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Residential Location David Levinson

Residential Location David Levinson. Push and Pull Pull - advantages of locating near specific things Push - disadvantages of locating near specific things

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Page 1: Residential Location David Levinson. Push and Pull Pull - advantages of locating near specific things Push - disadvantages of locating near specific things

Residential Location

David Levinson

Page 2: Residential Location David Levinson. Push and Pull Pull - advantages of locating near specific things Push - disadvantages of locating near specific things

Push and Pull

• Pull - advantages of locating near specific things

• Push - disadvantages of locating near specific things (advantage of locating far from specific things)

Page 3: Residential Location David Levinson. Push and Pull Pull - advantages of locating near specific things Push - disadvantages of locating near specific things

Hedonism I

• We seek “pleasure” in deciding where to locate

• Pleasure comprises attributes of structure (house) and location.

• We consider especially location

Page 4: Residential Location David Levinson. Push and Pull Pull - advantages of locating near specific things Push - disadvantages of locating near specific things

Accessibility

• A measure that relates the transportation network to the pattern of activities that comprise land use.

• It measures the ease of reaching valued destinations.

• Accessibility “is perhaps the most important concept in defining and explaining regional form and function.” (Wachs and Kumagai 1973)

Page 5: Residential Location David Levinson. Push and Pull Pull - advantages of locating near specific things Push - disadvantages of locating near specific things

The Power of Networks

• Top picture: two “markets”: A-B and B-A.

• Middle Picture: six markets: B-C, C-B, C-A, A-C

• Bottom Picture: twelve markets: D-C, C-D, D-B, B-D, D-A, A-D

A B

A B

A B DC

C

Page 6: Residential Location David Levinson. Push and Pull Pull - advantages of locating near specific things Push - disadvantages of locating near specific things

Mathematical Expression

S = N ( N-1)S = Size of the

Network:N = Number of

Nodes (places)

• To illustrateWith 2 nodes: S = 2*1

= 2With 3 nodes: S = 3*2

= 6With 4 nodes: S = 4*3

=12. And so on.

Page 7: Residential Location David Levinson. Push and Pull Pull - advantages of locating near specific things Push - disadvantages of locating near specific things

Relative vs. Absolute Change

• Do people value the absolute increase (each person I am connected to adds the same value)?

• Or do people value the relative change (I will pay twice as much for a network that is twice the size)?

Law of the Network: Increasing or Decreasing Returns

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

N - Number of Nodes

S - Size of the Network

0%

50%

100%

150%

200%

250%

% Increase in S

S % Increase in S

Page 8: Residential Location David Levinson. Push and Pull Pull - advantages of locating near specific things Push - disadvantages of locating near specific things

Measuring Point Accessibility

Ai = E j f Cij( )j

Where:• Ej = some measure

of activity at point j (for example jobs)

• Cij = the cost to travel between i and j (for example travel time by auto).

Page 9: Residential Location David Levinson. Push and Pull Pull - advantages of locating near specific things Push - disadvantages of locating near specific things

Measuring Metropolitan Accessibility

A = Wi Ej f Cij( )( )j

∑ ⎛

⎝ ⎜

⎠ ⎟

i

where: • A = Accessibility

• Wi = Workers at origin i

• Ej = Employment at destination j

• f(Cij) = function of the travel cost (time and money) between i and j.

Page 10: Residential Location David Levinson. Push and Pull Pull - advantages of locating near specific things Push - disadvantages of locating near specific things

Network Size vs. Accessibility

Network Size: • All nodes valued

equally• Independent of

type of node• Independent of

spatial separation of nodes

Accessibilty:• Places are not

equal• Places (i, j) are

weighted according to size

• Considers spatial separation of places.

Page 11: Residential Location David Levinson. Push and Pull Pull - advantages of locating near specific things Push - disadvantages of locating near specific things

Absolute vs. Relative Accessibility

• A transportation improvement reduces the travel time between two places. What happens?

• The absolute accessibility of the entire region increases. The pie increases

• The relative accessibility of the two places increases at a greater rate than the rest of the region. The slice of the pie going to those two places increases even more.

• Why does this matter?

Page 12: Residential Location David Levinson. Push and Pull Pull - advantages of locating near specific things Push - disadvantages of locating near specific things

Network ExternalitiesNetwork Externalities

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Number of Network Members (Quantity Demanded)

Price, Cost

Demand:n=1

Demand:n=2

Demand:n=3

Demand:n=4

Demand:n=*

Revealed Demand

Page 13: Residential Location David Levinson. Push and Pull Pull - advantages of locating near specific things Push - disadvantages of locating near specific things

Multi-Modal & Multi-Purpose Accessibility

Mode Jobs Workers Shops OtherAutoTransitWalkBike

Page 14: Residential Location David Levinson. Push and Pull Pull - advantages of locating near specific things Push - disadvantages of locating near specific things

Access By Mode & Distance, DC Data

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

90000

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Distance from the center (miles)

Accessibility Index

Access to Jobs by Auto Access to Housing by Auto Access to Jobs by Transit Access to Housing by Transit

Page 15: Residential Location David Levinson. Push and Pull Pull - advantages of locating near specific things Push - disadvantages of locating near specific things

Accessibility and Housing Value

Urban Economics suggests trade-off time & money

- finding supported for auto accessibility

- not for transit accessibility

Page 16: Residential Location David Levinson. Push and Pull Pull - advantages of locating near specific things Push - disadvantages of locating near specific things

Is Race (Still) an Issue in Transport & Land Use?

