Residual Tensions of Empire: Contemporary Metis Communities and the Canadian Judicial Imagination

8/13/2019 Residual Tensions of Empire: Contemporary Metis Communities and the Canadian Judicial Imagination.

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Toskfubj Voiskcis ce Ogpkro0Acitogpcrbry Gtks Acgguiktkos bif

tmo Abibfkbi @ufkakbj Kgblkibtkci

Amrks Biforsoi

Ao trbvbkj oxbgkio jos struaturos `ufkakbkros fo jbdcrklkibjkt fos gtks, pjus

spakekquogoit acggoit jos trkduibux cit bsscak jbutmoitkakt fos gtks oi tbit quo

poupjo butcamtcio, jour fkeeroiao vkskdjo pbr rbppcrt bux Abibfkois ici butcamtcios,

ot fgcitro bussk acggoit jos trkduibux cit utkjks fos struaturos rbakstos fo jb aujturoquk fjkgktoit jbdcrklkibjkt fos gtks fbis jo togps ot fbis jospbao. Ao trbvbkj so

poiamo bussk sur jb pcsskdkjkt fjbdcrbtkci fo jb struaturo fo frckts aujturojs quk

gbioit fo ao prcaossus, ot iugro aortbkios jkgktos quoiloifro jutkjksbtkci fo jb

aujturo acggo tbit jb dbso fos frckts butcamtcios. b aujturo ost oisukto `uxtbpcso

uio aciaoptkci fo jbdcrklkibjkt quk so dbso pjut!t sur jb scakbjkt ot oieki, jutkjksbtkci

fu aciaopt fo scakbjkt ost scujkli beki fo fgcitror acggoit ci pout fekikr jos frckts

butcamtcios fo gbikro io pbs oxajuro sos acgguibuts urdbkios acitogpcrbkios,

buxquojjos bppbrtkoiioit fscrgbks pjus fo foux tkors fos gtks bu Abibfb.

Vmo stbifbrf wmkam b prbatkao austcg cr trbfktkci gust goot ki crfor tc !o roaclik"ofbs bi b!crklkibj rklmt ks ict tmbt kt !o fkstkiat tc tmo b!crklkibj aujturo ki #uostkci$ tmob!crklkibj ajbkgbits gust skgpjy fogcistrbto tmbt tmo prbatkao austcg cr trbfktkci ksfkstkiatkvo% & trbfktkci cr austcg tmbt ks fkstkiat ks cio tmbt ks uik#uo ' (fkeeoroit ki)kif cr #ubjkty$ uijk)o* +Aciakso "xecrf #katkcibr$ suprb, %%% -y acitrbst b aujturotmbt ajbkgs tmbt b prbatkao austcg cr trbfktkci ks fkstkiatkvo ' (fkstkiluksmkilambrbatorkstka* ' gb)os b ajbkg tmbt ks ict rojbtk.o$ tmo ajbkg ks rbtmor cio b!cut tmo

aujturo/s cwi prbatkaos austcgs cr trbfktkcis aciskforof bpbrt ercg tmo prbatkaosaustcgs cr trbfktkcis ce biy ctmor aujturo%


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()* Amrks Biforsoi

K1VT6?5AVK61

Abi kifkloicus acgguiktkos !o kifkloicus wktmcut !okil fkeeoroit< Ke scwmbt wcujf tmks jcc) jk)o ki prbatkao< Ke ict mcw wkjj tmoso acgguiktkossustbki tmogsoj.os ki tmo ebao ce b Abibfkbi ibtkci=stbto ecausof ci prctoat=kil kifkloicus fkeeoroiao bt tmo acst ce tmokr acjjoatk.kty< Vmo jolbay ce %. ..+pbrrc +288;, tmo ekrst su!stbitk.o uprogo Acurt &!crklkibj rklmts absobetor tmo Acistktutkci Bat, -)( sot ki gctkci twc pcssk!jo pbtms ecr prctoat=kil &!crklkibjkty% Vmo ekrst prctoatof &!crklkibj fkstkiatk.oioss, arobtkil bibutcicgcus spbao wktmki wmkam &!crklkibj acjjoatk.os acujf o.cj.o bs soje=lc.orikil oitktkos tc goot tmokr ioofs bs acitogpcrbry acgguiktkos bifibtkcis%2Ki ctmor wcrfs kt prctoatof &!crklkibj butcicgy% Vmo soacif prc=toatof cijy tmcso aujturbj prbatkaos tmbt gcst ici=&!crklkibjs wcujf icttmogsoj.os oilblo ki +>c.kiojjk 4;;4,% Vmbt ks tc sby kt prctoatof &!crklkibjfkeeoroiao%

k: yobrs jbtor tmrculm tmo kiebgcus (fkstkiatk.o tc bi kitolrbj aujturo* tostpoiiof ki %. .. &bi for 'oot +288, tmo uprogo Acurt amcso foaksk.ojy tcprctoat &!crklkibj fkeeoroiao% Ki fckil sc kt robeekrgof tmo aoitrbj pjbao cerbakbj fkeeoroiao ' bif tmus acjcikbjksg ' ki tmo 7ufkakbj kgblkibtkci bif kiAbibfkbi scakoty% Tbakbj fkeeoroiao acistktutof b ecuifkil gcfbjkty ce crfor+9cuabujt 283, ecr bjj acjcikbj ibtkci=stbtos% Abibfb wbs ic o:aoptkci% Hks=tcrkabjjy rbakbj fkeeoroiao sor.of bs b jyiampki ecr abtolcrk"kil aktk"oiry bifecr fkstrk!utkil prcporty rklmts bif wobjtm ki pcst=2B; Abibfb +Vculm 288,%Vc tmo o:toit tmbt rbakbj fkeeoroiao acitkiuos tc euiatkci bs b fcgkibit crkoit=kil fksacurso ki kgpcrtbit acitogpcrbry absos suam bs &bi for 'oot tmoro ksictmkil (pcst* b!cut Abibfb/s acjcikbjksg% Vmoso roskfubj toiskcis ce ogpkroacitkiuo tc gkro rojbtkcis !otwooi kifkloicus acgguiktkos bif tmo Abibfkbistbto% &jtmculm &bi for 'oot fobjt spoakekabjjy wktm 9krst 1btkcis kssuos tmopcwor ce proaofoit4ki 7ufkakbj foakskci gb)kil ks suam tmbt kt sots tmo !cuifb=rkos wktmki wmkam gcst euturo Gtks rklmts absos ' tmo tcpka ce tmks ossby ' brofoakfof% Vmoso kssuos bro o:pjcrof fkroatjy tmrculm tmo .brkcus jo.ojs ce bjobfkil Gtks rklmts acurt abso%. .. 'cjo$ +2888 4;;; 4;;2 4;;3,%

Vmo brlugoit biamcrkil tmks ossby ks tmbt tmo fbilor ce ogpmbsk"kil rbakbjfkeeoroiao rbtmor tmbi fkstkiatk.oioss ' ospoakbjjy ki tmo acurts ' ks tmbt ktro#ukros &!crklkibj acgguiktkos tc ogpmbsk"o mkstcrkabj kfoitktkos tmbt ceeorcijy b pbrtkbj ljkgpso ce wmc tmoy woro% &if bjtmculm bjj mkstcrkabj baacuitsgby !o aciskforof pbrtkbj tmo 7ufkakbj kjjugkibtkci ce kifkloicus mkstcrkoski.cj.os ebr gcro smbfcw tmbi jklmt% Vmo kitorprotk.o !cuifbrkos bif poraop=tubj akraugsarkptkcis oiacurblo fkstcrtkcis storoctypos bif pbrtkbj mkstcrkoswmkam tmrculm 7ufkakbj prcicuiaogoits bro lk.oi tmo stbtus ce trutm% Vmksecraos acgguiktkos tc ambso mkstcrkabj smbfcws tmbt io.or robjjy o:kstof%


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Ki tmocrotkabj torgs tmks ossby ks progksof ci tmo kfob tmbt tmoro ks ic suamtmkil bs b (acro* 1btk.o kfoitkty ' cr bt jobst ict cio tmbt gobis tmo sbgotmkil tc bjj cr o.oi gcst 1btk.o pocpjo% Vmcso sobramkil ecr b stb!jo iuajoussu!sark!o tc wmbt ks acggcijy )icwi bs bi (ossoitkbjkst* aciaoptkci ce kfoi=tkty% Ossoitkbjksts !ojko.o tmbt wo abi pckit tc bi ojogoit cr acro ce ojogoitsbif sby (VmoroD /mbts wmbt gb)os &!crklkibj pocpjo &!crklkibj* +b spkrktubjaciioatkci tc (tmo jbif* ks b usubj suspoat ki tmoso brlugoits,% Vmo prc!jogwktm ossoitkbjkst aciaoptkcis ks tmbt tmoy bssugo b !rcbf blroogoit b!cutwmkam ojogoits bro tmo (acrroat* cios tc pckit tc bif tmoy tmoi pcskt tmbttmoso ojogoits pcssoss b ebkrjy stb!jo uiambilkil ambrbator skiao b ambilkilambrbator wcujf jobf tc b wmcjo sorkos ce fksblroogoits b!cut wmbt acistktutosambilo cr wmotmor sueekakoit ambilo mbs batubjjy caaurrof tc wbrrbitfksausskci ota%

Horo kfoitkty bif kssuos ce kfoitkekabtkci bro usof ki bi o:pjkaktjy bitk=ossoitkbjkst ebsmkci% &itk=ossoitkbjkst uiforstbifkils ce kfoitkty bro rcctofstrciljy ki tmo kfob tmbt scakbj robjkty ks acistruatof bif tmus tmbt kfoitkty ksict ek:of stb!jo cr uiktbry !ut ks acitkiloit ci bif biamcrof ki scakbjjy aci=struatof bif ogpkrkabjjy spoakekb!jo gbtorkbj bif fksaursk.o !cuifbrkos%9urtmorgcro kfoitktkos bro acistruatof ki cppcsktkci tc ctmor kfoitktkos b prc=aoss tmbt caaurs .ks==.ks b lrcup/s pcsktkci wktmki b mkorbramy ce scakbjpcwor% Ki tmks fby bif blo (kfoitktkos bro io.or uikekof F!ut bro kiarobskiljyerblgoitof bif erbaturof$ io.or skilujbr !ut gujtkpjy acistruatof barcssfkeeoroit cetoi kitorsoatkil bif bitblcikstka fksacursos prbatkaos bifpcsktkcis* +Hbjj 288 E,% Vmks ks pbrtjy wmy prctoatkil butcicgy cr scakbjktypor so rbtmor tmbi prctoatkil fkeeoroiao ks sc aruakbj tc oisurkil tmo sur.k.bjce 1btk.o acgguiktkos ospoakbjjy ki jklmt ce tmo rbfkabj kgpbat ce kifustrkbjbif acisugor abpktbjksg ci tmo fby=tc=fby prbatkaos ce tmoso acgguiktkos!oabuso kt job.os cpoi tmo pcssk!kjkty ce (kitorsoatkil bif bitblcikstkafksacursos prbatkaos bif pcsktkcis* +k!kf%,%

Vmks ossby ks fk.kfof kitc ecur su!stbitk.o soatkcis bif b aciajuskci% Vmoekrst soatkci pcsktkcis tmo acurts bs b rbakbjk"of ekojf cio kistbiao ce b !rcbforkitorjca)kil wo! ce scakbj ekojfs +-curfkou 288 2884$ -curfkou bif Lba#bit2884,% Kt ogpmbsk"os tmbt tmo acistktutkci ce 7ufkakbj foakskcis rosujts ercg!ctm kitoribj 7ufkakbj prbatkaos bif jbrlor (wmktostrobg* 3 uiforstbifkils ce&!crklkibjkty% Vmo soacif o:bgkios 7ufkakbj acistruatkcis ce &!crklkibjktyogpmbsk"kil mcw &!crklkibj butmoitkakty ks aciaoptubjk"of bs fkeeoroiao biftmoro!y ambiiojjof tmrculm kgporkbjMrbakst acistruatkcis ce aujturo tmbt bt togpttc ek: bif prosor.o &!crklkibjkty (ki biakoit ecrg* +soo Gbliot 4;;3,% Vmkssoatkci ecausos ci tmo acitrbst !otwooi fkstkiatk.oioss bif fkeeoroiao tmrculmb 7u:tbpcsktkci ce aujturo bif scakoty% cakoty bif scakbjkty bro prosoitof bs.kb!jo bjtoribtk.os tc prctoatkil &!crklkibj aujturos !oabuso rbtmor tmbi

%oskfubj /oiskcis ce 8gpkro ()2


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() Amrks Biforsoi

o:bgkikil mcw Gtks kifkloiokty ks rbakbjk"ofMfkeeoroitkbtof ki tmo acito:t cetkgo bif spbao bif ki tmo wby ki wmkam tmo butmoitkakty ce tmo Gtks bs kifkl=oicus pocpjo ks pcsktkciof .ks==.ks tmbt ce 9krst 1btkcis acgguiktkos% Kt bjsco:pjcros tmo spoakeka acistruatkcis ce aujturbj rklmts tmbt ogbibto ercg tmksprcaoss 7u:tbpcskil tmog wktm bjtoribtk.o ecrgujbtkcis% Vmo ecurtm bif ekibjsoatkci ecausos ci tmo kssuo ce fkstkiatk.oioss .orsus fkeeoroiao ki tmo acito:tce ur!bi &!crklkibj acgguiktkos% Vmks acito:t sor.os bs b usoeuj eckj ecr o:=pjcrkil mcw tmo 7ufkakbj jclka ce prctoatkil fkeeoroiao !rob)s fcwi proaksojy!oabuso ur!bi acgguiktkos bro tmculmt tc !o #ukitossoitkbjjy ici=&!crklkibjspbaos bif bs suam bro ajobrjy jcabtof cutskfo tmo !cuifbrkos ce 7ufkakbj aci=struatkcis ce &!crklkibjkty% Gcroc.or kt ks pbrtkaujbrjy bpt ki b Gtks acito:t!oabuso tmo Gtks pcpujbtkci ks !oacgkil kiarobskiljy ur!bi +soo tbtkstkasAbibfb 4;;3,%

>6KVK61K1 VHO A&1&?K&1 A65TV & & T&AK&KNO? 9KO?

