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Vol 14, No 1, February 2012
ISSN 1680-4902 R35.00 (incl VAT)
The official journal of the Institute of Waste Management of Southern Africa
Promoting integrated resources management
TRANSLIFT AND OMB WASTE GROUPA new acquisition P6
COP 17 and the Kyoto ProtocolThe effect on business
Pikitup’s strategyEradicating excess waste in Joburg
Recycling villages Community sustainability
Panel discussionLandfill disposal, rehabilitation and extraction
www.3smedia.co.za
is printed on 100% recycled paper
RéSource February 2012 – 1
Cover story6 Translift and OMB Waste Group – a
new acquisition
Regulars
3 President’s comment
5 Editor’s comment
60 IWMSA news
Solid waste
8 Pikitup’s new strategy: eradicating excess waste in Joburg
Recycling
11 Plastics recycling survey results revealed
14 Recycling villages boost local sustainability
16 Excellence in e-waste recycling
18 Consol celebrates official Nigel launch
Landfills
21 Exclusive panel discussion: Landfill disposal, rehabilitation and extraction
Waste to energy
33 Renewable heating technology
COP 17 feature
34 COP 17 and the Kyoto Protocol: expectations and outcomes
38 COP 17 image highlights
Air pollution / CDM
40 ‘Smart’ buildings reduce GHG emissions
42 Sasol: green washing or step in the right direction?
45 Who will pay the price of carbon tax?
Hazardous waste
46 2011 Responsible Care Report: the good and bad
Medical waste
49 Case study: hazardous waste minimisation at medical schools
Wastewater management
54 HybridICE: chemical-free toxic
water treatment system
56 WWTW upgrade lowers carbon
emissions
Plant & equipment
57 Mercedes-Benz: raising the bar on
waste collection
59 Pilot Crushtec: the ‘pilot’ of asphalt recycling
Vol 14, No 1, February 2012
ISSN 1680-4902 R35.00 (incl VAT)
The official journal of the Institute of Waste Management of Southern Africa
Promoting integrated resources management
TRANSLIFT AND OMB WASTE GROUPA new acquisition P6
COP 17 and the Kyoto ProtocolThe effect on business
Pikitup’s strategyEradicating excess waste in Joburg
Recycling villages Community sustainability
Panel discussionLandfill disposal, rehabilitation and extraction
www.3smedia.co.za
is printed on 100% recycled paper
contentswww.3smedia.co.za ISSN 1680-4902, Volume 14, Number 1, February 2012
11
34
54
42
The RéSource team stands firmly behind environmental preservation. As such, RéSource magazine is printed on 100% recycled paper and uses no dyes or varnishes. The magazine is saddle-stitched to ensure that no glues are required in the binding process.
140litre
We are excited to introduce our
NEWwheelie binThis product is in line with the waste minimization strategy, as
result of recycling initiatives.
Mpact Plastic ContainersNeil Hare Road, Atlantis, South Africa 9 Piet Pretorius Street, Brits, South AfricaPO Box 1551, Dassenberg, 7350 Tel: +27 (0) 21 573 9400/ 0861 672 444 Email: [email protected] www.mpcsa.co.za
1009 mm
200 mm
482 mm587 mm
resistant
easy to handle
reliable
made from HDPE suitable for selective collection
RéSource February 2012 – 3
President's comment
Patron members of the IWMSA
I trust that all our members have enjoyed
a safe holiday season and have returned
to face the New Year with renewed en-
ergy and vigour to tackle the challenges that
lie ahead this year!
One of the major challenges we face is
that of procurement in local government,
especially in waste management. It is heart-
ening to see that government is now taking
active steps and intervening at provincial
level in an attempt to address the various
issues that are bedeviling procurement and
proper financial management of provinces
and ultimately, local authorities.
Another interesting trend is that a number
of municipalities are experiencing challeng-
es relating to landfill sites where airspace
is running out and they will soon be faced
with a lack of airspace. It is also becom-
ing difficult to find and develop new landfill
sites due to the lack of planning, budgeting
and political will. It is thus with this in mind,
that a number of local authorities have
turned to “waste to energy” as a solution to
their problems. In some cases municipali-
ties succumb to the advances of commer-
cial companies who offer to take over all
their waste management woes and promise
the earth in terms of what to do with their
waste, all at “no cost”!
It should be remem-
bered that there are no
“free lunches” in this
world and any service
that is provided comes
at a cost somewhere
down the line. I trust
that municipalities will follow the proper
procurement procedures in terms of the leg-
islation and look no further than the many
local waste management service providers,
both consultants, contractors and vendors,
that are available. They will be surprised to
see the wealth of expertise and knowledge
that is available.
The Eastern Cape branch, with the assis-
tance of the IWMSA head office, is well
advanced with the organising of WasteCon
2012 to be held in East London later
this year. A new look WasteCon is on the
cards as we are in discussions with the
Department of Environmental Affairs to
integrate the annual Waste Khoro
with WasteCon. This will allow the
many municipal delegates attend-
ing the Waste Khoro the opportu-
nity to attend WasteCon and the
attendant exhibition. This will afford
our exhibitors the opportunity to get
exposure to the many munici-
palities that will be attend-
ing. Details of the new look
WasteCon programme will
be released shortly once
the arrangements have
been finalised.
A further call for papers for WasteCon
has gone out. Please support your flag-
ship conference and get busy with those
abstracts. This is the ideal opportunity to
showcase the expertise out there which is
so vitally needed within our municipalities
and especially in addressing the theme of
“Wrestling with Waste”. For those compa-
nies still pondering on whether they wish to
exhibit, please note that only 20 stands are
left. This is the best response we have had
in many years when it comes to the sale of
exhibition stands! So don’t delay, book now!
Finally, we are in an election year again
and it will soon be time for those nomina-
tions for branch committees and
vice-president. Please make yourself
available to get involved in the
affairs of the IWMSA, particularly
at branch level which is the heart
of the IWMSA. All our new
members are particu-
larly encouraged to
get involved – make
yourself available
and contact your
local branch
or the IWMSA
head office.
We need to get
“new blood”
with dynamic
ideas and lots
of energy to
take this institute
forward in the right
direction.
It’s time for WasteCon 2012
A new look WasteCon is on the cards as we are in discussions with the Department of Environmental Affairs” Stan Jewaskiewitz, President, IWMSA
RéSource February 2012 – 5
No words can describe the feeling
of being a delegate at COP 17.
Never have I been surrounded by
individuals who exude such concern for the
environment and the planet as a whole.
The talks were electrifying. The passion,
contagious! Despite the language barrier,
the colour of your skin, or your native coun-
try, there was one focus and one focus
only – to act now against climate change
while we still have the chance. Heads of
state and government officials descended
on one particular conference room at the
ICC, while throughout the
venue and Durban metro
various other press confer-
ences, launches and talks
were being held. Despite
the negativity prior the
event, good news prevailed
with the Kyoto Protocol
being reinstated. For more
insight into COP 17, the Kyoto Protocol
and image highlights from the event, look
out for the special RéSource COP 17
feature inside this issue.
On a different note though, the
tyre industry has been hit by a new
levy. For those who haven’t yet heard,
an Integrated Industry Waste Tyre
Management Plan has been approved
by Environmental Affairs Minister, Edna
Molewa, and will be implemented and
managed by the Recycling and Economic
Development Initiative of South Africa
(REDISA) – a not-for-
profit organisation.
The South African tyre
industry produces
more than 10 million
scrap tyres every year
and it is estimated
that anything between
60 and 100 million
scrap tyres are stock-
piled in the country.
Hence the new law is
intended not only to
support the creation
of a sustainable recy-
cling industry deal with
a major waste prod-
uct, but also to create
jobs and foster small and medium-sized
businesses in communities throughout
the country. A levy of R2.30 per kilogram
will apply to all tyres either manufactured
or imported on or after 1 February 2012.
Tyres already in stock will not be affected.
When the plastic bag levy was initi-
ated in 2003, the South African Revenue
Services (SARS) pocketed handsomely
from the collections, ringing in R61 385
000 for the 2005/06 financial year.
However, SARS collected no plastic bag
tax for the 2003/04 financial year and it
is not clear where
the money from
the tax went to
in the initial year.
Let’s hope that
the tyre industry
doesn’t encounter
the same ‘X-files’
scenario.
Rattling on about COP 17 and the tyre
levy, I completely forgot to welcome every-
one to the start of a brand new year and I
am sure that 2012 is going to be a great
one! To kick start the year, RéSource has
a brand new line-up of the best reads in
the waste industry including an insight
into Pikitup’s waste management strategy,
a panel discussion based on landfill dis-
posal, rehabilitation and extraction, and
a revolutionary chemical-free toxic water
treatment system called HybridICE. This
issue also features some interesting recy-
cling stories and news on
WasteCon 2012 – yep, it’s
time for the biggest waste
industry event again!
RéSource welcomes all
editorial submissions so
please send your copy to
drop me an email and we
can meet and discuss.
Happy reading!
ReSource is endorsed by:
Editor's comment
Nothing beats a front row seat
Publisher: Elizabeth ShortenEditor: Candice Landie Tel: +27 (0)11 233 2600, [email protected] chief executive: Frédérick DantonSub-editor: Patience GumboProduction manager: Antois-Leigh BotmaFinancial manager: Andrew Lobban Marketing: Martin HillerSubscriptions sales: Nomsa MasinaAdministrator: Tonya HebentonDistribution coordinator: Nomsa MasinaPrinters: United Litho JohannesburgTel: +27 (0)11 402 0571
Advertising sales: Christine PretoriusTel: +27 (0)11 465 8255 [email protected]
Publisher: MEDIA
No.4, 5th Avenue Rivonia, 2191PO Box 92026, Norwood 2117Tel: +27 (0)11 233 2600Share Call: 086 003 3300 Fax: +27 (0)11 234 7274/5www.3smedia.co.za
Annual subscription: R195.00 (incl VAT) South Africa ISSN 1680-4902
The Institute of Waste Management of Southern AfricaTel: +27 (0)11 675 3462E-mail: [email protected]
All material herein RéSource is copyright-protected and may not be reproduced either in whole or in part without the prior written permission of the publisher. The views and opinions expressed in the magazine do not necessarily re-flect those of the publisher or editor, but those of the author or other contributors under whose name contributions may ap-pear, unless a contributor expresses a viewpoint or opinion in his or her capacity as an elected office bearer of a company, group or association.
© Copyright 2012. All rights reserved.
Editor
When the plastic bag levy was initiated, SARS pocketed handsomely from the collections
TRANSLIFT AND OMB WASTE GROUP
Translift Netherlands recently became a major stakeholder in OMB Waste Group of companies, South Africa, with the acquisition of the local shareholding early in 2011. Translift is now in the process of establishing a new and revised management structure, which includes the introduction of a fully-participating BEE component.
Cover story
ACTS slide-on frame (fi tt ed to existi ng or new containers)ACTACTACAAACCACACCTCTCCCTACTACTACTACAAACACCCTCTTTTACTACTAAACTCTTACAACCCCTTTCTACTACTAAAACCCTTTTTACTAAAAAACCCCCCTCTTTACTACTACAAACCCCCTTTACTACCCCTTTACTACTAACCACCACCTACTACTACTACCCCCACACTAACCCCACTACCCACACCCCACCTCCACCCCCACCCCCCCCAACCCCACCCTCACCAACCAC SS sS lidde-e-o-o-oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooonnnnnnnn n ffnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn rame ((((((e ((((((((e ((((((((((((((((((((fi ttfifififi ttfifififififififififififififififififififififi ededededeededededededdedededddd tototototototototototooootooto exexexexexxxexexexexexxexe istiistiistitiistiististiistiisstisistitistististititititititititinnnngnngngnggngnggggggngngnnngngngngggggnggngnnngnnng oooroooororororroooooooororrooorooorororrrrroorooorrorororoooorrooorooooroooorrrroorrorrooooorororroorrrrorrrooroorrrrr neneneneneneneneeneneneeeeeneennennneenenenenennnnnnnnnnn w cww cw cw cw cw cw cw cw cccw cw ccwwwww cwwwwww ccw cccccwww cw cccccccw cw onttontontontontttontttontonttontontonontnnttonttontontontontonttooononontnntonttntontntntonttonnttnntonttntaainainainainainainnainainaainainaaaaininiainainina nainiininnaainiainaaa nnnnnaaaainnnnnnnnnnnnnainnnnerserseeersersersersrsereersrsersererseerrerrsserseeeerrrsrsrsersrserersereeerseeeeeeersseeeerserseeeeeeeersrsee ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
International expertise meets local business
be applied to all products manufactured both
locally and abroad for use within and beyond
South African borders. Wherever practical,
parts will be manufactured for the interna-
tional market now that the local entity forms
a larger part of the Translift operation.
The local manufacture initiative opens new
employment opportunities and potential
export markets for production and spare
parts required locally and elsewhere in the
world where Translift has manufacturing and
service requirements. The company has rec-
ognised the need for a greater participation
in the social upliftment of local inhabitants of
the country and is eager to share its knowl-
edge and experience with the South African
related industry. This proactive approach
creates the opportunity for expansion into
other African countries, and the intention is
to replicate the initiative in other develop-
ing countries outside of Africa where the
need for environmentally-related commercial
initiatives serve a dual purpose by targeting
Towards the end of last year, after serv-
ing in a mandatory executive position,
Les Penny stood down from his posi-
tion as director at OMB Waste Group.
Penny is currently consulting for the com-
pany specifically in the area of technical
innovation and marketing of the product
range, particularly active in other developing
and emerging areas. He will concentrate on
community upliftment in the waste industry
and consult in the structure, selection and
implementation of the product. Product devel-
opment will also form part of his function for
the industry.
Translift is in the process of establishing
a new and revised management structure,
which includes the introduction of a fully
participating BEE component. The intention
is that training and upliftment form the cor-
nerstone of operations in South Africa, both
in the administrative and technical areas of
the business. Local manufacture has already
commenced and a South African flavour will
appropriate
waste
handling
issues and,
in doing
so, create
entrepre-
neurial
opportuni-
ties for
individuals in
local communities.
The Translift rangeConsidering the range of equipment in the
Translift portfolio, the fabrication of large
components and finished goods for local
and neighbouring countries makes perfect
sense. Given the immensity of transportation
costs from abroad, Translift has seen the
requirement as an opportunity to become
an integral part of the waste equipment and
systems industry in the region.
6 – RéSource February 2012
Les Penny
Cover story
Bulk containers for use with Translift’s own
range of waste collection/transportation and
handling equipment should provide a practi-
cal base for the extrapolation of the specific
product into similar but otherwise applied
containers, also found in the region. Rear
loader bodies, which are also somewhat
costly to ship from abroad, are also a part of
the parcel.
Manufactured components for new equip-
ment destined for the Translift international
market may consist of bin lifter components,
compactor components, prefabricated con-
tainer lifting components and a variety of
other similar parts for the bulk container lift-
ing mechanisms. Translift has progressively
upgraded its own main manufacturing facility
in Dronten, Holland, and will aim to apply the
experience and expertise that was gained
and applied during the course of the progres-
sive approach.
The locally-manufactured spare parts
meant for local consumption will be kept
in Pretoria for distribution alongside parts
imported from elsewhere in the world, such
as hydraulic components and PLC products
where appropriate. The hardware, being
only a part of the bigger picture, sees that
an on-going technical support programme
is in place whereby the experienced techni-
cal team from Holland combined with the
newly structured technical team in South
Africa, will be available to train and assist
their own maintenance personnel, as well as
individuals recognised as suitably positioned
to undertake whatever service and mainte-
nance activities that may arise from time
to time. What is more, Translift will become
more actively engaged with supporting waste
handling initiatives aimed especially at com-
munity level. The variety of options available
to the community are numerous and the
company has several models from which to
select – all of which are aimed at addressing
employment opportunities within the collec-
tion and transportation component as well
as with waste separation initiatives. Their
projects will invariably require a degree of
funding and that is where Translift is likely to
be on top of the game with potential options.
It was once said that the ‘extra mile’ is not
too busy, simply because not too many peo-
ple attempt it. Sadly, this is not a very well
supported concept but, that too, is because
not too many are thus inclined.
Community involvementThe principle of community-based waste col-
lection presents the opportunity to engage
the community in the process of waste col-
lection. Primarily the focus is on less affluent
areas where unemployment is usually at its
highest. Simple arithmetic will demonstrate
that less sophisticated equipment is required
for waste collection when including the com-
munity in sustainable waste management
initiatives. The consolidation method has
been , and is being used with positive effect
but the need for the expansion of the con-
cept appears to have eluded the industry, in
all likelihood because first world principles
are applied in the areas in question. This is
not to say that these principles and related
equipment are not applicable in metropolitan
areas and affluent society but the fact is
that the majority of the population do not fall
within that category. For this reason, Translift
is focusing on the underprivileged in the con-
text of community involvement. The concept
of community based waste collection requir-
ing less capital equipment is fundamental
where consolidation is maximised. If a col-
lection vehicle, particularly a large compactor
type, is compelled to collect at every house-
hold, the time required to load the vehicle
is determined by factors such as traffic
congestion, accessibility, road conditions and
more. On the other hand if the waste were
to be collected by the community in a man-
aged fashion and consolidated, the collection
vehicle would find itself completing a route in
half the time otherwise required.
Considering the capital and operational
cost savings by optimising the operation
of the garbage compactor, the available
saving is amortised and applied to the
RéSource offers advertisers an ideal platform to ensure maximum exposure of their brand. Companies are afforded the opportunity of publishing a cover story and a cover picture to promote their products and services to an appropriate audience. Please call Christine Pretorius on +27 (0)11 465 6273 to secure your booking. The article does not represent the views of the Institute of Waste Management of Southern Africa, or those of the publisher.