• Why?• Why Not?

Page 17: Residential Location David Levinson. Push and Pull Pull - advantages of locating near specific things Push - disadvantages of locating near specific things

American Apartheid (Massey & Denton)

• Sources of Racism• Theories:

– Culture of Poverty– Insitutional Racism– Welfare Disincentives– Structural Economic Change (leading to

spatial mismatch)– Spatial Segregation

Page 18: Residential Location David Levinson. Push and Pull Pull - advantages of locating near specific things Push - disadvantages of locating near specific things

Segregation

• Self-Segregation– Why would a group self-segregate?

• Assimiliation vs. Melting Pot vs. Salad Bowl

• Segregation when integration is preferred

• Segregation of blacks vs. other minorities.

Page 19: Residential Location David Levinson. Push and Pull Pull - advantages of locating near specific things Push - disadvantages of locating near specific things

Segregation & Poverty

• Interaction of segregation and high poverty levels exacerbates problem

• If poverty rates are higher in the segregated group than average, all in the segregated group live a disproportionately poor area.

Page 20: Residential Location David Levinson. Push and Pull Pull - advantages of locating near specific things Push - disadvantages of locating near specific things

Dimensions of (Hyper)Segregation

• Unevenness - blacks overrepresented in some areas, underrepresented in others (Dissimilarity)

• Isolation - blacks don’t share neighborhoods with whites (=100 when all blacks live in black only neighborhoods)

• Clustering - black neighborhoods may be clustered (so that they adjoin) (or they may be checkerboard)( = 100 when all black neighborhoods contiguous)

• Centralization- around the urban core, or out in the suburbs. (=100 if all black neighborhoods in urban core)

• Concentration - in a small area, or over a large area. (relative amount of physical space occupied by group = 100 when blacks occupy smallest possible area)

• Measures largely reflect the same phenomenon, but are defined somewhat differently.

Page 21: Residential Location David Levinson. Push and Pull Pull - advantages of locating near specific things Push - disadvantages of locating near specific things

Dissimilarity Index

• Where: – Gi = population of group g

in area i – Hi = population of group h

in area i – G = total population of

group g in all areas– H = total population of

group h in all areas

• The higher the more dissimilar (100 = max dissimilarity)

D = 0.5GiG

−H i

Hi

Page 22: Residential Location David Levinson. Push and Pull Pull - advantages of locating near specific things Push - disadvantages of locating near specific things

The South is Less Segregated

Measure Northern Areas

Southern Areas

Unevenness 80.1 68.3

Isolation 66.1 63.5

Clustering 52.2 30.9

Centralization

88.4 75.3

Concentration

83.3 60.8

Page 23: Residential Location David Levinson. Push and Pull Pull - advantages of locating near specific things Push - disadvantages of locating near specific things

Racial Profile of areas in Columbia, MD

Elementary School YearOpen

Capacity Enrollment White(%)

Black(%)

Asian(%)

Hispanic(%)

Other(%)

Atholton 1961 365 496 74.4 15.4 9.0 0.8 0.4Bryant Woods 1968 311 300 41.1 50.9 6.0 1.3 0.7Clemens Crossing 1979 478 609 78.3 11.6 9.1 1.1 0.0Dasher Green 1976 415 411 45.7 46.8 4.6 2.2 0.7Guilford 1954 390 451 52.8 38.6 6.3 2.5 0.0Jeffers Hill 1974 421 459 47.9 36.4 10.3 5.4 0.0Longfellow 1970 396 352 54.2 34.9 6.3 4.2 0.4Phelp's Luck 1972 496 558 33.8 49.2 6.8 10.0 0.2Pointer Run 1991 750 893 69.3 6.6 23.0 0.8 0.3Running Brook 1970 261 252 28.2 48.2 7.2 16.4 0.0Steven's Forest 1972 333 291 58.2 29.1 6.6 5.7 0.4Swansfield 1972 484 551 38.4 44.1 8.5 6.8 2.2Talbott Springs 1973 421 428 29.3 53.1 7.9 9.3 0.4Thunder Hill 1970 346 371 73.1 16.6 9.3 0.8 0.2Waterloo 1964 522 543 64.5 21.8 10.1 3.4 0.2

Total 6389 6965 54.9 30.9 9.8 4.2 0.2

Page 24: Residential Location David Levinson. Push and Pull Pull - advantages of locating near specific things Push - disadvantages of locating near specific things

Dissimilarity Index From Columbia, MD (/100)

Dissimilarity Index Elementary SchoolWhite/Black 0.37White/Asian 0.19Black/Asian 0.40White/Hispanic 0.48Black/Hispanic 0.22Asian/Hispanic 0.46Total/White 0.13Total/Black 0.24Total/Asian 0.18Total/Hispanic 0.37

Page 25: Residential Location David Levinson. Push and Pull Pull - advantages of locating near specific things Push - disadvantages of locating near specific things

Neighborhood Preference

• How similar should the neighbors be?• E.g. A survey of Detroit found that a

majority of blacks preferred living in a neighborhood that was 50% black,

• Whites on the other hand would prefer a neighborhood more than 50% white.

Page 26: Residential Location David Levinson. Push and Pull Pull - advantages of locating near specific things Push - disadvantages of locating near specific things

Schelling Model

• See Schelling Model Link