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R E S I D E N T I A L W OO D ...COMBUSTION:

VOLU ME I . R E S E A R C H NE ED SV OL UM E I I - A N N O TAT E D B I B L I O G R A P H Y

Prepared f o r t he D i re c t o rof Hea lth Eff ects Research Division

by:

J. M. Capel lenAssistant Chemist

G. A . Ju nk

Asst. Program Director

V. A . Fas sel

Program Director

Date Tran smi tte d: December 1982Ames Laboratoryowa State UniversityAmes., Iowa 50011

Prepared ForThe U. a De,part e n t of EnergyUnder Contract W-7405-eng

• Pr of es so r Kirk R. Smith

University of Caillomia/SPH747 University HailBerkeley, CA 94720-7360510 - F643-0793 - F642-5815

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VOLUME I I

P r ep a re d f o r

The U . S . D e p a r t m e n t o f E n e r g y

U n d e r C o n t r a c t W - 7 4 0 5 - E n g - 8 2

RESIDENTIAL WOOD COMBUSTION:

VOLUME I - RESEARCH NEEDS

- ANNOTATED RWC BIBLIOG RAPHY

Pr ep ar ed f o r t h e D i r e c t o r o f

H e al t h E f f e c t s R e s ea r ch D i v i s i o n

by

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G . A . J u n k

A s s t . P r o g r am D i r e c t o r

V. A . P a s s e l

P ro gr am D i r e c t o r

Date T r a n s m i t t e d : D e c e m b e r 1 9 82

A m e s L a b o r a t o r y

Iowa S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y

Ames, I o w a 5 0 0 1 1

I S - 4 8 2 0

UC - 13





DISCLAIMERT h i s b o o k w as p r e p a r e d a s a n a c c o u n t o f w o r k s p o n s o r e d b y a n

a ge nc y o f th e U n i t e d S t a te s G o v e r n m e n t . N e i t h e r t h e U n i t e d

S ta te s G o v e r n m e n t n o r a n y a g en c y t h e r e o f , n o r a n y o f t h e i r

e m pl o ye e s, m a k e s an y w a r r a n t y , e x p r e s s o r i m p l i e d , o r a s -

s um es an y l e g al l i a b i l i t y o r r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r t h e a c c u r a c y ,

c o mp l e te n e ss o r u s e f u l n es s o f an y i n f o r m a t i o n , a p p a r a t u s , p r o -

d u c t , o r p r o c e s s d i s c l o s e d , o r r e p r e s e n t s t h a t i t s us e w o u l d n o t

i n f r i n g e p r i v a t e l y o wn ed r i g h t s . R e f e r e n c e h e r e i n t o a n y s p e c i f i c

c o m m e r c i a l p r o d u c t , p r o c e s s , o r s e r v i c e b y t r ad e n a m e , t r a d e -

m a r k , m a n u f a c t u r e r , O r o t h e r w i s e , d oe s n ot n e c e s s a r i l y c o n -

s t i tu te o r i m p l y i t s e n d o r s e m e n t , r e c o m m e n d a t i o n , o r f a v or i n g

b y t he U n i t e d S t a t es G o v e r n m e n t o r a n y ag e nc y t h e r e o f . T h e •

v i e w s a n d o pi n i o n s o f a u t h o r s e x p r e s s e d h e r e i n d o n o t n e c e s -

s a r i l y s t a t e o r r e f l e c t Ithose o f t he U n i t e d S t a t e s G o v e r n m e n t o r

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Volu me I — RESEARCH NEEDS

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RESI DENT IAL WOOD COMBUSTION

Volume I I — ANNOTATED RWC, BIBLIOGRAPH Y

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RESIDENTIAL WOOD COM BUSTION:

VOLUME I R E S E A R C H N EE D S

J. M . C ape l l en

G. A . J u n k

V. A . Fasse l

Ames LaboratoryIowa Sta te UniversityAmes, Iowa 5 0 0 11






Volume I - RESEARCH NEEDS

J . M . C a p e l l e n

G . A . J u n k

V. A . F a s s e l

Ames L a b o r a t o r y

Iowa S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y

Ames, I o w a 5 0 0 1 1






VOLUME I - RESEARCH NEEDS

Man f i r s t l e a r n e d t o u s e f i r e f r o m b u r n i n g w oo d t o w arm h i s c a v e

