and point-of-entry screenings.

Editorial/Perspective. In Search of Global Governance for Research in Epidemics Peters DH et al. In Search of Global Governance for Research in Epidemics. The Lancet 2017; 390(10103): 1632–1633. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32546-1. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/12689 This editorial from The Lancet discusses the Ebola epidemic, which emerged in west Africa in 2014-2015. The public health crisis was notably unique, in that it represented a failure of the international community to implement necessary research governance. While the International Health Regulations (IHR) were designed to protect for global health emergencies, the Ebola epidemic proved that research was neither well-accounted for, nor did it implement lasting policies to protect for future unique challenges.

Web Portal. R&D Blueprint R&D Blueprint. World Health Organization 2017. www.who.int/blueprint/about/en. This web portal from the World Health Organization (WHO) provides a global strategy and preparedness plan for research and development during epidemics. It discusses the creation of the blueprint during the West African Ebola epidemic and provides a summary of how the blueprint works through identifying priority diseases. This blueprint can

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be used to avoid a mass crisis by increasing availability of effective tests, vaccines, and medicines. This portal provides a summary of the plan, an interactive brochure, blueprint briefing, and newsletters.

Report. 2018 Annual Review of Diseases Prioritized Under the Research and Development Blueprint 2018 Annual Review of Diseases Prioritized Under the Research and Development Blueprint. World Health Organization 2018. http://www.who.int/blueprint/priority-diseases/en. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/12688 This report from the World Health Organization (WHO) details a 2018 annual meeting held to review the list of research and development priorities, as determined by the WHO Blueprint. The Blueprint—a cross-sectoral tool developed by WHO—“seeks to identify those diseases that pose a public health risk because of their epidemic potential and for which there are no, or insufficient, countermeasures.” The meeting convened experts in the field and determined there is a need for increased research and development for the following nine diseases:

• Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) • Zika • Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) • Ebola Virus Disease and Marburg Virus Disease • Lassa Fever • Nipah and Henipaviral Diseases

Report. Product Development for Vaccines Advisory Committee Product Development for Vaccines Advisory Committee. World Health Organization 2018. http://www.who.int/immunization/research/committees/pdvac/en. The mission of PDVAC is to accelerate product development of vaccines and technologies that are urgently needed in low and middle income contexts. Their mandate is to provide independent and expert advice to the Director of WHO’s Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals Department (IVB) related to “pathogen areas with candidate vaccines or technologies, generally at the Phase 2 stage of clinical evaluation or earlier, and prior to the development of WHO policy on use.”

Chapter. Chapter 15 – Access to Essential Medicines, TRIPS and the Patent System Chapter 15 – Access to Essential Medicines, TRIPS and the Patent System. Advancing the Right to Health: The Vital Role of Law. World Health Organization 2017. http://www.who.int/healthsystems/topics/health-law/health_law-report/en. Ensuring universal access to free or affordable essential medicines is one of the “core obligations” for fulfilling the right to health. WHO has encouraged countries to amend their national legislation or constitutions to provide for this specific right.

This annotation is an excerpt from the original resource.

GLOBAL VACCINE STRATEGY FOR ACCESS AND DEVELOPMENT

Report. 2017 Assessment Report of the Global Vaccine Action Plan 2017 Assessment Report of the Global Vaccine Action Plan. Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization. World Health Organization 2017. http://www.who.int/immunization/global_vaccine_action_plan/sage_gvap_october_2017/en. This report by the Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE) on Immunization for the World Health Organization (WHO) presents the latest progress made towards the Global Vaccine Action Plan (GVAP) goals. SAGE reports that 2017 saw all-time lows of wild poliovirus cases, as well a notable increase in country certification in maternal and neonatal tetanus elimination, as well as higher increases in vaccinations worldwide. The report highlights underperforming improvements in widespread DTP3 vaccination, and a general trend towards vaccine hesitancy. A set of recommendations are provided to strength routine immunization programs, which include civil society and cultural acceptance strategies, and technical capacity building.

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Report. Global Vaccine Action Plan: Monitoring, Evaluation & Accountability Global Vaccine Action Plan: Monitoring, Evaluation & Accountability, Secretariat Annual Report 2017. World Health Organization 2017. http://www.who.int/immunization/global_vaccine_action_plan/previous_secretariat_reports_immunization_scorecards/en. This report by the Secretariat for the Global Vaccine Action Plan (GVAP) provides an overview of the Global Vaccine Action Plan and deliverable progress as of 2017. GVAP’s goals include a series of elimination and vaccination targets for poliovirus, measles, tetanus, and reaching 90 percent country coverage of vaccines by 2020. Progress as of the year-end 2016 shows positive results in elimination targets for poliovirus in endemic countries (Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Nigeria), as well as worldwide. Data also shows that efforts towards Neonatal and Maternal Tetanus certification is positive with an increase in country adoption of vaccination programs. This report is accompanied by regional and country reports, as well as National Immunization Country scorecards that visualize vaccine coverage trends over time.