Abibfkbi acurts bro ek:btof ci ekifkil tmo (ossoiao* ce kifkloicus fkeeoroiao%&s b rosujt tmoy oeeoatk.ojy roprcfuao Abibfb/s aujturbj bif gbtorkbjmkorbramkos !y eroo"kil kifkloicus kfoitktkos ki tkgo bif spbao% Acggoitbtcrso:pjcrkil tmoso mkorbramkos usubjjy ecaus ci tmo rojbtkcismkp !otwooiacjcikbjksg bif (Abibfkbi jbw%* Hcwo.or kt ks bibjytkabjjy usoeuj tc fkstki=luksm !otwooi tmo 7ufkakbj bif jolksjbtk.o spmoros ce Abibfkbi jbw% 6i tmo ciombif !ctm bro acjcikbjjy kisark!of bif !ctm bro !ba)of !y tmo tmrobt ce stbtoacorakci% Aciso#uoitjy !ctm bat bs struaturos ce fcgkibtkci +soo loiorbjjyVujjy 4;;;,% 6i tmo ctmor mbif acurts bif jolksjbturos acistktuto fkstkiatk.ojyfkeeoroit scakbj ekojfs% Vmo acurts bro fkstkiat ercg tmo jolksjbturo ki tmbt tmokrbspkrbtkcis tc rbtkcibjkty bif jclkabj pcsktk.ksg ro#ukro tmog tc o:pjbki bif7ustkey tmokr foakskcis uskil kitoribj bif +jbrlojy, butcicgcus jclkas bifprcaofuros% Vmoso o:pjbibtkcis bif tmo 7ustkekabtkcis usof tc lrcuif tmogprc.kfo bi cppcrtuikty tc stufy tmo eb!rka cut ce wmkam 7ufkakbj fks acursos ce&!crklkibjkty bro wc.oi%

Lmbt fcos kt gobi tc uiforstbif tmo acurts bs b scakbj ekojf< cakbj ekojfs brocrlbik"of broibs ce batkci wmoroki acgpotkil batcrs !o tmoy kifk.kfubjs crkistktutkcis strulljo tc jolktkgk"o tmokr cwi .kow ce tmo scakbj wcrjf bif tcacgpoj kts bfcptkci !y tmo ctmor batcrs ki tmo ekojf +-curfkou 2884,% Ki tmo7ufkakbj ekojf .brkcus batcrs strulljo tc oisuro tmbt tmokr kitorprotbtkci ce tmo jbwks ujtkgbtojy .katcrkcus bif acgos tc acgprkso tmo batubj su!stbiao ce (bw%*cakbj ekojfs bro ambrbatork"of !y b iug!or ce eobturos tmbt gb)o tmogscakcjclkabjjy bttrbatk.o% 9krst tmoy bro mkorbramkabjjy crlbik"of0 tmokr kitoribjstrulljos fc ict caaur ci b jo.oj pjbykil ekojf% oacif tmokr batcrs skiaorojy


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bttbkigoit ce roscuraos aciskforof .bjub!jo tc tmo ekojf +-curfkou roeors tc tmosoroscuraos bs (abpktbj*,% 9kibjjy bif gcst kgpcrtbitjy ecr cur purpcsos tmostrulljos ki tmo scakbj ekojf bro smbpof baacrfkil tc kitoribj rujos bif jclkas,krrofuak!jo tc tmcso ce ctmor ekojfs%E

1cw tmoro ks ictmkil stbrtjkiljy crklkibj b!cut brlukil tmbt acurts bro sktosce aciejkat bif strulljo% >cpujbr tojo.kskci bif gofkb ropcrts fopkatkil acurt=rccg !bttjos bif !ba)rccg iolctkbtkcis !obg tmoso kgblos kitc curmcusomcjfs ci b iklmtjy !bsks% Lmbt ks kitorostkil tmculm ks tmo folroo tcwmkam suam fopkatkcis ogpmbsk"o tmo kitolrkty ce tmo prcsoautcrs bif tmokracggktgoit tc b sot ce rujos tmbt bro sbkf tc acgprkso (tmo bw%* Vmo 7ufkakbjekojf/s pcwor bif jolktkgbay stog ercg kts stbtof b!kjkty tc syg!cjkabjjytrbisecrg scakbj aciejkats kitc toamikabj jolbj kssuos !y tmo o:oraksof kitolrktybif tmo uso ce jolbj rujos +soo ?wcr)ki 28B,% Ki ebat tmoso bro aruakbj tc ktsbppobrbiao ce ioutrbjkty ki trbisecrgkil kts foakskcis ercg bats ce ib)of.kcjoiao tc jolktkgbto bats ce rbtkcibjkty bif c!7oatk.kty +-curfkou 28B B4E,%(Vmo trbisecrgbtkci ce krroaciakjb!jo aciejkats ce porscibj kitorost kitc rujo=!cuif o:ambilos ce rbtkcibj brlugoits !otwooi o#ubj kifk.kfubjs ksacistktutk.o ce tmo .ory o:kstoiao ce b spoakbjk"of !cfy kifopoifoit ce tmoscakbj lrcups ce aciejkat* +k!kf% B3;,%

-ut -curfkou sullosts tmbt ke b jbrlo pbrt ce (bw/s* prosugptk.o aortbkitybif butcicgy ks fork.of ercg suam ajbkgs wo gksroaclik"o mcw rojbtkcis cekio#ubjkty bro +ro,prcfuaof tmrculm (jbw%* 9cr o:bgpjo fospkto tmo protoiskcisce jolbj pcsktk.ksgJ&!crklkibj 7urksprufoitkbj arktk#uos gb)o kt ajobr tmbt tmorbtkcibjktkos uiforpkiikil tmo uprogo Acurt/s iugorcus &!crklkibj rklmtsfoakskcis bro smct tmrculm wktm (o:trbjolbj* rbakbj lrbggbr% Vmks lrbggbrbjtmculm rbrojy ba)icwjoflof ki acurt foakskcis pjbys bi kgpcrtbit rcjo kilc.orikil &!crklkibjkty% Kt sots b rbilo ce tcjorb!jo .brkbtkci wktmki wmkam tmoacitoit ce &!crklkibj rklmts bro acistruatof% Ki turi kt smbpos tmo 7ufkakbjrbtkcibjktkos tmbt bro o.oitubjjy trbisjbtof kitc pu!jka pcjkay bif blbkist wmkam&!crklkibj acgguiktkos cetoi strulljo%

Vmoro ks ictmkil ibturbj b!cut tmo rbakbj lrbggbr ce acurt foakskcis% k)o bjjgbikeostbtkcis ce rbao bif bjj scakbj ekojfs kt mbs b mkstcry% Tbao cwior=smkpMo:pjcktbtkci bif jolbj pcsktkci woro pbrt ce tmo acgpjo: samogo ceabtolcrk"btkci tmbt prcjkeorbtof furkil tmo oklmtooitm bif ikiotooitm aoiturkospbrtkaujbrjy ki acjcikbj loclrbpmkos% Tbao ki tmks kistbiao wbs pcsktkciof bs bstrbtolka accrfkibto ecr uiforstbifkil cio/s rojbtkcismkp tc prcporty bifcwiorsmkp bif kt roejoatof ambilos ki tmo pcsktkci bif utkjkty ce (bw%* Vmks kso.kfoiaof ki suam mkstcrkabj jolbj ekatkcis bs torrb iujjkusB +soo Vujjy 2883288B,% kiao oklmtooitm=aoitury jbw wbs crklkibjjy gobit tc lc.ori rojbtkcis!otwooi tmkils +o%l% pcssosskci bif o:ambilo, kifk.kfubj stbtus +prkcr tc tmobrrk.bj ce uioiaug!orof kifk.kfubjksg, wbs rojbtk.ojy uikgpcrtbit%8Hcwo.or bs

%oskfubj /oiskcis ce 8gpkro ())


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411 Amrks Biforsoi

tb:cicgkos icw uiforstccf ki torgs ce kitrkiska kifk.kfubj=jo.oj pmyskabjambrbatorkstkas +ukjjbugki 28B; EB,% Vmus (tmo b!kjkty cr kib!kjkty tc o:or=akso cio/s rklmts abgo tc !o o:pjkaktjy bsark!of tc ibturo/ bif scgbtkaambrbatorkstkas abgo tc caaupy b aoitrbj %%% pjbao ki tmo prbatkabj bif jolbjfotorgkibtkci ce tmo rklmts ce scakbj lrcups* +28B; E8,% O.oitubjjy tmo ic=tkci ce rbao !oabgo b ibturbj jolbj abtolcry bjcilskfo blo so: bif sc ci%

Vmo mkstcrkabj prcaossos tmbt jof tc tmo ecrgbtkci ce foopjy mojf storoctyposb!cut &!crklkibj pocpjos poiotrbtof +bif woro poiotrbtof !y, 7ufkakbj bifjolksjbtk.o prcaossos tc suam bi o:toit tmbt tmo rbaksg o.kfoit ki obrjkor acjc=ikbj rojbtkcismkps wbs ecrgbjk"of bif acfkekof ki -rktksm bif +jbtor, Abibfkbiacggci bif stbtuto jbw tmoro!y ostb!jksmkil tmo o.oitubj !cuifbrkos ce &!c=rklkibj rklmts% Hoiao ke wo !rcbfjy foekio rklmts bs oitktjogoits &!crklkibjpocpjo woro b!jo tc baaoss aortbki )kifs ce oitktjogoits !bsof ci wmc tmoacurt poraok.of ' bif wksmof ' tmog tc !o% Vmks ks ic fkeeoroit ki ecrg tcfbytmbi kt wbs aoiturkos blc$ bif ke kt fkeeors ki acitoit tmo fkeeoroiao ks cio cefolroo rbtmor tmbi )kif% 5jtkgbtojy tmo sbgo prcaossos bif rbtkcibjktkos og=!offof ki mkstcrkabj acurt foakskcis acitkiuo tc cporbto ki acitogpcrbry7uflgoits$ ki ctmor wcrfs tmo Abibfkbi acurts cporbtof bif acitkiuo tc cp=orbto bs b rbakbjk"of ekojf%

Kgpcrtbitjy tmokr cporbtkci bs b rbakbjk"of ekojf gobis tmbt acurts bif tmokrabsos sot ki gctkci +cr gbkitbki tmo aoitrkeulbj ecrao ce, b pbrtkaujbropkstogo2; ecr poraok.kil kifkloiokty% Vmks opkstogo ks smbpof !ctm !yacitogpcrbry &!crklkibj pbrtkakpbtkci ki tmo acurt absos bif gcrokgpcrtbitjy !y tmo !cuifbrkos ce proaofoit sot furkil obrjy acjcikbjrojbtkcismkps +soo -ojj bif &sam 288,% 5jtkgbtojy fospkto tmokr protoiskcistmo acurts acitkiuo tc prcfuao kitorprotbtkcis tmbt ajkil fosporbtojy tc ictkcisce (jcil blc bif ebr bwby* &!crklkibj aujturo+s,% Vmks ks ict surprkskil%Abibfb ks b acjcikbj ibtkci=stbto ki wmkam aujturbj fkeeoroiao pjbys bacistktutk.o rcjo ki acitogpcrbry acistruatkcis ce &!crklkibj kfoitktkos +?oiks288$ bkf 2883$ tcjor 288J$ Icuil 288J, bif tmo b!kjkty ce acitogpcrbrygog!ors ce kifkloicus acgguiktkos tc jk.o acitogpcrbry jk.os ks wbsmofbwby ki b ejccf ce 7ufkakbj foakskcis tmbt smkio tmokr jklmt cijy ci prbatkaostmbt bro gbikeostjypro=gcfori% 5jtkgbtojy acurts ' bif 7uflos ki pbrtkaujbr 'pjby !ctm arobtcr bif aurbtcr ebsmkcikil bif prosor.kil wmbt tmoy poraok.o tc!o tmoso strbifs ce butmoitka &!crklkibjkty%

Vmoro bro iugorcus o:bgpjos tc suppcrt tmo acitoitkci tmbt Abibfkbi acurtscporbto bs b rbakbjk"of ekojf% &sam bif -ojj +288E, kjjustrbto tmo uprogo Acurtce Abibfb/s acitkiuof usblo ce (ak.kjk"of .orsus prkgktk.o* ajbsskekabtkci sys=togs ki fksausskil tmo jcw jo.oj ce crlbik"btkci ce pbst &!crklkibj scakotkos+&sam 4;;; 4;;4$ ?oiks 4;;4,% 9cr o:bgpjo tmo ecur=pbrt tost ecr ostb!jksmkil&!crklkibj tktjo sot cut !y tmo trkbj 9oforbj Acurt ce Abibfb ki tmo 6b?or b?o


7/32

ibturo ce aujturo* +&sam bif -ojj 288E J4E$ bjsc soo &sam 4;;;,% &ffktkci=bjjy -brsm bif Hoiforsci +288, ojb!crbto tmo fkeekaujty ce bttogptkil tcfotorgkio aujturbj aoitrbjkty +k%o% tc foekio b aujturo/s aoitrbj trbkts, lk.oi tmokio:trkab!jy kitorwc.oi ambrbator ce aujturo% Vmo ebat tmbt tmo acurts o.oi bt=togpt tc abtbjcluo mkstcrkabj kifkloicus aujturos ks tmoy brluo tmo rosujt cefoop=sobtof rbakst bttktufos b!cut tmo bssugof skgpjkakty ce mkstcrkabj &!c=rklkibj scakotkos% Ki b wby tmo prc!jog lcos o.oi foopor skiao kt soogs tmbttmo Abibfkbi acurts abiict foakfo wmkam sots ce kifkloicus prbatkaos bro aoi=trbj tc b lk.oi aujturo bt biy lk.oi pckit +soo &sam 4;;; 234'3,% Vmo uprogoAcurt ce Abibfb bppobrs tc trobt &!crklkibjkty ki guam tmo sbgo wby bs b 5%%uprogo Acurt 7ustkao uiforstccf pcriclrbpmy wmoi ki 28E mo sbkf tmbt moacujfi/t foekio kt !ut )iow kt wmoi mo sbw kt +5bacdojjks .% "mkc 28E,%

1cw ekojfs fc ict skgpjy (bat* ki pbrtkaujbr wbys% Tbtmor tmokr cutacgosbro prcfuaof ki tmo wb)o ce kitoribj strulljo% Vmcso mcjfkil fcgkibit pcsk=tkcis wktmki tmo ekojf bttogpt tc gbkitbki tmo stbtus #uc !y acitrcjjkil tmopbao bif ecrg ce tmo ekojf/s ambilo wmkjo tmcso ki gcro gbrlkibj pcsktkcisbttogpt tc bjtor kt rbfkabjjy% Vmks strulljo !otwooi kiarogoitbj bif rbpkfambilo cetoi wcr)s tc c!sauro tmo !cuifbrkos ce tmo ekojf +k%o% wmbt scrts cekssuos bro aciskforof lorgbio bif wmkam prbatkaos bro foogof bpprcprkbto,%Ki tmo abso ce tmo 7ufkakbj ekojf b )oy ekluro ki bttogptkil tc gbkitbki stb!kjktyks tmo 7uflo% &i kgpcrtbit brlugoit moro ks tmbt kiscebr bs 7uflos bat bs tmoekibj br!ktors ki trbisjbtkil scakbj kssuos kitc jolbj cios !y roiforkil foakskcistmoso foakskcis rosujt ercg tmo 7uflos/ jcabtkci ki !ctm tmokr prceosskcibj biftmokr porscibj acgguiktkos% c bjtmculm proaofoit ks bi kgpcrtbit ebatcr kimcw acurt absos bro foakfof kt fksakpjkios rbtmor tmbi fotorgkios tmo cutacgoce 7ufkakbj foakskcis +soo Gba)jog 4;;2,%

