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Reservoir Characterization for Enhanced Oil Reservoir Characterization for Enhanced Oil Recovery: From Outcrop to SubsurfaceRecovery: From Outcrop to Subsurface

Mark TomassoMark Tomasso11

11 Enhanced Oil Recovery Institute, University of Wyoming, LaramieEnhanced Oil Recovery Institute, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, USA, Wyoming 82071, USA

•• 2008 project summary by research theme.2008 project summary by research theme.

•• The 3D paradigm.The 3D paradigm.

•• Examples from each research theme:Examples from each research theme:1.1. Reservoir characterization Reservoir characterization –– Fiddler Creek Field (Muddy Fiddler Creek Field (Muddy SstSst).).

2.2. Outcrop characterization Outcrop characterization –– Sand Creek (Casper Sand Creek (Casper SstSst).).

3.3. Subsurface geophysics Subsurface geophysics –– forward seismic modeling.forward seismic modeling.

4.4. Developing research Developing research –– MinnelusaMinnelusa database query.database query.

•• Future work.Future work.

Presentation ObjectivesPresentation Objectives

1.1. Reservoir characterization, assessment, and/or static Reservoir characterization, assessment, and/or static geological modeling:geological modeling:•• Fiddler Creek (Underwood Oil and Gas) Fiddler Creek (Underwood Oil and Gas) –– May 2008.May 2008.

• Muddy/Newcastle Sandstone.•• Multiple other field studies completed or ongoing. Multiple other field studies completed or ongoing.

• Tensleep, Minnelusa, Wall Creek, Lakota.

2.2. Outcrop characterization:Outcrop characterization:•• Casper Sandstone, Sand Creek, Albany County Casper Sandstone, Sand Creek, Albany County –– ongoing.ongoing.

• Phase 1 outcrop characterization (stratigraphy, structure, lidar).

2008 Project Summary 2008 Project Summary

3.3. Subsurface geophysical interpretation and modeling: Subsurface geophysical interpretation and modeling: •• Teapot Dome (EORI/RMOTC Pilot) Teapot Dome (EORI/RMOTC Pilot) –– August 2008.August 2008.

• Modeling seismic response to CO2 injection at the well.• Basic seismic survey design parameters, interaction with seismic

acquisition vendors.•• TensleepTensleep field study field study –– August 2008.August 2008.

• Seismic interpretation and attribute analysis to define fracture pathways.

•• Forward seismic modeling Forward seismic modeling –– ongoing.ongoing.• Developing new techniques for quick and accurate 3D forward

seismic modeling of outcrop analogs and subsurface reservoir models.


4.4. Developing research: Developing research: •• Integrate EORI database (Murrell) and GIS capability (Reyes) Integrate EORI database (Murrell) and GIS capability (Reyes)

to analyze data to analyze data –– ongoing.ongoing.• Come up with and answer research questions in a spatial context.• Ties into other EOR options – chemical flooding, etc.

•• TensleepTensleep--MinnelusaMinnelusa--Casper regional framework Casper regional framework –– ongoing.ongoing.• Large-scale correlation of Tensleep-Minnelusa-Casper-(Weber)

across Wyoming.• Development of an updated gross depositional framework model.


The 3D ParadigmThe 3D Paradigm

•• Geology is 3D!Geology is 3D!•• Address subAddress sub--surface uncertainty in surface uncertainty in

correlation and distribution using 3D correlation and distribution using 3D seismic and outcrop studies.seismic and outcrop studies.

Sinuous slope channel complex, Beacon Channel Tidal channel, Dry Wash Pyles et al. (in press) Dalia “Green Channel Complex”,

Abreu et al. (2003)

The 3D ParadigmThe 3D Paradigm

1) Reservoir Characterization1) Reservoir Characterization

Fiddler Creek ExampleFiddler Creek Example

•• 212 wells with SP log data.212 wells with SP log data.•• Use to define stratigraphic Use to define stratigraphic

framework.framework.•• Characterization of SP log shape to Characterization of SP log shape to

facies and depositional regime.facies and depositional regime.•• 49 wells with other data (other 49 wells with other data (other

logs, information from well files, logs, information from well files, etc).etc).

•• 68 wells (at minimum) with no 68 wells (at minimum) with no data.data.

•• 85 wells with core porosity 85 wells with core porosity and/or permeability.and/or permeability.

•• 0 wells with currently available 0 wells with currently available core in reservoir interval.core in reservoir interval.

•• Associated maps and production Associated maps and production data.data.

Fiddler Creek: Fiddler Creek: Location and DataLocation and Data

•• On eastern margin of Powder River On eastern margin of Powder River Basin.Basin.

•• Lower Cretaceous Muddy/Newcastle Lower Cretaceous Muddy/Newcastle Sandstone incisedSandstone incised--valley fill reservoir.valley fill reservoir.