Topic Portal. Global Vaccine Action Plan 2011-2020 Global Vaccine Action Plan 2011-2020. World Health Organization 2018. http://www.who.int/immunization/global_vaccine_action_plan/GVAP_doc_2011_2020/en. This topic portal from the World Health Organization (WHO) explores the Global Vaccine Action Plan (GVAP), a framework for preventing deaths by providing equitable access to vaccines. It examines the current immunization landscape in order to provide guiding principles, measures of success, health returns on investment, and how to continue the momentum for vaccines. Most importantly, the GVAP outlines six strategic objectives around prioritizing and valuing vaccines as an integral part of the health system.

Topic Portal. Regional Vaccine Action Plans Regional Vaccine Action Plans. World Health Organization 2018. http://www.who.int/immunization/global_vaccine_action_plan/regional_vaccine_action_plans/en. This topic portal from the World Health Organization (WHO) provides vaccine action plans by region: African region, region of the Americas, Eastern Mediterranean region, European region, South-east Asia region, and Western Pacific region.

Report. Vaccine Position Papers by Disease Vaccine Position Papers by Disease. World Health Organization 2018. http://www.who.int/immunization/documents/positionpapers/en. These reports from the World Health Organization (WHO) provide recommendations for vaccination protocols, based on recent trends in emerging infectious diseases. Papers are broken out by vaccine type, and include data summaries and recommendations for Human Papilloma Virus (HPV), Influenza, Hepatitis A and B, Polio, Measles, and other high-priority vaccines.

Report. WHO 5th Product Development for 2018 Vaccines Advisory Committee (PDVAC) meeting: Executive Summary WHO 5th Product Development for 2018 Vaccines Advisory Committee (PDVAC) meeting: June 26-28, 2018. Executive Summary. World Health Organization 2018. http://www.who.int/immunization/research/meetings_workshops/pdvac_june18/en. This report from the World Health Organization (WHO) summarizes the 5th annual Product Development for Vaccines Advisory Committee (PDVAC) meeting. Vaccines were prioritized for 10 pathogens including HIV, tuberculosis (TB), malaria, and influenza. Vaccines targeted for maternal immunization include respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and group B streptococcus (GBS). Other prioritized pathogens include enterotoxigenic E.coli (ETEC), shigella, non-typhoidal salmonella (NTS), second generation rotavirus, group A streptococcus (GAS), herpes simplex virus (HSV), neisseria gonorrhoeae (GC), and chikungunya. The report also discusses a wide range of cross-cutting issues such as enteric BoD estimates, anti-microbial resistance, heterologous prime-boost regimens, passive immunization, total system effectiveness (TSE) and vaccine innovation prioritization strategy (VIPS), and vaccine delivery by microarray patch (MAP).

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ZOONOSES, ECOSYSTEMS, ENVIRONMENTAL DYNAMICS

Article Series. One Health for a Changing World: Zoonoses, Ecosystems and Human Well-Being One Health for a Changing World: Zoonoses, Ecosystems and Human Well-Being. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 2017; 372(1725). http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/372/1725. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/12687 This article series published by Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B focuses on the One Health Initiative, which aims to drive improvements in human, animal, and ecological health. The 11 articles explore the intersections of human, animal, and ecosystem health, since these interactions are poorly understood and little researched. Diseases of animal origin such as Nipah, SARA, swine flu, and Zika have caused great alarm both locally and in relation to their global threats. The articles in this series include review articles researching endemic zoonotic diseases, opinion pieces on contributions towards more effective and equitable approaches to health in low- and middle-income countries, and research articles on zoonotic diseases in Africa.