The locally-manufactured spare parts meant for local consumption will be kept in Pretoria for distribution alongside parts imported from elsewhere in the world
RéSource February 2012 – 7
remuneration of the individuals within the
community that are collecting and con-
solidating the waste. This principle may
be applied to the suburban and CBD in a
modified format and Translift has the meth-
odology and experience to apply these con-
cepts. When distance to disposal becomes
a problem the concept kicks into overdrive
and provides further entrepreneurial oppor-
tunities than ever.
ConclusionNaturally each area is different and for
this reason Translift would evaluate the
requirement with a view to determination of
the range and type of equipment required,
whilst endeavouring to preserve what col-
lection infrastructure there is in order not to
disrupt the existing operation, but rather to
optimise it. With the vast number of options
and tweaks that can be applied to the waste
collection process, Translift is poised to
embrace the challenges of community-based
waste collection, recycling at source and
environmental stability. Last but not least,
all of the Translift concepts and equipment
implementation have a significantly positive
effect on the reduction of carbon emissions.
With quantifiable studies having been per-
formed, Translift is in a unique position to
assist in developing systems that ensure the
whole community benefits from these low-
ered carbon emissions.
t +27(0)12 460 1973
ABOVE ACTS turntables on a flatbed rail wagon
8 – RéSource February 2012
15%
Waste minimisation through separation at source, composting,
crusher plants, centres of excellence
30%
Waste to energy plant construction and initiation
General WasteLegislation. Funding. Recycling. Collection
55%
Additional landfill space
Solid waste
reducing the waste that is produced by resi-
dents, businesses and individuals so that we
have less to dispose of at landfills.” This is
in line with the National Waste Management
Strategy, which cabinet approved on 10
November 2011. The strategy reveals trends
on minimising waste and therefore reducing
the negative impacts on the environment.
The ultimate objective is to change Pikitup’s
current value chain from ‘collect, transport
and dispose’ to ‘rethink, reduce, reuse and
recycle’. “Even though we encourage people
to reduce waste creation, we must accept
that, realistically, there will always be some
level of waste generated,” says Mpungose.
Critical to this process is changing the
public’s mindset and attitude towards the
creation and management of waste. Pikitup
will bolster its education and awareness
drive so that Johannesburg citizens can
understand what the company is trying to
achieve as not much can be achieved with-
out public support and active par ticipation.
Manufacturers must take back Pikitup is looking to divert at least 33% of
waste from landfills through a combination
of product stewardship (take-back) pro-
grammes where manufacturers take back
their own packaging and other recyclable
products, and the development of facili-
ties which promote re-use, recycling and
The City of Johannesburg’s solid
waste management service provider
and the biggest waste manage-
ment company in Africa unveiled its waste
minimisation plan for the city – placing
sustainability at the forefront of its opera-
tions. “Landfill space is fast depleting and
is impacting the environment negatively at
an alarming pace, mostly because of the
rapid population growth in the City of Johan-
nesburg (CoJ),” says Zandile Mpungose,
Pikitup’s executive: Legal Environment
Compliance and Safety. “That, in turn, links
directly to excessive waste production.”
Speaking at the annual 2011 EnviroCon
Conference, targeted at environmental
managers and specialists from large or-
ganisations around South Africa and aiming
to present solutions and opportunities to
the environmental issues which the country
faces, Mpungose stressed the importance
of waste reduction as “we simply do not
have the space to accommodate the con-
tinuously increasing levels of waste being
“We have at least eight years
to go before we run out of
landfi ll space in the City of
Johannesburg.” Lawrence Boya, MD of Pikitup
Eradicating excessive waste production PIKITUP’S WASTE STRATEGY
CITY OF JOHANNESBURG AND PIKITUP
• Total area of 1 625 km² • Home to 3.8 million people• Pikitup responsible for transporting,
collecting and disposing of domestic refuse• Pikitup provides commercial services to
some 17 000 businesses• Litter picks and sweeps approximately
9 000 km of streets• CoJ generates a total of 1.6 million tonnes
of waste per annum• What is takes to keep CoJ clean• Over 4 000 employees in 11 depots• Fleet of around 500 vehicles• Four landfill sites• 44 garden refuse sites• 472 000 new 240ℓ wheelie bins delivered
generated as more people move into the
city”.
The CoJ’s population is growing at a rate
of 9% annually. More than a space issue,
the local environment cannot withstand the
sustained impact. As the city’s constitu-
tionally mandated solid waste management
company, Pikitup needs to find a meaning-
ful and sustainable way of reducing the
levels of waste generated and ultimately
disposed of at landfill.
The plan moving forwardLooking at what constitutes waste, how it is
generated and ultimately managed, Pikitup’s
plan, moving forward, is to drastically cut
down on waste produced in order to reduce
what needs to be disposed of down the
line. Mpungose explains: “We’re looking at
FIGURE 1 CoJ’s intentions on waste minimisation
Solid waste
composting. These initiatives will, in turn,
increase CoJ residents’ participation in recy-
cling and support the roll out of infrastruc-
ture for waste diversion, such as materials
recovery facilities, composting plants, waste
transfer stations, builder’s rubble plants
and through extensive city-wide education
and awareness outreach programmes.
Pikitup has already embarked on a num-
ber of initiatives which contribute towards
the CoJ’s goal of emitting less carbon
emmissions. “We presently run the Clean
City Campaign, the highlight of which is the
annual Clean-up Day. It also incorporates
the Illegal Dumping Programme, which is
about combatting the problem of illicitly
discarding waste in any open space around
the city. In 2012, we will expand the
A FEW PIKITUP INITIATIVES
Clean City Campaign
Illegal Dumping Programme to combat the problem of illicitly discarding waste in any open space around the city.Clean-up Day an annual event galvanising Johannesburg residents to actively clean up.
Eco Rangers Pilot phase: creating a generation of environmentally-aware warriors.
Separation at source
Education drive to get households to separate their refuse from home to help minimise what ends up at landfill sites.
WASTE DIVERSION TACTICS
• Source reduction strategies look at diverting waste from waste streams before any collections.• Waste separated at source reused and/or recycled by residents.• Dry recyclables and e-waste exchanged amongst residents.• Home composting (worm farming strategies) of green and wet waste, facilitating food security as
the compost is a critical component of vegetable gardening.• Residents’ training on home composting and assisted implementation.• Community outreach programmes for mindset changes.• By-law enforcement and penalties as a last resort.• Enhancing the role of reclaimers.• Reusing, recycling and composting: the strategy seeks the attainment of 33% waste diversion
from landfills through a combination of the following:• Product stewardship (take-back) programmes, whereby manufacturers take back their own
packaging and other products.• Development of facilities that promote reuse, recycling and composting.• Increasing residents’ recycling rate participation.• Roll out of builder’s rubble plants.• Extensive city wide education and awareness outreach programmes. • Conversion technologies provide the biggest chunk of recyclables that can be diverted from
landfills• The strategy projects 40% diversion of waste from landfills to conversion technologies by 2040.• This methodology not only assists in waste diversion but is a significant contributor to electricity
and heat generation that will provide long-term financial sustainability for the city and Pikitup.
Traditional Waste Hierarchy
Potential Paradigm shift for CoJ / Pikitup
Today Proposed Strategy
0%
7%
0%
93%
20%
33%
40%
7%
INTERIM MEASURES TO IMPLEMENT (12 MONTHS)
• Focus on short-term gains in the Waterval area and prepare for roll out to other areas. i.e. Randburg, Selby, Southdale and Roodepoort depot areas.
• Investigate the viability of the Robinson material recovery facility (MRF).• Initiate feasibility studies for the MRF at Linbro Park transfer station.• Upgrade two garden sites to centres of excellence (subject to feasibility studies).
LONG-TERM MEASURES TO IMPLEMENT (TWO TO FIVE YEARS)
• Mobile buy back centres.• Buy banks – flats and townhouse complexes.• Make recycling facilities available at all 44 garden sites (two new sites established).• Establish 100 tonnes per day clean MRF at Marie Louise landfill site, based on
recommendations of feasibility study.• Complete the construction of a MRF at the transfer station at Linbro Park landfill site.• Review business operations of Pikitup to support waste minimisation strategy.• Five year target is to recycle 160 000 tonnes of recyclable waste generated in the CoJ
per annum.
FIGURE 2 (above) Pikitup’s waste minimisation objectives FIGURE 2 (above) Pikitup’s waste minimisation objectives
Traditional waste hierarchy
Potential paradigm shift for COJ Pikitup
Separation at Source initiative to include
more suburbs, and this will feature an
education drive to get more households to
separate their refuse from home to help
minimise what ends up at the landfill site,”
Mpungose concludes.
RéSource February 2012 – 9
Let’s recycle our way to a better future.
We at Pikitup Johannesburg (Pty) Ltd. aspire to be the leading integrated waste management company in Africa. It’s why we’ve made it our mission to provide sustainable and innovative waste management solutions that exceed stakeholders’ expectations time and time again. Our service offering includes Round Collected refuse, Business Waste, Hazardous Waste, Special Waste, Landfill Sites, Garden Sites and Green Waste Recycling; just some more ways we’re working toward a better, greener South Africa.
70469B
Recycling
Plastics get the spotlight in this edition of RéSource. We take a look at the plastics
recycling survey results and Plastics SA’s achievement at The Green Expo.
Plastics – too valuable to wastePLASTICS RECYCLING SURVEY
Fulfilling its mandate of promoting the
responsible and sustainable use of
plastics as a material, Plastics SA
conducts annual surveys into the state of
plastics recycling in the country. A complete
survey of the plastics recycling industry in
South Africa was concluded in 2009, with
the updated estimates for 2010 recently
released. According to the updated recycling
figures released by Plastics SA, the recycling
of plastics in the country has shown a
steady increase during 2010. There were
194 recyclers operating in 2010, who have
managed to:
• recycle 241 853 tonnes of plastics
• provide 4 800 jobs
• create 35 000 indirect jobs with an annual
payroll of R240 million.
Tonnages recycled“The most significant impacts of plastics
recycling were job creation, the reduction
of carbon footprints and the re-use of non-
renewable resources,” says Anton Hanekom,
executive director of Plastics SA. According
to Hanekom, the most recent survey reveals
that the recycling rate of plastics (all plastics
converted) has increased to 18%. “These
statistics clearly show that there is a growing
demand for recycled plastics that has proven
it to be versatile, economic and reliable,”
he says. Similarly, the growth in virgin mate-
rial consumption showed a 4.7% increase
(from 1 280 000 tonnes to 1 340 000) dur-
ing the same period.
Plastics packagingOut of the 241 853 tonnes of plastics that
were recycled, 182 032 was plastics packag-
ing. This is an increase of 6% which is main-
ly due to the increased recycling rates for
PE-LD/LLD (for example,pallet wrap, shrink
wrap, shrouds, liners, bags, form-fill and
seal packaging, general flexible packaging,
protective wrapping, bubble wrap, etc) and
PET beverage bottles. The total amount of
plastics packaging in the waste stream was
recorded as 605 000 tonnes in 2010. The
2009 2010
Total tonnes converted
1 280 000 1 340 000
Total tonnes recycled
228 057 241 853
Recycling rate
17.8% 18.0%
TABLE 1 Tonnages recycled
derived recycling rate for plastics packaging
is therefore 30.1%.
Plastics packaging recycling rates will be
even higher, thanks to Tiger Brands’ deci-
sion to stop using oxo-biodegradable bread
bags. The South African Plastics Recycling
Organisation (SAPRO) welcomes this decision
as all bread packaging can now be recycled,
a development which will improve the recy-
cling rates for PE-LD/LLD.
Provincial representationThe 2010 survey results indicate that the
average tonnage per recycler has increased
in Gauteng, Limpopo and Mpumalanga as
well as in the Eastern Cape and the Western
Cape. “The overall tonnage increased by 17%
from 2009 to 2010 in the Western Cape and
the tonnage per recycler with 10%. A number
of separation at source collection systems
are in place in the Western Cape and the
increased tonnage could be a result of more
recyclable material of improved quality that
became available in 2010. Similar initiatives
were also started towards the end of 2010
in Gauteng and it remains to be seen if the
recycled tonnage will increase as a result
of more and cleaner available recyclables,”
Hanekom explains.
Source of recyclable plasticsInterestingly, the survey also reveals a
definite change in the source of recyclable
RéSource February 2012 – 11
Out of the 241 853 tonnes of plastics that were recycled in 2010, 182 032 tonnes was plastics packaging
12 Tungsten Road, Isando, Gauteng, South Africa • P.O.Box 746, Isando 1600, South Africa Tel:(011) 974-5660 • Fax: (011) 974-5143 • Email:[email protected]
Ottowaste.indd 1 2010/07/05 11:29:45 AM
plastics waste from 2009 to 2010. Pre-
consumer materials increased by 38% and
post-industrial by 44%, while post-consumer
and landfill materials dropped by 14%. “We
attribute this change to the 2010 economy,”
Hanekom says. “In an attempt to reduce
operating costs, recyclers sourced cleaner
materials to recycle, hence the increased
figures for post-industrial and preconsumer
materials.”
Hanekom said consumers, recyclers
and the industry as a whole have
a huge role to play in helping the
recycling statistics to increase. “We
believe that the largest growth
potential in recycling lies in post-
consumer, household recyclables.
However, the costs of washing and
drying are prohibiting recyclers
from sourcing more post-consumer
and landfill recyclables,” he
continues.
Other hindrances facing local recy-
cling operations include the high cost
of water and electricity, wages, transport,
repairs and maintenance required on the
recycling plant and its equipment.“Whilst
a number of larger recyclers were able to
overcome these obstacles by investing
heavily in their recycling plants in order to
improve efficiencies of their washing and
drying facilities, we need government’s
support and a collective effort to find more
energy efficient solutions in the years to
come.” The Packaging and Paper Industry
Waste Plan submitted to the Department of
Environmental Affairs early in 2011 stated
FIGURE 2 Guillotine used for the slicing of plastics into strips
FIGURE 3 Random mixture of plastic elements in soil for different reinforcement concentration
an overall plastics packaging recycling rate
of 35% by 2015. The last updated statistics
for 2010 indicate that this could be achieved
as long as the current growth rates are
maintained.
Enviropaedia Award for recyclingOn a different note, Plastics SA was
awarded the 2011 Enviropaedia Award for
Recycling, at the inaugural Eco-Logic Awards
ceremony which took place in Cape Town
in November 2011, in partnership with The
Green Expo. “We are honouring companies
and individuals who are helping us fight both
the symptoms and the causes of environ-
mental problems,” says David Parry-Davies,
editor of The Enviropaedia, South Africa’s
reference to the green revolution and the
driving force behind the awards.
The organisation impressed the judges
with its ongoing commitment to increase
public awareness about the importance
of plastic recycling through its various
Enviromark activities. Under the auspice of
its sustainability director, Douw Steyn, this
non-profit organisation has launched and
driven numerous annual activities through
the years, including initiatives such
as National Recycling Day, Clean-Up
South Africa Week and the interna-
tional Coastal Clean-Up Day, which
takes place in September every
year. The Enviromark and its team
of eco-warriors have also become
a familiar sight at large interna-
tional sporting events such as
the annual Cape Argus/Pick‘n Pay
Cycle Race and the Two Oceans
Marathon, where they pick up and
recycle the litter that gets left behind
by participants and supporters.
“Plastics are often unfairly blamed
for polluting the environment,” said
Steyn, after he received the award.
“However, we are trying to educate the
public that plastics don’t litter – people do.
Used plastic packaging or discarded plastic
products should not end up in landfills. We
have a thriving, innovative and successful
plastic recycling industry in South Africa
that creates new products from virtually
every type of plastic – whether it is used
water bottles, plastic shopping bags or
yoghurt tubs.”
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RéSource February 2012 – 13
Plastics are typically polymers of high molecular mass and may contain other substances to improve performance and/or reduce production costs
Recycling
14 – RéSource February 2012
Recycling
An exciting recycling initiative was launched in the
Katorus and Greater Alberton areas, which will initially be
piloted by Monde School in Katlehong, and will provide
surrounding communities with the facilities to recycle.
Adding sustainability to local communities
RECYCLING VILLAGES
iWYZE valuables insurance, in partner-
ship with the Wildlands Conservation
Trust, launched this initiative on 17
October 2011, which will provide surrounding
communities with the facilities to recycle,
and reward the schools for recycling efforts.
Wildlands has successfully rolled out similar
projects in KwaZulu-Natal, and the insurance
company has now partnered with the non-
governmental organisation to make the first
Gauteng implementation possible. “The fact
that Wildlands is already running a success-
ful recycling programme in KwaZulu-Natal at
various schools and shopping centres encour-
ages us to believe that this project will do
just as well in Gauteng,” says Willem Smith,
chief executive of iWYZE. “Based on results
from Wildlands’ current projects, we hope to
roll it out to the broader community, starting
this year.”
Monde Primary School was a good fit for
the team as the school is already considered
an eco-school, with a multitude of eco-
projects already in place. The school has an
eco-council overseeing initiatives such as
bird watching clubs, a full vegetable garden
and the rehabilitation of indigenous trees in
the area – evident that the school is already
on route to becoming an ambassador for the
environment.
Instead of throwing away household waste
so that it ends up in a landfill, members of
the community will now be able to deposit
their waste at a central point. Recycling vil-
lages, comprising eight different types of
bins – each one labelled for a specific type
of waste material (including paper, polysty-
rene, plastic, cans and glass) – have been
set up at the pilot school. Parents, pupils
and members of the community will be
encouraged to separate their waste into the
different categories and deliver it to the recy-
cling village at the school.
Not only will this initiative help the commu-
nity with its recycling efforts but there is also
a direct benefit to the school itself. Each
school will receive a 40% rebate on the recy-
clables collected, valued according to weight.