Vmus ki bffktkci tc tmo uso ce proaofoit +wmkam gby !o .bluo cpoi tcgujtkpjo jkios ce kitorprotbtkci cr o.oi ici=o:kstoit, 7uflos gb)o foakskcis!bsof ci wmbt tmoy uiforstbif tc !o b (ebkr* cutacgo% Ki ctmor wcrfs tmoy eujekjjbi kgpcrtbit kitorprotbtk.o tbs) !y puttkil gobt ci tmo !cios ce o:kstkil abso jbwcr !y kitorprotkil jolksjbtk.o kitoit% Ki biy abso skiao &!crklkibj +bifspoakekabjjy Gtks, rklmts absos bro ki tmokr kiebiay tmoro ks jkttjo proaofoit upciwmkam tc !bso foakskcis% Aciso#uoitjy 7ufkakbj fksarotkci !oacgos bjj tmo gcrokgpcrtbit ki smbpkil tmo ecrg bif acitoit ce &!crklkibj rklmts bif ki tmoprcaoss ki roacieklurkil tmo rojbtkcismkp !otwooi &!crklkibj acgguiktkos biftmo Abibfkbi stbto%

&i bffktkcibj eobturo ce scakbj ekojfs goitkciof obrjkor ks tmbt tmokr batcrsloiorbjjy !ojko.o ki kts c.orbjj stb)os% 9cr o:bgpjo b suaaosseuj jbwyor wmcebkjs tc !ojko.o ki tmo .bjuo ce jbw ks rbro% Vmks ks !oabuso ce wmbt >korro-curfkou roeors tc bs tmokr mbdktus% 6io/s mbdktus ks tmo rosujt ce amkjfmccf bifprceosskcibj scakbjk"btkci o:porkoiaos% Kt sots tmo pbrbgotors wktmki wmkam wo

%oskfubj /oiskcis ce 8gpkro 41-


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41( Amrks Biforsoi

abjaujbtkcis tb)o pjbao wktmki pro.kcusjy ostb!jksmof poraoptubj !cuifbrkos%kgkjbrjy wmoi 7uflos robf b to:t +biy to:t, aortbki gobikils (bttbam* tmog=soj.os tc tmo robfkil bs b rosujt ce tmokr robfor/s mbdktus +soo loiorbjjy -curfkou2884 28$ bjsc 9ksm 28BB,% Ki tmks soiso rbtmor tmbi ecjjcwkil rujos 7uflos+jk)o bjj ce us, bat baacrfkil tc bi (og!cfkof uiforstbifkil* +Vbyjcr 288J,%Vmus tmoy bpprcbam to:ts +blbki bs wo bjj fc, wktm b akraugsark!of abpbakty tcuiforstbif tmo to:t/s gobikil+s,% Ki b acjcikbj ibtkci=stbto suam bs Abibfbfcgkibit (wmktostrobg* bssugptkcis b!cut rbao bif aujturo bttbam tmogsoj.os tc7ufkakbj robfkils ce jolbj to:ts portbkikil tc &!crklkibj kssuos% Vmo io:t soatkcio:pjcros tmks kssuo ki lrobtor fotbkj%

&-6TKK1&KVI &1? VHO A65TV

6AKOVI C% A5V5TO

Lmoi &!crklkibj lrko.biaos bro !rculmt !oecro tmo acurts tmoy bro trbisjbtofkitc #uostkcis b!cut rklmts% &!crklkibj rklmts bro jolbj rklmts tmbt lc.ori tmoacistktutkcibj rojbtkcismkp !otwooi &!crklkibj pocpjos bif tmo AbibfkbiArcwi +jbttory 4;;; 28B,% Vmo acitogpcrbry jolbj rklmts ce tmo Gtks +cr btjobst tmcso tmbt mb.o !ooi roaclik"of tmus ebr, bro roaclik"of ki soatkci 3J cetmo Acistktutkci Bat, -)(< bif !oabuso (uio:tkiluksmof &!crklkibj rklmts %%%Flk.o rkso tc oiecraob!jo jolbj c!jklbtkcis* +k!sci 288 43, fotorgkikiltmo !bsks bif sacpo ce tmoso rklmts prc.kfos us wktm bi cppcrtuikty tc !ottoruiforstbif tmokr rojo.biao ecr acitogpcrbry Gtks acgguiktkos% Lo ioof ictspoif guam tkgo fosark!kil tmo skgkjbrktkos bif fkeeoroiaos ce tmo fkeeoroitajbssos ce rklmts22bs kt ks ajobr tmbt tmo roacliktkci ce acitogpcrbry Gtksacistktutkcibj rklmts ks stkjj ki kts kiebiay bif ebjjs s#ubrojy wktmki tmo bg!kt ceskto=spoakeka rklmts24+soo#ojlbguu? .. 6rktksm Acjugdkb 288,%

Vwc gb7cr absos brtkaujbto tmo purpcso bif erbgowcr) ecr kitorprotkil soa=tkci 3J rklmts0%. .. +pbrrc +288;, bif%. .. &bi for 'oot +288,% Vmoso absosabst b jbrlo smbfcw c.or%. .. 'cjo$ bif prcfuao tmo opkstogo wktmki wmkamtmo'cjo$ acurt !cuifs Gtks rklmts% -ctm bttogpt tc prosor.o &!crklkibjkty!ut tmokr aciaoptkcis ce baaoptb!jo &!crklkibjkty jobf tmog fcwi rbfkabjjyfkeeoroit pbtms% 6io pbtm pctoitkbjjy bjjcws ecr b spbao wktmki wmkam &!crklkibjacgguiktkos abi foakfo ecr tmogsoj.os wmbt &!crklkibjkty gobis +butcicgy,wmkjo tmo ctmor soo)s tc prosor.o kt ki kts (biakoit* +fkeeoroit, ecrg +soo Gbliot4;;3,% Vmo fkeeoroiao !otwooi prosor.kil butcicgy bif prosor.kil fkeeoroiaoks kitolrbjjy kgpcrtbit tc mcw 1btk.o acgguiktkos ' ur!bi acgguiktkos kipbrtkaujbr ' bro poraok.of bs jolktkgbtojy &!crklkibj bif tmoroecro bs ojklk!jo tcroaok.o tmo prctoatkci ro#ukrof tc lrcw bif o.cj.o ki tmokr rojbtkcismkps wktm tmo


9/32

Ki%. .. +pbrrc +288;, tmo uprogo Acurt stbtof o:pjkaktjy tmbt (tmo pmrbsoo:kstkil &!crklkibj rklmts/ gust !o kitorprotof ejo:k!jy sc bs tc porgkt tmokro.cjutkci c.or tkgo %%% Ajobrjy %%% bi bpprcbam tc tmo acistktutkcibj lubrbitooog!cfkof ki s% 3J+2, wmkam wcujf kiacrpcrbto erc"oi rklmts/ gust !o ro7oatof*+288; 22,% &amko.kil tmks kitorprotk.o ejo:k!kjkty ro#ukrof tmbt soatkci 3J+2,rklmts !o acistruof ki b purpcsoeuj23wby wmkam bjjcwof ecr b loiorcus jk!orbjkitorprotbtkci ce acistktutkcibj wcrfkil +k!kf% 28,% Gcroc.or acgpromoifkil&!crklkibj rklmts tmrculm tmo jois ce soatkci 3J fogbifof tmbt 7uflos !o(soisktk.o tc tmo b!crklkibj porspoatk.o ktsoje ci tmo gobikil ce tmo rklmts btstb)o* +k!kf% 2B4,%

%. .. +pbrrc wbs tmo ekrst uprogo Acurt ce Abibfb abso tc bppjy prkiak=pjos ce acistktutkcibj jbw fkroatjy tc &!crklkibj rklmts$ bif pormbpsprofkatb!jy kt rbksof bs gbiy #uostkcis bs kt bisworof% 6e pbrtkaujbr rojo.biaomoro ks -ojj/s +288B, #uory wrkttoi bs tmculm &bi for 'oot mbf ict yottrbispkrof0 (Ks +pbrrc b proaofoit ecr ro7oatkil tmo prcaoss ce eroo"kil&!crklkibj rklmts$ tmbt ks fcos +pbrrc ro7oat jkgktkil acitogpcrbry&!crklkibj rklmts tc tmo o:orakso ce prbatkaos bt tmo fbto sc.oroklity wbsbssortof cr fcos bfcptkci ce tmo kitorprotk.o prkiakpjos ki +pbrrc abjj ecrroacliktkci ce gcro bdstrbat euifbgoitbj rklmts wmkam abi !o o:oraksof kigcfori wbys +288B E3'E,


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41= Amrks Biforsoi

tmo ajbkg +288 4;4, bif fotorgkikil wmotmor tmo prbatkao austcg cr trbfktkciwbs (kitolrbj tc tmo fkstkiatk.o aujturo ce tmo &!crklkibj lrcup ajbkgkil tmo rklmt*+k!kf% 4;2,%

@u:tbpcskil &bi for 'oot wktm +pbrrc fogcistrbtos tmo fkspbrkty ki jclka!otwooi tmo crklkibj trba)s jbkf fcwi ki +pbrrc bif tmokr rbfkabjjy ibrrcwofkitorprotbtkci ki &bi for 'oot% Ki lk.kil su!stbiao tc tmo gobikil ce &!crklk=ibj rklmts tmo +pbrrc acurt bppjkof loiorbj prkiakpjos ce acistktutkcibj jbw tclk.o !rcbf prctoatkci tc &!crklkibj scakotkos% Kgpcrtbitjy tmoso loiorbjprkiakpjos gbfo acgpbrbtk.ojy jkttjo goitkci ce prctoatkil kscjbtof ojogoits ceaujturbj fkstkiatk.oioss% 9cr o:bgpjo (Ftmo o.kfoiao ro.objs tmbt tmoGus#uobg mb.o jk.of ki tmo brob bs bi crlbik;of scakot$ jcil !oecro tmo acg=kil ce Ourcpobi sottjors bif tmbt tmo tb)kil ce sbjgci wbs bi kitolrbj pbrt cetmokr jkvos bif rogbkis sc tc tmks fby* +%. .. +pbrrc 288; 22$ ogpmbsksbffof,% 9urtmor wmoi tmo +pbrrc acurt kitrcfuaof tmo ictkci ce aujturbjfkstkiatk.oioss kt wbs bs bi bspoat ce tmks &!crklkibj scakoty0 (F9cr tmoGus#uobg tmo sbjgci eksmory mbs bjwbys acistktutof bi kitolrbj pbrt ce tmokrfkstkiatk.o aujturo %%% Vmo Gus#uobg mb.o bjwbys eksmof ecr robscis aciioatoftc tmokr aujturbj bif pm$skabj sur.k.bj* +k!kf% 2J$ ogpmbsks bffof,% 9urtmortmo +pbrrc acurt brluof tmbt soatkci 3J+2, rklmts (bro rklmts mojf !y b acjjoa=tk.o bif bro ki )oopkil wktm tmo aujturo bif oxkstoiao ce tmbt lrcup* +k!kf%2B4$ ogpmbsks bffof,%

Ki ctmor wcrfs tmoro ks bi brlugoit tc !o gbfo tmbt tmo rojbtkcismkp !otwooi&!crklkibj acgguiktkos bif tmo Abibfkbi stbto oi.kskciof ki +pbrrc ksjbrlojy skjoit ci tmo rcjo ce tmo acistktutkci ki prctoatkil kifkloicus aujturoqub aujturo< b jk!orbj kitorprotbtkci ce tmo roeoroiaos tc tmo aujturbjfkstkiatk.oioss ce &!crklkibj acgguiktkos smcujf !o uiforstccf bs pbrt ce bjbrlor fksausskci b!cut tmo c.orbjj sur.k.bj ce tmoso scakotkos% Aci.orsojy tmo&bi for 'oot acurt lbkiof tmo (ioaossbry spoakekakty* +288 pbrb% 4;, ro#ukroftc ambrbatork"o &!crklkibj rklmts acrroatjy !y aciejbtkil scakot$ wktm aujturo%poakekabjjy ki tmo spbao ce twc fc"oi pbrblrbpms bgor A@ acgpjotof tmosjkfo ercg scakoty tc aujturo !y gc.kil ercg b fksausskci b!cut tmo kgpcr tbiaoce (prkcr caaupbtkci* +288 28J=, tc tmo kgpcrtbiao ce (trbfktkcibj jbw* bif(trbfktkcibj austcgs* +28B'8, tmoi tc tmo (fkstkiatk.oioss* ce (&!crklkibjscakotkos caaupykil tmo jbif* +288, tc kfoitkeykil tmo (prbatkaos, austcgs biftrbfktkcis wmkam gbfo tmcsoscakotkos fkstkiatk.o* +4;;$ ogpmbsks bffof, bifekibjjy tc (kfoitkeykil tmcso trbfktkcis austcgs bif prbatkaos tmbt bro kitolrbj tcfkstkiatk.o &!crklkibj aujturos* +4;;$ ogpmbsks bffof,%2

Aciejbtkil scakoty wktm aujturo ks ict b gkstb)o uik#uo tc tmo Abibfkbi acurts%Vmo prc!jog ce scakoty bs 9rks!y bif byor +28B, sullost mbs (prc.of tcclrbif bi b!strbatkci !y ebr ecr gcfori scakcjclkabj tbstos* +28B 242, bif tmogcro roaoit b!soiao ce sustbkiof fkbjcluo b!cut scakoty mbs rosujtof ki kts


11/32

brlugoits lc sc ebr bs tc sullost tmbt wo smcujf fc bwby wktm tmo aciaopt ce(scakoty* bjtclotmor +soo -bugbi 2884$ kffois 288;,% Kt gby !o tmoi tmbtsktubtkil scakoty bs fkstkiat ercg acgguikty stbto ibtkci acuitry cr o.oiaujturo ks gorojy b aciaokt ce mkstcrkabj scakcjcly +moro wo gklmt tmki) ce tmowcr) ce Ogkjo ?ur)mokg, ki wmkam abso kt fcos ict guam gbttor wmotmor tmoacurts uso scakoty cr aujturo%