Series articles include:

• One Health for a Changing World: New Perspectives From Africa • Local Disease–Ecosystem–Livelihood Dynamics: Reflections From Comparative Case Studies in Africa • One Health Contributions Towards More Effective and Equitable Approaches to Health in Low- and Middle-

Income Countries • Poor Livestock Keepers: Ecosystem–poverty–health Interactions • One Health, Emerging Infectious Diseases and Wildlife: Two Decades of Progress? • Views From Many Worlds: Unsettling Categories in Interdisciplinary Research on Endemic Zoonotic Diseases • Facility-Based Surveillance for Emerging Infectious Diseases; Diagnostic Practices in Rural West African Hospital

Settings: Observations From Ghana • Structural Drivers of Vulnerability to Zoonotic Disease in Africa • Integrative Modelling for One Health: Pattern, Process and Participation • Spatial, Seasonal and Climatic Predictive Models of Rift Valley Fever Disease Across Africa • Zoonoses, One Health and Complexity: Wicked Problems and Constructive Conflict • Engaging Research With Policy and Action: What Are the Challenges of Responding to Zoonotic Disease in

Africa?

Workshop Report. Emerging Viral Diseases: The One Health Connection: Workshop Summary Emerging Viral Diseases: The One Health Connection: Workshop Summary. The National Academies Press 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17226/18975. This report published by the National Academies Press outlines a workshop examining factors driving the appearance, establishment, and spread of emerging, reemerging, and novel viral diseases; the global health and economic impacts of recently emerging and novel viral diseases in humans; and the scientific and policy approaches to improving domestic and international capacity to detect and respond to global outbreaks of infectious disease.

Report. Combating Antimicrobial Resistance: A One Health Approach to a Global Threat Combating Antimicrobial Resistance: A One Health Approach to a Global Threat: Proceedings of a Workshop. The National Academies Press 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17226/24914. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/12014 This report from the National Academies Press offers a comprehensive examination and response to the rising threat and global burden of antimicrobial resistance. A recent study has predicted that 10 million deaths will result from antibiotic-resistant infections by 2050 without swift and concerted global action. To address the crisis, a multidisciplinary body of leading health experts from around the world convened in July 2017 as participants in a two-day workshop. The goal was to discuss the current state of the problem and develop recommendations for strategic actions through the lens of the “One Health” model, a design for improving global health through collaborative,

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multidisciplinary, and multisectoral actions to counter infectious diseases and related issues in the three key domains of humans, animals, and the environment.

Proceedings from the workshop provide the basis of this publication, which includes information about how antimicrobial resistance has emerged and accelerated, what are its health and economic effects across multiple domains, and which strategies can provide the best solutions for immediate and long-term implementation to mitigate global impact. An introductory chapter outlines the workshop goals and organization and summarizes keynote addresses, followed by six substantive chapters addressing major perspectives and considerations relating to the urgent global need to combat antimicrobial resistance.

Report. Health and Climate Change: Policy Responses to Protect Public Health Watts N et al. Health and Climate Change: Policy Responses to Protect Public Health. The Lancet 2015; 386(10006): 1861–1914. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60854-6. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/11060 This Lancet Commission report summarizes data on climate change and outlines policy responses needed to ensure global health. The central finding from this commission report is that tackling climate change could be the greatest global health opportunity of the 21st century. The commission reflects a multidisciplinary and international perspective with strong collaboration between academic centers in Europe and China.

Report. Safeguarding Human Health in the Anthropocene Epoch Whitmee S et al. Safeguarding Human Health in the Anthropocene Epoch: Report of The Rockefeller Foundation–Lancet Commission on Planetary Health. The Lancet 2015; 386(10007): 1973–2028. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60901-1. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/11062 This Rockefeller-Lancet Commission report argues that the continuing degradation of natural systems threatens to reverse a century of health gains. By almost any measure, human health is better now than at any time in history. Life expectancy has soared from 47 years in 1950–1955, to 69 years in 2005–2010, and death rates in children younger than 5 years of age have decreased substantially, from 214 per thousand live births in 1950–1955, to 59 in 2005–2010. But these gains in human health have come at a high price: a dramatic degradation of nature’s ecological systems. A growing body of evidence shows that the health of humanity is intrinsically linked to the health of the environment, and that we have mortgaged the health of future generations to realize economic and development gains in the present.

Safeguarding Human Health in the Anthropocene Epoch: Report of The Rockefeller Foundation–Lancet Commission on Planetary Health concludes that the continuing degradation of natural systems threatens to destabilize the Earth’s key life-support systems and reverse the health gains seen over the last century. Companion resources include an infographic on planetary health and a podcast that discusses the background and main action points from the Commission.