This money can then be used to improve the
school’s facilities, which in turn will benefit
the children. FIGURE 1 Recycling villages at school will aid in increasing sustainability within local communities
There are two types of electronic waste
recyclers: informal and formal. Informal
collecting off landfill sites operating
without infrastructure, with no identified waste
streams and formal waste collection, process-
ing and recycling services are rendered to
electronic equipment importers, IT providers,
telecommunications industries, corporations,
government, educational and medical institu-
tions. In the context of excellence, truly excel-
lent recycling organisations are measured by
their ability to achieve and sustain outstanding
results for their stakeholders.
The approach to sustainable e-waste recy-
cling excellence is supported by the funda-
mental concept of excellence and requires
total management commitment and a man-
agement team with clearly identified waste
streams and a full understanding, and accept-
ance, of the eight fundamental concepts:
results orientation, customer focus, leader-
ship and constancy of purpose, management
by processes and facts, people develop-
ment and involvement, continuous learning,
improvement and innovation, partnership
development and public responsibility.
Once the concepts of excellence are
deployed, accepted and operational, we need
to answer the question: Where are we now
in relation to these concepts? At the start-up
phase, on the way or a mature level? Once
we have these answers, we will be able to
Recycling
In a mountainous world of e-waste, lists of legislation, ever-changing working processes,
e-waste recyclers need a structured approach to key processes and waste streams in
order to ensure sustainable e-waste recycling excellence.¹ By Pieter van der Merwe*
Excellence in e-waste recycling
assess and refine results to determine what
the real benefits of excellence and the influ-
ence on our e-waste footprint are.
Organisational maturity stagesStart-up
• All relevant stakeholders are identified.
• Customer satisfaction is assessed.
• Vision and mission are defined.
• Processes to achieve desired results are
defined.
• People accept ownership and responsibility
in terms of solving problems.
• Improvement opportunities are identified
and acted upon.
• A process exists for selecting and managing
suppliers.
• Legal and regulatory requirements are
understood and met.
On the way• Stakeholder needs are assessed in a struc-
tured way.
• Goals and targets are linked to customer
needs and expectations. Loyalty issues are
researched.
• Policy, people and processes are aligned. A
leadership model exists.
• Comparative data and information is used
to set challenging goals.
• People are innovative and creative in fur-
thering organisational objectives.
• Continuous improvement is an accepted
objective for every individual.
• Supplier improvement and achievements
are recognised and key external partners
have been identified.
• There is active involvement in ‘society’.
Mature• Transparent mechanisms exist to balance
stakeholder expectations.
• Customer satisfaction needs and loyalty
issues are understood, measured and
actioned.
• Shared values and ethical role models exist
at all organisational levels.
• Process capability is fully understood and
used to drive performance improvements.
• People are empowered to act and openly
share knowledge and experience.
• Successful innovation and improvement is
widespread and integrated.
• The organisation and its key partners
are interdependent. Plans and policies
are co-developed on the basis of shared
knowledge.
• Societal expectations are measured and
actioned.
Benefits of excellence and its influence on the e-waste footprintIn an industry where legislation and regula-
tory standards are increasing and becoming
Main Key Process - Dismantling
KEY Processes
Secondary Processes
Printer cartridges
Non-Ferrous Metals
Ferrous Metals Plas cs Cardboard & Paper
PVC Cable Monitors and CRT’s
Lead Acid Ba eries
E-Waste arrives at Desco and is weighed in on the weighbridge
E-Waste is forwarded to the Receiving Yard, where it is sorted and sec oned into bins
E-Waste dismantled & stripped on the Desco premises and sorted into speci c waste streams
E-Waste is loaded at customer premises and transported
PC Boards
FIGURE 1 Key and support processes
16 – RéSource February 2012
RéSource February 2012 – 17
the norm, the main strategic target areas are
seen as being focused towards the environ-
ment, customers, society and people – all of
which are addressed through key processes,
secondary and support processes, all of
which linked to downstream vendors, ensuring
that reuse and recycling takes place with very
little or no landfill at all.
Waste Electrical and Electronic (WEEE) recy-
cling is becoming more and more regulated
and having structures and permits in place
will not have a noticeable influence on the
e-waste footprint should the necessary infra-
structure and waste streams not be in place
and monitored. To be ISO 14001 certified
and compliant would be commendable and
having a mature excellence system, which
involves applying excellence concepts, would
be priceless.
Identifying key and secondary support processes in e-waste recyclingIdentifying e-waste streams
To identify waste streams and downstream
vendors, taking shared responsibility to pro-
cess and recycle further is to be seen as a
prerequisite to the e-waste recycling busi-
ness as no single recycler would be able to
handle the waste streams economically and
completely. Typical waste stream related to
e-waste would be:
• plastics
• cardboard and paper
• ferrous metals
• non-ferrous metals
• PVC cable
• monitors and CRT glass
• lead acid batteries
• printer cartridges
• precious metals.
Desco processes
Collection, sorting, dismantling and shredding
processes ensure controlled, sustainable one-
stop recycling of e-waste.
Minimising e-waste to landfill: Very little
landfill, or none at all, will take place should
all e-waste recyclers segregate and sort
e-waste for allocation to selected downstream
recyclers.
Recyclers then pass on fractions to one
another, ensuring further processing such as
smelting, precious metal extracting, plastic
converting and final disposing.
ConclusionHaving the necessary infrastructure in place,
working in accordance with set procedures
and processes and keeping the fundamental
concepts of excellence operational will prove
that excellence is not just a theory. It is the
achievement of tangible levels of results in
key areas that are ‘best in class’ and instilling
confidence that these results can be main-
tained, thus leading to sustainable e-waste
recycling excellence.
1 Collection of e-waste 2 Weighing of e-waste 3 Sorting the first level waste streams 4 Dismantling and further sorting into the relevant waste streams 5 Segregation of ferrous and non-ferrous metals 6 Shredding of PC boards
1
3 4
2
5
6
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: Costa and Desiree Airaga at Desco Electronic Recyclers for their e-waste vision, commitment and dedication.*Management Systems manager, Desco Electronic Recyclers. ¹Excellence as defined by the European Foundation for Quality Management (EFQM) is defined as outstanding practice in managing the organisation and achieving results based on a set of eight funda-mental concepts.
Recycling
Eighteen months ago, Consol Glass began construction of an
environmentally effi cient glass manufacturing plant in Nigel.
An incredible 1.2 million man-hours later, the fi rst phase of
the factory is complete, with the N1 furnace now operational.
Consol celebrates launch of new plantSUSTAINABILITY HAS A NEW HOME
Recycling
The new Nigel N1 furnace will contrib-
ute 110 000 tonnes of capacity to
the glass business, increasing its
production capacity by approximately 12%.
This equates to an estimated 530 million
glass containers per year. A site that is able
to facilitate up to six furnaces, Consol’s
second furnace will take less than nine
months to install and commission, and will
contribute a further 110 000 tonnes of
glass capacity annually.
Market demand will determine when this
second furnace will be brought online, and
like the first furnace, this too will have an
output of 400 tonnes per day. According
to Consol Group managing director, Mike
Arnold, the Nigel factory’s production capa-
bilities have been designed with flexibility in
mind, with the technology deployed capable
of producing the glass manufacturer’s com-
plete range of products.
Construction magnitudeThe enormity of the undertaking is unmis-
takable when reviewing the facts surround-
ing the project’s construction. To level
the terrain required moving enough soil
to fill 300 Olympic-size swimming pools.
Building was initiated using enough bricks
to build 30 three-bedroom houses; 16
Olympic pools’ worth of concrete, and
steel that weighed the equivalent of 2 000
medium-size cars was used. The cladding
of the structure utilised metal sheeting
which, if laid end-to-end, would form a line
80 km long.
In respect of investment in the area’s
upliftment, the new plant is already contrib-
uting towards development in the greater
Nigel area. Growth has been seen in infra-
structure, employment and community
development projects.
18 – RéSource February 2012
REUSE, RECOVER, RECYCLE
• Recycling remains a key internal focus on a group basis in order to minimise Consol’s demand for raw materials and to optimise energy efficiency. Accordingly, the Nigel factory includes a basic cullet processing facility to recycle all waste produced at the site.
• The master layout for Nigel includes provision for an external cullet processing plant as part of its future expansion programme.
• Initially the Nigel plant will be supplied with externally processed cullet from the existing Consol processing facility at its Clayville factory, as this plant currently has excess capacity following a recent investment
GOING LIVE
• The New IS machine, the first of its kind at Consol, was started on 5 September 2011 with the assistance of NTB in Japan. From that moment, the team worked tirelessly to fine tune the process essential for good glass.
• Just four weeks after the first trickle of glass the Nigel team achieved the first 90% pack to melt, and only a week after the startup of the last machine the first load of bottles left the gates of Nigel, headed for customer selling lines.
THE GREEN IN GREENFIELD
• The largest energy consumer on site is the furnace. However, it is foreseen that the chosen furnace design will yield a total energy saving of up to 20% when compared to older furnaces.
• Compressed air and cooling fans are the second largest electricity consumers at the plant. The chosen forming machines consume less compressed air and cooling wind, and will contribute to electricity savings on the fans, compressors and other greenfield site infrastructure.
• Annealing ovens also have significant energy consumption levels and Consol have invested in the most energy efficient gas-fired units that are available today. Gas-fired units are not only more efficient with the delivery of the energy, but are also much lower in carbon footprint.
• As a rule, all electrical motors were specified as high efficiency units and several hundred variable speed drives were installed throughout the plant where they can offer energy benefits.
LEFT The brand new Consol glass plant in NigelBELOW First glass production at the Nigel plant
Johannes Schuback & Sons(S.A.) PTY Limited, Johannesburg / RSAPhone: +27 11 7062270, Fax: +27 11 7069236
AMANDUS KAHL GmbH & Co. KGDieselstrasse 5, D-21465 Reinbek / Hamburg, GermanyPhone: +49 (0)40 727 71-0, Fax: +49 (0)40 727 71-100
[email protected] www.akahl.de
■ Most Advanced Technology ■ Most Efficient ■ Most Professional ■ Less Maintenance
■ Less Energy ■ Less Spare Parts ■ Integrated Rubber Granu late Production
Waste Tire Recycling PlantsWaste Tire Recycling Plants
“We have injected an estimated economic
contribution of R50 million directly into the
greater Nigel area. Though an impressive
figure, this is not where the impact of this
facility ends. The real impact on the Nigel
community will be felt in the positive impact
on the rest of the community so that those
who have not been directly involved will also
benefit,” says Arnold.
Commitment to the environmentIn keeping with the recently announced
African Green City Index which ranks
Johannesburg as South Africa’s green-
est city, Consol, as part of its commit-
ment to the environment, investigated
the most appropriate Energy Efficient (EE)
design for its Nigel Plant. EE design and
construction considerations were applied
to the entire plant, as well as the admin-
istration block, hence the construction
of the factory complied with the National
Environmental Management Act (NEMA)
environmental prescriptions.
“Our commitment to the environment is
widely recognised, a fact that has again
manifested during this project and the site
planning. Throughout the construction pro-
cess, an external environmental practitioner
monitored the project with regards to the
agreed Environmental Management Plan
(EMP) and we are very proud that the fac-
tory has achieved a clean bill of health.”
Recycling remains a key internal focus on
a group basis to minimise the glass manu-
facturer’s demand for raw materials and
to optimise energy efficiency. Accordingly
the Nigel factory includes a basic cullet
processing facility to recycle all waste pro-
duced at the site.
In addition, the master layout for Nigel
includes provision for an external cullet
processing plant as part of its future expan-
sion programme. Initially the Nigel plant will
be supplied with externally processed cullet
from the existing processing facility at the
Clayville factory, as this plant currently has
excess capacity following a recent invest-
ment. Construction of the Nigel cullet plant
will begin when recoveries from the waste
stream exceed the currently installed pro-
cessing capacity.
A look inside Consol’s new state-of-the-art facility
RéSource February 2012 – 19
Landfills
Integrated Waste Management PlansWaste Disposal StrategiesIdentification and permitting of landfill sitesDesign of General and Hazardous Waste sitesDesign of Solid Waste Transfer StationsDesign of Material Recovery FacilitiesOptimisation of Waste Collection SystemsAuditing of Waste Management FacilitiesDevelopment of Operational PlansClosure and Rehabilitation of LandfillsQuality Assurance on Synthetic LinersWaste Recycling Plans
Specialist Waste Management ConsultantsSustainable and appropriate engineering solutions with integrity and professionalism.
Jan Palm Consulting EngineersTel +27 21 982 6570 / Fax +27 21 981 0868 / E-mail [email protected] / www.jpce.co.za
Gansbaai Recycling Centre
Velddrif Transfer Station
Botrivier Drop-off
Hermanus Materials Recovery Facility
Kupferberg Landfill
Stanford Drop-off
RéSource February 2012 – 21
LandfillsDisposal, rehabilitation and extraction
PANEL DISCUSSION
Coupled with this and other shocking
statistics, municipalities countrywide
are undertaking to find meaning-
ful and sustainable ways of reducing their
waste impacts through the roll out of infra-
structure for waste diversion, such as mate-
rials recycling facilities (MRFs), composting
With the City of Johannesburg’s population growing at a
steady 9% per annum, the city has about eight years to
go before it runs out of landfi ll space.
plants, and waste transfer stations. But
significant waste minimisation efforts will
only be achieved if the regulations governing
domestic separation at source are properly
enforced. In the interim, landfills are a huge
source of gas to energy projects and still
require remediation and rehabilitation; whilst
the landfill layers need to be constructed
out of impermeable geosynthetics in order
to prevent leachate contamination.
In addition, sustainable drainage tech-
niques that have been developed to col-
lect, store and clean runoff before releas-
ing it into the environment, are essential.
Candice Landie facilitates this panel discussion, drawing attention to landfill sites holistically including the durability of geosynthetic linings, waste-to-energy projects, and consultancy and/ or engineering services offered in terms of landfill remediation/rehabilitation.
People Planet
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82
RéSource February 2012 – 23
Landfills
R With regard to landfill rehabilitation and extrac-tion, what services are offered by Kaytech?GJ We manufacture and sup-
ply geosynthetic products to
the waste industry and also
provide technical support and
advice to consultants, regula-
tors, owners and clients. Our
products for new landfills extend
to protecting the immediate
environment from contamina-
tion from landfill waste – a vital
factor in making a landfill site
successful – by providing lining
and drainage solutions. Our
reinforcement products are also
used extensively in landfills in
hilly terrain as well as capping
systems in the rehabilitation
and closure of landfills. We are
the only local manufacturer of
geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs)
which offer the low permeability
properties required for general
waste and piggy-back landfills.
Our EnviroFix GCLs help prevent
ground water contamination
especially when laid in conjunc-
tion with a geomembrane to
form a composite liner in more
hazardous landfills. Many land-
fills have to be constructed in
areas with significant topogra-
phy resulting in the design of
liners on relatively steep slopes
and our Rockgrid reinforcement
grids are utilised in the design
to relieve the stresses imposed
on the liner by the overlying
drainage system and waste.
Depending on the type of waste
in the relevant landfill, extra
prevention of contamination by
leachate may be required and
depending on the lay of the land-
fill, any of our Zipcore, Zipdrain,
Geopipe and Flownet products
can be used in the leachate
PANEL DISCUSSION Garth James, marketing director, Kaytech
detection systems under the
geomembrane lining or in the
leachate collection systems
above the liner to drain away
excess contaminated water.
With geosynthetics being an important factor in help-ing to minimise leachate contamination, what are the quality factors that Kaytech looks for when selecting geo-synthetic layers? Our business is manufacturing
and supplying geosynthetics
and we
have been
providing
solutions to
successful
projects
for 40
years. Our
factory is based in Atlantis
in the Cape and among the
products, bidim, specifically, is
manufactured from 100% recy-
cled polyester. The polyester is
derived from plastic cool-drink
bottles sourced prior to disposal
or directly from landfillsorting
areas or transfer stations.
Regarding quality, the process
of creating bidim as a nonwoven
needle punched continuous fila-
ment geotextile means it has a
high tensile strength and comes
in thick, heavy grades. Its den-
sity renders it highly resistant
to abrasion and piercing. Both
the density and strength make it
the ideal cushioning protection
above or below geomembrane
liners as used in landfills.
Another important factor, from a
contractor’s perspective, is the
efficient and easy installation
that this product offers com-
pared to layers of sand, stone
or natural clay.
Can you give me examples of the drainage techniques used by Kaytech to collect, store and clean run off on landfills?Our drainage products supplied
to landfill sites assist in the
detection and/or collection of
contaminated water in the form
of leachate. Depending on the
type of waste in the relevant
landfill, extra prevention of
leachate contamination may be
required and depending on the
lay of the landfill, any of our
products mentioned in question
1 can be used above or below
the geomembrane lining to col-
lect and drain away excess con-
taminated water. Geosynthetic
products, besides offering
volume
savings,
are light
and easy
to install
on slopes
particularly.
Their
drainage properties are dimen-
sioned to fulfill the require-
ments of the drainage systems
within the landfill. Generally
water run-off is collected, stored
and treated in other more
conventional ways. However
run-off from a capped landfill
slope can cause damage to the
soil cover layer and different
geosynthetic products may be
used to prevent soil erosion.
These include the Multi-cell
geocell system which is filled
with soil that cannot migrate
down the slope because of the
confining nature of the cellular
structure. The slope could also
be covered with a geojute open
mesh structure called SoilSaver,
which prevents erosion but
also facilitates vegetal growth.
We also have erosion control
blankets which are more dense
in structure but have a greater
resistance to surface flow on
slopes up to 1:1.
