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Residential Schools Questions
Who went to Indian Residential Schools in Canada?
Who set up the Indian Residential Schools in Canada?
What organizations?
Key people in the development of the system.
Why were Indian Residential Schools established?
What was the goal of the government?
What were the goals of the churches involved?
When did Indian Residential Schools operate in Canada?
When did the first one open?
When did the last one close?
What are some of the significant dates in the IRS period?
What happened to the children who attended Indian Residential Schools?
Did every child have the same experience?
What do survivors have to say about their own IRS experience?
Where were Indian Residential Schools set up in Canada?
What were the locations of the schools?
How many were set up in each province and territory?
Were they located close to the children’s homes?
Were the schools in the south the same as the schools in the far north?
How did Indian Residential Schools affect the children who went there?
How did this affect parents and families?
How did this affect communities?
Did the impacts end when the children came home?
Residential Schools Important Canadian Documents
1763 Royal Proclamation
With the Royal Proclamation of 1763 and agreements made
in treaties, the British Crown and later the Canadian
government were required to provide an education for
First Nations. By the mid-19th century, momentum was
building within government for an education program that
would ‘civilize’ Aboriginal children and aggressively
assimilate them into the Canadian Christian mainstream.
Report on Native Education (1847)
The Bagot Commission (1842-1844), led by
then Governor-General of the Province of
Canada Sir Robert Bagot, proposed that
the separation of children from their
parents would be the best way to achieve
assimilation. In his Report on Native
Education (1847), Egerton Ryerson,
superintendent for education, reiterated
this idea, and also recommended that
Aboriginal education focus on religious
instruction and on agricultural training.
1857 Gradual Civilization Act
The Gradual Civilization Act was a bill passed by the 5th
Parliament of the Province of Canada. The act required male
Indians and Métis over the age of 21 to read, write and
speak either English or French and to choose an approved
surname by which they would be legally recognized. By the
application of this act, Indian and Métis males would lose all
of their legal rights, as well as any land claims and would
become British subjects, though with far fewer rights. It was
called ‘enfranchisement,” and was one of the many policies that would be passed
to aggressively assimilate.
1876 The Indian Act
The Indian Act of 1876 secured government control over
Indian rights, status, and lands. A series of amendments
increased the government’s control over Indian lives and
lands. Crushing prohibitions, designed to extinguish what
were considered to be uncivilized and savage cultural
practices, were introduced. The Indian Act also allowed the
government to realize its ambition to assimilate Aboriginal
peoples through the creation of residential schools.
1879 Report on Industrial Schools for Indians and Half Breeds (Davin Report)
Nicholas Flood Davin’s Report on Industrial Schools and
Half-breeds, also known as the Davin Report, which included
a number of recommendations on how the American policy on
Aboriginal education could be replicated in Canada. By the
time the Davin Report was released, the idea of separating
children from their parents as an effective education-and
assimilation-strategy had already taken root. The
persuasive example of what could be achieved through a
‘boarding school’ model like the one in the United States generated fervour to
implement a similar system in.
1907 P.H. Bryce Report
In Peter Bryce’s official report, he called the tuberculosis
epidemic at the schools a “national crime… the
consequence of inadequate government funding, poorly
constructed schools, sanitary and ventilation problems,
inadequate diet, clothing and medical care.” He reported
that 24% of all pupils who had been at the schools were
known to be dead. At the File Hills reserve in Saskatchewan,
75% of the students had died in the first 16 years of the
school’s operation.
Residential Schools Newspaper Articles