Article. Climate-Driven Introduction of the Black Death and Successive Plague Reintroductions Into Europe Schmid BV et al. Climate-Driven Introduction of the Black Death and Successive Plague Reintroductions Into Europe. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2015. http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2015/02/20/1412887112.short. Published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, this article seeks to understand the association between the climate-driven outbreaks of the bacterium Yersinia pestis in Asian rodent plague reservoirs and the new waves of plague arriving into Europe through its maritime trade network with Asia. This association suggests that the bacterium was continuously reimported into Europe during the second plague epidemic, offering an alternative explanation to putative European rodent reservoirs for how the disease could have persisted in Europe for so long.

Editorial/Perspective. In Search of Global Governance for Research in Epidemics Peters DH et al. In Search of Global Governance for Research in Epidemics. The Lancet 2017; 390(10103): 1632–1633. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32546-1. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/12689 This editorial from The Lancet discusses the Ebola epidemic, which emerged in west Africa in 2014-2015. The public health crisis was notably unique, in that it represented a failure of the international community to implement necessary

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research governance. While the International Health Regulations (IHR) were designed to protect for global health emergencies, the Ebola epidemic proved that research was neither well-accounted for, nor did it implement lasting policies to protect for future unique challenges.

Web Portal. R&D Blueprint R&D Blueprint. World Health Organization 2017. www.who.int/blueprint/about/en. This web portal from the World Health Organization (WHO) provides a global strategy and preparedness plan for research and development during epidemics. It discusses the creation of the blueprint during the West African Ebola epidemic and provides a summary of how the blueprint works through identifying priority diseases. This blueprint can be used to avoid a mass crisis by increasing availability of effective tests, vaccines, and medicines. This portal provides a summary of the plan, an interactive brochure, blueprint briefing, and newsletters.

Report. 2018 Annual Review of Diseases Prioritized Under the Research and Development Blueprint 2018 Annual Review of Diseases Prioritized Under the Research and Development Blueprint. World Health Organization 2018. http://www.who.int/blueprint/priority-diseases/en. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/12688 This report from the World Health Organization (WHO) details a 2018 annual meeting held to review the list of research and development priorities, as determined by the WHO Blueprint. The Blueprint—a cross-sectoral tool developed by WHO—“seeks to identify those diseases that pose a public health risk because of their epidemic potential and for which there are no, or insufficient, countermeasures.” The meeting convened experts in the field and determined there is a need for increased research and development for the following nine diseases:

• Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) • Zika • Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) • Ebola Virus Disease and Marburg Virus Disease • Lassa Fever • Nipah and Henipaviral Diseases

Reports. Product Development for Vaccines Advisory Committee Product Development for Vaccines Advisory Committee. World Health Organization 2018. http://www.who.int/immunization/research/committees/pdvac/en. The mission of PDVAC is to accelerate product development of vaccines and technologies that are urgently needed in low and middle income contexts. Their mandate is to provide independent and expert advice to the Director of WHO’s Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals Department (IVB) related to “pathogen areas with candidate vaccines or technologies, generally at the Phase 2 stage of clinical evaluation or earlier, and prior to the development of WHO policy on use.”

Chapter. Access to Essential Medicines, TRIPS and the Patent System Chapter 15 – Access to Essential Medicines, TRIPS and the Patent System. Advancing the Right to Health: The Vital Role of Law. World Health Organization 2017. http://www.who.int/healthsystems/topics/health-law/health_law-report/en. Ensuring universal access to free or affordable essential medicines is one of the “core obligations” for fulfilling the right to health. WHO has encouraged countries to amend their national legislation or constitutions to provide for this specific right.

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MODELING, METHODS, DATA

Article. Big Data for Infectious Disease Surveillance and Modeling Bansal S et al. Big Data for Infectious Disease Surveillance and Modeling. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 2016; 214(S4): S375–S379. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiw400. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/11881 This issue from The Journal of Infectious Diseases considers a broad definition of “big data” for public health, one encompassing patient information gathered from high-volume electronic health records and participatory surveillance systems, as well as data mined from digital traces such as social media, Internet searches, and cell-phone logs. Data have the potential to provide more timely and detailed information on infectious disease threats or outbreaks than traditional surveillance methods, but there are challenges to overcome.

This special issue features nine independent contributions and reviews the recent advances of big data in strengthening disease surveillance, monitoring medical adverse events, informing transmission models, and tracking patient sentiments and mobility; it also highlights areas that require more research, such as representativeness, biases, volatility, validation, and the need for robust statistical and hypothesis-driven analyses. The series editors express optimism that the big-data revolution will improve the granularity and timeliness of available epidemiological information, with hybrid systems augmenting rather than supplanting traditional surveillance systems, and better prospects for accurate infectious diseases models and forecasts.