By what percentage do landfill remediations / reha-bilitations extend the life of a site?Rehabilitation of a landfill refers
to a site which has reached the
end of its design life and thus
no longer has the capacity for
waste. It is then closed and as
previously mentioned may be
converted into a sports field or
recreation area, for example.
The life of a waste disposal site
cannot be extended per se but
the land usage may be extend-
ed for other activities. The con-
tentious issue of creating more
landfills for our waste prevails
and the need for recycling is
paramount.
The polyester is derived from plastic cool-drink bottles sourced prior to disposal
RIGHT TOP Bidim used as liner protection. Vissershok South and North Waste Disposal Site, Cape Town
RIGHT BOTTOM Laying Envirofix ( geosynthetic clay liner) to prevent leachate contamination: Bellville Waste Management Facility, Western Cape
24 – RéSource February 2012
Landfills
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GLOBAL TECHNOLOGY FORLOCAL SOLUTIONS
R With regard to landfill rehabilitation and extraction, what services are offered by Envitech?SJ Envitech offers the full
range of landfill engineering ser-
vices, from design of the facility
through to closure and rehabilita-
tion of the landfill. Included in
these services are the design
and installation of landfill gas
extraction systems, both during
the construction and operation
of the landfill, and after the clo-
sure of a landfill.
Can you cite two gas-to-energy projects under-taken by Envitech in the past three years?The eThekweni Metro – instal-
lation of landfill gas to electric-
ity systems on three landfills,
Stan Jewaskiewitz, director, Envitech Solutions
namely: Mariannhill, La Mercy
and Bisasar Road (gas engines
only). These projects are CDM
projects, which means that
landfill gas (a greenhouse gas)
is destroyed, thereby having a
positive effect on the environ-
ment and at the same time earn-
ing Carbon Emission Reduction
(CER)
credits for
the metro.
Other ben-
efits for
the metro
include
reduced environmental impact of
the landfills (less odour and gas
emitted), stabilising effect on
landfills through biodegradation
of organic materials and settle-
ment, which results in additional
airspace; and generation of
electricity for own use in the
local grid.
The Ekurhuleni Metro – instal-
lation of landfill gas extrac-
tion systems on four landfill
sites, namely: Simmer & Jack,
Rooikraal, Weltevreden and
Rietfontein. The next phase will
include the installation of gas
engines for
the genera-
tion of elec-
tricity. These
projects are
CDM pro-
jects, which
means that landfill gas (a green-
house gas) is destroyed thereby
having a positive effect on the
environment and at the same
time earning CER credits for the
metro. Other benefits include
reduced environmental impact of
the landfills (less odour and gas
emitted), stabilising effect on
landfills through biodegradation
of organic materials and settle-
ment, which result in additional
airspace; and when the gas
engines are installed, generation
of electricity for own use in the
local grid. Another current pro-
ject is located on the Kupferberg
Landfill in Windhoek, Namibia.
This turnkey project was recently
awarded and is currently in the
design phase.
What are the quality factors that Envitech looks for when selecting geosynthetic layers? Geosynthetic liners are used at
the bottom of landfills to prevent
Benefits for the metro include reduced
environmental impact of the landfills
PANEL DISCUSSION
Landfills
the seepage of leachate
into the surrounding ground
and underlying ground water
body. Geosynthetic liners
are normally referred to as
geomembranes and can be
made from various materi-
als. However, the preferred
choice of materials is high
density polyethylene (HDPE).
Some of the properties of
the geomembrane, which
impact on the quality of the
liner include:
• the geomembrane liner
must be impermeable
• the density of the liner
• tensile properties
• tear resistance
• stress crack resistance
During construction or instal-
lation of the liner, we also
look at appropriate installa-
tion procedures, leak detec-
tion using electric scanning
procedures, testing of weld-
ing seams and we take sam-
ples for testing in an inde-
pendent laboratory to confirm
that the specifications for
the geomembrane liner have
been complied with.
Can you give me examples of the drainage techniques used by Envitech to col-lect, store and clean run off on landfills?There are two types of run-
off, namely: clean storm
water runoff and contaminat-
ed runoff. The clean storm
water runoff should normally
be diverted around or away
from the landfill to prevent it
from becoming contaminated
RéSource February 2012 – 25
and or infiltrating the landfill
and then becoming leachate.
This runoff is diverted
through the use of catch
water drains consisting of a
lined drain and earth berm
and the water is discharged
to the environment as it is
considered to be uncontami-
nated. This type of drainage
is also implemented on sec-
tions of the landfill that have
been closed and rehabilitated
in order to minimise the
amount of water entering the
contaminated water system.
All contaminated water runoff
arises from the operational
areas of the landfill includ-
ing the operational landfilling
face. All contaminated runoff
water is collected in lined
drains and channeled to a
contaminated water pond or
dam to prevent any uncon-
trolled release to the envi-
ronment. The contaminated
water dam is also used as an
evaporation dam to reduce
the volume of contaminated
water. Dependant on the
quality of the water, it can
also be used for dust sup-
pression on the landfill itself.
By what percentage does landfill remediation /reha-bilitation extend the life of a site?Landfill rehabilitation in itself
does not extend the life of a
landfill. However, biodegrada-
tion (sometimes referred to
as bioremediation) of the
organic materials, which can
range from 30% to 45% of
the waste stream, gives rise
to the production of landfill
gas, water and carbon. This
process in itself reduces the
mass and hence volume of
the landfill through settle-
ment which results from the
overlying landfilled materials
compressing the lower biode-
graded materials. Case stud-
ies have shown that up to
30% settlement of the landfill
can be attained during the
life of a landfill. This means
therefore that some 30% air-
space can be recovered and
hence the life of the landfill
can be extended by that
amount. This process can be
stimulated through the pro-
cess of landfill gas extraction
which helps to speed up the
process of biodegradation
and hence results in a faster
settlement process. The
amount of settlement that
can be achieved depends on
a number of factors, includ-
ing, waste quality, waste
types, organic fraction,
compaction and the pres-
ence of moisture amongst
other things.
What are your thoughts on domestic separa-tion at source and waste
minimisation? Domestic separation at
source and waste minimisa-
tion are essential if we are
ever going to reach a stage
of being able to “save”
our landfills! Many of our
municipal and even the large
Metro landfills are reaching
the end of their lives and it
is becoming more difficult to
find and develop new landfill
sites. This is because of the
“unpopularity” of landfills
near communities, the lack
of adequate planning and the
lack of funding. We there-
fore need to engineer and
manage our landfill sites in
such a way as to extend the
lifespan of landfill into the
foreseeable future.
HDPE Geomembrane deployment on landfill site in Qatar
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GENERATION WASTE MANAGEMENT
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Waste Management
With regard to landfill reha-bilitation and extraction, what services are offered by WorleyParsons?CL WorleyParsons has a team
of waste engineers and waste
specialists that, inter alia,
deals with professional services
for landfill rehabilitation. This
includes rehabilitation closure
designs, costing for closure and
rehabilitation, and the waste
management licence applica-
tion for closed or to be closed
landfills in terms of the National
Environmental Management
Waste Act (NEMWA), 2008.
Can you cite two landfill remediation projects under-taken by WorleyParsons in the past three years and how these projects have benefited
PANEL DISCUSSION Chris Liebenberg, business unit manager, WorleyParsons RSA
the relevant municipalities/cities?WorleyParsons have dealt with
the professional services to
close and rehabilitate the exist-
ing Vryburg and Goedemoed
Prison landfills during the past
three years. Contracts to supply
the services for
closure, con-
struction and
rehabilitation for
these sites are
in the process
now. We have
rehabilitated the
Zuurfontein landfill in Emfuleni
Local Municipality adjacent to
a mall in Vanderbijlpark, and it
aesthetically looks appealing,
especially for the people visiting
the mall. WorleyParsons also did
the rehabilitation and extension
of the Karwyderskraal landfill
in Cape Town, as well as the
rehabilitation of the Standerton
landfill. The closure and reha-
bilitation of the landfill site will
result in complying with legisla-
tion with regard to responsible
waste management and for the
landfill to
have a final-
end-use,for
example,
being used
as a sports
field.
What are the quality factors that WorleyParsons looks for when selecting geosynthetic layers? The quality parameters of the
supplier are scrutinised to
ascertain if sufficient quality
testing has taken place for the
specific conditions on site that
would include leachate chemical
characteristics. The geosynthetic
contractor/installer in these
instances issues a guarantee or
warrantee with the supply and
installation of their products to
ensure peace of mind of the
engineer and client.
Can you give me examples of the drainage techniques used by WorleyParsons to collect, store and clean run off on landfills?Surface drains, for example,
hearing bone drain systems,
We have rehabilitated the
Zuurfontein landfill in Emfuleni Local
Municipality.
26 – RéSource February 2012
Landfills
cut-off drains, toe drains, carpet
drains, storm water cut-off chan-
nels, storm water cut-off berms,
and sub-surface cut-off drains
are some of the methods, but
not limited to, for transport-
ing run-off in a legal manner,
that is, into the environment
if it complies with standards
or contained in collection
dams. Collection dams can be
constructed and lined by various
means ranging from concrete to
geosynthetic liners. Treatment
options vary depending on budg-
et, chemical characteristics and
treatment standards required,
for example, reverse osmosis,
settling tanks, physical and
chemical treatment options.
By what percentage do land-fill remediations/rehabilita-tions extend the life of a site?
Rehabilitation, for example, daily
compaction and covering, does
not extend the life of a landfill
but rather makes for good opera-
tions. This also reduces the cost
of the final rehabilitation.
What are your thoughts on domestic separa-tion at source and waste minimisation? No legislation is in place for sep-
aration at source, however some
municipalities do have by-laws
in place to minimise disposal
of waste to landfill. The current
legislation is moving towards the
polluter-pays principle whereby
this type of movement will be
introduced more and more, that
is, it will become more expen-
sive to dispose of waste there-
fore separation at source will
become more appealing.
RéSource February 2012 – 27
Landfills
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With regard to landfill reha-bilitation and extraction, what services are offered by Aquatan?PM Aquatan has, for the past
46 years, provided the on-site
service of supply, installa-
tion and testing of a variety
of geosynthetic materials to
store liquid and prevent pollu-
tion/contamination of soil and
sub-surface water resources.
Aquatan works to a strict qual-
ity control programme to meet
the design parameters of the
engineer. Geosynthetics include:
geomembranes such as HDPE,
LLDPE and RFPP, amongst oth-
ers; geotextiles which include
woven and non-woven protection
and filter material; geosynthetic
clay liners; and geodrains such
as cuspated sheets and geonets
PANEL DISCUSSION Piet Meyer, managing director: Aquatan
and other geosynthetics not
necessarily installed by Aquatan.
The installations are done by
professional teams of contract
managers who look after the
site installation teams most of
whom have international certi-
fications as welders. Liners are
installed using the latest avail-
able installation equipment.
The geomembranes are
installed under strict quality
control procedures which are
continuously verified during
construction by testing every
seam non-destructively, and
selected seams destructively
during construction. Aquatan
is equipped to also apply
Electric Leak Detection and
spark testing on completion of
a project. The lining operation
is recorded and controlled from
start to finish using the unique
electronic Aquatan project
manager system.
Can you cite two gas to energy projects OR landfill rehabilitation projects (or one of each) undertaken by Aquatan in the past three years and how these projects have benefited the relevant municipalities/cities?We install geosynthetic liner
systems in many landfill sites,
both for leachate collection in
the base of the landfill and for
leachate storage in the leachate
collection ponds. We also do
landfill covers of filled landfill
sites. Sites include Holfontein,
Bisasar Road Landfill,
Shongweni, Vissershok in Cape
Town and many more.
On the gas to energy side, we
supplied and installed the liner
and floating cover to a
reservoir for a large farming
group where manure is kept and
methane gas collected. The gas
is used to generate power and
heat (heat exchangers) to pro-
vide heating to the pig sties.
With geosynthetics being an important factor in help-ing to minimise leachate contamination, what are the quality factors that Aquatan looks for when selecting geo-synthetic layers?You will be aware that only 1%
28 – RéSource February 2012
Landfills
For your geomembrane lining requirements please contact : T F atan.com, Website: www.aquatan.com
Hazardous and toxic waste, raw water, potable
and turnkey solutions for liquid containment, based on state-of-the-art geomembrane lining technology.
Single linings and multiple composite lining systems for hazardous liquid storage, solid
sewage ponds, linings to tunnels and canals for infrastructural development, bund areas, raw and return water dams, tank linings for industry, dams for agriculture and aquaculture,
ornamental lake and water features. Clean water dams, slimes dams and clear water dams.
AQUATAN – an SABS ISO 9001 company
LINING SYSTEMSAQUATA
of the world’s fresh water is
suitable for human usage. The
Business Day reported that
amendments to environmental
laws could see polluters fac-
ing fines and/or imprisonment.
The Bill further states that
“no person may unlawfully and
intentionally or negligently”
pollute or degrade the envi-
ronment through an act or
omission. South Africa has a
National Waste Management
Strategy dated November
2011, in place, which outlines
government’s intentions.
In view of the above, Aquatan
considers its responsibility
to implement the engineers’
designs in addition to applying
our 46 years experience very
seriously. Given our track record
in the industry and coming from
a manufacturing background,
we are very conscious of the
manufacturing requirements to
produce a functional geomem-
brane that will last the 100
years expected life under chal-
lenging conditions. This very
much depends on the quality of
the polymer used, the ingredi-
ents of the Masterbatch, which
protects the polymer from the
ultraviolet and heat of the sun,
the manufacturing method and
the production machine’s ability
(smooth, textured or embossed
properties) to produce a
decent product.
The integrity of the substrate
(earthworks or concrete) on
which the liner is installed,
design of penetrating pipes and
structures to which the liner
is to be sealed, the anchor
mechanism and many other
factors have a major influence
on the long-term performance
of the selected geomembrane.
The SABS, together with stake-
holders (users, authorities,
manufacturers and installation
contractors) are continuously
working on the improvement
of existing geomembrane
specifications and installation
Code of Practice. When the
structure details are accept-
able to receive the liner, factors
such as deployment method
and direction of deployment,
and seaming methods and
control thereof, play a major
part in the long-term survival of
selected membranes.
Can you give me examples of the drainage techniques used by Aquatan to collect, store and clean run-off on landfills?The drainage of a landfill site
is part of the design phase.
From the liner’s point of view,
it is critical that subsequent
activities on top of the liner are
executed such that the liner/
liner system is not damaged. In
order to achieve this, synthetic
drainage layers such as cuspat-
ed drains are often preferred to
protect the geomembrane from
subsequent, potentially harmful,
activities. Leachate is collected
and channelled to leachate col-
lection ponds which often, due
to the hazardous nature of the
leachate, are lined with double
composite liners including a
leakage detection layer. The
leakage detection layer is meant
to intercept leakage that may
develop in the relatively thin
geomembrane to prevent the
hazardous liquids from reaching
the environment. Maximum
leakage rates are prescribed in
legislation, which if exceeded,
require action to be taken.
RéSource February 2012 – 29
Landfills
G E O S Y N T H E T I C S & G E O M E M B R A N E S
S I M P L I C I T Y = P E R F E C T I O N
GAST is the premier provider of geosynthetic products and installation services. We provide complete service and support for any geosynthetic requirement.
GAST offers extensive experience and superior quality, innovative products. Detail drawings, as well as extensive technical and estimating support can be provided to assist with designs for the most economical and constructible configuration which meets the project requirements.
7 9 9 4 Q M S 0 0 1
With regard to the installa-tion of linings, what lining sites has Gast worked on locally? KG GAST has been involved
with numerous projects locally
and abroad, with some of our
flagship projects including a
2 000 000 m² geosynthetic
lining for the Medupi Power
Station, 800 000 m² for Ghana
Goldfields, and more recently,
4 000 000 m² for the Kusile
Power Station.
Why are HDPE liners popu-lar for use on landfill sites?High density polyethylene liners
or geomembranes are a crucial
component for environmental
safety including that of waste
encapsulation. Unprotected and
protected landfill sites pose
an environmental threat. This
threat risk is mitigated by the
use of environmental liners
and more so by HDPE. These
membranes have the capability
to ensure that the majority of
contaminants are largely kept
safe and under control. This is
achieved via the highly sought
after properties of HDPE
namely lifespan, crystallinity,
goodchemical resistance and
exceptional UV resistance.
How many layers of lin-ings is a landfill site com-posed of and what are the important quality factors that Gast looks for when selecting landfill linings for installation? Landfill site designs are deter-
mined by the type of content
to be discharged in the landfill
as well as the geotechnical
and morphological (soil) con-
ditions of the chosen site.
These include sanitary waste,
municipal solid waste, con-
struction waste and industrial
waste. Each type of landfill site
therefore requires different
needs and systems; however
K Gast, MD (Division 7): The Gast Group
the most standard systems are
either HDPE or geosynthetic
clay liners, in some cases both
systems are used in conjunc-
tion with one another. The most
important objectives of any
landfill site are the control of
pollutants into ground water
and the release of gasses into
the atmosphere.
Is there anything that Gast does differently with regard to linings installation?Since GAST’s inception in
1961,
we have
been firm
believers
of a sin-
gle point
respon-
sibility
philosophy.This means that our
clients have a single por t of
call and we assume and accept
responsibility for our clients’
designs objectives. We achieve
this through our award winning
quality assurance and quality
control plans. Our quality con-
trol systems and materials are
backed by a 10 year warranty.
A fur ther cornerstone of our
success has been attributed
to a transparent procurement,
quality and installation system
that is communicated almost
daily to our clients regarding
their projects.
