Resilience to heat stress in public spaces of Australian ...lowcarbonlivingcrc.com.au/sites/all/files/event... · space features for outdoor participants during heat stress conditions

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22 March 2016 PhD Candidate: Ehsan Sharifi Principal Supervisor: Prof. John Boland Co-Supervisor: Dr Alpana Sivam

Resilience to heat stress in public spaces of Australian cities Case studies in Sydney, Melbourne and Adelaide


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Heat stress in urban settings

Urban structure, surface cover, landscape and life style affect the intensity and frequency of the UHI effect.


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Gap in well-defined links between outdoor thermal discomfort, public space vitality and UHI research

The effect of microclimates on the public space vitality

Existing public space quality assessments are being done in ideal climate conditions

Jacobs J. Lynch K. krier R. Lang J. Whyte W. Gehl J. Bosselmann P.

Urban microclimate parameters of air temperature, radiant temperature, humidity and wind speed can affect the patterns of outdoor activities.

Outdoor thermal discomfort

People adapt themselves to climate conditions by selective activities such as clothing and sunlight expose-prevent actions.

Givoni B. de dear R. Nicol F. Szokolay S. Nicolopoulou M.

Adaptive reactions of space participants to the thermal environment are affected by climate expectations, experiences, level of control and time of exposure.

Urban heat island effect in public space

Urban structure, land surfaces, vegetation, anthropogenic waste heat and regional climate affect the intensity and frequency of the UHI effect

Oke T. Ichinose T. Sailor D. Ashie Y. Santamouris M. Gartland E. Thatcher M. Erell E. Pearlmutter D. Williamson T.

The UHI effect is more sensible in canopy layer during the daily life

Due to scientific essence of the UHI effect, it is rarely discussed in regards to public space participants

What we know


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Conceptual framework


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Research questions

What outdoor activities are sensitive to heat stress in public space? How and to what extent do heat sensitive outdoor activities (the subject of RQ1) correlate with outdoor thermal discomfort? When do changes start and how do changes fluctuate? What urban features and surface covers can facilitate resilience of outdoor activities (the subject of RQ1) to heat stress?

RQ1

RQ2

RQ3

Heat sensitive outdoor activities

Spatial heat resilience measures

Heat resilient urban design


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Basic research method Data collection technique

Data analysis technique W

P1

(to

ans

wer

RQ

1)

Structured observation of people behavioural patterns in public space (non-participant) Urban microclimate Field measurement Questionnaire survey

On-the-spot measurement (number of people, their behavioural patterns, air and surface temperature, ambient humidity, wind speed, UV index) Periodic picturing Closed questionnaire

Activity coding and mapping Descriptive analysis Correlation analysis Segmented regression analysis

WP

2

(to a

nsw

er R

Q2)

Archival desktop data analysis of the five selected public spaces

Desktop calculation (spatial dimensions and elements) Archival maps (thermal and GIS: urban structure, density, vegetation and surface temperature) Archival data (city climate data analysis)

Descriptive analysis Correlational analysis Regression analysis

WP

3

(to a

nsw

er R

Q3)

Modelling and simulation of heat-resilience in public space and low carbon living opportunities

Archival data (energy consumption data) Results of part 1 and 2

Correlational analysis Scenario-based simulation

Act

iviti

es h

eat-

resi

lienc

e S

patia

l hea

t-re

silie

nce

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegi

es

Mixed method research


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Comparative case studies of Sydney, Melbourne and Adelaide

Darling Quarter

SYDNEY

Federation Square

MELBOURNE

Hindmarsh Square

Rundle Mall

Hajek Plaza

ADELAIDE


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Results: heat sensitivity of outdoor activities

• Neutral thermal threshold (NTTout) for heat-sensitivity of outdoor activities vary between 28°C and 34°C (indoors NTT =24-25°C).

• Optional activities (sitting, standing, eating, playing and sport) are highly sensitive to outdoor heat stress and start to decline in lower NTTs.

• Necessary activities (walking between home and work or for daily shopping) have more resilience to heat stress

• Social activities (group activities, cultural activities such as music playing) are more sensitive to time and organisational adjustments than heat stress.

• Critical thermal threshold (CTTout) for heat-sensitivity of outdoor activities vary between 28°C and 42°C.

• Supportive land uses, spatial features and planned activities affect public space vitality during heat stress conditions.


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Results: triangulation of outdoor heat-activity choices

Federation Square, April 2014

• Outdoor activity choices were affected significantly by urban microclimate parameters of air temperate, solar radiation, wind speed and humidity.

• Outdoor activities are more popular in neutral and warm thermal environments.


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Results: Spatial preferences during heat stress

Tree canopy, shading and water features were the most attractive public space features for outdoor participants during heat stress conditions.