Article. Modelling the Global Spread of Diseases: A Review of Current Practice and Capability Walters CE et al. Modelling the Global Spread of Diseases: A Review of Current Practice and Capability. Epidemics 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epidem.2018.05.007. This article published in Epidemics acknowledges that mathematical models can aid in the understanding of the risks associated with the spread of pandemic potential infectious diseases. The authors recognize that models can predict, for example, the chance that a disease will invade particular countries, the expected number of cases within a particular timeframe, or the expected effect of interventions. The authors assessed the current state of mathematical models for the global spread of infectious diseases by reviewing literature which highlighted common approaches and good practice, and identified research gaps. Aiming to gain insight into the breadth of modelling techniques and what data is accessible, the authors conclusively determine that open access datasets should be used wherever possible to aid model reproducibility and transparency. Furthermore, modelers should validate their models where it is possible.

Article. Using Data-Driven Agent-Based Models for Forecasting Emerging Infectious Diseases Venkatramanan S et al. Using Data-Driven Agent-Based Models for Forecasting Emerging Infectious Diseases. Epidemics 2018; 22: 43-49. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epidem.2017.02.010. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/12685 This article published in Epidemics conveys challenges in producing timely, well-informed, and reliable forecasts for an epidemic of an emerging infectious disease, as very little is initially understood about its disease dynamics. In the face of these difficulties, detailed computational models provide a framework for integrating diverse data sources into a well-defined model of disease dynamics and social behavior, potentially leading to a better understanding of the emerging epidemic and more efficient solutions to address it. This article describes the various components and calibration process of a model framework previously developed for forecasting the Ebola epidemic in Liberia, along with a summary of its performance. The authors of this article conclude by highlighting how a data-driven approach can be refined and adapted for future epidemics, and share the lessons learned while combatting the Ebola epidemic.

Article. Characterising Pandemic Severity and Transmissibility From Data Collected During First Few Hundred Studies Black AJ et al. Characterising Pandemic Severity and Transmissibility From Data Collected During First Few Hundred Studies. Epidemics 2017; 19: 61-73. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epidem.2017.01.004. Published in Epidemics, this article underscores the importance of the early estimation of the probable impact of a pandemic, which can assist public health authorities to ensure that response measures are proportionate to the scale of the threat. Recently, frameworks based on transmissibility and severity have been introduced for initial estimates of pandemic impact. Advanced surveillance must take place until satisfactory characterization of the pandemic strain has

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been achieved through data. The authors present a method for analyzing this data and test this methodology. The methods estimate transmissibility and severity parameters of an epidemic to a high degree of accuracy and provide an efficient approach to estimating the impact of an outbreak in its early stages.

Article. Estimating the Reproductive Number, Total Outbreak Size, and Reporting Rates for Zika Epidemics in South and Central America Shutt DP et al. Estimating the Reproductive Number, Total Outbreak Size, and Reporting Rates for Zika Epidemics in South and Central America. Epidemics 2017; 21: 63-79. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epidem.2017.06.005. The authors of this article – published in Epidemics – developed a mathematical model for the dynamics of the 2015-2016 Zika virus outbreak in Colombia, El Salvador, and Suriname. It is essential to comprehend important characteristics of Zika outbreaks and how they vary across regions, especially as South and Central American countries prepare for increased birth defects from Zika virus outbreaks and plan for mitigation strategies to minimize ongoing and future outbreaks. Using this model, the authors hope to contribute to the need for data and models to understand the public health impact of associated diseases and develop mitigation strategies to combat their spread.

Report. Dynamic Transmission Modeling: A Report of the ISPOR-SMDM Modeling Good Research Practices Task Force-5 Pitman R et al. Dynamic Transmission Modeling: A Report of the ISPOR-SMDM Modeling Good Research Practices Task Force-5. Value in Health 2012; 15: 828-834. https://www.ispor.org/docs/default-source/resources/outcomes-research-guidelines-index/dynamic_transmission_modeling-5.pdf?sfvrsn=86c71849_0. This article published in Value in Health elucidates the value of dynamic transmission models, mathematical models capable of reproducing the direct and indirect effects that may arise from a communicable disease control program. Communicable diseases are unique in nature compared to other diseases modeled by health economists, for the probability of one individual becoming infected is related to the number of infectious individuals in the population, which will change over time. This nonlinear relationship produces dynamics that require specific consideration and analysis when modeling a health intervention addressing the communicable disease. This article outlines best practices for designing and building such models.