Q.How does the efficient installation of linings aid in the overall lifespan of a landfill site? A.The procurement of high qual-
ity materials is of paramount
importance as cer tain materi-
als only have a 10 year lifes-
pan whereas the higher quality
products can last anywhere
from 20 – 50 years. The instal-
lation of HDPE is a techno-
logically orientated market with
very few true specialists still in
existence today, not to mention
the fact that the installation
process demands improvement
through modernisation with
more effective systems being
developed regularly. If a lin-
ings contractor has a rigorous
quality control system in place
with highly skilled personnel
the achieved result should
meet the designed expecta-
tions. Failing to achieve this
will result in leachate permeat-
ing ground water or aquifers.
Proper closure of landfill sites
(capping) obviously reduces
the risk of air
pollution but
has a poten-
tial spin-off
of capturing
methane if
so designed.
What is the difference between geomembrane lin-ings and geosynthetic clay linings, and is there a dif-ference in the installation process? A geosynthetic clay lining (GCL)
is a woven fabric-like material
which incorporates a sodium
bentonite basis or other forms
of clay, which have low hydrau-
lic conductivity. The lower the
hydraulic conductivity the more
effective the GCL will be at
retaining seepage inside of the
landfill thus lowering the rate
of seepage out of the landfill.
Geomembranes are normally
manufactured from a ‘plastic’
polymer called polyethylene and
can vary from 0.5 mm to 5 mm
in thickness. The geomembrane
itself impervious n ormally acts
as a seal and protection layer.
The installation of both these
products vary dramatically
whereas a GCL is installed
using more conventional meth-
ods, the installation of HDPE is
far more technically challeng-
ing. Geomembranes installa-
tions utilise a state of the ar t
plastic welding machine that
thermally fuses the geomem-
brane sheets together.
Any additional comments you would like to make in relation to Gast and the work the company does on landfills?Over the last 50 years GAST
has been at the forefront of
technological advances in the
environmental and water relat-
ed industries with over 10 000
projects completed success-
fully in 24 countries. Our busi-
ness model has been refined
to provide our customers with
a hassle free service and
exceptional quality standards.
Hence our motto has always
been simplicity equals per fec-
tion.
We achieve this through our award
winning quality control plans
PANEL DISCUSSION
RéSource February 2012 – 31
Landfills
Waste to energy
Domestic space and water heating contributes to a
signifi cant amount of an average home’s CO2 emissions.
In order to reduce these CO2 emissions, we need to fi nd
new, more effective means of heating homes.
Renewable heating technologyECODAN HEAT PUMP
The drive to reduce energy consump-
tion and the impact it has on the
environment is crucial and should
be increasingly important to us all. Energy
efficiency has long driven Mitsubishi Electric
to spend millions of rands and huge amounts
of resource on researching and developing
solutions for the future.
The company claims that, by simply using
the Ecodan air source heat pump to provide
domestic space heating and hot water, it is
possible to greatly reduce Carbon dioxide
(CO2) emissions and ultimately your home’s
running costs. Using proven heat pump tech-
nology used in the heating and cooling indus-
try, the system upgrades naturally-occurring
energy from the air and uses it to provide
domestic space heating and hot water.
TABLE 1 Electricity cost comparison
Electricity rate: R0.89
Number of people: 4
Litres/person/day: 90
Water temperature in: 15°C
Water temperature out: 55°C
Input power (KW) Output power (KW)Standing loss/24hr
(KW)kW/hour per month Running cost (R) Saving/month R/%
ELECTRICAL GEYSER 3 3 1.96 569.1 506.46 -
ECODAN HEAT PUMP 1.95 kW* 5 kW** 1.96 kW 221.9 197.52 308.94/61
Domestic applicationHeat pump technology has been used around
the world for decades and Mitsubishi Electric
has developed this technology for domestic
application to produce Ecodan. Air source
heat pumps are easy to install and suitable
for a wide variety of properties, from apart-
ments to houses. The air source heat pump
system consists of an external box which is
fitted to an outside wall – harvesting renew-
able, low grade energy from the outdoor air
and upgrading it into useful heat to supply a
home with hot water and heating. For every
1 kW of electricity fed into an Ecodan heat
pump unit, that is, the outdoor part of the
heating system, you can get at least 3 kW
of heating energy. The overall system effi-
ciency and energy savings will depend on
the comparison with a home’s current heat-
ing system, satisfactory system design and
installation, and operational settings, i.e.
how the heating system is used. The heat
pump unit (the outdoor part of the heating
system) can work all year round, even if the
ECODAN HECODAN H
outdoor temperature drops as low as -15°C.
Benefits of the system include a 30% reduc-
tion in CO2 emissions, saving up to 60% on
the electricity cost of heating water, and the
fact that it is a self-contained, easy to install
unit which only requires water and electri-
cal connections. The system also utilises a
closed loop circuit, which means less risk of
contamination between water and refriger-
ant, as well as a prolonged equipment life
expectancy.
5 BEDROOM REFURBISHMENT
The Ecodan system installed in a large five bedroom house near Newcastle delivered an average winter COP of 3.25, with an average ambient outdoor temperature of 4°C. The 14 kW Ecodan system has been retrofitted to the property and supplies both combined space heating and all hot water requirements for the detached house, which houses a family of four, including two young children. Over the winter period, the owners reported savings in running costs of between half to two thirds when compared to the previous LPG boiler.
• Number of bedrooms: Five• Age of property: 1999• Previous heating system: 22 kW-rated LPG boiler• Replaced with Ecodan: 14 kW unit• Average: COP 3.25• Average outdoor temperature: 4°C• Running cost reduction: 50 – 66%• CO2 reduction: 50%
3 BEDROOM NEW BUILD
5 kW Ecodan system installed in this new three bedroom end-of-terraced property in Langford, Hertfordshire, achieved an average COP 3.25 over the winter against an average ambient temperature of 7°C. The family of three has a new baby and the home is heated by traditional radiators, with the smallest of the Ecodan range (5 kW) providing all heating and hot water requirements.
• Number of bedrooms: Three• Age of property: 2008• Previous heating system: None• Replaced with Ecodan: 5 kW unit• Radiator upgrade: Uncharged• Average: COP 3.25• Average outdoor temperature: 7°C
RéSource February 2012 – 33
COP 17 feature
The recent Conference of Parties (COP17) meeting in Durban was its usual rollercoaster
ride, ending with a surprise commitment by most of the 200 countries which took part
to continue the Kyoto Protocol, along with a raft of other climate change agreements.
While the outcome has signalled a breakthrough for a political consensus on climate
change, the outcome for business is only just becoming clear. by Yvo de Boer*
The expectations, outcomes, and effect on business
COP 17 AND THE KYOTO PROTOCOL
A t one point, the COP17 meeting in
Durban looked as if it was heading
for disaster. Now that it is over, it
is clear that the world is still heading in the
right direction in terms of its approach to
dealing with climate change and is more
firmly committed to a low carbon path
than it was before the meeting. The United
Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change (UNFCCC) process, although slow
and beset with challenges, is moving
forward. Expectations for Durban were very
low, but in spite of this, the conference led
to a significant breakthrough that will have
important consequences for businesses
around the world (see Table 1).
Slowly but surely, like it or not, the world
is moving forward on climate change, with
business now able to seriously calculate
the implications of a low carbon economy.
The Kyoto Protocol has been given a
second lease of life and will now operate
within the context of
a broader approach
to tackling climate
change that will,
for the first
time, include
all the major
emitters. This
is a crucial
point which will
impact many of the largest business opera-
tors around the world and many smaller
businesses fur ther down the supply chain.
There will be a second commitment period
to star t from 2013, meaning that all of the
treaty’s rules, mechanisms and markets
will remain in force.
Business can be confi-
dent that market-based
mechanisms such as
the Clean Development
Mechanism (CDM) will
continue. But more
importantly, there is a
commitment to a new
legal, global instrument
34 – RéSource February 2012
2° c is the amount by which the planet will be allowed to warm. Leaders of the world's eight richest economies have agreed to the historic deal
setting this maximum limit on global temperature rise
RéSource February 2012 – 35
to be approved by 2015 and planned
to take effect by 2020. As a result, an
international agreement for global action
on climate change is within our reach and
should therefore be considered within
every forward looking business strategy.
2015 and beyondWith a pinch of luck, by 2015 the current
economic crisis will be behind us, creating
a more benign climate for governments
to make commitments the world needs in
order to tackle climate change effectively
and make business survive and prosper.
In addition, the 2015 deal will take place
against the background of a new assess-
ment by the scientific community to be
published in 2014, which is likely to deliver
a wake-up call for us all. While the rhetoric
has been very impressive, our concrete
actions have not taken us anywhere near
where we need to be to keep tempera-
ture rises to below 2ºC.
The Durban conference means that
the deadlines for approval and imple-
mentation of the agreement have been
settled, but its exact nature remains
open to interpretation. The new working
group created to formulate the agree-
ment therefore has a crucial role to play
in building on the solid advances that
emerged from the conference. We need
urgent clarity on the legal nature of the
outcome and the targets that will be
involved for the various par ties.
Important progress was also made on
the establishment of the Green Climate
Fund which aims to mobilise US$100 bil-
lion annually to help developing nations
reduce emissions and adapt to the
effects of a warming climate. Prior to
the conference it was unclear what role
business would play in the fund- the worry
was that the private sector would be side-
lined. Thankfully, Durban saw confirmation
that the Fund will have a facility to support
private sector initiatives. It will seek active-
ly to promote business involvement and
catalyse fur ther public and private money.
This approach could see public-private
par tnerships in developing nations acting
as vehicles for sustainable growth. Such
initiatives would have the potential to build
green industries, create jobs, alleviate pov-
er ty and improve infrastructure as well as
tackle climate change.
A less publicly noted success to come
out of the COP 17 at Durban was the com-
mitment to develop a common system
The third phase of the European Union (EU)
Emissions Trading Scheme runs from 2013
to 2020, which may influence how long the
period lasts, not least since the commit-
ment of Russia, Japan and Canada before
the meeting not to sign up to a second
commitment period remains in force.
The main impact of the extension will be
on the EU, which makes up the bulk of the
Annex 1 countries that have committed to
reduce their emissions – and on carbon
markets because the Kyoto Protocol’s
accounting rules, mechanisms and markets
all remain in action as effective tools to
leverage global climate action and models
to inform future agreements.
A new legal instrument will be developed
for ratification by 2015 and implementation
by 2020, with a “raised level of ambition”.
The instrument will be applicable to all
for measuring, reporting and verifying
emissions reduction. This is a key foun-
dation for progress especially because
lending from the Green Climate Fund may
be results-based. If the private sector is
to invest at scale, then there must be a
robust and internationally accepted frame-
work for evaluating achievement.
The impact of Kyoto’s extensionThe Kyoto Protocol was widely expected
to wither away at the end of its first com-
mitment period in December 2012. But
agreements on a new deal that will, for the
first time, commit the United States, China
and India to cut emissions facilitated the
extension of the Kyoto Protocol. A second
commitment period will run from 2013,
for either five or eight years, with the final
duration to be decided at the end of 2012.
KYOTO PROTOCOL AND COP17 – THE OUTCOME
• The world’s climate change community travelled to Durban for the COP17 climate conference with expectations set very low. The prospects for the Kyoto Protocol looked bleak, and as a result there was great uncertainty over the future of the CDM and Joint Implementation carbon markets.
• Key players seemed set on apparently irreconcilable positions, with many developing countries insisting that Kyoto must continue at all costs, while countries such as Russia, Japan and Canada were equally adamant that they would not get involved in a second commitment period.
• The two largest emitters, China and the United States, seemed as far apart as ever, while the key cheerleader for the process, the European Union, appeared absorbed by its internal financial problems and was still smarting from the disappointments of Copenhagen.
• The whole UNFCCC process was in danger of becoming an irrelevant sideshow. Yet as Durban headed into the final weekend, rumours started to circulate that a deal would happen – and a significant one at that. And finally, some 36 hours after the conference was due to end, and after a few heads had been metaphorically knocked together, an agreement was reached.
• The Kyoto Protocol has been given a second lease on life and it will now operate within the context of a broader approach to tackling climate change that will, for the first time, include all the major emitters. There will be a second commitment period, to start from 2013, meaning that all of the treaty’s rules, mechanisms and markets will remain in force.
• Business can have confidence that market-based mechanisms such as the CDM will continue.
COP 17 feature
500 1000 1500 2000
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parties – not just the developed nations
that signed up to Kyoto. It means that for
the first time, the United States, China and
India have committed to a legally-binding
global agreement to reduce their emis-
sions, albeit not for almost a decade. In
addition, the ‘devil is in the detail’ and not
only is there a lot of detail but working it
out has been postponed to future years.
However, COP17 could have resulted in the
international climate change process falling
in a heap and the major emitters walking
away and going it alone. So there is cause
for cautious optimism and a clear signal
that no government wants to be seen as
the wrecker of the climate change process.
It is also significant that the process has
moved into the 21st century and climate
change is no longer being seen as an
issue that is up to the developed world
to fix alone. The new legal instrument will
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Independent Environmental Consultants specialising in:
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apply to all par ties.
ConclusionPolitically, it was interesting to see in
Durban the emergence of a strong coali-
tion between the EU and a large number
of developing countries, combining for a
strong outcome in the shape of a new and
all-encompassing legally binding instru-
ment. Another significant advance was the
indication that major developing countries
including China (so important to a United
States agreement) will consider signing up
to a legally-binding obligation in the context
of a post-2020 framework.
Business can see from Durban a clear
signal that the international community is
committed to taking the climate change
agenda forward, that market-based mecha-
nisms will continue and that there will be
clear reporting guidelines. The climate
agenda may have taken a large step for-
ward but the ‘devil’s in the detail’ and
business will soon be calling for clarity.
The ‘devil’s in the detail’ and business will soon be calling for clarity
RéSource February 2012 – 37
* ABOUT THE AUTHORYvo de Boer is responsible for thought leadership on strategy development, driving the development of KPMG’s Sustainability Service as a global ambassador for the company. Prior to
joining KPMG, De Boer was executive secretary of the UNFCCC.He has been involved in climate change policies since 1994- he helped to
prepare the position of the EU in the lead-up to the negotiations on the Kyoto Protocol; assisted in the design of the internal burden sharing of
the EU and has since led delegations to the UNFCCC negotiations. De Boer launched an international dialogue on the clean development
mechanism and has partnered international discussions with the World Business Council on Sustainable Development, aimed at increasing private sector involvement
development of KPMG s Sjoining KP
He hpreKyo
th
*KPMG’s Special Global Advisor, Climate Change and Sustainability
COP 17 feature
At the very heart of the response to cli-
mate change, however, lies the need
to reduce emissions. In 2010, govern-
ments agreed that emissions need to be
reduced so that global temperature increases
are limited to below 2°C. The negotiating
process on climate change revolves around
the sessions of the Conference of the Parties
(COP) to the United Nations Framework Con-
vention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), which
meets every year to review the implementa-
tion of the Convention, with the 17th COP held
in Durban in December 2011.
Successive decisions taken by the COP
make up a detailed set of rules for practi-
cal and effective implementation of the
Highlights from COP 17 which was held in Durban in December 2011
LEFT and ABOVE Climate change activists held a mass protest action march in the streets of Durban on 3 December 2011
38 – RéSource February 2012
COP 17 feature
Convention. The COP serves as the meeting
of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol (CMP),
which also adopts decisions and resolutions
on the implementation of its provision.
Thousands of participants including govern-
ment representatives and observer organisa-
tions have attended previous climate change
conferences.
In 1992, countries joined an international
treaty, the UNFCCC, to cooperatively consider
what they could do to limit average global
temperature increases and the resulting
climate change, and to cope with whatever
impacts were, by then, inevitable. By 1995,
countries realised that emission reduc-
tions provisions in the Convention were
inadequate. They launched negotiations to
strengthen the global response to climate
change, and, two years later, adopted the
Kyoto Protocol. The Kyoto Protocol legally
binds developed countries to emission reduc-
tion targets. The Protocol’s first commitment
period started in 2008 and ends in 2012.
At the start of the conference, South
African President Jacob Zuma pointed to the
climate impacts in Africa as a reason for
all governments to take action. “We have
experienced unusual and severe flooding in
coastal areas in recent times, impacting on
people directly as they lose their homes,
jobs and livelihoods. Given the urgency,
governments need to strive to find solutions
here in Durban. Change and solutions are
always possible, and Durban must take us
many steps forward towards a solution that
saves tomorrow today,” he said.
TOP LEFT United Nations Secretary General, Ban-Ki Moon, with South African Minister of International Relations and Cooperation and COP 17 president, Maite Nkoana-Mashabane
TOP RIGHT On 7 December, members of the global TckTckTck campaign joined 2 000 Durban students in creating the world’s largest human lion on South Beach. Their goal was to urge leaders at COP 17 to have the courage to create a breakthrough agreement that will ensure a safe future for young Africans and people all over the world. The stars of the event were more than 2 000 students from the following Durban primary schools: Addington, Hartley, Wembley, Vumukhule, Embonini, Tholisu and Sawela . TckTckTck board chairman and Greenpeace chief, Kumi Naidoo, attended the gathering and made a short speech, while international aerial artist John Quigley photographed the lion from a helicopter above Addington Beach.
ABOVE Protestors tried to push their way through the COP 17 negotiations. Both local and international law enforcement were deployed during the event
LEFT COP 17 was held at the Durban International Convention Centre from 28 November to 9 December 2011
RéSource February 2012 – 39
COP 17 feature
Part X was promulgated on 9 Novem-
ber 2011, from which date building
plans for all new buildings, as well as
plans for extensions of or additions to exist-
ing buildings, must comply.
The stated purpose of Part X is to ensure
that contributions are made towards the
reduction of greenhouse gases. Since build-
ings do not themselves emit greenhouse
gases, the reference is obviously to the
gases which the occupants may cause to be
emitted by the operation of facilities located
within the buildings.