i n t h e P l e i s t o c en e P e r i o d some 5 00 ,0 00 y e ar s a g o. P r i m i t i v e o pe n f i r e s

were used t o cook and t o p r ov ide warm t h, m ak ing sm o ke- f i l l ed dwe l l i ngs

an e ve ry da y r e a l i t y . T h e G re ek s d ev el o pe d t h e f i r s t c r u d e c e n t r a l

h e at i ng sy s te m a b ou t 35 0 B .C . T h e G r e a t Te mp le i n t h e c i t y o f E ph es us

i s b el i e v e d t o h av e b ee n h ea te d b y f l u e s l a i d i n t h e f l o o r w i t h t h e

f i r e b u i l t o u t s i d e . A mo st s i g n i f i c a n t advance i n u s e o f wood was t h e

de vel op me nt o f t h e m a so nr y c hi mn ey i n t h e 1 3 t h c e n t u r y . F i r e p l a c e s

were connected t o the se chimneys and used by pea sants and noblemen

a l i ke t o t a k e th e c h i l l o f f t h e i r homes. I n t h e 15 t h c en t ur y t h e s t ov e

was i n v e n t e d . F r a g m e n t a r y e v i de n c e i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e C h in e se may ha ve

used s t o v e s a s e a r l y a s 6 00 B . C . b u t t h e r e a r e n o c o n f i r m a t i o n r e c o r d s .

The f i r s t comm erc ia l i r o n s t ove was p r oduced a t Lynn , Massachuse tt s i n

1642. T h e p o t - b e l l i e d an d c o o k s t o v e s o f p i o n e e r i n g d ay s e v o l v e d f r o m

these c a s t - i r o n d e v i c e s .

A f t e r t h e o i l emb argo o f 1 9 73 t h e demand f o r w oo d s t o v e s i n t h e

U ni te d S t a t e s s k y r o ck e t e d . O n l y 2 0 0, 0 00 s t ov e s w er e s o l d i n 1 9 73 b u t

s i x y e a rs l a t e r , d u r i n g t h e 1 97 9- 19 80 h e a t i n g y e a r , 1 , 5 3 0 , 00 0 s t o ve s

were s o l d . W i t h t h e p r o l i f e r a t i o n o f w o od -b ur ni ng s t o v e s , some w i t h

improved des i gns , came an awareness t h a t th e env i ronment m ig ht be

a f f e c te d b y e m i ss i on s f r o m t h e c hi mn ey s o f a l l t h e s e r e s i de n c e s n o w

burning wood.

Over 100 o r gan ic compounds have a l r ea dy been i d e n t i f i e d i n t he

e mi ss io ns f r o m r e s i d e n t i a l wood c o mb u st io n . I n c l u d e d i n t h e i d e n t i f i e d

compounds a r e p r i o r i t y p o l l u t a n t s , c a r c i n o g e n i c c ompound s, c o - c a r c i n o -gens, i n i t i a t o r s , p r o mo t e rs , a n d c i l i a t o x i c an d mucus c o a g u l a t i n g

agents.

T h e p o s s i b l e d e t r i m e n t a l n a t u r e o f t h e e m i s s i o n o f t h e s e o r g a n i c

compounds, coup led w i t h t he cu r r en t p op u l a r i t y o f wood s t ov es , p r om p ted

the a cc um ul at io n o f o v e r 5 00 l i t e r a t u r e r e p o r t s r e l a t e d t o r e s i d e n t i a l

wood c o mb u st i o n. A n a n n ot a te d b i b l i o g r a p h y o f t h e s e r e p o r t s i s i n c l u d -



2

ed a s P a r t I I o f t h i s d oc um en t. A s u rv e y a n d a n a l y s i s o f t h e se r e p o r t s

showed a c t i v i t y i n a l l a r e a s o f e n v ir o nm e nt a l s i g n i f i c a n c e w i t h n o

co mpl ete g ap s i n o u r k no wl ed ge o f t h e e f f e c t s o f r e s i d e n t i a l wood c o m-

b u st i on . H o w e v e r , t h e i n f o r m a t i o n g le an ed f r o m t h es e l i t e r a t u r e

r e po r ts a n d f r o m p r i v a t e co mm un ic at io ns w i t h s c i e n t i s t s a c t i v e i n woo d

com bust ion r esea r ch was used t o i d e n t i f y r esea r ch a r eas wher e m a jo r

unce r t a in t i es need t o be r es o lv ed . T h e a r eas wh ich a r e recommended f o r

f u r t h e r a c t i v e i n v e s t i g a t i o n s a r e :

Sampl ing equipment an d proc edu res;

I d e n t i f i c a t i o n a n d q u a n t i t a t i o n o f e m i ss i on s ;

Indoo r a i r q u a l i t y ;

Epidemiology;

Fundament al i nv es t i ga t i on s o f com bust ion ; and

Use o f coa l .