Article. Using Mobile Technology to Optimize Disease Surveillance and Healthcare Delivery at Mass Gatherings: A Case Study From India’s Kumbh Mela Kazi DS et al. Using Mobile Technology to Optimize Disease Surveillance and Healthcare Delivery at Mass Gatherings: A Case Study From India’s Kumbh Mela. Journal of Public Health 2017; 39(3): 616-624. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdw091. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/11824 This article from the Journal of Public Health describes how public health experts developed an inexpensive, tablet-based disease surveillance system with real-time analysis. They piloted it in 2013 at five field hospitals during the Kumbh Mela festival, which is a pilgrimage of faith that draws millions of Hindus to participate in ritual bathing in sacred rivers in Allahabad, India. The system reported on 43,131 patient visits over three weeks and documented common complaints that included musculoskeletal pain, fever, cough, coryza, and diarrhea, as well as prescribed treatments. The authors highlight the model’s importance for effective epidemic surveillance at mass gatherings that take place in resource-scarce settings.

COUNTRY CASE EXAMPLES

Country Profile. Country Profile: Indonesia Indonesia. World Intellectual Property Organization. https://www.wipo.int/directory/en/details.jsp?country_code=ID. This country profile by the World Intellectual Property Organization provides information about Indonesia.

Report. Protecting People and Animals: Annual Report 2017 Protecting People and Animals: Annual Report 2017. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Emergency Center for Transboundary Animal Diseases Indonesia 2017. http://www.fao.org/3/CA1086EN/ca1086en.pdf.

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Indonesia has been identified as one of the ‘hotspots’ for emerging infectious diseases (EID) in Asia. The risk of emergence of novel avian influenza viruses through reassortment and mutation, especially in view of the co-circulation of different H5N1 clades and other avian influenza viruses such as H9N2 LPAI, has become imminent.

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Report. USAID/Indonesia Avian and Pandemic Influenza (API) Program Evaluation 2009-2014 USAID/Indonesia Avian and Pandemic Influenza (API) Program Evaluation 2009-2014. United Nations Agency for International Development 2014. http://ghpro.dexisonline.com/sites/default/files/B4-009%20Indonesia%20API%20Eval%203.20.14.pdf. The purpose of this evaluation of the USAID / Indonesia Avian and Pandemic Influenza (API) program was to review and evaluate its progress and performance, since the last program assessment in 2009. The main objective of the evaluation was to provide insights and important feedback to each of the partners and stakeholders, including the strengths and areas where technical, administrative, and management efforts could be improved.

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Article. H1N1, Globalization, and the Epidemiology of Inequality Sparke M, Anguelov D. H1N1, Globalization, and the Epidemiology of Inequality. Health & Place 2012; 18(4): 726-736. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2011.09.001. This paper examines the lessons learned from the 2009 H1N1 pandemic in relation to wider work on globalization and the epidemiology of inequality. The media attention and economic resources diverted to the threats posed by H1N1 were significant inequalities themselves when contrasted with weaker responses to more lethal threats posed by other diseases associated with global inequality. However, the multiple inequalities revealed by H1N1 itself in 2009 still provide important insights into the future of global health in the context of market-led globalization. These lessons relate to at least four main forms of inequality: (1) inequalities in blame for the outbreak in the media; (2) inequalities in risk management; (3) inequalities in access to medicines; and (4) inequalities encoded in the actual emergence of new flu viruses.

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Article. WHO’S Virus Is It Anyway? Carter J. WHO’S Virus Is It Anyway? How the World Health Organization Can Protect Against Claims of “Viral Sovereignty”. Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law 2010; 38(3). https://digitalcommons.law.uga.edu/gjicl/vol38/iss3/10. The Swine Flu outbreak has renewed interest in the best way to protect the world's population against pandemic influenza.

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Article. Negotiating Equitable Access to Influenza Vaccines: Global Health Diplomacy and the Controversies Surrounding Avian Influenza H5N1 and Pandemic Influenza H1N1 Fidler DP. Negotiating Equitable Access to Influenza Vaccines: Global Health Diplomacy and the Controversies Surrounding Avian Influenza H5N1 and Pandemic Influenza H1N1. PLOS Medicine 2010; 7(5): e1000247. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000247. One of the most controversial areas of global health diplomacy over the past five years has involved negotiations to increase equitable access to vaccines for highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) (HPAI-H5N1) and pandemic 2009 influenza A (H1N1) (2009-H1N1).