The regulations apply only to those build-
ings which fall within one of the specified
categories of building or building occupancy.
The basic criteria to be adhered to are that:
(a) The buildings must be capable of using
energy efficiently while still fulfilling user
needs in regard to vertical transport
(lifts) thermal comfort (primarily air-con-
ditioning) lighting and hot water.
(b) The buildings must each have a “build-
ing envelope’ and services which facili-
tate the efficient use of energy compat-
ibly with their intended function and
A considerable amount of interest has been generated by the recently published
amendment to the National Building Regulations, which introduces a new Part X dealing
with energy usage in buildings. By Michael Hands*
Building smart to reduce greenhouse emissions
BUILDING GREEN
use, their geographic location and their
internal environment.
Of importance is the fact that the plant
and equipment which are necessary for the
proper functioning of a building have been
excluded from the operation of Part X. By
this, it is presumably meant that the core
functionality of a building should not be
restricted in any way by the imposition of
the new requirements, so that it is only the
building itself and the incidental processes
which are affected.
A ‘building envelope’ is defined as “the
elements of a building that separate a habit-
able room from the exterior of a building, or
garage or storage area”. It is submitted that
this definition seems to frown upon the use
of light and heat reflecting exterior sur faces
and encourages the use of heat absorption
and retention, thus reducing reliance on
artificial heating for thermal comfort.
The regulation also states that its require-
ments may be satisfied by adherence to
SANS 10400 Part XA. This section of SANS
10400 is fairly lengthy and detailed, and
space does not permit a detailed analysis
of its requirements. A brief summary of its
more important aspects is, however, pos-
sible. For further information, the inquisitive
reader is referred to SANS10400 on the
website.
Various forms of apparatus are recom-
mended for installation or use, including
guarded-hot-plate apparatus for steady state
heat flux requirements, heat flow meter
apparatus for steady-state thermal transmis-
sion properties and hot-box apparatus as
a standard test method for thermal perfor-
mance of building materials and envelope
assemblies.
The mechanical per formance criteria of
fenestration products, domestic solar water
heaters, calculation methods for thermal
resistance and thermal transmittance of
building components and elements and
water supply installations for buildings are
canvassed. So too is the installation of
fixed electric storage water heating systems
and various existing regulations dealing
with general principles, walls, lighting and
ventilation.
Construction standardsAlthough most construction industry profes-
sionals will be aware of, and in all prob-
ability observe, best practice in relation
to building orientation, in future this will
assume increased importance and be used
as a tool to determine whether a building
complies with Part XA. SANS 204 is invoked
in this regard. Such varied aspects as roof
assembly construction, under-floor heating
and external walls are also discussed.
Building orientation science in the south-
ern hemisphere encourages the presenta-
tion of the major façade behind which the
primary areas of occupancy occur to the
north in order to take advantage of heat
absorption and retention for those areas
40 – RéSource February 2012
With sustainability being the current buzzword, more and more businesses and individuals are converting buildings to be more energy efficient
Air pollution/CDM
in winter months. By the
same token, less fre-
quently occupied areas,
such as kitchens and
bathrooms, should be
located on the southern
side of the building.
An important require-
ment of the regulation
is that at least 50% (by
volume) of the annual
average hot water heat-
ing requirement has to
be provided by means other than electrical
resistance heating, which includes, but is
not limited to, solar heating, heat pumps,
heat recovery from other systems and the
use of renewable combustible fuel.
A ‘competent person’ (by definition one
who by education, training and experience is
able to make a determination regarding the
performance of a building) must certify the
building’s compliance with the regulations.
Table 2 to SANS 10400-XA:2011 catego-
rises buildings according to ‘climatic zone’
and specifies a maximum energy demand
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for each type,
where sufficient
collected data on
building energy
performance are
available. There
are seven such
categories, exclud-
ing purely resi-
dential buildings,
and they range
from places of
entertainment
and public assembly to hotels.
Approved thermal calculation software is
required to be used to calculate the energy
efficiency of buildings, although what con-
stitutes such software is not immediately
apparent. No doubt the SABS or CSIR will
have more information on this subject.
What the regulations do not appear to
adequately address is the way in which they
will be applied to extensions and additions
to existing buildings. A prime example is
the difficulty in applying the requirement
for 50% hot water heating requirements
through alternative energy sources. If a 60
room hotel is to be extended by the addi-
tion of 20 new rooms, will this mean that
20 of the ‘old’ rooms will have to be linked
to a solar heating system, or possibly even
more if they are to compensate for the lack
of alternative energy sources for use in the
kitchen and the laundry?
The intention behind the regulation is laud-
able and should be supported, but there will
undoubtedly be interpretation difficulties as
the regulation is tested against real world
experience and issues. We should not be
surprised if the regulation undergoes
some fairly extensive surgery over the next
few years.
* ABOUT THE AUTHORMichael Hands is senior attorney and a consultant to Garlicke & Bousfield (Umhlanga, Durban), where he is head of the Planning and Environmental Unit.
The intention behind the regulation is laudable and should be supported
RéSource February 2012 – 41
Air pollution/CDM
42 – RéSource February 2012
A petrochemicals group involved in affordable housing made from mining and
manufacturing by-products, as well as an Eco Industrial Park in the hub of the Free
State? Could the world’s largest maker of motor fuels from coal and one of South
Africa’s largest polluters be on the right path to sustainability? Compiled by Candice Landie
‘Green washing’ or a step in the right direction?
SASOL’S SUSTAINABILITY INITIATIVES
According to the country’s 2009 Car-
bon Disclosure Project (CDP) report,
petrochemicals group Sasol topped
the list of South Africa’s largest polluters
(along with Eskom). The group is the world’s
largest maker of motor fuels from coal and
spewed some 70.4 million tonnes of carbon
dioxide (CO2) into the South African atmos-
phere in 2010 alone. Energy and material
sectors remain South Africa’s largest emitting
industries, collectively contributing more than
90% of the country’s emissions as they are
affected by our
country’s heavy
reliance on coal-
fired power plants.
Moves to diversify
the country’s energy
mix away from coal
have been slow,
especially as Eskom
struggles to meet the fast-rising demand in
Africa’s biggest economy, but that is a topic
on its own.
Launched in 2000, the Carbon Disclosure
Project has, on behalf of institutional inves-
tors, challenged the world’s largest com-
panies to measure and report their carbon
emissions. The green issue is at the forefront
of both the corporate and public mind, with
big business having recognised the impor-
tance and commercial expediency of sustain-
able business practices. But sustainability
means more than corporate responsibility – it
is now a bottom line issue that big business
needs to integrate into its strategy.
Media statements issued in mid-2011
stated that Sasol is to build South Africa’s
largest gas power plant in Sasolburg in the
Free State. It is reported that the R1.8 bil-
lion facility, which will produce electricity from
natural gas, will have a capacity of 140MW
and will supply energy to Sasol’s operations.
One of the main reasons that Sasol currently
holds the title of being one of the country’s
largest emitters
is its dependence
on power derived
from the burning of
coal and, accord-
ing to the group,
electricity produced
from natural gas
rather than coal will
result in fewer emissions. In an article on
mediaclubsouthafrica.com, Henri Loubser,
MD of Sasol’s New Energy department, was
quoted as saying: “This project will produce
50% less greenhouse gases compared
to a conventional coal-fired power station
of equivalent capacity.” He says the Gas
Engine Power Plant project should facilitate a
reduction of close to one million tonnes per
annum of CO2 once the complete project is
rolled out. The project also falls in line with
Sasol’s aim to increase the energy efficiency
of its South African utilities by 15% per unit
of production by 2015. Construction of the
plant was due to start in July 2011 and it is
expected to start producing electricity by the
end of 2012.
Green housesThe petrochemicals group is not just invest-
ing in the new gas plant- smaller sustainable
projects are also on the cards. For instance,
First National Bank and Sasol have joined
forces to develop new, affordable housing
made from mining and manufacturing by-
products. Designed and built using technol-
ogy developed by Tower Technologies, the
walls and roof of an 85 m² house takes just
five days to assemble, thereby bringing about
significant savings in both construction costs
and energy use. According to Marius Marais,
CEO of FNB Housing Finance, conventional
building methods are becoming increasingly
expensive and impact directly on the ability
of banks and developers to meet the need
for affordable housing. “Because of this, and
continued increases in labour costs, we have
been compelled to consider alternative tech-
nologies that will enable us to deliver afford-
able quality houses to the emerging middle
class,” he adds.
The first three housing units have been
built in Cosmo City, where market accept-
ance has been very high, and are made
with pre-built panels derived from waste
The project also falls in line with Sasol’s aim to increase
energy efficiency of its utilities by 15% per unit of
production
Air pollution/CDM
As the largest maker of motor fuels from coal, Sasol topped the list of South Africa’s largest polluters along with Eskom. Pictured is the refinery in Secunda
RéSource February 2012 – 43
streams – fly ash and gypsum. Fly ash is a
by-product of Sasol’s power production and
gypsum a by-product of industries such as
paper making, fertiliser production, desalina-
tion of acid mine water, etc. Mike Symons,
CEO of Tower Technologies, commented that
the Tower Technologies Building System has
the look and feel of traditional brick and
mortar, with many superior attributes in that
the walls are guaranteed straight, solid and
incombustible. The panels are factory manu-
factured to ensure consistent quality and
render an 80% weight saving to conventional
building methods, which makes it logistically
efficient. The panels are manufactured from
waste streams and therefore ensure a low
carbon footprint and have been fully SABS
tested and Agrément certified. In addition,
this building system ensures a cost saving of
between 10% and 30% to conventional build-
ing systems, depending on locality, and is in
the process of being licensed to prospective
manufacturers, countrywide.
Economic and commercial viabilityWhen asked what the actual cost savings are
in rand terms when comparing the construc-
tion of traditional brick and mortar houses to
fly-ash and gypsum houses, the answer was
very straight-forward: the bondable houses
are 10 to 20% cheaper than conventional
housing, yet still deliver on quality and meet
all building accreditation criteria (SABS,
Agrément and NHBRC). Detailed costings are
compiled in accordance with each interested
investor’s requirements and are dependent
on site location for panel factory manufac-
turing, as well as the application of these
panels according to architectural design.
Dependent on these known inputs, a panel
costing is given. The typical Cosmo saving for
the end consumer was 20%, considering that
the land at Cosmo was pricey.
Similar building technologies have been
around for many years in the alternative mar-
ket but a large number of these are either
too expensive or not socially accepted by
the South African market. To have success
on both these fronts, with a national bank
providing 100% bonds for an alternative tech-
nology, is a great achievement for the project.
With the development of the green economy
and a rise in consciousness in terms of
reducing carbon footprints, there is definitely
a trend toward alternative (and green) build-
ing technologies.
Greener businessesSasol’s enterprise development vehicle,
Sasol ChemCity, together with the execu-
tive mayor of the Metsimaholo Municipality
and other key role-players, launched Phase
I of their Eco Industrial Park in Sasolburg in
October 2011. Situated in the industrial hub
of the Free State, the site will provide a reli-
able supply of utilities, support services and
infrastructure, in order to ensure an environ-
ment that is conducive to successful produc-
tion, logistics and marketing.
One of the primary attributes is the park’s
ability to minimise its carbon footprint with
a long-term strategy to implement carbon
reduction projects. Mechanisms are in place
for entrepreneurs to utilise alternate building
technologies, solar geysers, solar panels and
other eco-friendly tools. By bringing revolution-
ary thinking to the conventional buzz around
industrial parks, the project hopes to promote
a green building philosophy in other regions
in time to come.
Even with these and other green projects
underway, South Africa’s Carbon Chasm
report, compiled by KPMG, illustrates that
there is a gap between business carbon
emissions and South Africa’s commitment to
34% below the business as usual scenario
by 2020. However, many companies in the
South African market have stepped up to the
challenge of voluntarily reducing greenhouse
gas emissions by putting forward substantive
commitments that contribute to meeting the
country’s overall commitment. Although it is
encouraging to see the articulated voluntary
greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction emissions
targets in the private sector, it is only through
a collective effort that climate change can be
seriously addressed.
WASTE ASH is used in a revolutionary process to create a mixture that is foamed and held together by polymeric binder. The entire foamed mixture is encased in a steel frame structure and this comprises a panel that can be used for purpose building applications.
DIAGRAM 1 Technology and production. Sasol’s processes in South Africa
Ash houses: Sasol and FNB’s latest affordable housing development affordable using materials from mining and manufacturing by-products in the construction
Air pollution/CDM
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Sousa Fernando
Board MemberElectricidade de
Mocambique
(EDM), Mozambique
Hon. Elizabeth
Dipuo Peters
Minister of EnergyDepartment of
Energy,
South Africa
Antonio Saide
National Directorateof New & Renewable
EnergiesMinistry of Energy,
Mozambique
Phindile Nzimande
Chief Executive Officer
NERSA,
South Africa
Paulinus Shilamba
Managing DirectorNamPower,
Namibia
Yves Muyange
Director GeneralEWSA,
Rwanda
Benoni Kofi Erskine
Director - EnergyDepartment of
Energy,
Botswana
Kweku A. Awotwi
Chief Executive OfficerVolta River Authority,
Ghana
Absalom
Themba Dlamini
ChairmanRoyal Swaziland
Sugar
Corporation
Henri Loubser
Managing DirectorSasol New Energy,
South Africa
RéSource February 2012 – 45
Over and above assessing the direct carbon tax cost in South Africa once the verdict is
published by National Treasury in February 2012, the country must count the indirect
cost of the tax on the competitiveness of its logistics and supply chain sector and the
impact that it will have on consumers and end-users.
Who will pay the price of carbon tax?
LOGISTICS AND SUPPLY CHAIN
South Africa’s consistently high cost
of logistics, which came in at 13.5%
of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in
2009, according to the 7th Annual State of
Logistics survey, will be negatively impacted
due to the proposed taxation levels. The
proposed carbon tax will, ac-
cording to Marius Swanepoel,
Imperial Logistics CEO, need to
be “counteracted with greener,
more efficient supply chains”.
Dr Jan Havenga, Head:
Centre for Supply Chain
Management at Stellenbosch
University, who projects the
total cost of logistics to be
approximately 15% of GDP
for 2010, comments that
in 2009 the transport and
communication sector paid
around R12 billion in company
taxes. “A carbon tax could
increase the effective tax rate
of the industry by at least
14.5%,” Havenga says. “This
would in all likelihood, make
South African logistics costs
much higher and would mean
that the competitiveness of
the country would be under
further threat.”
When assessed by the indus-
try, calculations indicate that
including the carbon tax, the
total transport industry bill
would increase by between
R1.8 and R6.0 billion per year
for the emission tax of transport only. In
essence, an increase of between 1.16%
and 3.86% on the transport bill is forecast-
ed depending on the final tax implemented.
Sharmini Naidoo, The Road Freight
Association’s CEO, believes that this
increase is a cost the road freight indus-
try can ill-afford. “Transport operators are
already faced with numerous rising costs
and the proposed carbon tax would have
a serious impact on the cost of logistics,
rendering road transport uneconomical,”
she says. Over
80% of freight
is currently
moved by road.
“Ironically it
is the SMMEs
who would be most severely impacted by the
tax – the very sector government aims to
support. Not only this, but the tax will also
impede economic growth and job creation.”
Swanepoel adds, “The industry is mov-
ing forward in greening supply chains
An increase of between 1.16% and 3.86% on the transport bill is forecasted
Air pollution/CDM
through innovative thinking and investment.
Examples include South Africa’s first Euro
5 specification fleets on our roads, cutting
carbon emissions and increasing efficien-
cies through ‘extra distance’ studies and
network redesign, as well as application of
renewable energy sources.”
Governments globally have
tended to introduce carbon
taxation first, followed by
emissions trading as a sec-
ondary means to curb carbon
emissions. He says many
countries including Finland,
the Netherlands and United
Kingdom have tended to
offset the increase in car-
bon taxes with decreases
in other taxes or use of rev-
enue for climate mitigation
programmes.
“In South Africa, there is
currently no middle road
planned. Some, such as cli-
mate change economist and
World Bank advisor, Michael
Toman, view the country’s
serious examination of
carbon tax to be “commend-
able, particularly given that
the step is ‘unique’ among
emerging-market economies.” Others view
the anticipated tax as a fur ther burden to
be borne by business.
Swanepoel concludes: “Even at the lower
R72 per tonne rate, the estimated R100
billion likely to be generated from carbon
tax e quates to between 12% and 13% of
Treasury’s total tax take. This revenue
must be channeled into our country’s pur-
suit for finding sustainable, innovative solu-
tions for cleaner energy that is accessible
to all.”
The 2011 Responsible Care Per for-
mance Report, which was published
toward the end of the year, is the
fifth in a series issued by the Chemical and
Allied Industries Association (CAIA). Every
year, the report is timed to include the
previous year’s per formance in terms of
the implementation of Responsible Care by
the chemical industry and its associates.
One of its main objectives is to increase
transparency on the per formance of the
South African chemical industry.
For 2011, the CAIA presented an extend-
ed report covering additional aspects of
Responsible Care implementation. These
included the three annual workshops held
in Johannesburg and Durban (where most
of its members are situated), the CAIA
new brand promotion, the various working
forums and some examples of member
projects, achievements, activities and pub-
lic signings of Responsible Care.
The good and the bad2011 RESPONSIBLE CARE PERFORMANCE REPORT
“Of great concern is the number of
fatalities and the rising number of
storage incidents. On the positive side,
our members are maintaining levels
of electricity consumption, using less
water and demonstrating a steady
decrease in chemical oxygen demand in
effl uent.” Joaquin Schoch, chairman of the CAIA
Sub headingAt the launch, emphasis was placed on the
responsibility of the chemical industry to
ensure that chemicals are manufactured
and used safely. Introduction of cleaner
and more efficient technologies results in
reductions in the quantities of emissions
and waste generated, as well as the use of
less water and energy.