6i tmo ctmor mbif aciejbtkil scakoty wktm tmo aujturbj acfos tmbt brksowktmki kt mbs sorkcus aciso#uoiaos ke !y (scakoty* wo gobi b fkstkiat gcrbjbif pcjktkabj oitkty tmbt smbpos scakbj rojbtkcis +soo ?oiks 2883 4',%-oabuso ke wo blroo tmbt scakoty rbtmor tmbi aujturo ks tmo bpprcprkbto oitktywktmki wmkam tc lrcuif tmo rklmts ce &!crklkibj pocpjo +bs tmo +pbrrcfoakskci brlub!jy porgkttof, tmoi kt ecjjcws tmbt wmkam aujturbj prbatkaos tmoyoilblo ki cr o.oi mcw tmcso prbatkaos bro erbgof +ecr o:bgpjo bttogptkil tcprosoit fkeeoroiaos !otwooi aujturbj scakbj cr oacicgka prbatkaos, ksrojbtk.ojy uikgpcrtbit% Vmo kgpcrtbiao ce acistktutkcibj prctoatkci jkos kistobfki prctoatkil kifkloicus scakotkos por so ict prctoatkil b pbrtkaujbr ecrg cescakoty% Gkamboj &sam +4;;; 233, ojc#uoitjy bffrossos tmks kssuo0(&!crklkibj rklmts culmt ict tc !o fotorgkiof ci tmo !bsks ce skgkjbrkty crfkeeoroiao wktm acjcikbj aujturo% &!crklkibj rklmts bro foekiof ki jbw bs brkskilercg tmo ebat tmbt &!crklkibj scakotkos woro ict o:tkiluksmof !y tmo goroprosoiao ce acjciksts% Ios tmoy woro fkstkiatk.o% -ut aortbkijy tmo sbjkoit ebatks ict tmbt &!crklkibj pocpjo woro fkstkiatk.o !ut tmbt tmoy woro moro jk.kilki crlbik"of scakotkos %%% Vmoroecro tmokr rklmts smcujf ejcw ercg tmbt ebat bifict ercg wmotmor cr ict tmoy woro fkstkiatk.o aujturbjjy%*

&sam brluos tmbt tmo Abibfkbi acurts !bso &!crklkibj rklmts ki aujturorbtmor tmbi ki scakoty ki crfor tc b.ckf fksausskci ce tmo pcjktkabj ibturo cetmoso rklmts% -ut wmbt gbfo kt sc obsy ecr tmo acurts tc poraok.o &!crklkibjrklmts bs aujturbj rklmts< Ke tmokr ecaus ci aujturo wbsi/t oitkrojy kiicaoitioktmor wbs kt purojy kitoitkcibj% Vmo roprosoitbtkcis ce &!crklkibjktyloiorbtof !y 7uflos jbwyors bif ctmor Abibfkbis ' wmotmor &!crklkibj crict ' bro smbpof !y Abibfb/s acjcikbj mkstcrkclrbpmy bif ki pbrtkaujbr mcwwo tmki) b!cut tmo rojbtkcismkp !otwooi aujturo bif kifkloicus fkeeoroiao kitmks acito:t% Aortbkijy tmo fkeeoroiaos ogpmbsk"of !otwooi aujturos roprosoitaruakbjjy kgpcrtbit fogbrabtkci gbr)ors ecr mcw wmktostrobg scakotkosporaok.o kifkloiokty !ut tmoy fc gcro tmbi 7ust tmbt% Acjcikbjksg oiloiforsbi (oiuiakbtk.o pc.orty* +9cuabujt 284 24;, wmkam bttrk!utos aujturo tc(tmo ctmor* wmkjo Lostori wmktostrobg scakotkos rogbki !jktmojy c!jk.kcus cetmokr cwi aujturo +cjf!orl 2883$ Icuil 288J,% Vmo )kifs ce mkorbramkosog!offof ki tmo spbi ce acjcikbjkst rojbtkcismkps ki Abibfb jkgkt tmo rbilo cestbtogoits aciskforof acgpotoit cr robscib!jo tc tmcso wmc ek:bto ci kifkl=oicus fkeeoroiao sc tmbt (aujturo* wmoi tbj)of b!cut ki tmo acito:t ce

%oskfubj /oiskcis ce 8gpkro 410


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41* Amrks Biforsoi

Kt ecjjcws tmbt tmo kgpcrtbiao ce tmo aujturbj fkeeoroiaos kisark!of ki Abib=fkbi 7ufkakbj foakskcis suam bs tmo twc prosoitof moro stogs ict 7ust ercg tmofkeeoroiaos tmoy bro tmculmt tc gbikeost !ut ercg tmo erbgkil ce tmcsofkeeoroiaos bs (aujturbj%* Acitogpcrbry 7ufkakbj fksacursos ki pbrtkaujbr brorogkiksaoit ce tmo ikiotooitm=aoitury bitmrcpcjclkabj fo!btos tmbt ecausof citmo fk.kfo !otwooi (lrobt ak.kjk"btkcis* bif (prkgktk.o scakotkos* cr (wbrg*bif (acjf* scakotkos rospoatk.ojy +?oiks 4;;4 22,% Ki tmks saoibrkc wbrgscakotkos mb.o pcjktkas$ acjf scakotkos mb.o (aujturo%* Vmo Abibfkbi acurts/roprcfuatkci ce &!crklkibj (aujturbj* acgguiktkos oeeoatk.ojy bitmrcpcjclk"ostmog smobrkil ercg babfogka tmculmt bif pcpujbr kgblkibtkci tmo pcjktkabjbif oacicgka acito:ts wktmki wmkam tmoso scakotkos prcfuaof tmokr aujturo +sooLkjgsoi 28B8 :kk, bif pusmkil tmog acgpjotojy cutskfo tmo (ejcw ce mkstcry*+Lkjgsog 28B8 B$ Lcje 28B4,%

toggkil ercg kts gcicjktmka aciaoptkci ce kifkloicus aujturo tmo u=progo Acurt ce Abibfb ujtkgbtojy ibrrcws tmo .bst bif uiwkojfy abacpmciyce syg!cjs kistktutkcis bif gbtorkbj prbatkaos wmkam bjjcw &!crklkibj pocpjotc !o scakbj ki acitogpcrbry Abibfb kitc b ek:of bif kscjbtof sot ce aujturbjprbatkaos% Vmks 7ufkakbj jb!cur ks rogkiksaoit ce tmo toifoiay ce 28;s &gork =abi scakbj sakoitksts tc ossoitkbjk"o !jba) lmottc aujturo rojykil ci suam (bibrrcwjy aciaok.of foekiktkci ce aujturo* tmbt tmoy toifof tc uso (!omb.kcurbif aujturo kitorambilob!jy* +Xojjoy 288 2,% Vmus aujturo wbs trobtof bstmculm kt wbs skgpjy bi c!sor.b!jo sot ce !omb.kcurs$ (Ftmoy bssugoFf tmbttmoro ks cio kfoitkekb!jo lmottc aujturo bif wmbt tmoy c!sor.of wbs kt* +k!kf%44$ ogpmbsks ki crklkibj,% 9cr Xojjoy tmks ossoitkbjk"btkci acistruatof !jba)lmottc aujturo bs oktmor bi o:prosskci ce pbtmcjcly cr b acpkil goambiksgarobtof tc fobj wktm rbaksg bif pc.orty +k!kf% 2,% Vmo gcro rojo.bit kssuomoro ks tmbt mbt acuits bs aujturo soogs joss kgpcrtbit tmbi mc foakfos wmbtaujturo ks% Gcro ci tmks !ojcw%

6!.kcusjy aujturo kiajufos aortbki jkeostyjos bif prbatkaos wmkjo o:ajufkilctmors$ rujos ecr kiajuskci bif o:ajuskci ecrg tmo !bsks ce mcw kfoitktkos brosustbkiof +Hbjj 288 ,% Vmo kgpcrtbit #uostkci moro tmculm ks wmbt acistktutostmo bpprcprkbto jois tmrculm wmkam tc poraok.o suam prbatkaos% Vc o:pjcro tmkskssuo jot go prc.kfo bi o:bgpjo K uso wktm gy kitrcfuatcry 1btk.o tufkos ajbss+K/jj acgo !ba) tc tmks jbtor ki tmo ecurtm soatkci%, &t tmo !olkiikil ce tmouik.orskty sogostor K prosoit b saoibrkc tc tmo stufoits tc lot tmog tc tmki) b!cutwmbt kt gobis tc !o (trbfktkcibj%*

Vmoro ks b 4=yobr=cjf 1btk.o ycutm @cibs% Ho lrow up !otwooi tmo akty bif bsgbjj icrtmori &j!ortb acgguikty% @cibs/s uiajos bro trbppors bif jcllors$ mo kstmo ekrst ki mks ebgkjy tc bttoif uik.orskty% &etor ek.o yobrs ce uik.orskty mo !obtstmo cffs bif jbifs mkgsoje b ebkrjy wojj=pbykil 7c! wktm b jcabj 1btk.o=rui gofkb


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tmoro so.orbj yobrs blc tc lot gcro baaossk!jo trobtgoit ecr mor fkb!otos bif morlcut% mo ks lottkil ci ki yobrs !ut smo ks stkjj ekoraojy kifopoifoit o.oi tmculmsmo jk.os bjcio icw tmbt gusmug +lrbifpb, mbs pbssof ci% 5iecrtuibtojy@cibs/s )c)ug fcosi/t mb.o !bif stbtus sc mbs cijy mor lc.origoit poiskci tcsuppcrt mor +wmkam tmoso fbys ksi/t guam,% Vc rogofy tmks obam woo) wmoi@cibs .kskts mo !rkils b jkttjo !kt ce eccf0 scgotkgos ejcur bif jbrf scgotkgossulbr bif !b)kil pcwfor scgotkgos acifoisof gkj) cr fry gbabrcik cr o.oiwmoi mo gbiblos tc .kskt mks ebgkjy up icrtm gccso gobt% Ho )icws smo abi usotmoso ktogs !ut ci suam b jcw !uflot tmoy bro ju:urkos smo skgpjy abi/t beecrf

pbrtkaujbrjy tmo gobt% Ho fcosi/t stcp tc tmki) b!cut wmy mo/s fckil kt% Kt 7usteoojs rklmt tc mkg ' smo/s mks )c)ug bif mo )icws smo/s mb.kil b tculm tkgobif bjtmculm smo/s ebr tcc prcuf o.or tc bs) ecr biytmkil mo/s !ooi !rculmt up tc

!o rospcisk!jo bif tc bat ecr ctmors%2Ho .kskts ecr b !kt tbj)kil ki !ctm Oiljksmbif Aroo +mo/s ebkrjy ejuoit ki Aroo bjtmculm mks )c)ug soarotjy smuffors bt mksbaaoit, bif tmoi mo mobfs cee tc tmo jcabj erkoifsmkp aoitro wmoro mo .cjuitoorscio fby b woo) tc tobam 7kllkil tc b ycuil fbiao trcupo tmbt/s lottkil robfy tcfbiao pu!jkajy ecr tmo ekrst tkgo bt tmo upacgkil Gtks 9bjj 9ostk.bj% @cibsfcosi/t muit guam tmculm mo jk)os tc eksm ecr pka)oroj bif wmoi mo gbiblos tc.kskt (mcgo* mo jc.os tc twc=stop tc mks uiajo/s !bif bt tmo jcabj !br% Lcujf ycusby tmks ks b trbfktkcibj porscicwjoys/ muitkil lobr +prkiakpbjjy tmo lui bif gccso abrabss, bif ambrloftmo >cwjoys wktm muitkil wktmcut b jkaoiao bif uijbweuj pcssosskci ce bgccso uifor soatkcis E bif E+2, ce tmo >ksm bif :kjfjkeo Acisorvbtkci Bat,-))2 +%. .. 'cjo$ 4;;3 pbrbs% 4',%

&jtmculm tmks abso ks oicrgcusjy fotbkjof K bg spoakekabjjy kitorostof kitwc kssuos0 mcw tmo >cwjoys/ &!crklkibjkty ks ambrbatork"of bif tmo typos ce


15/32

Gtks aujturo ki tmks spbtkbj bif togpcrbj erbgowcr), bif mcw tmoy poraok.o tmorojbtkcismkp !otwooi Gtks kifkloiokty bif tmbt ce 9krst 1btkcis% oacif tmokssuo ks prosoitof bs b 7u:tbpcsktkci ce (aujturbj* rklmts wktm bjtoribtk.o wbys ceacistruatkil tmo >cwjoys/ muitkil prbatkao% Vmks sots tmo stblo ecr b gc.ogoitbwby ercg &!crklkibj aujturo+s, tc tmbt ce &!crklkibj scakbjkty cr acjjoatk.kty%

&OK1 VHO OKVKG&AI 69 VHO GRVK

Abpturkil Bdcrklkibjkt$ ki /kgo bif +pbao

9cjjcwkil tmo pbtm jbkf cut ki &bi for 'oot tmo 'cjo$ acurts aciaorioftmogsoj.os wktm !ctm prcils ce tmo tost ecr &!crklkibj rklmts0 tmo acrroatambrbatork"btkci ce tmo rklmt bif wmotmor kt wbs kitolrbj tc tmo fkstkiatk.oaujturo ce tmo Gtks ki tmo bujt to Gbrko brob% Ki tmks abso bjtmculm tmoprc.kiakbj Arcwi brluof tmbt tmo acrroat ambrbatork"btkci ce tmo rklmt wbs tmorklmt tc muit gccso +bs cppcsof tc ctmor spoakos ce lbgo, tmo uprogo Acurtce Abibfb upmojf tmo prbatkao bs tmo rklmt tc muit ecr eccf ki loiorbj +%. ..'cjo$ 4;;3 pbrbs% 4; J;,% Gcroc.or bjtmculm tmo Arcwi su!gkttof tmbtmuitkil mbf !ooi b gbrlkibj batk.kty furkil tmo porkcf ki #uostkci +2BJ; tmoblroof=upci fbto ce tmo Arcwi/s oeeoatk.o sc.oroklity, tmks wbs !oabuso ce bsabrakty ce gccso bif ict !oabuso ce kts jba) ce kgpcrtbiao tc tmo mkstcrkabj cracitogpcrbry Gtks acgguikty +soo Tby 288B,% Hoiao tmo crklkibj trkbj acurtecuif tmbt (muitkil wbs bi kitolrbj pbrt ce tmo Gtks aujturo prkcr tc tmo bs=sortkci ce oeeoatk.o acitrcj !y tmo Ourcpobi butmcrktkos* +%. .. 'cjo$ 288828,% Vmks crklkibj ekifkil wbs upmojf ki tmo 6itbrkc Acurt ce &ppobj +4;;2pbrb% 24, bif tmo uprogo Acurt ce Abibfb +4;;3 pbrb% EE,%

Ki upmcjfkil tmks rklmt mcwo.or tmo 6itbrkc Acurt ce &ppobj skfo=stoppofb euifbgoitbj kssuo ibgojy wmotmor tmoso rklmts ogbibtof ercg tmo fkstkiatGtks aujturo wmkam ogorlof ki tmo rolkci ki tmo so.oitooitm bif oklmtooitmaoiturkos cr ercg tmo Gtks/ pro=acitbat 67k!wby biaostcrs +bppojjbit/s eba=tug 4;;; 3J=$ rospcifoit/s ebatug 4;;; 2J$ %. .. 'cjo$ 4;;2 342,% Kictmor wcrfs woro tmoso prbatkaos &!crklkibj !oabuso tmo Gtks prbatksof tmogcr !oabuso tmoy mbf !ooi prbatksof !y tmokr 67k!wby prcloiktcrs< kiao tmoambrbatork"btkci ce tmo rklmt ekttof !ctm saoibrkcs +!oabuso !ctm tmo Gtks biftmo 67k!wby muitof ecr eccf, tmo &ppobj Acurt sbw ic ioof tc biswor tmo#uostkci0 (Kt ks aciaofof !y tmo bppojjbit tmbt tmo 67k!wby biaostcrs ce tmobujt to% Gbrko Gtks fkf oilblo ki tmo prbatkao ce gccso muitkil bif ba=acrfkiljy o.oi ke tmo Gtks rklmt fopoifs upci b pro=acitbat prbatkao tmokssuo wkjj ict !o fotorgkibtk.o ki tmks abso* +%. .. 'cjo$ 4;;2 pbrb% 2;;,%Hcwo.or tmo 7uflo fkf ict stcp tmoro acitkiukil0 (6i tmo ctmor mbif tmkskssuo lcos tc tmo mobrt ce tmo ibturo ce Gtks rklmts prctoatof !y s% 3J bif tc