Darling Quarter, February 2014


Results: Thermal characteristics of urban surface covers

Artificial-hard landscapes have the highest radiant temperature under the sun which reaches up to 10°C hotter than tree canopy, 20°C hotter than surface water and 5°C hotter than grass cover in annual basis (data resolution 30m).

Map data: Landsat 7 ETM+ and Landsat 8

Normalized surface temperature of urban cover classes in hot and cold seasons in Sydney, Melbourne and Adelaide (2001-2002 and 2013-2014)


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Results: Thermal characteristics of public space features

Distribution of maximum (red) and minimum (blue) radiant temperature of surface cover features in Torrens Riverbank

Artificial-hard landscapes have the highest radiant temperature under the sun which reaches up to 15°C hotter than tree canopy, 25°C hotter than surface water and 8°C hotter than grass cover in daily basis (data resolution 0.5m).


Spatial heat resilience (SHR)

20-30% soft, natural and permeable surfaces

20-30% tree canopy

Spatial heat resilience (SHR) is defined as the ability of the space to support its normal activities when experiencing stressful thermal conditions. SHR is about minimizing the risk of outdoor living and maximizing public space vitality.

SHR-ID

aAT 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40

28 24 25 26 27 Low Medium High

30 25 26 27 28 2932 26 27 28 29 30 3134 27 28 29 30 31 32 3336 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 3538 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 3740 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 3942 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 4144 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 4246 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 4348 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 4450 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45

NTTout (°C)

CTTout (°C)

𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺 𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰 (°𝑪𝑪) = 𝒎𝒎𝑰𝑰𝒎𝒎𝑰𝑰 ( ∑ 𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒊𝒊𝟏𝟏

𝒊𝒊 + ∑ 𝑪𝑪𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒋𝒋𝟏𝟏

𝒋𝒋 )

Simplified SHR identifier tool (SHR-ID) to calculate and assess SHR index

SHR index SHR-ID

Federation Central Plaza 48

High Hindmarsh Square 39 Federation Wharf 39 Darling Quarter 39 Torrens Riverbank 38.75 St. Paul’s Court 37.5

Medium Art Centre Plaza 36.5 Darling Harbourside 35 Hajek Plaza 34.5

Low Blue Hive Plaza 34 Friendship Plaza 33.5


Scenarios for 2030 and 2070 Sc

enar

io

Tree

can

opy

Soft

land

scap

e

Har

d la

ndsc

ape

Publ

ic s

pace

ex

ampl

e

Prec

inct

exa

mpl

e

Win

ter t

empe

ratu

re

varia

tion

in p

reci

nct

scal

e (°

C)

Sum

mer

tem

pera

ture

va

riatio

n in

pre

cinc

t sc

ale

(°C

)

SC1 (existing)

15% 20% 65% Art Centre Plaza St Paul’s Court Darling Harbourside

Haymarket N/A N/A

SC2 (Improved)

20% 30% 50% Friendship Plaza Crown Street

-0.8 -1.6

SC3 (Ideal)

30% 30% 40% Darling Quarter Sydney Harbour

-1.0 -3

Cubic and segmented linear regression models of electricity demand and temperature in Greece, based on all the days of the period 1/1/1993–31/12/2002 (Modified from: Mirasgedis et al. 2006, p.210)

𝚫𝚫𝚫𝚫 𝒚𝒚𝑰𝑰𝒎𝒎𝒚𝒚−𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝒎𝒎𝒚𝒚𝒊𝒊𝒐𝒐 = 𝚫𝚫𝐓𝐓 𝒚𝒚𝑰𝑰𝒎𝒎𝒚𝒚−𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝒎𝒎𝒚𝒚𝒊𝒊𝒐𝒐 × 𝑲𝑲 × 𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟏𝟏𝟐𝟐

𝚫𝚫𝐓𝐓𝐲𝐲𝐲𝐲𝐲𝐲𝐲𝐲−𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐲𝐲𝐬𝐬𝐲𝐲𝐲𝐲𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 = 𝚫𝚫𝐓𝐓𝐬𝐬𝐜𝐜𝐬𝐬𝐜𝐜𝐲𝐲𝐜𝐜𝐲𝐲 𝐬𝐬𝐜𝐜𝐲𝐲𝐬𝐬𝐜𝐜𝐲𝐲−𝐲𝐲𝐲𝐲𝐲𝐲𝐲𝐲 + 𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐲𝐲𝐬𝐬𝐲𝐲𝐲𝐲𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬

𝚫𝚫𝚫𝚫𝚫𝚫𝟐𝟐𝐲𝐲 𝒚𝒚𝑰𝑰𝒎𝒎𝒚𝒚 = 𝒇𝒇𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝟐𝟐 × 𝚫𝚫𝚫𝚫 𝒚𝒚𝑰𝑰𝒎𝒎𝒚𝒚−𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰𝒎𝒎𝒚𝒚𝒊𝒊𝒐𝒐