These s i x p r i o r i t y r e s ea r c h a re as a r e di s cu s se d s e p a r a t e l y i n t h e f o l -

l ow ing sec t ions .

Sampling Equipment an d Pr ocedu res

One o f t h e e a r l i e s t r e c o g ni z e d p r o bl e ms , a s y e t u n s o l v e d , i s

ob t a in ing a r e p r es en t a t i ve samp le o f t h e com p lex em iss ions f r o m

the c om bu st io n o f w oo d. T h e p a r t i c l e s e m i t t e d a r e m o s t l y o r g a n i c .

These a r e c o l l e c t e d b y a f i l t e r w h i ch a l s o r e t a i n s t a r r y a e ro s ol s

formed b y m a t e r i a l c o n de n si n g f r o m t h e f l u e g a s e s . T h e s e d e p o s i t s

o f p a r t i c u l a t e m a t t e r f r e q u e nt l y p lu g t h e f i l t e r s . F u r t h e r m o r e ,

t he re a r e c h e m i ca l a nd p h y s i c a l i n t e r a c t i o n s b e t we en t h e g a s p ha s e

and t h e p a r t i c u l a t e m a t t e r a nd b et we en t h e p a r t i c l e s t h e ms e l ve s .

The p r esen t sys tem s f o r sam p l ing em iss ions f r om r e s i de n t ia l wood

c om bu st io n a r e a l l a d a p t a t i o n s o f s ys te ms d e ve l op e d f o r a n e n t i r e -

l y d i f f e r e n t s e t o f c o n d i t i o n s s uc h a s t h e e mi ss io ns f r o m c o a l -

f i r e d u t i l i t y b o i l e r s a nd c omme rci al i n c i n e r a t o r s . C u r r e n t l y , a n

a t temp t i s be i ng made t o s t anda r d i ze t h e sam p l ing pr ocedur e by

a d ap t in g some o f t h e b e s t f e a t u r e s o f t h e p r e s e n t l y e mp lo ye d m e t h-

o ds. T h i s a m ou nt s t o a d a p t a t i o n o f o l d i n a de q u at e m et ho ds t o t h e



I nd oo r A i r Q u a l i t y

3

c ur re n t p ro b le m . W h a t i s n e ed ed i s a n e x t e n s i ve s t u d y o f t h e

complete sampl ing approach. P er ha ps a who le new sampl ing meth-

odology shou l d be dev e loped.

I d e n t i f i c a t i o n a nd Q u a n t i t a t i o n o f O r g a n i c Compounds

A l though ove r 100 o r gan i c compounds have been id e n t i f i e d i n t h e

e mi ss io ns f r o m wood s t o v e s, t h e q u a n t i t a t i v e d a t a r e l a t i v e t o

f i r i n g c o n d i t io n s a r e w o e f u l l y in ad eq ua te . T h e b a s i c a n a l y t i c a l

t echnique used t o i d e n t i f y t hese o r ga n ic compounds has been com b i -

na t io n gas chromatography-mass spec t rome t ry (GC-MS). T h e l a t e s t

dev el opme nts i n t h i s t e c h n i q u e w i l l u n d o ub t e dl y b e u s ed t o i d e n t i -

f y many m or e o r g a n i c compound s. Y e t a l a r g e p o r t i o n o f t h e o r g a n -

i c em iss ions a r e no t am enab le t o cu r r en t GC-MS p r ocedu r es . T h i s

m a t e r i a l i n c l u d e s h i g h m o l e c ul a r w e i g h t o r g a n i c a c i d s a n d v e r y

l a r g e p o l y c y c l i c o r g a n i c compounds c o n t a i n i n g h e t e ro a to m s. O t h e r

methods n e ed t o b e a p p l i e d t o i d e n t i f y a n d q u a n t i f y t h i s c om pl e x

m i xt u re o f h e a v i e r a nd m or e p o l a r o r g a n i c c o n s t i t u e n t s .