%oskfubj /oiskcis ce 8gpkro 41)


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4-1 Amrks Biforsoi

Ho !olbi !y ictkil tmbt skiao tmo Gtks bro ecrgbjjy roaclik"of ki tmoacistktutkci bs b (fksaroto bif o#ubj su!sot* ce &!crklkibj pocpjos tmokr fks=tkiatioss gust !o roaclik"of% Vc pcsktkci tmo jolktkgbay ce tmo Gtks uifortmo ug!rojjb ce bi biaostrbj 9krst 1btkci ' ki ctmor wcrfs tc su!crfkibtotmog bs tmo 6itbrkc prc.kiakbj Arcwi wcujf mb.o kt ' wcujf !o tc (klicro tmofkstkiatk.o mkstcry bif aujturo ce tmo Gtks* +4;;2 pbrb% 2;2,% (6e acurso*tmo 7uflo acitkiuof (cio abiict klicro tmbt s% 3J prctoats b!crklkibj/ rklmtsbif tmbt Fkt ks tmo b!crklkibjkty ce tmo Gtks tmbt ks acistktutkcibjjy prctoatof*+pbrb% 2;3,% Ho tmoi #uctof bpprc.kiljy ercg ?bjo k!sci b ictof &!crklkibjrklmts jbwyor bif jbw prceosscr +wmc wrcto ecr tmo Tcybj Acggksskci ci&!crklkibj >ocpjos, ictkil tmbt kt soogof fkeekaujt tc 7ustkey (bi oitkrojy fks=tkiat soacif crfor ce &!crklkibj rklmts mojf !y iow scakbj oitktkos tmbt fkf icto:kst wmoi tmo Ourcpobi=!bsof crfor ekrst bssortof 7urksfkatkci* +pbrb% 2;4,%Gcst tojjkiljy tmo 7uflo brluof0

&s tmo Gtks aujturo wbs ict b goro (aut bif pbsto* beebkr kt gby wojj !o fkeek=aujt ki scgo absos tc fotorgkio wmotmor b Gtks prbatkao austcg cr trbfktkci wbskimoroitjy &!crklkibj ki ibturo% Vmoro ks mcwo.or b fksaorik!jo aciaoptkci ce&!crklkibj rklmts brkskil ercg tmo fkstkiatk.o rojbtkcismkp tmo &!crklkibj pocpjosmb.o wktm tmo jbifs bif wbtors ce tmokr trbfktkcibj torrktcrkos bif cio wcujfo:poat tmo ibturo ce Gtks rklmts tc acrrospcif ki !rcbf cutjkio wktm tmcso ceAbibfb/s ctmor &!crklkibj pocpjos% +%. .. 'cjo$ 4;;2 pbrb% 2;E,

Vmks pbrblrbpm ks )oy tc uijca)kil tmo rbakbjk"of jclka crkoitkil tmo 7ufkakbjrobscikil ce tmo 7ustkaos ce tmo 6itbrkc Acurt ce &ppobj bif kt acitbkis biug!or ce acitoitkcus bssortkcis% Ki tmo prosoit acito:t cio ce tmoso ks tmbttmo &!crklkibjkty ce Gtks prbatkaos gust (brkso ercg tmo fkstkiatk.o rojbtkci=smkp* tmoy mcjf wktm tmokr jbifs% Kgpcrtbitjy ict 7ust biy jbifs bro rojo.bit kitmks acito:t% poakekabjjy (tmokr jbifs* aciskst ce b proaksojy spoakekof loc=lrbpmkabj spbao jcabtof ki bif brcuif bujt to Gbrko% O#ubjjy kgpcrtbitjyGtks jktklbits gust prc.o tmbt tmokr pocpjo mbf usof bif caaupkof tmoso jbifsbif wbtors prkcr tc tmo kgpcsktkci ce Ourcpobi kistktutkcis bif pcjktkabj ro=lkgos cr (oeeoatk.o acitrcj* +%. .. 'cjo$ 4;;2 pbrb% 8,%

Vmo uprogo Acurt ce Abibfb +AA, upmojf tmks erbgkil ce tmo kssuo be=ekrgkil tmo 6itbrkc Acurt ce &ppobj/s acistruatkci ce b mkstcrka rklmts=!obrkilacgguikty%* &atubjjy tmo AA kiktkbjjy ceeorof twc acistruatkcis ce acggu=ikty0 tmo bujt to Gbrko Gtks acgguikty bif bjsc (b fkstkiatk.o Gtksacgguikty Fwmkam ogorlof ki tmo 5ppor robt b)os rolkci ki tmo gkf=2tmaoitury bif pob)of brcuif 2BJ;* +%. .. 'cjo$ 4;;3 pbrb% 42,% -ut kistobf celrbppjkil wktm tmo #uostkci ce wmkam acgguikty tc amccso +bif wmy, tmo AAskgpjy amcso tmo ecrgor acistruatkci !y beekrgkil o.kfoiao ce tmo eur=trbfo pcst


17/32

tmo AA beekrgof ke scgowmbt gcro .bluojy tmo bppobj acurt/s jclka rolbrfkiltmo rojbtkcismkp !otwooi tmo Gtks bs &!crklkibj pocpjo bif tmo jbifs bifwbtors ce tmokr torrktcrkos0 (Ki tmo jcilor torg b acg!kibtkci ce iolctkbtkci bif7ufkakbj sottjogoit wkjj gcro ajobrjy foekio tmo acitcurs ce tmo Gtks rklmt tcmuit b rklmt tmbt wo roaclik"o bs pbrt ce tmo spoakbj b!crklkibj rojbtkcismkp tctmo jbif* +pbrb% J;,% Kgpcrtbitjy tmo AA beekrgof tmks acistruatkci ce&!crklkibjkty wmkjo bjsc beekrgkil tmo rojo.bit tkgo erbgo ecr bssossgoit ce&!crklkibj rklmts bs !okil tmo porkcf prkcr tc oeeoatk.o Arcwi acitrcj +pbrb% 3B,%

Vmo prc!jog moro ks ict tmbt tmo acurts/ roacliktkci ce tmo torrktcry brcuifbujt to Gbrko wbsi/t loiorcus lk.oi tmo o.kfoiao !oecro tmog% Lmbt ksprc!jogbtka ks tmo gbiior ki wmkam tmoy poraok.of (acgguikty* ogpmbsk"=kil tmo kgpcrtbiao ce mkstcrkabj uso bif caaupbiay wktmki b foekiofloclrbpmkabj spbao bif mkstcrkabj tkgo erbgo% Vmo AA/s amckao ks ict sur=prkskil lk.oi tmbt &!crklkibj rklmts bro strciljy smbpof !y acggci jbwaciaoptkcis ce prcporty rklmts bif bs suam bro jcabtof ki spoakeka aciaop=tkcis ce jolktkgbto prcporty uso +soo Ga1okj 28B8,% Vmoso aciaopts ce obrjkorprcporty rklmts lk.o &!crklkibj rklmts tmokr skto=spoakeka ambrbator% Gcroc.orgc.kil tmo fbto ce rojo.biao ecrwbrf prkcr tc oeeoatk.o acitrcj ' rbtmor tmbisby prkcr tc acitbat cr prkcr tc tmo bssortkci ce sc.oroklity ' ks bi o:trogojypcsktk.o stop ecr Gtks jktklbits% Lmbt wo gklmt icto moro tmculm ks tmo o: =toit tc wmkam tmo skto=spoakeka ambrbator ce Gtks rklmts +bi ctmorwkso uistbtofojogoit ce tmokr &!crklkibjkty, bif tmo tkgo erbgo aciskforof bpprcprkbto kibssosskil Gtks &!crklkibjkty so.orojy jkgkt tmo b!kjkty ce Gtks acgguiktkostc ecrg cutskfo tmo loclrbpmkabj brobs ce tmokr biaostcrs ' pbrtkaujbrjy ki ur=!bi aoitros wmoro tmo !uj) ce tmo Gtks pcpujbtkci ce Abibfb icw jk.os +sootbtkstkas Abibfb 4;;3,%

7Acrrospcifkil tc Abibfbs "tmor Bdcrklkibj 'ocpjos9

Ki bffktkci tc erbgkil tmo &!crklkibjkty ce Gtks aujturo wktmki tmo acito:t ceb mkstcrkabj rojbtkcismkp tc (tmo jbifs bif wbtors ce tmokr trbfktkcibj torrktc=rkos* tmo 6itbrkc Acurt ce &ppobj bffof bictmor arktorkci ibgojy tmbt (ciowcujf o:poat tmo ibturo ce Gtks rklmts tc acrrospcif ki !rcbf cutjkio wktmtmcso ce Abibfb/s ctmor &!crklkibj pocpjos* +%. .. 'cjo$ 4;;2 pbrb% 2;E,%kgkjbrjy tmo acurt sullostof tmbt bjtmculm (tmo Gtks aujturo wbs ict b goroaut bif pbsto/ beebkr kt gby wojj !o fkeekaujt ki scgo absos tc fotorgkiowmotmor b Gtks prbatkao austcg cr trbfktkci wbs kimoroitjy &!crklkibj kiibturo* +k!kf%,% &ppbroitjy Gtks bro ict (kimoroitjy &!crklkibj%* -ut mcwabi tmbt !o sc ke tmoy bro bi o#ubj bif fkstkiat su!sot ce Abibfb/s &!crklkibjpocpjo< Lmkjo ict o:pjkaktjy bffrosskil tmks kssuo tmo Acurt ce &ppobj prc=pcsof b scjutkci bs ictof b!c.o sullostkil tmbt (Gtks rklmts Fsmcujf

%oskfubj /oiskcis ce 8gpkro 4--


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4-( Amrks Biforsoi

bro b fkstkiat bif o#ubj su!sot ce Abibfb/s &!crklkibj pocpjo bif tmoroecro tmokrpcsktkci gby ict !o su!sor.koit tc tmbt ce Abibfb/s 9krst 1btkci/s pocpjo tmoacurt ebkjof tc o:pjbki wmy Gtks prbatkaos ro#ukro 7u:tbpcsktkci wktm tmcso ce9krst 1btkcis acgguiktkos%

Vmo #uostkci tmbt brksos ce acurso ks0 Hcw abi tmo 6itbrkc Acurt ce &ppobjrbtkcibjk"o suam b rojbtkcismkp !otwooi Gtks bif (Abibfb/s ctmor &!crklkibjpocpjo* wmoi tmoso (ctmor &!crklkibj pocpjo* bro ict ro#ukrof tc 7u:tbpcsotmokr prbatkaos wktm tmcso ce tmo Gtks< Vc gb)o soiso ce tmks wo ioof tc jcc)gcro ajcsojy bt tmo Acurt ce &ppobj/s foakskci% & fc"oi cr sc pbrblrbpms!oecro kts fksausskci ce Gtks &!crklkibjkty tmo acurt gb)os b acggoit tmbt ks!ctm c!.kcus bif ' kiscebr bs kt wbs fkroatof spoakekabjjy tcwbrfs tmo Gtks 'foopjy ro.objkil% Ki ecjjcwkil tmo robscikil jbkf cut !y bgor A@ ki tmo &bifor 'oot +288, foakskci tmo Acurt ce &ppobj 7ustkaos rogkif us tmbt tmoerbgowcr) ecr kitorprotkil 9krst 1btkcis rklmts wkjj ict ioaossbrkjy !o tmo sbgobs tmbt utkjk"of ecr tmo Gtks !oabuso tmo Gtks bro b lrcup (wmcso crklkismkstcry bif aujturo ks !ctm kifkloicus bif Ourcpobi* +%. .. 'cjo$ 4;;2 pbrb%8E,% kgkjbrjy tmo acurt brluof tmbt tmo Gtks (bro pocpjos wktm !kaujturbjcrklkis% 1c aujturo mcwo.or fkstkiatk.o ks eroo ercg tmo kiejuoiaos ce tmcsowmc abgo !oecro% Vmo fkstkiatk.o Gtks aujturo ioaossbrkjy frow mob.kjy upcitmo &!crklkibj biaostcrs ce tmo Gtks* +4;;2 pbrb% 24;,% Ke ki tmoso #uctos tmoAcurt ce &ppobj ks roeorrkil tc tmo c!.kcus ebat tmbt aujturo wbs trbisgkttofkitorloiorbtkcibjjy !y tmo Gtks biaostcrs ce tmo Gtks tmks ks bs !bibj bs kt kstruo% &jtoribtk.ojy ke cio bssugos tmbt tmo fkstkiatk.o Gtks aujturo frow upcikts (Kifkbi* cr kifkloicus rccts twc bssugptkcis gust !o gbfo0 ekrst tmbt tmo&!crklkibjkty ce Gtks aujturo ks suspoat bif tmus ro#ukros acgpbrksci tc 9krst1btkcis aujturo+s,$ soacif tmbt bjtmculm Gtks aujturo ks !kaujturbj 9krst1btkcis aujturos bro ict% &etor bjj ke o.orycio bfgkttof !kaujturbj crklkis tmotorg wcujf jcso kts fkeeoroitkbtkil pcwor%

Vmo uprogo Acurt ce Abibfb ceeorof b gcro loiorcus erbgkil ce tmo Gtks!y o:pjkaktjy acistruatkil Gtks aujturo bs eujjy &!crklkibj bif tmo Gtks bs bfkstkiatk.o pocpjo0

Lo ro7oat tmo bppojjbit/s brlugoit tmbt Gtks rklmts gust ekif tmokr crklki ki tmopro=acitbat prbatkaos ce tmo Gtks b!crklkibj biaostcrs% Vmks tmocry ki oeeoatwcujf foiy tc Gtks tmokr eujj stbtus bs fkstkiatk.o rklmts=!obrkil pocpjos wmcsocwi kitolrbj prbatkaos bro oitktjof tc acistktutkcibj prctoatkci uifor s% 3J+2,%Vmo rklmt ajbkgof moro wbs b prbatkao ce !ctm tmo 67k!wby bif tmo Gtks% Hcw =o.or bs jcil bs tmo prbatkao lrcuifkil tmo rklmt ks fkstkiatk.o bif kitolrbj tc tmo

pro=acitrcj Gtks acgguikty kt wkjj sbtksey tmks prcil ce tmo tost% Vmks rosujtejcws ercg tmo acistktutkcibj kgporbtk.o tmbt wo roaclik"o bif beekrg tmo b!c=rklkibj rklmts ce tmo Gtks wmc bppobrof betor tmo tkgo ce ekrst acitbat + % .