Progress in meeting this
requirement is reported
for these parameters in
the report.
According to Joaquin
Schoch, chairman of the CAIA, the latest
report reflects both pleasing and disap-
pointing results. While transport incidents
have declined, “of greatest concern is the
number of fatalities and the rising num-
ber of storage incidents,” says Schoch.
“On the positive side, our members are
maintaining levels of electricity consump-
tion, using less water and demonstrating
a steady decrease in chemical oxygen
demand in effluent. Air emissions and
waste generated have now plateaued.”
Karen Marx, 2010 chairperson of the
Voluntary Advisory Forum (VAF), says that
continuous sustainable improvement,
whilst having a positive effect on a com-
pany’s bottom line, is expected from all
stakeholders. “Pollution prevention through
cleaner production technology and evalu-
ating and improving the sustainability of
product supply chains and vendors plays
an increasingly important role,” she con-
tinues. “Business in general and the basic
chemical sector (accounting for about
31% of the chemicals produced in South
Africa) have a significant role to play in
addressing issues like climate change, job
creation, the elimination of pover ty and
product innovation. Chemical companies
are expected to set priorities for environ-
mentally-sustainable production, ensure
energy and water efficiency and improve
production processes by considering the
more efficient use of resources,” Marx reit-
erates. The VAF of
the CAIA provides
a forum that
facilitates dialogue
between various
organisations
and interest groups in the country and
communicates public concerns on health,
safety and environmental issues to the
association.
Product stewardshipThe Global Product Strategy (GPS) of
GRAPH 1 Although the total waste has significantly decreased since 2009, it is important to maintain these levels into the future and continue focusing on reducing hazardous waste generated
GRAPH 2 The Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) of effluent provides an indication of organic load discharged in liquid effluent into municipal sewers, rivers, dams and oceans. The tonnes of COD per 1000 tonnes of production are shown in this graph
Air emissions and waste generated have now plateaued
46 – RéSource February 2012
Hazardous waste
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the International Council of Chemical
Associations addresses the product stew-
ardship components of Responsible Care.
Product stewardship is the chemical indus-
try’s key mechanism for managing the
health, safety and environmental aspects
of chemical products throughout the value
chain and promotes the safe use of chemi-
cals in their manufacturing, use, recycling
and disposal. Product stewardship and its
implementation through GPS are seen as a
key pillar of the Responsible Care initiative.
The key components of the GPS include:
Guidelines for product stewardship,
including ways to make relevant product
stewardship information more accessible.
At the end of 2010, 100 hauliers had been SA SQAS audited, of which 89 attained preferred supplier status (meeting 90% of the criteria) and 11 attained provisional supplier status (meeting 60% of the criteria). Twenty eight hauliers were signatories to Responsible Care
GRAPH 3 This graph depicts emissions of greenhouse gases per tonne of production from 2006
GRAPH 4 Other air emissions arising from chemical production that don’t lead to global warming are depicted in this graph for sulphur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxide (NOx)
Hazardous waste
RéSource February 2012 – 47
48 – RéSource February 2012
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A tiered process for completing risk char-
acterisation and management actions for
chemicals in commerce.
Product stewardship performance by down-
stream customers of the chemical industry.
The association has developed a GPS
Implementation Plan, which includes a num-
ber of elements to support product steward-
ship activities and one of the initial respons-
es is the development of
two guidance documents
to assist members in
the implementation of
the Responsible Care
Management Practice
Standards for Product
Stewardship. The guideline documents aim
to assist companies design and implement
product stewardship programmes.
In 2010, the CAIA moved to the Inter-
governmental Panel on Climate Change
(IPPC) Guideline method of calculating the
greenhouse gases resulting from specific
plant processes. This has been undertaken
to prepare companies for the mandatory
reporting which is expected to be intro-
duced by 2014. The association continues
to recognise the achievement of excel-
lence in Responsible Care with the annual
Responsible Care Award. Sasol Solvents,
Secunda, was
the recipient
of the 2011
Responsible
Care Award.
2011 also saw
the introduction
of the Responsible Care Haulier Award, of
which Manline Energy was the recipient.
More than half of CAIA’s signatories
report that they are now operating commu-
nity advisory committees. 94% have estab-
lished a complaints procedure and 98%
have emergency response plans in place.
75% of signatories have also now devel-
oped a waste management programme.
More than half of CAIA’s signatories are now operating community advisory committees
Business in general, and the basic chemical sector, which accounts for about 31% of the chemicals produced in SA, has a significant role to play in addressing issues such as climate change
Hazardous waste
Air pollutionMedical waste
Waste minimisation is more
important than recycling,
in particular with regard
to hazardous waste. The
study below looks at a
waste minimisation plan at
the medical and chemical
engineering schools at the
University of KwaZulu-Natal.
By N Matete* and R Mahomed
Identifying opportunities for hazardous waste minimisation
MEDICAL AND CHEMICAL CASE STUDY
The purpose of this paper is to present
results of a preliminary investiga-
tion into implementing a hazardous
waste minimisation plan at the University of
KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), using medical and
chemical engineering schools as case stud-
ies. The status quo of the waste system at
both schools was established by interview-
ing relevant university staff. A waste minimi-
sation plan was then proposed based on the
interview results, and waste minimisation
plans in operation at local and international
universities. A survey was then carried out
to assess students’ current waste manage-
ment behaviour and their willingness to
participate in the implementation of the pro-
posed plan. The results
of the survey showed
that at least 72% of the
students understood
that waste minimisation
was more important
than recycling. Also,
more than 90% of the students were willing
to participate in the implementation of
the proposed waste minimisation plan if
more information on waste minimisation
was provided.
IntroductionAt the moment, UKZN does not have a
waste minimisation plan for any of the three
main waste categories: hazardous, general
and inert. Hazardous waste means “any
waste that contains organic or inorganic
elements or compounds that may, owing
to inherent physical, chemical or toxicologi-
cal characteristics of that waste, have a
detrimental impact on health and the envi-
ronment” (Republic of South Africa, 2008).
Due to the nature of hazardous waste, it
“cannot be released into the environment
or be added to sewage or be stored in a
situation which is either open to air or from
which aqueous leachate could emanate”
(Department of
Environmental
Affairs and Tourism,
2008). This preced-
ing point under-
scores the need
for reduction of the
amount of hazardous waste that is gener-
ated at UKZN, hence the purpose of this
preliminary investigation.
Waste minimisation, on the other hand, is
defined as “any activity that is undertaken
by the generator of waste to prevent or
reduce the volume and/or environmental
impact of waste that is generated, treated,
stored or disposed of” (Department of
Environmental Affairs and Tourism, 2000).
This definition has now been incorpo-
rated into the National Environmental
Management: Waste Act, 2008 (Act 59
of 2008) albeit in a slightly revised form
(Republic of South Africa, 2008). In terms
of the waste minimisation scheme, the main
goal will be to reduce the volume of the
waste generated and also reduce its envi-
ronmental impact or toxicity. Due to the fact
that hazardous waste has many streams,
the waste minimisation scheme will focus
on chemical and bio-hazardous waste. The
scheme is based primarily on schemes that
are in operation at international universities
such as the University of Miami and the
University of California – Santa Barbara, and
locally, the University of Stellenbosch.
Methodology The objectives of the preliminary investiga-
tion were three-fold: to determine the sta-
tus-quo for hazardous waste management
at UKZN using case study schools; develop
a plan and identify the opportunities for
waste minimisation, and to assess the will-
ingness of students to engage in hazardous
waste minimisation. This section outlines
the process that was followed in carrying
out the investigation.
In order to establish the status quo of haz-
ardous waste management practice at the
chemical engineering and medical schools,
UKZN does not have a waste minimisation plan for any of the three waste categories
RéSource February 2012 – 49
50 – RéSource February 2012
Medical waste
staff members responsible for hazardous
waste management were interviewed. The
main information requested was the types
of waste generated, the volumes/amounts
for each stream, and how each stream was
being managed – classification and storage
of the generated waste and ultimately, the
disposal of the waste. A literature review
was conducted on the waste minimisation
schemes operational in other universities.
The outcomes of the interviews were then
compared with the outcome of the literature
review, from which a waste minimisation
plan for the case study schools was then
proposed.
Following the proposal of a waste minimi-
sation plan, a survey was conducted at both
schools to determine the basic understand-
ing of students with regard to hazardous
waste management and also to determine
the willingness of the students to partici-
pate in and to promote the waste minimi-
sation scheme. Since not all the students
could be surveyed, a representative sample
was determined for each school using sta-
tistical methods. The sample size for each
school was determined using Equation 1 as
a basis. However, the actual sample size
was calculated using readily available sam-
ple size calculators on the internet (Survey
Systems, 2009); which take into account
the population size of each school. A self-
administered questionnaire was applied in
both areas using con-
venience sampling given
the fact that this was a
preliminary investigation.
The results were then
analysed using Microsoft
Excel. The results from
the staff interviews and
the student survey were
then used to gauge
whether there was suf-
ficient scope and oppor-
tunities for the implementation of separate
hazardous waste minimisation schemes in
both schools. These results are presented
in the next section.
ResultsStatus quo
In the medical school, the interviews yielded
the following results:
Purchasing of chemicals is done by the
user who has to follow a procedure set up
by the Procurement Department: Users
can only purchase the chemicals once
approval has been given by the Procurement
Department. This process eliminates the
scenario of users just randomly purchas-
ing chemicals, and allows the Procurement
Department to keep track of the chemicals
purchased and to manage funds for this
process appropriately.
Storage facilities for the waste are based
on safety aspects that take into considera-
tion the incompatibility of certain chemicals.
For example, separate storage facilities are
provided for chlorinated and non-chlorinated
waste. The onus is on the waste producer
to decant their waste into appropriate
drums.
Hazardous waste is separated into
chemical and bio-hazardous streams.
The chemical waste is then separated
into chlorinated and
non-chlorinated waste.
Bio-hazardous waste
is separated into solid
waste, sharps, human
tissue and pharmaceuti-
cals. Both major streams
of waste are collected
as the need arises and
disposed of by specialist
contractors using appro-
priate disposal methods
for each waste stream.
The only problem with the present system
is that the volumes or quantities of waste
generated are not measured and recorded,
or where the information is available, it is
considered confidential. As a result, it is not
clear how much waste is being generated
and how much is being disposed of.
In the chemical engineering school, the
LCA yielded the following results:
Purchasing of chemicals is done by the
school and most of the chemicals are
brought from or through the same company.
A similar purchasing procedure to the one in
medical school is followed.
Similar to medical school, separate stor-
age facilities are provided, but this time for
solvents and dry chemicals. Also, acids and
bases are stored in the same room as the
solvents, but in a clearly segregated section
of the store room. It is important to note
that a completely separate storage room for
acids and bases is being constructed at the
moment.
The generated waste is separated into
chlorinated and non-chlorinated solvents
and various redundant chemicals. After
classification, the storage drums are clearly
marked, but the onus still remains on the
waste generator to dispose of their waste
in the appropriate drum. Collection and dis-
posal of the waste is done by an appointed
contractor, with collection taking place when
the need arises and disposal taking place
at an appropriate disposal facility. Similar to
medical school, there is no record keeping
for the volumes/quantities of waste pro-
duced and disposed of.
Waste minimisation planThe waste minimisation plan is based on
international best practices and involves
three main steps:
• the classification of the generated waste
• the reduction of the volume of waste
generated
• the reduction in the toxicity of the
ISSUE SCHOOLRESPONSE (%)
RECYCLE RE-USE UNSURE
What approach is the best way to reduce the amount of hazardous waste produced?
Medical 22 2 76
Chemical 26 2 72
Is it safe to discard chemicals down the drain?
Medical 1 99
Chemical 4 96
Were you taught about the impacts of waste in 1st year?
Medical 86 14
Chemical 63 37
DAILY WEEKLY MONTHLY
How often do you produce hazardous waste in lab sessions?
Medical 27 52 21
Chemical 38 43 19
34 T63 #$34
2
2 )1(e
ppzn
where: n = sample size p = value used to represent the
population proportione = desired margin of errorz = critical value from the
standard normal table
generated waste.
Classification will be carried out using the
present method of identifying character-
istics as set out in SANS 10228. Source
reduction will utilise an effective purchasing
strategy, where chemicals are procured for
specific purposes rather than buying in bulk
for an extended period. When the chemicals
are being used, good house keeping meth-
ods will be adopted to reduce the volume of
waste generated. For example, hazardous
and non-hazardous waste will be kept sepa-
rate so that there is no contamination of
non-hazardous waste, which would increase
the volume of hazardous waste needing
disposal. Recycling of the waste could take
place through re-distillation of solvents,
where possible, and chemical exchange pro-
grammes for generated waste. The latter is
already happening in industry; hence it can
be scaled down to fit a university setting.
For reducing toxicity of the waste, chemical
substitution should be utilised.
Chemical substitution is a strategy where
current chemicals used in projects and
practicals are replaced with less toxic ones.
For example, Acetamide can be substituted
with Stearic acid for freezing point depres-
sion or Formaldehyde can be substituted
with Ethanol for specimen storage (Florida
Atlantic University, 2002). The success of
such a plan depends on the corporation and
participation of staff and students respec-
tively. The next section will focus on the
results of the survey to determine the basic
understanding of students with regard to
hazardous waste management and their will-
ingness to participate in the proposed plan.
Student surveyUsing Equation 1 and population sizes of
1 500 for the medical school and 386 for
chemical engineering, the sample sizes
were calculated as 173 and 130 students
respectively. For both schools, p = 0.5,
which maximised the sample size and a 7%
margin of error at 95% level of confidence
were used. Due to the timing of the survey,
final year students in both schools were not
interviewed, so the results are representa-
tive of lower levels of the undergraduate
programme students in both schools.
The results for the survey in medical
school and chemical engineering are shown
in Tables 1 and 2. Table 1 shows the stu-
dents’ current understanding of hazardous
waste management, while Table 2 shows
the willingness of students to participate in
the implementation of the proposed waste
minimisation plan.
From Table 1, it can
be seen that students
in the medical and
chemical engineering
schools understand
the basic application
of the waste hierarchy
albeit without under-
standing that reuse is
higher priority waste
minimisation goal com-
pared with recycling.
The students also
have basic understanding that unsafe dis-
posal of hazardous waste can have a nega-
tive impact on the environment as shown
by their response to the issue of discarding
waste down the drain. However, such under-
standing is probably intuitive rather than a
result of the first year
laboratory induction pro-
grammes as indicated
by the marked difference
in responses between
the medical (86%) and
chemical engineering
schools (63%). Finally, it is clear that haz-
ardous waste is being generated regularly
in both schools, with at least 79% of the
students indicating that they generate waste
weekly.
It can be seen from Table 2 that at least
69% of the students are not sure whether
waste minimisation is being implemented
at UKZN. Despite this uncertainty, most of
the students in the medical school (91%)
and the chemical engineering school (79%)
are willing to participate in waste minimisa-
tion. The lower waste minimisation willing-
ness rate for chemical engineering could be
attributed to the fact that fewer students in
the school, compared with medical school,
were taught about the impacts of hazardous
waste in their first year of study as shown
in Table 1. This difference in knowledge may
not be critical given the fact that more than
90% of students in both schools still require
more information about waste minimisation
before they can participate in it.
Discussion and conclusionIn this section, the information presented
in the results section will be evaluated
with the aim of
categorising it as
an opportunity or
challenge for imple-
menting hazardous
waste minimisation
at the two schools.
The evaluation will focus on the current
hazardous waste management system in
terms of the processes being used and the
perceptions of the primary waste generators
– the students. Conclusions will then be
drawn on the research based on the evalua-
tion process.
The fact that protocols are followed in the
purchasing of chemicals in both schools
presents an opportunity for waste mini-
misation as the process allows tracking
of the types of chemicals that have been
purchased by the schools. This information
is important in that chemical substitution
can then be implemented where feasible
and thus reduce the toxicity of the waste
generated. However, chemical substitution
can only take place when both the types of
chemicals and their quantities are known.
The latter presents a challenge given that
ISSUE SCHOOLRESPONSE (%)
YES NO UNSURE
Waste minimisation currently implemented at UKZN?
Medical 24 1 75
Chemical 29 2 69
Willing to participate in hazardous waste minimisation?
Medical 91 9
Chemical 79 21
Do you need more info about waste minimisation before participating?
Medical 98 2
Chemical 92 8
79% of students indicate that they generate waste weekly
Air pollutionMedical waste
RéSource February 2012 – 51
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the purchasing department does not keep
track of the quantities of chemicals pur-
chased since order forms and disposal
forms are not kept for long – there is no
database or file where the forms are kept.
This challenge will need to be overcome if
implementation of the waste minimisation
plan is to become a reality. A possible solu-
tion would be to set up a database, housing
information on the amount of hazardous
waste that is generated and then analysing
the effectiveness of waste minimisation
measures in reducing waste quantities
needing disposal. Setting up the database
is a challenge because of the inefficient way
of keeping records that could be used for
comparison.
The separated storage of waste also pre-
sents an opportunity for waste minimisation
since segregation of waste reduces the risk
of hazardous waste contaminating general
waste. Also, segregation of the hazardous
waste itself is an opportunity for waste mini-
misation, given that the separated waste
could be used in a chemical exchange
programme with other schools. The lack of
waste data, however, is a challenge, since
quantities of generated waste will need to
be known in order to make the chemical
exchange programme feasible. This point
underscores the need for a waste database
in both schools.
Another opportunity for waste minimisa-
tion is presented by the willingness of the
students to implement the waste minimisa-
tion plan. This result is very important given
that the students are the primary genera-
tors of waste and are therefore responsible
for disposing it in the correct receptacles.