D e t e r i or a t i o n i n t h e q u a l i t y o f t h e a i r i n s i d e homes w he re wood i s

combusted i s a pos s ib l y seve r e p r ob lem t h a t r eq u i r es im m edia t e

a t t e n t i o n . A i r q u a l i t y i n d o or s , w he re a n i n d i v i d u a l may s pe nd a s

much a s 8 5 p e r c e n t o f h i s t i m e , ( a n d e v en mo re f o r t h e v e r y y ou ng

o r t h e v e r y o l d ) ma y b e a mo re i m p o r t a n t h e a l t h c o n s i d e r a t i o n t h a n

ou td oo r a i r q u a l i t y . T h e n a t i o n a l p o l i c y t o c o ns er ve e ne rg y b y

re duc in g t h e a i r i n f i l t r a t i o n r a t e o f r es id e nc es ha s a gg ra va te d

t h i s i n d o o r a i r p r ob le m. C o n s e q u e n t l y , t h e e f f e c t o f s uc h p r a c -

t ic es on i nd o or a i r q u a l i t y needs f u r t h e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n . C u r r e n t

s t ud i es ha v e f o c us e d o n homes h e a t ed b y o i l o r g a s . O n l y o n e

s tu dy i n c l u d e d ho us es h e a t ed b y wo od . T h e p r e l i m i n a r y f i n d i n g s

fr om t h r e e h ous es i n d i c a t e e l e v a t ed i n d o o r c o n c en t r a ti o n s o f t o t a l

suspended pa r t i cu la t e s ( TSP) , r e sp i r ab le suspended pa r t i c u l a t es





5

Fundamental Inv es t i ga t i on s o f Combust ion

Wood bur n in g s to ves em i t a complex m ix t ure o f o r ga n i c compounds

whose f o r m a t i o n a nd p h y s i c a l s t a t e a r e i n f l u e n c e d b y t e m p e ra t u r e,

t im e, m i x i n g , o x y ge n s u p p l y , w oo d t y p e , f u e l s i z e , a n d s t o v e

d es ig n. Fu n d am e nt a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n s o f t h e i n t e r a c t i o n o f t h es e

va r iab les i n t he com bust ion o f wood a r e needed . T h e comp lex com-

b u s ti o n c h e m i s t r y w h i c h c a n l e a d , f o r e x am pl e, t o t h e f o r m a t i o n o f

po l ycyc l i c a r om a t i c hyd r oca rbons when wood con t a i ns no po ly cy c l i c

a ro ma ti c u n i t s n ee ds f u r t h e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n . T h e c h e mi s t ry o f t h e

f o rm a ti o n o f a m y r ia d o f o t h e r o r g a n i c co mp on ents i s b a s i c a l l y

unknown. A l t h o u g h u s e f u l , t h i s c h e mi s t ry o f f o r m a t i o n i s n o t o f

p ri ma ry i m p o r ta n c e . T h e m o st i m p o r t a n t c o n s i d e r a t i o n i s t h e

u nd e rs ta nd i ng o f t h e c o n d i t i o n s n e c e ss a r y f o r c o mb u st i on o f a l l

o rg a ni c co mpo ne nts t o p r o d u c ts t h a t a r e n o t d e t r i m e n t a l t o t h e

e nv ir on me nt . S o m e q u e s t i o n s t o b e ad dr es se d a r e t h e f o l l o w i n g :

1. W h a t com ponent s a r e p r e sen t i n t he s t o ve , ch im ney , and p lume?

2. W h a t a r e t h e e f f e c t s o f w ood c o mp o s it i o n, f u e l s i z e , o xy g en

supp ly , t em per a t u r e , t im e , and t u r bu lence?

3. W h a t mechanisms a r e i n v o l v e d i n t h e r e a c t i o n s t o f o r m i n d i v i d -

ua l compounds, c lass es o f compounds and r es p i r a b l e pa r t i c u l a t e

matter?

Wi th answers t o t hese ques t io ns t he des igne r s and m anu fac t u re r s o f

wood s t o ve s c a n b e t t e r a t t a c k t h e p r o b l em o f e m i s s i o n s . T h e

sto ve s c a n b e d es i gn e d, u s i n g t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e s e s c i e n t i f i c

s t u d i e s , t o m i n i m i ze t h e f o r m a t i o n o f d e l e t e r i o u s compounds a n d t o

o x i d i z e c o m p l e t e l y t h o s e t h a t d o f o r m o r a r e a l r e a d y p r e s e n t a s

components o f the fue l .