19/32

Tbtmor tmbi acgpbrkil Gtks prbatkaos wktm tmcso ce tmokr 67k!wby ioklm!curs' bi ojogoit ce tmo tost ebsmkciof !y tmo 6itbrkc Acurt ce &ppobj ' tmo AApjbaof tmo kssuo fkroatjy ki tmo mobfjklmts ce bi obrjkor AA &!crklkibj rklmtsfoakskci%. .. +pbrrc% +pbrrc mbf ecausof kssuos ce &!crklkibj roscuraouso ki tmo acito:t ce acisor.btkci% Vmoroecro ki fotorgkikil bjjcabtkci wktmrospoat tc roscurao uso acisor.btkci wbs tmo pbrbgcuit aciaori betor wmkam&!crklkibj roscurao usors batkil pursubit tc bi &!crklkibj rklmt woro lk.oiprkcrkty% Vmus tmo AA/s kitorprotbtkci puts tmo Gtks ci bi o#ubj ecct kilwktm 9krst 1btkcis bif pormbps gcro ayikabjjy ki bi o#ubjjy su!sor.koitpcsktkci wmoi ki acgpotktkci wktm ici=&!crklkibj roscurao usors%

A5V5TO COT5 %%%< TO96TG5&VK1 &-6TKK1& TKHV

Vmo pro.kcus soatkci ogpmbsk"of tmo pckit tmbt Abibfkbi acurts mcjf b .oryibrrcw ' bif ki gbiy wbys porkpmorbj ' .kow ce Gtks kfoitkty !bsof ci broeusbj tc roaclik"o !rcbf loclrbpmkabj cr aujturbj ambilo% Vmks rosujts pbrtjyercg mcw acurts poraok.o &!crklkibj rklmts !ut bjsc tc b aortbki o:toit ercg tmoebat tmbt Gtks jktklbits blroo tc pjby !y tmo o:kstkil rujos ce tmo acurt% Vmkssoatkci ks 7u:tbpcsof wktm tmo proaofkil cio tmrculm b aciaoptubj fksausskci ce(rklmts* ki crfor tc arktk#uo tmo acurts/ ambrbatork"btkci ce tmo >cwjoys/ muitkiltrkp bs b aujturbj rklmtMprbatkao% Vmks 7u:tbpcsktkci ro.objs bi bjtoribtk.oecrgujbtkci tc tmo aci.oitkcibj aujturbj rklmts bpprcbam wktm pctoitkbjjy oicr=gcus kgpjkabtkcis ecr gbiy acitogpcrbry Gtks acgguiktkos%

Vmo'cjo$ acurts/ aujturbj ecrgujbtkci ce rklmts ebktmeujjy ogpjcys &bifor 'oots twc=prcilof tost goitkciof obrjkor ospoakbjjy ki kts ogpmbsks cifotorgkikil (prbatkaos kitolrbj tc b fkstkiatk.o aujturo%* 9cr gcst ce us bifaortbkijy ecr tmcso ecrgbjjy ki.cj.of ki tmo abso tmks (rklmts bs kifkloicusaujturbj prbatkaos* ambrbatork"btkci eoojs kituktk.ojy acrroat% Vmks ks sc o.oiecr tmo gcst pcjktkabjjy acisakcus ce ici=&!crklkibjs bif o.oi +cr pormbpsospoakbjjy, ecr &!crklkibj pocpjo tmogsoj.os% Ki biy o.oit bjj ce tmo jolbjbatcrs ki.cj.of ki tmo abso blroof tc tmks erbgkil% Vmo cijy robj kssuo bt trkbjwbs wmotmor tmo aujturbj prbatkao smcujf !o prcporjy ambrbatork"of bs b spo=akos=spoakeka prbatkao cr bs b gcro loiorbj rklmt tc muit ecr eccf% Tolbrfjossbjj skfos brluof tmbt muitkil acistktutof bi kitolrbj pbrt ce tmo mkstcrkabj bifacitogpcrbry Gtks aujturo brcuif bujt to Gbrko%

Gy brlugoit ci tmo acitrbry ks tmbt tmoro bro o#ubjjy .kb!jo bjtoribtk.os tcacistruatkil tmo >cwjoys/ muitkil trkp bs b aujturbj batk.kty% 6io bjtoribtk.o kstc fosark!o tmo >cwjoys/ muitkil prbatkao bs bi kistbiao ce b scakbj oacicgkacr o.oi pcjktkabj rklmt wmcso scurao ogbibtos ercg tmo acjjoatk.kty ce tmolrcup rbtmor tmbi ercg kts 7ufkakbjjy akraugsark!of fkstkiatk.oioss% Vc put ktbictmor wby tmo lrcup/s fkstkiatk.oioss ks ioaossbrkjy frbwi ercg kts

%oskfubj /oiskcis ce 8gpkro 4-4


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4-= Amrks Biforsoi

tmo acjjoatk.o/s !cuifbrkos ambilo sc tcc wkjj kts fkstkiatk.oioss% Vc o:pjbkiwmy ic ibturbj aciioatkci o:ksts !otwooi rklmts bif aujturbj prbatkaos ro=#ukros b !rkoe fklrosskci kitc b aciaoptubj fksausskci ce rklmts%

Ki tmo jk!orbj trbfktkci rklmts mb.o !ooi ambrbatork"of bs b (pcworeuj !uj=wbr) blbkist tmo gbikpujbtkci ce mugbis !y lc.origoits bif ctmor kistktutkciski tmo gcfori wcrjf* +Vujjy 2883 J,% Vmoy bro prosoitof bs (fcgbkis ceeroofcg* tmbt pro.oit ui7ustkekb!jo kitoreoroiao +Gba)jog 4;;2 2;, bif brosbkf tc gofkbto tmo kitorosts ce bif aciejkats !otwooi kifk.kfubj bif stbtokitorosts +soo ospoakbjjy ?wcr)ki 28,% Vc wkt (Fwmoi rklmts bif stbto ki=torosts bro poraok.of tc !o ki aciejkat obam wktm tmokr ajbkg tc jolktkgbayacurts bro frbwi tcwbrf woklmkil/ tmo stroiltm/ ce stbto kitorosts blbkist tmofolroo/ ce kitruskci ci kifk.kfubj rklmts* +>kjfos 4;;4 2B;'2,%

>brt ce tmo bjjuro ce rklmts ks tmbt tmoy prctoat aortbki sots ce kitorosts icrgbjjyporaok.of bs tmo jk!orty ce tmo kifk.kfubj blbkist ui7ustkekof stbto oiarcbamgoit%Ki b gcro aciaroto acito:t acito:t=spoakeka bif arktkabjjy kgpcrtbit7urksprufoitkbj #uostkcis ro.cj.o brcuif ostb!jksmkil wmkam kitorosts tmo acurtssmcujf prctoat bif mcw tmoy smcujf prctoat tmog +Gba)jog 4;;2 22,% @uflosoilblo ki purpcsk.o robscikil tc ostb!jksm tmo uiforjykil purpcso cr kitorostswmkam tmo rklmt ks gobit tc prctoat +-b)bi 288$ Gba)jog 4;;2$%. .. +pbrrc288;,% Vmo kgpcrtbit tmkil tc rogog!or b!cut purpcsk.o robscikil mcwo.or kstmbt (tmo rklmt/s purpcso fcos ict gblkabjjy brkso ercg tmo to:t bif biicuiao ktsprosoiao tc tmo kitorprotor* +Gba)jog 4;;2 2E$ bjsc soo -b)bi 288,% Kistobftmo 7ufkakbj prcaoss ro#ukros tmbt 7uflos ljobi kt ercg tmo brrby ce acgpotkilkitorosts bif tmoi sojoat tmrculm tmo uso ce aci.oitkci proaofoit babfogkaacggoitbry bif tmokr cwi soiso ce !bjbiao tmcso tmbt kituktk.ojy bppobr acrroatcr robscib!jo +Gba)jog 4;;2 2E,% Gcro cetoi tmculm b rklmt ks ambrbatork"of(ki tmo b!soiao ce bi o:pjkakt ki#ukry kitc tmo kitorosts kt culmt tc prctoat job.kiltmo robfor wktm tmo tbs) ce fksaorikil tmo rklmt/s uiforjykil kitorosts !yacgpbrkil tmo purpcso bsark!of tc tmo rklmt wktm tmo typos ce batk.ktkos tmbt ktbutmcrk"os* +k!kf%,% 5jtkgbtojy tmoi fotorgkibtkcis b!cut tmo (wmkam* bif tmo(mcw* bro profkabtof upci tmo rklmt/s ambrbatork"btkci%

Vmus foakfkil mcw tc ambrbatork"o b rklmt acrroatjy ro#ukros b foakskci ciwmkam kitorosts tmo rklmt ks gobit tc prctoat ' cr tc turi tmo stbtogoit sjklmtjytmo )kif ce kitorosts tc !o prctoatof% Kt ks ajobr tmbt tmo acurts bif tmo jbwyors kitmo'cjo$ abso uiforstccf &!crklkibj rklmts tc !o aujturbj rklmts% 6i tmo ctmormbif tmoro bro .brkcus wbys tc ambrbatork"o rklmts fopoifkil ci tmo )kif cekitorosts tmbt bpprcprkbtojy wbrrbit prctoatkci% Aujturbj rklmts bjtmculmprk.kjolof ki tmks acito:t bro !ut cio acistruatkci ce rklmts% 9cr o:bgpjo ak.kjbif pcjktkabj rklmts gklmt kiajufo (eroofcg ce acisakoiao rojklkci bssog!jybsscakbtkci bs wojj bs .ctkil rklmts bif rklmts bsscakbtof wktm b ebkr trkbj bifo#ubjkty* wmkjo scakbj bif oacicgka rklmts gklmt kiajufo (rklmts tc mobjtm


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4;;2 438,% Ak.kj bif pcjktkabj rklmts prctoat cur pbrtkakpbtkci ki ak.kj bifpcjktkabj scakoty wmkjo scakbj bif oacicgka rklmts prctoat cur oacicgka bifscakbj wojebro +k!kf% 4E;,% Ajobrjy tmo >cwjoys/ muitkil trkp bjtmculm erbgofbs b aujturbj prbatkao wbs b scakbj bif oacicgka prbatkao0 ecr tmo acst ce b rkejoabrtrkflo tmo >cwjoys sb.of b!cut 2J;; ki gobt acsts% Hcwo.or gykitoitkci moro ks ict tc erbgo tmks prbatkao bs bi oacicgka rbtmor tmbi b auj=turbj rklmt$ tmks ks ict bi oktmorMcr saoibrkc !oabuso Gtks rklmts ki.cj.o bacgpjo: kitorsoatkci ce pcjktkabj scakbj oacicgka bif aujturbj kitorosts%Tbtmor kt strk)os go tmbt tmo kssuo moro ks tmo jo.oj ce b!strbatkci bt wmkam tmorklmt ks pktamof +soo Tctgbi 288,% Ki tmks .oki mcw wcujf tmo >cwjoys/muitkil !o acistruof ke sooi bs bi kistbiao ce tmokr aciioatkci tc b mkstcrkabjGtks scakoty rbtmor tmbi tc b fkstkiat Gtks aujturbj prbatkaocjkay0

F6ur pocpjo acitkiuo tc !o tmo pccrost ce tmo pccr wktmki tmks rkam acuitry% ?uo tctmo ci=lckil 7urksfkatkcibj lbgo pjbyof !otwooi tmo eoforbj lc.origoit bif tmo

prc.kiaos tmo lbp !otwooi cur amkjfroi bif tmo amkjfroi ce ctmor Abibfkbisacitkiuos tc wkfoi bt bi bjbrgkil rbto% &ro cur amkjfroi ict wcrtmy ce !bska mobjtmabro ioofs tmbt bro robfkjy b.bkjb!jo tc ctmor Abibfkbis< &ro cur .otorbis ict wcrtmy



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4-* Amrks Biforsoi

foeoif Abibfb< &ro cur acgguiktkos ict wcrtmy oiculm tc !o b!jo tc pcsktkcitmogsoj.os tc !oacgo oacicgkabjjy .kb!jo< 5iecrtuibtojy tmo biswor uifor tmoaurroit eoforbj bpprcbam tc bjj ce tmoso #uostkcis ks (yos%* +G1A 4;;4 4,

Vmo Gtks 1btkcibj Acuiakj/s erustrbtkci stogs ict ercg tmo ebat tmbt tmo eoforbjlc.origoit roeusos tc ba)icwjoflo tmokr kifkloicus fkeeoroiao !ut !oabuso tmolc.origoit roeusos tc trobt tmog bs fkstkiatk.o ercg !ut wktm ioofs skgkjbr tcctmor Abibfkbis% 9uifbgoitbjjy tmoi tmo prc!jog wktm &!crklkibj rklmts bs tmoybro aurroitjy aciaok.of ks tmbt tmoy roeuso tc roaclik"o kifkloicus gcforikty% &scio ictof &!crklkibj samcjbr aciajufos (Kt ks b lccf tmkil tmo rklmts ce ctmorAbibfkbis fc ict fopoif ci wmotmor tmoy woro kgpcrtbit tc tmog twc cr tmroomuifrof yobrs blc% Lmbt wcujf kt !o jk)o ecr Abibfkbis tc mb.o tmokr euifb=goitbj rklmts foekiof !y wmbt bs kitolrbj tc Ourcpobi pocpjos/ fkstkiatk.oaujturo prkcr tc tmokr brrk.bj ki 1crtm &gorkab


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?KVK1AVK61 LKVH65V & ?K99OTO1AO< 5T-&1 A6GG51KVKO

Vmks ekibj soatkci ks !rkoe bif ks usof tc gb)o scgo acggoits rolbrfkil tmofkeeoroiao ecr ur!bi Gtks !otwooi prctoatkil &!crklkibj fkstkiatk.oioss+!rcbfjy foekiof, bif fkeeoroiao% Vmo 4;;2 aoisus ostkgbtof tmbt tmoro brobpprc:kgbtojy cio gkjjkci &!crklkibj pocpjo ki Abibfb cr 3%3 poraoit ce tmotctbj pcpujbtkci +tbtkstkas Abibfb 4;;3 ,% Vmks ks prc!b!jy b scgowmbt aci=sor.btk.o ostkgbto ecr .brkcus robscis rojbtkil tc uiforoiugorbtkci +k!kf%, brosujt ce b jcwor rbto ce ek:of bffrossos bif tmo myporgc!kjkty ce tmo ur!bi&!crklkibj pcpujbtkci ki Abibfb +Hbisojgbii 4;;2,% Gcro tmbi twc=tmkrfs cetmks pcpujbtkci jk.o cee=rosor.o bif b!cut J; poraoit ajcso tc b mbje gkjjkcipocpjo jk.o ki Abibfb/s ur!bi aoitros +tbtkstkas Abibfb 4;;3 2;,% -otwooi288 bif 4;;2 tmo ur!bi &!crklkibj pcpujbtkci lrow !y 44%4 poraoit acgpbrofwktm cijy 3%E poraoit ecr ici=&!crklkibj Abibfkbis%4;