Carbon emission variation per capita resulted from urban heat resilience scenarios in Sydney

𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝒎𝒎𝒐𝒐𝑰𝑰𝒊𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒊𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰−𝒚𝒚𝑰𝑰𝒎𝒎𝒚𝒚(𝑰𝑰𝒆𝒆𝑰𝑰𝒔𝒔𝒐𝒐𝒚𝒚𝒊𝒊𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒊𝒐𝒐𝒚𝒚) = 𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝒚𝒚𝑰𝑰𝒎𝒎𝒚𝒚 × 𝟐𝟐.𝟐𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟐 × 𝑵𝑵𝒐𝒐𝒎𝒎𝑵𝑵𝑰𝑰𝒚𝒚 𝒐𝒐𝒇𝒇 𝒎𝒎𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝑰𝑰𝒔𝒔𝒐𝒐𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰 𝑰𝑰𝒎𝒎𝒚𝒚𝒔𝒔

𝟗𝟗𝟐𝟐

ΔKt Co2-e / year Adelaide Melbourne Sydney Sample urban precinct -1.10 -0.64 -1.10 Local city council area -2.77 -10.31 -20.45 Greater metropolitan area -140.19 -365.53 -620.14


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How to inform policy

Integration of heat resilience strategy in development control plans (local city councils) Preparation of heat-health and safety strategy and action plans (heat proof strategy) Heat stress measures for school children and outdoor workers (low level of control) Less roads and open air parking areas in urban development plans (urban planning and design practice)


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Publications from the thesis (2012-2015)

Sharifi, E & Lehmann, S 2012a, 'Urban Heat Island Effect Mitigation in Rapidly Developing Cities', 6th International Conference and Workshop on the Built Environment in Developing Countries (ICBEDC) The University of South Australia, pp. 982-1000. Sharifi, E & Lehmann, S 2012b, 'Urban Heat Island Effect Mitigation in Precinct Scale: A Case Study of Sub-Tropical Sydney', 4th International Network for Tropical Architecture Conference (iNTA), National University of Singapore, pp. 1-9. Sharifi, E, Boland, J & Lehmann, S 2014, 'Thermal Resilience of Activity Patterns and Urban Greenery in Public Space: Three Case Studies in Adelaide, South Australia', 7th Making Cities Liveable Conference: Book of Proceedings, Healthycities, pp. 162-181. Sharifi, E, Philipp, C & Lehmann, S 2014a, 'Correlational Analysis of Urban Greenery and Urban Heat Island Effect in Central Sydney', 7th Making Cities Liveable Conference: Book of Proceedings, Healthycities, pp. 182-200. Sharifi, E & Lehmann, S 2014a, 'Local Measures to Mitigate the Urban Heat Island Effect in Hot and Humid Climate: Comparative Case Study of Sana’a, Bushehr and Dubai Marina', International Journal of Development and Sustainability, 3(1), pp. 38-54. Sharifi, E & Lehmann, S 2014b, 'Comparative Analysis of Surface Urban Heat Island Effect in Central Sydney ', Journal of Sustainable Development, 7(3), pp. 23-34. Sharifi, E, Philipp, C & Lehmann, S 2014b, 'Multi-scale analysis of the surface layer urban heat island effect in five higher density precincts of central Sydney', in Lehmann, S (ed), Low Carbon Cities, New York: Routledge, pp. 375-393. Sharifi, E., & Lehmann, S. 2015, ‘Comparative Analysis of Surface Urban Heat Island Effect of Rooftops and Streetscapes in Central Sydney’. Journal of Urban and Environmental Engineering (JUEE), 9(1), 3-11. doi: 10.4090 Sharifi, E, Sivam, A, Boland, J, 2015, Thermal Resilience of Activities in Public Space: Case Study of Adelaide, South Australia', Journal of Enviroenmental Plaaning and Management (Taylor & Francis), published online December 2015, due for publication in 2016, pp. 1-22, doi: 10.1080/09640568.2015.1091294


Area for future research

Thank you

Low Carbon Living CRC grant application for 2016-2018 Applications for ECR fellowships in urban microclimates ARC-linkage grant in thermal discomfort Small grants with local city councils around Australia

Testing the concept of spatial heat resilience in Australian suburbs Scenario-based urban microclimate simulation Advanced research in outdoor (adaptive) thermal discomfort and behavioral shifts The effect of urban design parameters including aspect ratio and orientation on outdoor heat stress

How and where

Application of context-less research when dealing with people Generalization of individual experiences (they might not even be applicable to our family) Lack of critical thinking

Not to do list!

Documents

Resilience to heat stress in public spaces of Australian ...lowcarbonlivingcrc.com.au/sites/all/files/event... · space features for outdoor participants during heat stress conditions