Use of Coal

The i n v e s t i g a t i o n s o f w oo d c o mb u st i on s h o ul d b e pl a n ne d w i t h f u l l

r e c o g n i t i o n o f t h e p r o b a b l e u s e o f c o a l I n many wood s t o v e s . T h e



6

d e tr i me n ta l e f f e c t s o f t h e e f f l u e n t s f r o m r e s i d e n t i a l c o mb us ti on

o f c o a l c o u l d b e m or e s e v e r e t h a n t h o s e f r o m w oo d. T h e n a t u r e o f

the p ro bl em w i l l c e r t a i n l y b e d i f f e r e n t , n e c e s si t a t i ng d i f f e r e n t

s o l u t i o n s . F e d e r a l d e p ar tm en t s a n d a g e nc i es s h o u l d b e g i n t o

address t h i s p r o b a b l e f u t u r e p r o bl e m . W o o d i s a l r e a d y sc a r c e i n

m any 'pa r ts o f t h e cou n t r y and coa l may be a m or e econom ica l l y

a t t r a c t i v e f u e l i n some r e g io n s now a nd i n t h e f u t u r e . O v e r o ne

t h i r d o f t h e w ood st o v es c u r r e n t l y m a rk et ed ha ve p r o v i s i o n s f o r

b ur ni ng c o a l a nd t ho s e o l d e r u n i t s , n o t s o e q ui p pe d , c a n b e e a s i l y

r e t r o f i t t e d .

The s i x resea rch areas recommended her e i nv o l ve in te r med ia te ra ngeand p r i m a r i l y b a s i c i n v e s t i g a t i o n s w h i c h ar e n o t a p t t o b e s po ns or ed

a c t i v e l y b y t h o s e i n v o l v e d i n t h e m a nu f ac t ur e a n d u s e o f w o od s t o v e s .

Government s u p p o r t o f t h e s e i n v e s t i g a t i o n s c a n b e j u s t i f i e d b ec au se t h e

r e su l ts w i l l b e a s o l i d base o f i n f o r m a t i o n f o r t h e a p p l i e d a nd s h o r t -

te rm i n v e s t i g a t i o n s w hi c h i n d u s t r y w i l l s u p p o r t .

A number o f o t h e r r e s e a r c h a c t i v i t i e s w h i c h w er e c o n s i de r e d a r e

g i ve n be l o w. T h e s e w e re n o t i n c l u d e d b ec au se t h e y a r e a l r e a d y b e i n g

i n v e st i g a te d o r pl a nn e d w i t h s u f f i c i e n t a n t i c i p a t e d f u n d i n g a nd / o r t h e y

are a p pl i e d programs wh i c h w i l l e v ol v e n a t u r a l l y a nd e f f i c i e n t l y a s t h e

f un da me nt al b as e o f k no wl ed ge i s a c q u i r e d f r o m t h e s i x p r i o r i t y a r e a s .

SPECIFIC RESEARCH NOT INCLUDED AS PRIORITIES

1. O u t d o o r a i r m o ni to r i ng .

2. C o m b i n a t i o n s o l a r e n e rg y - w ood h e a t i n g sy st em s.

3. S t o r a g e o f t h e rm a l e n er g y.

4. C e n t r a l p r o ce s s in g o f wood a nd w a st e s.

5. C o m m e r c i a l c o g en er at i on o f e l e c t r i c i t y a nd s te am .

6. S a f e t y e v al ua t i on s a nd b u i l d i n g co de s.

7. E q u i p m e n t s t an d ar d s.

8. E r o s i o n o f c le ar ed f o re s t l an d .

9. W a t e r q u a l i t y .



7

10. W a t e r r u n - o f f .

I l . W i l d l i f e e f f e c t s .

12. W h o l e - t r e e h a r v e s t i n g .

13. N u t r i e n t d e p l et i o n.

14. Ch em i ca ls t o p r omo t e g r owt h .

15. W o o d pr o du c ts / wo o d f u e l c o n f l i c t .

16. A e s t h e t i c a nd r e c r e a t i o n a l l o s s e s .

17. F u t u r e wood s u p p l i e s .

18. I n o r g a n i c c o nt en t o f p a r t i c l e e f f l u e n t s .

19. C O

2

g r e

e n h

o u s

e

e f

f e

c t

.



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