Vmo Gtks ki pbrtkaujbr acgprkso bi kiarobskiljy jbrlo pbrt ce tmo ur!bipcpujbtkci% Gcro tmbi twc=tmkrfs ce Gtks bro ur!bi wmkam gobis tmbt tmoyroprosoit bpprc:kgbtojy E; poraoit ce tmo tctbj ur!bi &!crklkibj pcpujbtkci%Gcroc.or ' bif tmks ks bi kgpcrtbit ke c!.kcus pckit tc gb)o ' ur!bi Gtksbro ict wbiforkil bkgjossjy brcuif tmo akty$ tmoy mb.o acbjosaof kitc .kb!jooifurkil acgguiktkos tmbt mbifjo guam ce tmo sor.kao fojk.ory tc tmokr acg=guikty gog!ors ki bffktkci tc tmo iugorcus acgguikty batk.ktkos tmoyspciscr% Vmoso ur!bi acgguiktkos mb.o soacif bif tmkrf=loiorbtkci gog=!ors wmc mb.o io.or !ooi tc icr mb.o biy pbrtkaujbr aciioatkci wktm tmojbif ce tmokr pbroits lrbifpbroits bif biaostcrs% Vmks loiorbtkci jk.os ki bgojtkil pct wmoro tmoy kitorbat bif bsscakbto wktm b fk.orskty ce pocpjo ci bsabjo uikgblkib!jo tc tmokr pbroits cr lrbifpbroits +soo 1owmcuso 4;;;,%Iot gbiy acitkiuo tc kfoitkey tmogsoj.os wktm bi kifkloicus aujturo%

Kt gby !o42tmbt tmoso amkjfroi bro )icwjoflob!jo ce b !rcbfor pbikifklo=icus aujturo bpprcprkbtojy roejoatkil tmokr aujturbj bif loclrbpmkabj acito:t cekitorgk:kil wktm iugorcus kifkloicus aujturos bif wktm wmktostrobg Abibfkbiaujturo% Vmoy gby pbrtkakpbto ki tob bif !biica) scakbjs ur!bi pcwwcwsekffjkil cr 7kllkil acgpotktkcis bif ki rbro absos tmoy gby o.oi uiforstbif crspob) bi kifkloicus jbilublo% Tolbrfjoss tmoy bjsc mbil cut wktm tmokr cwibif ctmor 1btk.o ebgkjkos pjbykil Q=-c: s)bto!cbrfkil !okil !crof btsamccj pjbykil mca)oy cr oilblkil ki eroostyjo rbp acgpotktkcis ' tmkils tmbtgbiy tooiblors fc% Gy pckit moro tc #ucto ercg &bi for 'oot +288 pbrb%24, ks tmbt aciaoptkcis ce &!crklkibjkty (smcujf ict !o jkgktof tc tmcsobatk.ktkos tmbt cijy b!crklkibj pocpjo mb.o uifortb)oi cr tmbt ici=b!crklkibjpocpjo mb.o ict%* Ajobrjy fospkto tmokr cwi bfgciktkci blbkist kt tmo 7ustkaosce tmo uprogo Acurt ce Abibfb mb.o !bsof tmo jclka ce tmokr &!crklkibj rklmtstost proaksojy ci tmo folroo tc wmkam &!crklkibj acgguiktkos bro b!jo tc



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4- Amrks Biforsoi

jkttjo b!cut ur!bi 1btk.o acgguiktkos tmbt ks fkeeoroit oiculm ' baacrfkil tc 7u=fkakbj tosts ' tc wbrrbit prctoatkci !y tmo uprogo Acurt ce Abibfb uifor soatkci3J% Ki gbiy absos tmo bspkrbtkcis +cr jba) tmoroce, bif gbtorkbj acifktkcis ce tmogog!ors ce ur!bi &!crklkibj acgguiktkos bro fkeekaujt tc fkstkiluksm ercg tmcsoce ici=1btk.o pocpjo +gbiy ce wmcg bro pbrt ce tmo sbgo acgguikty,%

Vmks ks ict tc sby tmbt ur!bi Gtks +cr 1btk.o, acgguiktkos bro ict fkstkiatercg ctmor acgguiktkos cr bro ict roaclik"b!jy butcicgcus% ?kstkiatk.oiossfcos ict o:kst bu ibturoj !ut ks ecuif bif strbtolkabjjy ogpjcyof ki tmo acito:tce jbrlor kfoitkty prc7oats% Vmus amccskil ojogoits ce fkstkiatk.oioss ks bebkrjy br!ktrbry prcaoss ki tmbt cio gklmt amccso fkeeoroit ojogoits ce fks=tkiatk.oioss !bsof ci cio/s strbtolkos ki b spoakeka acito:t% Vc pmrbso tmksgcro tmocrotkabjjy (kfoitktkos bro b!cut uskil tmo roscuraos ce mkstcryjbilublo bif aujturo ki tmo prcaoss ce !oacgkil rbtmor tmbi !okil* +Hbjj288 E,% Kiscebr bs tmks ks tmo abso tmo kgpcrtbit kssuo ks ict wmotmor 1btk.oacgguiktkos +cr biy acgguikty ecr tmbt gbttor, bro fkstkiatk.o$ !ut rbtmorwmc gb)os tmo foakskci b!cut wmbt acuits bs fkstkiatk.o% Vmo jktbiy cestbtkstkas +soo tbtkstkas Abibfb 4;;3, fogcistrbtos tmbt ur!bi Gtks ebaogbiy ce tmo acifktkcis ebaof !y ctmor kgpc.orksmof aktk"ois% Iot tmoyacitkiuo tc uso tmo roscuraos bt tmokr fkspcsbj ' mkstcry jbilublo ojogoits ceaujturo ' tc acistruat kifkloicus acjjoatk.ktkos% Gbiy wkjj roaclik"o tmkilsb!cut tmog tmbt bro kifkloicus$ ctmors +7uflos kiajufof, gby ict% Ki tmksacito:t mcwo.or ur!bi Gtks wkjj acitkiuo tc kfoitkey tmogsoj.os bskifkloicus bif wkjj acitkiuo tc acbjosao kitc fkstkiatk.o ur!bi acgguiktkos%

Gy pckit moro ks ict tmbt biy cjf sot ce prbatkaos abi !o abjjof kifkloicus%Ajobrjy gbiy wmc lrow up ajcso tc tmo jbif wkjj roaclik"o tmogsoj.os ki aci=.oitkcibj fosarkptkcis ce kifkloiokty tmbt jba) bi ur!bi ojogoit% 9cr tmcso wmc fctmbt ks lrobt% Hcwo.or tmoro ks bi o:pcioitkbjjy kiarobskil ur!bi 1btk.o pcpujbtkcitmbt wkjj roaclik"o jkttjo ce tmokrsoj.os ki aci.oitkcibj ibrrbtk.os !ut wkjj stkjjkfoitkey tmogsoj.os bs Gtks +cr Aroo cr ?oio cr wmbto.or ctmor kfoitktyacgguikty tmoy eooj bi bjjolkbiao tc,% &jtoribtk.ojy ki b gcro acgpjo: soiso tmoygby !olki tc kfoitkey tmogsoj.os bs Gtks +cr Aroo cr ?oio, ercg Ofgcitci, ecrkistbiao cr ercg &j!ortb%44Lo bro jcil pbst tmo tkgo wmoi ur!bi roskfoiao abi !ouiforstccf bs b roakpo ecr bsskgkjbtkci% 5r!bi &!crklkibj pocpjo gby roaclik"otmogsoj.os bs 1btk.o ki fkeeoroit wbys ercg tmcso jk.kil ci=rosor.o ki b Gtkssottjogoit cr ki b gcro rogcto brob +suam bs tmo 1crtmwost Vorrktcrkos cr1uib.ut, !ut tmoy stkjj roaclik"o tmogsoj.os bs kifkloicus% Vmoy stkjj soje=kfoitkeybif tmoy stkjj bttbam tmogsoj.os tc bi ur!bi kifkloicus acjjoatk.o%

A61A5K61


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brtkaujbtof !otwooi kfobs ce fkeeoroiao bif fkstkiatk.oioss cr bs tmo &bi for 'ootacurt brtkaujbtof kt !otwooi tmo torgs fkstkiat bif fkstkiatk.o% 9cr tmo &bi for'oot acurt (fkstkiat* wbs foekiof bs batk.ktkos tmbt woro uik#uo tc b aujturbjlrcup$ !y acitrbst (fkstkiatk.o* aciskstof ce tmcso batk.ktkos tmbt gbfo bacgguikty cr aujturo 7ust tmbt ' fkstkiatk.o ' wktmcut ecrakil kt tc prc.o tmbt ktsaujturo wbs uik#uo smbrkil ic skgkjbrktkos wktm biy ctmor aujturos% K pusmof tmojclka ce tmks fkstkiatkci b stop eurtmor brlukil tmbt kiscebr bs kfoitkty ksacitkiloit tmoro ks ictmkil b!cut kifkloicus kfoitktkos !oycif ro=o.bjubtkci cetmokr gog!orsmkp% Vmbt ks tc sby tmo kssuo ce wmc lots tc foakfo wmbt kt gobis tc!o kifkloicus ks ebr gcro kgpcrtbit tmbi wmbt acuits bs kifkloicus !oabuso bswo mb.o sooi aujturo wkjj ambilo bs tmo scakbj acifktkcis ce kifkloicusacgguiktkos ambilo% k.kil ki acitogpcrbry Abibfb ospoakbjjy ki b rojbtk.ojyroscurao=wob) pcsktkci ro#ukros mbrf amckaos$ tmks gby jobf acgguiktkos tc lc!ba) tc tmo !usm !ut gcro jk)ojy kt wkjj ro#ukro tmbt acgguikty gog!ors job.orosor.os bif sottjogoits tc roecrg ki fkeeoroit !ut bibjclcus wbys ki Abibfb/stcwis bif aktkos% Oktmor wby kt ks tmo prkiakpjo ce acjjoatk.o soje=kfoitkekabtkcitmbt ks ce prkgbry kgpcrtbiao ict tmo (acitoit* ce b pbrtkaujbr aujturo%

>cjkakil aujturbj acitoit ks mcwo.or tmo purpcso ce soatkci 3J ce tmo Aci3stktutkci Bat, -)( 'cr bt jobst kt ks baacrfkil tc tmo uprogo Acurt% Vmoprc!jog bs kfoitkekof obrjkor ki tmks ossby ki tmo #uctbtkci ercg @cmi -crrcwsks tmbt tosts ce &!crklkibj rklmts ecrao &!crklkibj jktklbits tc foekio tmokracitogpcrbry soj.os ki torgs ce ojogoits tmbt woro kgpcrtbit tc tmog aoiturkosblc !ut bro ic jcilor bs kgpcrtbit tcfby +ecr o:bgpjo muitkil ecr eccf,% Ki tmkssaoibrkc rbakbj fkeeoroiao ks roktorbtof ki tmo ecrg ce ibrrcw mkstcrkabj ibrrbtk.ostmbt ogpmbsk"o b ajcso aciioatkci tc tmo jbif% Vmo jklmt ce 7ufkakbj robscikilsmkios !rklmtost ci kifkloicus prbatkaos tmbt aciecrg tc pro=acitbat prbatkaosbif aciso#uoitjy ur!bi Gtks prbatkaos bif loclrbpmkos toif tc ebro pccrjy kitmks jklmt% Vmus tc tmo o:toit tmbt tmo Gtks jktklbits ogpmbsk"o aortbki bspoats cetmokr mkstcrkabj soj.os tmoy bro foogof bpprcprkbtojy kifkloicus%

Hcwo.or tmo 6itbrkc Acurt ce &ppobj kssuof b .okjof wbrikil% Kt sullostofbjgcst cee tmo auee tmbt cijy tmcso bspoats ce Gtks aujturo tmbt bro &!crklkibjki ambrbator bro ojklk!jo ecr prctoatkci% &jtmculm tmo uprogo Acurt ce Abibfb!ba)of cee tmks ro#ukrogoit bif ropjbaof kt wktm b acistruatkci gcroaciskforbto ce tmo Gtks bs b (eujjy &!crklkibj* pocpjo kt iciotmojoss jcabtosbutmoitka &!crklkibjkty ki tmo orb prkcr tc (oeeoatk.o sc.oroklity* +ki tmks absobrcuif 2BJ;,% 5jtkgbtojy Gtks gust su!gkt tmokr aujturbj pbpors tc tmo acurtstc gb)o suro tmoy bro ki crfor% Vmo prc!jog wktm acurt jktklbtkci strbtolkos kstmbt tmoy wcr) ' uitkj tmoy fci/t% Gkamboj &sam sullosts tmbt (tmo acurts Fcpoib fccr ecr tmo Abibfkbi tbto tc rotmki) kts rojbtkcis wktm kifkloicus pocpjosbif tc ro=kgblkio b Abibfb ecuifof ci progksos tmbt fksb.cw tmo otmicaoitrkajolbay ce acjcikbj jbw* +2888 E4B,% Lmoi tmoy ebkj acurts skgpjy bif (c.ortjy

%oskfubj /oiskcis ce 8gpkro 4-)


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4(1 Amrks Biforsoi

uprogo Acurt mcjfs suam b pcworeuj pcsktkci ki tmo pcjktkabj ekojf< +ooGbierofk 4;;2%, Vmoro ks ki suam b acito:t jkttjo tc !o jcst bif guam tc !olbkiof !y uskil jktklbtkci strbtolkos% Iot tmo kssuo ks gcro fbilorcus tmbi tmks%Acurt absos rosujt ki Gtks ek:kil fbilorcusjy ibrrcw strobgs ce Gtks aujturoki tmo gkifs ce cio ce tmo gcro pcworeuj batcrs ki tmo Abibfkbi pcjktkabj ekojf 'o.oi bs ki tmo'cjo$ abso wmoi tmoy bro .katcrkcus%

16VO

2 -obr ki gkif mcwo.or tmbt tmo +pbrrc foakskci beekrgof ecr tmo c.origoit ceAbibfb tmo uiforjykil sc.oroklity ce tmo Abibfkbi stbto bif bs suam fkf ict goot bjjtmo aciaok.b!jo bspkrbtkcis ce kifkloicus acgguiktkos bif ibtkcis%

4 Vmo rcjo ce proaofoit ro#ukros tmbt 7uflos uso absos pro.kcusjy foakfof ci bibjclcuslrcuifs tc mojp smbpo tmo pbrbgotors ce euturo foakskcis% & abso/s proaofoitkbj .bjuofopoifs ci wmoi kt wbs foakfof bif bt wmbt jo.oj ce acurt% uprogo Acurt ce Abibfbabsos mb.o proaofoitkbj .bjuo ecr bjj jcwor acurt foakskcis ki Abibfb bif broaciskforof !kifkil% &ppobj acurt absos bro porsubsk.o !ut ict ioaossbrkjy !kifkil biftmo sbgo ks truo ce kitoribtkcibj mklm acurt absos%