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Article. Indonesia, H5N1, Global Health Diplomacy Irwin R. Indonesia, H5N1, Global Health Diplomacy. Global Health Governance 2010; 3(2). http://blogs.shu.edu/ghg/2010/04/01/indonesia-h5n1-and-global-health-diplomacy. The World Health Organization (WHO) is mandated to be the United Nations specialized agency for health. However, in light of changing disease trends, the increased “globalization” of health, and the entry of other actors into the health arena, much of the current discourse in global health research discusses the future of the WHO and its current role in governing global health, and how this should, or can change. This paper examines the role of the WHO in global health diplomacy and the promotion of global health security by examining the Indonesian virus-sharing case. In 2007, the Indonesian government pulled out of the Global Influenza Surveillance Network (GISN), concerned that its strains of H5N1 would be used to make vaccines in the high-income countries which would then be “resold” to Indonesia at what they considered to be unaffordable prices. They were also concerned that scientists in high-income countries would be able to take out patents based on these strains, which they asserted was their sovereign property. This paper discusses to what extent the International Health Regulations (IHR) and other agreements are applicable to this case and why countries have chosen to address this issue through an intergovernmental process rather than invoking the IHR. It also questions the enforceability of international agreements and their role in promoting equity. This paper then examines why current negotiations over virus-sharing have not reached an agreement. In doing so we can use this case to ask broader question about what “effective” global health diplomacy is, how global health governance architecture could, and should change – and what should the WHO’s role in promoting global health security be, and what other actors could, and should be involved.

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Slides. OFFLU Project on Vaccination in Indonesia Dauphin G. OFFLU Project on Vaccination in Indonesia. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. https://ec.europa.eu/food/sites/food/files/animals/docs/ad_cm_ai_nrl-annual-meetings-14_pres-17.pdf. These slides provide information about a designated vaccination project in Indonesia.

Article. Influenza Virus Samples, International Law, and Global Health Diplomacy Fidler DP. Influenza Virus Samples, International Law, and Global Health Diplomacy. Articles by Maurer Faculty 2008. https://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/facpub/447. Indonesia’s decision to withhold samples of avian influenza virus A (H5N1) from the World Health Organization for much of 2007 caused a crisis in global health. The World Health Assembly produced a resolution to try to address the crisis at its May 2007 meeting. I examine how the parties to this controversy used international law in framing and negotiating the dispute. Specifically, I analyze Indonesia’s use of the international legal principle of sovereignty and its appeal to rules on the protection of biological and genetic resources found in the Convention on Biological Diversity. In addition, I consider how the International Health Regulations 2005 applied to the controversy. The incident involving Indonesia’s actions with virus samples illustrates both the importance and the limitations of international law in global health diplomacy.

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News. Indonesia Details Reasons for Withholding H5N1 Viruses Roos R. Indonesia Details Reasons for Withholding H5N1 Viruses. Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy. University of Minnesota 2008; Jul 15. http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2008/07/indonesia-details-reasons-withholding-h5n1-viruses. In a recent medical journal article, Indonesian officials detailed the rationale for their refusal to share H5N1 influenza virus samples with the World Health Organization (WHO), asserting that it was in part a response to violations of the WHO's own guidelines by scientists and laboratories.

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EDITORIALS, PERSPECTIVES, BRIEFS

Editorial/Perspective. How to Be Ready for the Next Influenza Pandemic How to Be Ready for the Next Influenza Pandemic. Lancet Infectious Disease 2018; 18(7): 697. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30364-5. This editorial from The Lancet discusses the 1918 influenza pandemic that was caused by H1N1 during the final stages of World War I. In discussing this pandemic, it questions the readiness of the modern world in addressing an infectious disease outbreak of such devastation. It argues that we need to improve our preparedness for such an event through increased investment in vaccination, surveillance of both animal and human populations, and building response capacity. This article highlights the importance of being prepared for a future influenza pandemic in order to prevent high mortality rates.