With the students practising source sepa-
ration, the benefits mentioned previously
will be realised. However, if the students
were not willing to separate their waste at
source, the benefits of reduced contamina-
tion and possibility of engaging in chemi-
cal exchange programmes would not take
place. Thus it is imperative that the stu-
dents are provided with the information that
they require in order for them to participate
in waste minimisation activities.
In conclusion, the research presented
in this paper has shown that there are
opportunities for implementing hazardous
waste minimisation at the medical and
chemical engineering schools at UKZN.
The proposed waste minimisation plan
is based on international best practice
and incorporates waste reduction and
recycling along with reduction in toxicity of
the generated waste. It has been shown
that present waste management methods
employed in both schools could be trans-
formed waste minimisation schemes. But
more importantly, the primary generators
of waste, who are the students, are willing
to par ticipate in waste minimisation if they
are provided with information that shows
them how.
* ABOUT THE AUTHORS*University of KwaZulu-Natal, Civil Engineering Programme, School of Civil Engineering, Surveying and Construction, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
Air pollutionMedical waste
RéSource February 2012 – 53
54 – RéSource February 2012
Revolutionary chemical-free toxic water treatment system
CRYSTALLISATION TECHNOLOGY
Wastewater management
Water scarcity (hydric stress) is an
imminent global challenge. The
demand for desalination technolo-
gies is increasing steadily. It is estimated
that half of all installed desalination capacity
worldwide is treated by reverse osmosis. The
waste brine streams from the application of
membrane technologies are classified as
industrial wastewater.
The hazardous streams, as a result of
reverse osmosis, are environmental threats
in the making as they are predominantly
being fed into evaporation ponds. The cur-
rent treatment processes are energy inten-
sive and extremely costly to operate. Simply
dumping or hiding theses brine streams is
no solution.
In a world first, a cost-effective, compre-
hensive solution for treating toxic wastewater
regardless of its chemical composition,
was launched at the Tshwane University for
Technology’s (TUT) Soshanguve campus
in November 2011. The HybridICE Freeze
Crystallisation technology is a sustainable
and cost effective method for treating haz-
ardous brine streams resulting from the
application of reverse osmosis. With the
The critical issue of how to deal effectively with the brine
streams resulting from the use of reverse osmosis as the
current methods are environmentally unacceptable.
HybridICE technology, the cost of treatment
can be reduced by up to ten-fold of the cost
of any other treatment method currently
available. This chemical-free water treatment
technology developed by Frederick Simon
Oosthuizen, is the only known comprehen-
sive solution for treating complex wastewa-
ters regardless of their chemical composi-
tion, which may include harmful endocrine
disruptors. “In developing the HybridICE, we
have successfully pio-
neered a unique method
to freeze out clean ice
crystals. In return, the
manipulation of the ice
crystal enables us to
recover pure water as a
usable product from any toxic brine stream,”
says Oosthuizen, who developed the technol-
ogy in collaboration with Professor Jannie
Maree, chairperson of the Rand Water Chair
of Water Utilisation at TUT.
The secret is in the freezeThe development of this technology started
in Germany in 2007 and is said to revolu-
tionise the water treatment industry through
the method of using refrigeration energy to
freeze out the water in a solution with dis-
solved chemicals. In this way, the waste
heat from the refrigeration process is used
to recover the contaminants as solids.
HybridICE is the first operational freeze crys-
tallisation plant ever realised in which the
water is completely separated from the toxic
waste as solid ice.
The first objective for the development
team was to deal with polluted and toxic
brine streams mainly produced by mem-
brane technologies, typically from reverse
osmosis and other industrial wastewaters,
through freeze desalination. This technology
enabled them to create water of the purest
quality, equivalent to glacier water quality.
But according to Oosthuizen, treating water
is not an art; dealing with the pollution cre-
ated as a result of water treatment is the
real engineering challenge. This has not yet
been achieved.
BackgroundOosthuizen met with Professor Maree
towards the end of 2008. “His activities
and engagement with the project contributed
positively towards the building of the first
commercialised 25 m³/day HybridICE Freeze
Crystallisation plant, which was installed
at TUT’s Soshanguve campus,” Oosthuizen
continues. According to the developer,
experts around the world have been work-
ing tirelessly for more than half a century
to understand and
realise such a tech-
nology, but without
success. “Until very
recently, this method
was not even
regarded as viable,”
Oosthuizen adds.
He explained why the technology is so
unique and cost-effective: “In principle, this
technology is a method of using refrigeration
energy to freeze out the water in a solution
containing dissolved chemicals. The water
component is frozen out from a contaminat-
ed aqueous stream that contains dissolved
chemicals and is recovered as pure ice. This
treatment process requires no addition of
Manipulation of the ice enables us to recover pure water
RéSource February 2012 – 55
chemicals.” When a water solution freezes,
the ice crystals reject the solute. The dis-
solved substances increase in concentration,
allowing an operating factor ranging from 1
to 40 in the remaining water.
Commercial viabilityAccording to Oosthuizen, the commercial
applications of the HybridICE are unlimited
and will create thousands of job opportuni-
ties in South Africa. “I am committed to mak-
ing this an all-South African project in order
to benefit as many people as possible in our
communities. In 2012, we will start to build
a novel water-treatment technology system
for desalination and the treatment of acid
mine drainage. We aim to treat any industrial
wastewater at a cost of less than R7 per
m³, Oosthuizen says. “We will then apply our
already developed technology to deal with
the brine stream that is produced, making
this a truly comprehensive method for treat-
ing toxic waters.”
Interestingly, the team has already
achieved treatment cost of merely
R15 per m³ for industrial wastewater and
brine stream treatment, which is a factor 10
times cheaper than any other known method.
TUT’s role“Water scarcity is an imminent global chal-
lenge and TUT certainly has the expertise
to play a vital role in developing more cost-
effective, sustainable technical solutions to
solve this problem in South Africa,” says Dr
Prins Nevhutalu, TUT Deputy Vice-Chancellor
of Research and Innovation. Dr Nevhutalu
says TUT is one of the pioneers in water
treatment in the country, with a Water Care
course that was introduced as far back as
1996, adding that the university is proud
of its strengths and expertise in water
technology.
“Apart from the development of brine treat-
ment through the HybridICE technology, TUT
has also been involved in developing other
innovative solutions and patents for water
treatment. The limestone neutralisation of
free acid, a CSIR patent, has already been
fully implemented, while a TUT patent for the
removal of iron (II) with limestone is expect-
ed to reduce alkali cost in Gauteng from R94
to R49 million per year,” Dr Nevhutalu adds.
Professor Pieter Marais, Dean of the
Faculty of Science, says this project
represents the pinnacle of what a university
of technology should do. “We must find
effective, sustainable solutions to real-
world problems. With the steadily increasing
demand for desalination technologies, it is
estimated that half of all installed desalina-
tion capacity world-wide is treated by reverse
osmosis. The waste brine streams from
the application of membrane technologies
are classified as industrial wastewater. A
critical issue is how to deal effectively with
the brine streams resulting from the use of
reverse osmosis, as the current methods
are environmentally unacceptable. These
hazardous streams are environmental
threats in the making as they are predomi-
nantly being fed into evaporation ponds. The
current treatment processes are energy-
intensive and extremely costly to operate.
Simply dumping or hiding the brine streams
is no solution.”
BELOW Professor Jannie Maree (right) during his demonstration of the HybridICE Technology systemBELOW RIGHT Frederick Oosthuizen (right) checks the ice which is produced by the HybridICE Technology. In principle, it is the method of utilising refrigeration energy to freeze out the water in a solution with dissolved chemicals
HybridICE: the revolutionary chemical-free toxic water treatment system
Wastewater management
56 – RéSource February 2012
Traditionally Anaerobic Digestion was
included as part of the overall waste-
water treatment process to reduce
total the organic load on the WasteWater
Treatment Plants (WWTP). Until now, the
biogas produced by the WWTW plants has
been used to fire boilers, which maintain
the temperature in the digesters. But due
to the escalation in the price of electricity, it
WWTW upgrade to lower carbon emissions
CHP PLANTS
Two biogas scrubbing and cogeneration – combined heat and power
(CHP) plants are scheduled for the Northern Wastewater Treatment
Works (NWWTW) and the Driefontein Wastewater Treatment Works.
now makes financial sense for the WWTW to
utilise the energy rich gas for onsite power
generation with heat recovery.
At an estimated cost of R76 787 001,
the design work started in September
2011 with the civil work on the first phase
of the project, NWWTW, scheduled to start
in February 2012. The first phase of the
NWWTW project is expected to be commis-
sioned by July 2012 and work on Driefontein
will commence. The project will generate
power and recover the heat from the gas
fired generators on site to run grid parallel
and supply the thermal energy required to
the digesters in order to maintain tempera-
tures. The plant will have the ability to supply
power to portions of the WWTP when the
utility supply falls away. The power plants will
be built adjacent to the digesters in order
to maximise thermal recovery, and will sup-
ply about 20% of the NWWTW’s power. As
Johannesburg Water invests in additional
digester capacity, the WWTP’s load on the
grid will be reduced accordingly. The most
environmental benefit of the project is the
reduced electrical demand on Eskom thereby
lowering carbon emissions. Thus far, no set-
backs have been identified.
ABOVE The site as it currently standsBELOW Computer-generated image of the Northern WWTW gas conditioning plant BELOW RIGHT SFGLD 240 with heat recovery will be installed at both project sites
Wastewater management
RéSource February 2012 – 57
Plant & equipment
Raising the bar on waste collectionMERCEDES-BENZ
The waste industry has been slow to react to market needs and hence new
developments in technology to facilitate the effi cient and economical removal of waste
have been ignored in some quarters. Some companies however, have risen to the
challenge and have gone the whole nine yards to ensure that they are equipped to meet
needs of expanding urban development.
The principle of waste management
is the collection, transporting and
processing or disposal of waste mate-
rial, a practice usually associated with human
activity and undertaken to reduce effects on
health in the environment in which we live.
Waste collection methods
vary greatly among differ-
ent countries and regions.
Domestic waste collection
services are often provided by
local government departments
or by private companies in the
industry.
Blue Anvil Bulk Logistics,
a Tshwane based company,
has since 2003 developed
its business around providing
the most up to date service in
waste removal. At the recent
handover of the first two of
a total of 14 Mercedes-Benz
Axor 3535 waste compac-
tors, company CEO Sandow
Rossouw, said, “I have been
associated with waste remov-
al transport since 1992 and
have built my business reputa-
tion on using the best com-
bination of equipment for the
job.” “The addition of these
new Axor 3535 fitted with the McNeilus 26
cu m compactor body is a continuation of
the tradition of using the Mercedes-Benz
product since 1997
which started with the
2624 Powerliner,” added
Rossouw.
Ideally suitedThe new Axor 3535 8X4
is ideally suited for this
medium-distance haulage and heavy duty
short distance distribution. Powered by the
well proven OM457LA six cylinder diesel
engine with an output of 260 Kw @ 1900
rpm and torque of 1850 Nm @ 1100 rpm,
the Axor 3535 provides a powerful, durable
and economical vehicle for the task. The
9-speed direct drive transmission enhances
the value of the vehicle for this applica-
tion as it allows effortless gear changes
and, thanks to the deep crawler gear and
reverse gear ratio, enables precise low-speed
manoeuvring
especially in the
confined urban
environment.
The whole
essence of the
Axor design has
been in weight
reduction wherever possible to achieve a
balance between robust design and high
payload. This enables the vehicle to endure
the rigours of the waste industry and thrive
under the most gruelling conditions to which
any vehicle can be subjected.
The McNeilus Extra Heavy Duty 26 cu
m compactor makes this combination the
‘Monster Crusher’ of the vehicle waste
industry due to its high compaction force.
According to Rossouw, this higher than aver-
age compaction capabilities of the McNeilus
enables the company to achieve a 50%
increase in the volume of waste per trip of
each vehicle. “This makes economic sense,
especially if the landfill site is far away and
we can reduce the number of trips per day,
explained Rossouw.
The Axor 3535 8X4 is suited for this medium-distance haulage
Blue Anvil Bulk Logistics have developed their business around providing the most up to date service in waste removal and rely on Mercedes-Benz trucks to get the job done
RéSource February 2012 – 59
The pilot of asphalt recycling PILOT CRUSHTEC
More Asphalt has bought a Terex Finlay 683 mobile screen to extract even greater value
from its tar recycling operation.
The Cape Town-based asphalt producer
uses a Pilot Crushtec RubbleBuster
SR500 impact crusher to recycle
asphalt waste, as well as the waste product
generated in its production
process, into reusable raw
material. “By introducing
a screen into its process,
the asphalt producer has
gained increased efficien-
cies as it now has the
ability to produce a 15 mm product, which is
then blended back into the production cycle,”
says Pilot Crushtec director of sales, Graham
Kleinhans, adding that the Terex Finlay’s sec-
ondary function is to screen sand out of the
plant. According to plant manager, Franscois
Ruiters, reject asphalt is produced when the
plant starts
up or is shut
down, and
the use of
recycling
techniques
is generating
significant savings, not only in terms of raw
material costs, but in operational efficien-
cies. “Apart from the benefit of a greater
utilisation of our raw materials, recycling
means that we no longer have to carry the
cost of transporting and disposing of waste,”
says Ruiters. “What we are doing here is
normal practice in countries like Australia
and America, where asphalt waste is often
referred to as ‘black gold’.”
He adds that globally there is growing pres-
sure for the conservation of essential raw
materials and that it is only a matter of time
before local legislation to enforce a recycled
content of waste into asphalt production
comes into play. “Our RubbleBuster, which
we have operated for over three years, and
the new screen work well together and pro-
duce up to 60 tonnes of recycled product
per hour. We are only able to re-introduce
product at our main plant and the product is
currently re-introduced (blended back into the
product cycle) at 7% of our total output.”
The RubbleBuster produces up to 60 tonnes of recycled product per hour
More Asphalt has introduced a Terex Finlay 683 mobile screen which adds value to its tar recycling operation
Plant & equipment
INDEX TO ADVERTISERS
IWMSA news
Make your voice heard at WasteCon 2012
URGENT CALL FOR PAPERS
The Institute of Waste Management
of Southern Africa (IWMSA) is urging
all interested and suitably qualified
parties not to delay in submitting papers
for consideration in respect of original
content for this year’s WasteCon, sched-
uled to take place in East London from
08 – 12 October 2012.
WasteCon, which is held bi-annually under
the auspices of the IWMSA, focuses on criti-
cal issues faced by those involved in waste
management in South Africa. This year’s
conference is titled
‘Wrestling with
Waste, Employment,
Environment and
Engineering’. Steve
Kalule, WasteCon
2012 Chairman
says, “The word
‘Wrestling’ was
identified as
a key factor in describing the feel-
ing of difficulty and the challenges
experienced when managing waste
and related issues. This is
especially pronounced in
situations, municipalities
and communities with
limited resources.”
Kalule continues, “The
conference aims to
address the difficulties faced by the Eastern
Cape as one of the poorest regions in South
Africa, both in resources and knowledge,
and how municipalities and communities are
experimenting and succeeding in develop-
ing partnerships to create jobs and to use
waste as a resource: in other words to view
waste other than as a problem, but rather as
a potential resource.”
The WasteCon 2012 organising com-
mittee is hard at work to ensure that this
waste conference meets and exceeds all
expectations,
and whilst still
in the early
organisation
stages, the
committee is
now calling for
the submission
of abstracts for
original contri-
bution to the conference. All
submissions will go through
a peer-review process carried
out by a local review panel,
and each abstract will
appear in full form
in the abstract book
which will be handed
out at the conference.
Oral papers or posters
should be aligned to the theme ‘Wrestling
with Waste’, and encompassing the
three ‘E’s’, Employment, Environment
and Engineering, which include, but is
not exclusive to topics such as: waste
to wages, job creation, societal benefits,
recycling and reuse, the New Waste Act,
licensing, groundwater monitoring, land-
fills, waste transfer stations and disposal.
Abstracts must reach the conference sec-
retariat by 01 February 2012 through the
online abstract submission portal on the
WasteCon 2012 website. Those wishing
to submit abstracts can find full details
regarding WasteCon 2012, submissions
and themes at www.wastecon.co.za.
The IWMSA focuses on providing edu-
cation and training for its members,
facilitating interest groups who network
and exchange information with like-minded
individuals, as well as offering a forum to
assist in having voices heard in the formu-
lation of legislation.
The IWMSA is a non-profit organisation
comprising a body of dedicated profession-
als in their respective fields, who give freely
and voluntarily of their time and expertise
in order to effectively educate, promote
and further the science and practice of
waste management.
For more information, visit: www.iwmsa.
co.za
ribing the feel-
the challenges
managing waste
This is
ed in
lities
th
The
bution
submis
a peer-r
out by
w
o
O
“The committee is hard at work to ensure that the conference meets all expectations”Steve Kalule, Chairman, WasteCon 2012
60 – RéSource February 2012
African Utility Week 26
Afrisam 32
Amandus Kahl 19
Aquatan 29
Barloworld Equipment 15, 36
Duncanmec 20
EnviroServ Waste Management IFC
Envitech Solutions 25
Fleetcall 48
Gast International 30
Howden 53
Jan Palm Consulting Engineers 21
Kaytech 22
Landfill Equipment 28
Mills & Otten 37
Mpact Plastic Containers 2
MTM Bodies OBC
OMB Waste Logistics OFC
Otto Waste Systems 12
Pikitup Johannesburg 10
Pilot Crushtec 58
Plastic Federation of SA
Power Gen Africa 24
Power and Electricity
World Africa 2012 44
PTN Parts and Equipment 13
Rose Foundation 4
Sika 47
The Waste Group OBC
Worley Parsons 27