3 Vmo torg (wmktostrobg* ks !crrcwof ercg Ajbufo ?oiks/s o:aojjoit !cc) :o Bro HctcuD >krst Hbtkcis bif Abibfkbi cforikt$% Vmo torg ks usof tc kifkabto mcw bj=tmculm Abibfkbi aktk"oiry acgprksos iugorcus aujturos tmo fcgkibit kistktutkcibjbrrbilogoits toif tc roejoat b profcgkibtojy Ourc=Abibfkbi !kbs +?oiks 288 23,%

E 9cr bi baaossk!jo bif usoeuj fksausskci ce -curfkou/s ictkci ce b scakbj ekojf soo-curfkou bif Lba#ubit 2884% &jsc soo wbrt" 288 am% %

J olbj pcsktk.ksg ks !bsof ci tmo progkso tmbt 7ufkakbj jbwgb)kil ks fork.of ercg bstrbklmtecrwbrfjy rbtkcibj rojbtkcismkp !otwooi jolbj ebat bif jolbj prkiakpjo% Vmus

7uflos wcr) tc goambikabjjy bppjy tmo acrroat jolbj prkiakpjo tc tmo jolbj ebats !oecrotmog%

&t tmo rks) ce stbtkil tmo c!.kcus uskil (jbw* ki bi brtkekakbjjy uikecrg ebsmkci+k%o% !ctm ecr tmo acurts bif ecr tmo jolksjbturo, gb)os kt bibjytkabjjy fkeekaujt tcrolkstor tmo toiskcis !otwooi acurts bif jolksjbturos% Ki tmo spoakeka kistbiao ceGtks rklmts tmks toiskci ks aruakbj ecr uiforstbifkil mcw jktklbtkci strbtolkos bromojpeuj +cr ict, tc tmo Gtks ki tmokr pcjktkabj strulljos% &t tmo .ory jobst gb)kilbi bibjytkabj fkstkiatkci !otwooi acurts bif jolksjbturos bjjcws us tc baacuit ecrtmo ebat tmbt pocpjo !rob) jbws ict acurt absos$ tmbt ks acurts fc ict gb)o jbwswmorobs jolksjbturos fc% Acurts loiorbto 7ufkakbj rbtkcibjktkos tmbt sot tmo pbrbg=otors ecr gcro fkroat pcjkay gb)kil ' ictmkil gcro ictmkil joss%

&jtmculm !oycif tmo sacpo ce tmks ossby kt ks kgpcrtbit tc icto tmbt bs batk.o bloitssuaaosseuj acurt strulljos cetoi ro#ukro tmbt &!crklkibj acgguiktkos (!bttjo mbrfoi*tmokr kfoitktkos ki wbys tmbt ogpmbsk"o tmokr aujturbj fkeeoroiao%


27/32

B Oklmtooitm=aoitury kitoribtkcibj jbw su!sark!of tc b jb!cur tmocry ce .bjuo gobikiltmbt ki crfor tc fogcistrbto prcpor cwiorsmkp ce jbif cio mbf tc !o puttkil jb!curkitc tmo sckj% kiao gbiy kifkloicus lrcups fkf ict tmo jbif wbs cetoi aciskforoftorrb iujjkus, cr ogpty%

8 9cr o:bgpjo brcuif tmo tkgo ce tmo 9roiam To.cjutkci bif tmo &gorkabi Lbr ceKifopoifoiao sjb.os woro stkjj scjf !y tmo tciiblo +ukjjbugki 28B; EB,%

2; K bg uskil tmo torg opkstogo sjklmtjy gcro spoakekabjjy tmbi fkf Gkamoj 9cuabujtwktm wmcg tmo torg ks icrgbjjy bsscakbtof% 9cr 9cuabujt opkstogos sot tmo pb=rbgotors wktmki wmkam tmo .bjkfkty ce fksacurso ks o.bjubtof% Vmoy acistktuto tmob prkcrk (foekiFkil tmo acifktkcis wktmki wmkam Fcio abi sustbki b fksacursob!cut tmkils tmbt bro aciskforof tc !o truo* +9cuabujt 283 2J,% Gcforiktywktm kts bttoifbit )icwjoflo systogs ks tmo fcgkibit opkstogo ce cur blo% Gybrlugoit moro ks tmbt rbao bs acistktutk.o ce Abibfkbi gcforikty acistktutos b)oy b prkcrk ki acitogpcrbry Abibfkbi scakoty% Hcwo.or cwkil tc -curfkou/sgcro acgpjo: uiforstbifkil ce mcw scakbj robjkty ks gofkbtof tmrculm b sorkos cegcro (jcabj* scakbj ekojfs opkstogo ks usof gcro jcabjjy tc kifkabto tmo b prkcrkupci wmkam acurts !bso foakskcis b!cut &!crklkibj rklmts%

22 oo jbttory 4;;; ecr b ajobr bif scpmkstkabtof fksausskci ce tmo fkeeoroit ajbssos cerklmts%

24 kto=spoakeka rklmts bro 7ust tmbt0 rklmts tmbt bro o:oraksb!jo cijy ki b spoakeka loc=lrbpmkabj jcabtkci wmkam usubjjy ks fotorgkiof !y 7uflos ki tmo acurso ce roiforkil bacurt foakskci% Ki tmo 'cjo$ foakskci tmo 7uflo brluof tmbt tmo bpprcprkbtoacgguikty wbs tmo brob ki bif brcuif bujt to Gbrko rbtmor tmbi tmo akty ktsojefospkto tmo Arcwi/s brlugoit tmbt tmo >cwjoys jk.of wktmki tmo akty bif fospkto tmorospcifoits/ roeoroiao tc b jbrlor (5ppor robt b)os* Gtks acgguikty%

23 >urpcsoeuj cr (purpcsk.o* robscikil ro#ukros tmo 7uflo tc o:bgkio (Abibfb/s mks=tcry trbfktkcis bif euifbgoitbj .bjuos %%% tc fotorgkio b rklmt cr eroofcg/s

purpcso* +-b)bi 288 44,% >urpcsk.o robscikil ks suppcsof tc bat bs b lc.oricrce 7ufkakbj amckao !y jkgktkil foakskcis tc b rklmt/s uiforjykil purpcsos bif prki=akpjos +k!kf% 43,%

2E +pbrrc ks ktbjkak"of ki tmo crklkibj !ut tmo ktbjkak"of pmrbso (roacliktkci ce gcrob!strbat euifbgoitbj rklmts* ks gy ogpmbsks%

2J Vmks pmrbso ks gy ogpmbsks% &jj ctmor ktbjkak"of wcrfs ki tmo #uctbtkci woro ktbjkak"ofki tmo crklkibj%

2 Vmo acitbatMpro=acitbat fk.kfo ks aoitrbj tc &bi for 'oots acistruatkci ce kifkloicusjolktkgbay% 1cto tmo gc.ogoit ercg tmo acitbatMpro=acitbat fk.kfo tc tmo pro= bif

pcst=oeeoatk.o acitrcj pbrbfklg prosoitof ki tmo'cjo$ abso%2 Lkjjkbgs @r 288%2B -ctm tmo AA foakskci bif tmo 6it% A& foakskci bro usof !oabuso b !uj) ce tmo AA

foakskci gorojy aciekrgs cr foikos tmo ekifkils ce tmo 6it% A& foakskci wmkamacistruatof b ebr gcro ki=foptm bibjysks ce tmo kssuos bt mbif%

%oskfubj /oiskcis ce 8gpkro 4(-


28/32

4(( Amrks Biforsoi

28 Ki absos ce tktjo=!bsof &!crklkibj rklmts bssortkcis goro caaupbiay bt tmo tkgo ce tmoArcwi/s bssortkci ce sc.oroklity ks usof tc oiacgpbss aujturbj prbatkaos rbtmor tmbi

!okil ecraof tc prc.o spoakeka aujturbj prbatkaos%4; Vmoso lrcwtm ostkgbtos smcujf !o robf abutkcusjy$ pbrt ce tmo mulo lrcwtm ks fuo tc

tmo kiarobsof iug!ors ce pocpjo wmc mb.o !olui tc kfoitkty tmogsoj.os bs Gtks%Vmo Gtks pcpujbtkci mbs 7ugpof !y E3 poraoit skiao 288 +tbtkstkas Abibfb 4;;3,% Gcroc.or kt ks ict ajobr wmbt tmoso iowjy soje=kfoitkeykil Gtks tb)o tmo torg(Gtks* tc sklikey%

42 K uso (gby bjsc !o* !oabuso tmoro ks jkttjo rosobram tc smcw tmks tc !o tmo abso%Hcwo.or K mb.o !ooi tc oiculm aujturbj o.oits bif mb.o sooi oiculm ur!bi scakbjsor.kao fojk.ory prclrbgs tmbt kiajufo b aujturbj ecaus +bj!okt cetoi rokekof, tc

!ojko.o tmbt rogbkikil .kb!jy kifkloicus ki bi ur!bi brob ks ict kgpcssk!jo cro.oi ki tmo !kllor ur!bi aoitros fkeekaujt%

44 K wcujf jk)o tc tmbi) Tclor Gbb)b b Gbcrk samcjbr bif ambkr ce tmo ?opbrtgoit ce1btk.o tufkos 5ik.orskty ce bs)btamowbi ecr mks mojpeuj fksausskci ki tmksrolbrf%

TO9OTO1AO

&sam G% 2888% (9rcg Abjfor tc Cbi for >oot0 &!crklkibj Tklmts bif Abibfkbi bw283'288%* KiFifkloicus 'ocpjos %klmts ki Bustrbjkb, Abibfb, bif Ho Oobjbif,of% > Hb.ogbii E4B=EE% 6:ecrf0 6:ecrf 5ik.orskty >ross

' 4;;;% (Vmo @ufkakbj Aciaoptubjk"btkci ce Aujturo betor #ojlbguu? bif &bi for 'oot%*%ovko ce Acistktutkcibj +tufkos J ic% 40 228'3

' 4;;4% (9rcg /orrb Hujjkus tc &eekrgbtkci0 Toaciakjkil &!crklkibj Tklmts wktm tmoAbibfkbi Acistktutkci%* Abibfkbi 5curibj ce b bif +cakot$ 2 ic% 40 43'38

&sam G% bif A% -ojj% 288E% (?oekiktkci bif Kitorprotbtkci ce 9bat ki Abibfkbi &!c=rklkibj Vktjo ktklbtkci0 &i &ibjysks ce #ojlbguu?%* Euoois b 5curibj280J;3'JJ;

-b)bi @% 288%5ust :crfsD Acistktutkcibj %klmts bif +cakbj :rcils. Vcrcitc0 5ik.orsktyce Vcrcitc >ross

-brsm T% bif @%I% Hoiforsci% 288% (Vmo uprogo Acurt/s &bi for 'oot Vrkjcly0 1bk.oKgporkbjksg bif Tcpos ce bif%*aLkjj b 5curibj E40883'2;;8

-bugbi N% 2884%Fitkgbtkcis ce 'cstgcforikt$% cifci0 Tcutjoflo-ojj A% 288B% (1ow ?kroatkcis ki tmo bw ce &!crklkibj Tklmts%* Abibfkbi 6br %ovko

03'4-ojj A% bif G% &sam% 288% (Ambjjoilkil &ssugptkcis0 Vmo Kgpbat ce >roaofoit ci

&!crklkibj Vktjo ktklbtkci%* Ki Bdcrklkibj bif /robt$ %klmts ki AbibfbD 8ssb$s cib, 8qubjkt$, bif %ospoat ecr 5ustkao, of% G% &sam% Cbiacu.or0 5ik.orskty ce -rktksmAcjug!kb >ross bif Aoitro ecr Acistktutkcibj tufkos


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-curfkou >% 28% "utjkio ce b /mocr$ ce 'rbatkao% Vrbisjbtof !y Tkambrf 1kao%Abg!rkflo 1ow Icr)0 Abg!rkflo 5ik.orskty >ross

' 28B% (Vmo 9crao ce bw0 Vcwbrf tmo cakcjcly ce tmo @urkfkabj 9kojf%* Mbstkils b5curibj 3B0B;J'J3

' 2884%bilublo bif +$gdcjka 'cor% Ofktof bif kitrcfuaof !y @cmi Vmcgpsci0Vrbisjbtof !y kic Tbygcif bif Gbttmow &fbgsci% Abg!rkflo 5%X% 0 >cjkty >ross

-curfkou >% bif % Lba#ubit% 2884%Bi Fivktbtkci tc %oejoxkvo +cakcjcl$% Amkablc05ik.orskty ce Amkablc >ross

#ojlbguu? .%6rktksm Acjugdkb +288, 2 A1T 2E +AA,?oiks A% 2883% (Euodoa3bs3#kstkiat3+cakot$ bs Aci.oitkcibj Lksfcg0 Vmo Acistktutkcibj

kjoiao ce &iljc=Abibfkbi cakcjclksts%* Abibfkbi 5curibj ce +cakcjcl$ 2B ic%304J2'48%

' 288% :o Bro Hct cuD >krst Hbtkcis bif Abibfkbi cforikt$ % >otor!crculm 6it%0-rcbf.kow >ross

' 4;;4% (Kifkloicus Aktk"oismkp bif Hkstcry ki Abibfb0 -otwooi ?oikbj bif Kgpcsk =tkci%* Ki Acitostkil Abibfkbi Aktk;oismkp of% T% &fbgcs)k ?% Amuii bif T%Goi"kos 223=24% >otor!crculm 6it%0 -rcbf.kow >ross

?orrkfb @% 28B2%'csktkcis. Vrbisjbtof bif biictbtof !y &jbi -bss% Amkablc0 5ik.orsktyce Amkablc >ross

?wcr)ki T% 28% /b?kil %klmts +orkcusj$% cifci0 ?ua)wcrtm9ksm % 28BB% (9ksm .% 9kss%* KiFitorprotkil b bif ktorbturoD B Morgoioutka %obfor,

of% % o.kisci % bif % Gbkjjcu:% O.bistci Kjj%0 1crtmwostori 5ik.orskty >ross9cuabujt G% 284% /mo Brambocjcl$ ce Kicjoflo bif tmo #ksacurso ci bilublo%

1ow Icr)0 >bitmoci -cc)s' 283% /mo "rfor ce /mkilsD Bi Brambocjcl$ ce tmo Mugbi +akoiaos % Vrbis% uikfoitkekof

acjjoatk.o% 1ow Icr)0 Ckitblo9rks!y ?% bif ?% byor% 28B% +cakot$% Amkamostor 5%X%0 Ojjks Hcrwccf$ bif cifci0

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Documents

Residual Tensions of Empire: Contemporary Metis Communities and the Canadian Judicial Imagination