Brief/Perspective. The Latest Ebola Outbreaks: What Has Changed in the International and U.S. Response Since 2014? Michaud J, Kates J. The Latest Ebola Outbreaks: What Has Changed in the International and U.S. Response Since 2014? Henry J Kaiser Family Foundation 2018. https://www.kff.org/global-health-policy/issue-brief/the-latest-ebola-outbreak-what-has-changed-in-the-international-and-u-s-response-since-2014. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/12691 This issue brief from the Henry J Kaiser Family Foundation summarizes changes in international Ebola response since 2014, focusing on U.S. government engagement in response to outbreaks in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Since 2014, the World Health Organization (WHO) has addressed important shortcomings in organization of staff, funding, and leadership. Beyond this, the DRC now has more experience with Ebola outbreaks and an effective Ebola vaccine and treatment are available. The U.S. has engaged in responses to Ebola outbreaks in DRC, however the recent budget moves on global disease outbreak prevention and response have created an uncertainty about U.S. commitment to global health security. Also, the U.S. has not yet appointed a government leader for U.S. international outbreak response. Depending on how Ebola outbreaks unfold internationally, such as in North Kivu, it may be vital for the U.S. to scale up engagement and response.

Editorial/Perspective. In Search of Global Governance for Research in Epidemics Peters DH et al. In Search of Global Governance for Research in Epidemics. The Lancet 2017; 390(10103): 1632–1633. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32546-1. GHELI repository link: http://repository.gheli.harvard.edu/repository/12689 This editorial from The Lancet discusses the Ebola epidemic, which emerged in west Africa in 2014-2015. The public health crisis was notably unique, in that it represented a failure of the international community to implement necessary research governance. While the International Health Regulations (IHR) were designed to protect for global health emergencies, the Ebola epidemic proved that research was neither well-accounted for, nor did it implement lasting policies to protect for future unique challenges.

Simulation/Perspective. Innovation for Epidemics Gates B. Innovation for Epidemics. Shattuck Lecture 2018. https://www.gatesfoundation.org/Media-Center/Speeches/2018/04/Shattuck-Lecture-Innovation-for-Pandemics. This perspective presented at the Massachusetts Medical Society‘s annual meeting on April 27, 2018, by American philanthropist Bill Gates, introduces an epidemic simulation by the Institute for Disease Modeling. Despite worldwide advances in epidemic security over the last century, the simulation he presents illustrates how the introduction of a new influenza virus – one similar to the 1918 pandemic that caused 50 million deaths – today would in 30 million deaths over the course of 6 months. Gates goes on to note recent advances in epidemic preparedness in the form of initiatives such as the Center for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, but warns that innovation in security measures alone won’t protect the world from aggressive epidemic outbreaks.

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Editorial/Perspective. Mechanistic Models of Infectious Disease and Their Impact on Public Health Lessler J, Cummings DAT. Mechanistic Models of Infectious Disease and Their Impact on Public Health. American Journal of Epidemiology 2016; 183(5): 415-422. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kww021. This editorial from the American Journal of Epidemiology reviews progress in modeling of infectious disease dynamics over the past century. The first model of infectious disease transmission was used to model transmission of malaria. This mathematical model developed many indices including prevalence rate and entomological inoculation rate. Since this model in the early 1900s, models have been used to estimate and forecast HIV infections, responses to foot and mouth disease outbreaks in the United Kingdom, assess smallpox bioterrorism response strategies, and project impact of interventions. Modelling disease dynamics helps to interpret surveillance data, prepare for emerging pathogens, explore effectiveness of interventions, and set quality public health policy.

Brief. Missing: Where Are the Migrants in Pandemic Influenza Preparedness Plans? Wickramage K et al. Missing: Where Are the Migrants in Pandemic Influenza Preparedness Plans? Health and Human Rights Journal 2018. https://www.hhrjournal.org/2018/05/missing-where-are-the-migrants-in-pandemic-influenza-preparedness-plans. Influenza pandemics are perennial global health security threats, with novel and seasonal influenza affecting a large proportion of the world’s population, causing enormous economic and social destruction. Novel viruses such as influenza A(H7N9) continue to emerge, posing zoonotic and potential pandemic threats. Many countries have developed pandemic influenza preparedness plans (PIPPs) aimed at guiding actions and investments to respond to such outbreak events.

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Brief. Pandemic Influenza Preparedness Framework: Q&As Pandemic Influenza Preparedness Framework: Q&As. World Health Organization 2016. https://www.who.int/influenza/pip/QA_Flyer.pdf?ua=1. This brief by the World Health Organization (WHO) address questions and answers to the Pandemic Influenza Preparedness Framework.

Perspective. Innovation for Epidemics Gates B. Innovation for Epidemics. Shattuck Lecture 2018. https://www.gatesfoundation.org/Media-Center/Speeches/2018/04/Shattuck-Lecture-Innovation-for-Pandemics. This resource is a transcript of the 2018 Shattuck Lecture delivered by Bill Gates.