•• Underpinned by major basement Underpinned by major basement lineaments (Fiddler Creek and lineaments (Fiddler Creek and Weston/Hat Creek).Weston/Hat Creek).

Modified from Martinsen (2003), Marrs & Raines (1984)

Fiddler Creek: Fiddler Creek: SP Log PicksSP Log Picks

*Top Newcastle Formation = transgressive surface of erosion (TSE)

Mowry Shale datum

Shell Creek Shale

Springen Ranch Mbr?

Ute Mbr?

Skull Creek Shale

Sequence BSequence A

Fiddler Creek: Fiddler Creek: Isopach and StructureIsopach and Structure

Newcastle Sandstone isopach

Thicks should indicate good sand, and may illustrate

channel meander patterns

0 km 2

0 mi 1

Top Newcastle Sandstone, dip attribute

Probable Weston/Hat Creek basement lineament

Isolated structures?

Linear features in East Unit parallel to NNW- SSE basement trend

0 km 2

0 mi 1

Fiddler Creek: Fiddler Creek: Facies ModelingFacies Modeling

Representative facies model

•• ObjectObject--based based stochastic modeling:stochastic modeling:•• RuleRule--based modeling of based modeling of

individual channels, crevasse individual channels, crevasse splay, and levees.splay, and levees.

•• Based on channel aspect ratio, Based on channel aspect ratio, sinuosity, channel probability sinuosity, channel probability mapping.mapping.

0 km 2

0 mi 1

•• Significant challenges:Significant challenges:•• Large field with many wells.Large field with many wells.•• Significant reservoir heterogeneity Significant reservoir heterogeneity –– channel channel

compartmentalization.compartmentalization.•• Significant structural heterogeneity Significant structural heterogeneity –– fractured vs. nonfractured vs. non--

fractured sectors.fractured sectors.

•• Carry out sector modeling for each unit (west, east).Carry out sector modeling for each unit (west, east).•• Approximates to reservoir structural zonation.Approximates to reservoir structural zonation.

Fiddler Creek: Fiddler Creek: Dynamic ModelingDynamic Modeling

Miall, 1996Miall, 1996

0 km 2

0 mi 1

2) Outcrop Characterization2) Outcrop Characterization

Sand Creek ExampleSand Creek Example

http://seamless.usgs.gov/website/seamless/

•• Crops out in a series of hoodoos to the SW of Laramie, WY. Crops out in a series of hoodoos to the SW of Laramie, WY. •• Formed the basis of the seminal work by Knight (1929).Formed the basis of the seminal work by Knight (1929).•• Deposited on top of fluvial sheet deposits of the Fountain Fm.Deposited on top of fluvial sheet deposits of the Fountain Fm.

Sand Creek: Sand Creek: Casper SandstoneCasper Sandstone

0 500 1000 m

Phase 1: complete

Phase 2: Spring ‘09

•• Interpreted photopan correlations.Interpreted photopan correlations.

Sand Creek: Sand Creek: Outcrop DatasetOutcrop Dataset

•• Interpreted photopan correlations.Interpreted photopan correlations.•• Multiple stratigraphic logs.Multiple stratigraphic logs.•• Interpreted photopan correlations.Interpreted photopan correlations.•• Multiple stratigraphic logs.Multiple stratigraphic logs.•• Multiple paleocurrent data.Multiple paleocurrent data.

0

90

180

270

Casper Sandstone, Sand Creek, all TCS

•• Interpreted photopan correlations.Interpreted photopan correlations.•• Multiple stratigraphic logs.Multiple stratigraphic logs.•• Multiple paleocurrent data.Multiple paleocurrent data.•• Terrestrial lidar scanning.Terrestrial lidar scanning.

Photo: J. C. Lorenz

S

Sand Creek: Sand Creek: Lower Casper SstLower Casper Sst

•• Lower Casper Sandstone comprises smallLower Casper Sandstone comprises small-- to largeto large-- scale dune crossscale dune cross--bedding, interspersed with ripplebedding, interspersed with ripple-- laminated damp interdune, sheet flood sediments, and laminated damp interdune, sheet flood sediments, and dolomitic limestones.dolomitic limestones.

Upper Casper

Lower Casper

SW NE

Kocurek, 1988

1st

3rd

2nd

270

0

180

270

N=117

Sand Creek: Sand Creek: Upper Casper SstUpper Casper Sst

•• Generally truncates underlying Lower Casper.Generally truncates underlying Lower Casper.•• Upper dunes heavily slumped and fractured.Upper dunes heavily slumped and fractured.

0

90

180N=35

90

Sand Creek: Sand Creek: Structural FrameworkStructural Framework

•• Casper Sandstone is fractured.Casper Sandstone is fractured.•• 3 main fracture sets, orthorhombic to orthogonal:3 main fracture sets, orthorhombic to orthogonal:

0

90

180

270

Ver Ploeg & Boyd, 2007

•• The aim of the study is to provide increased The aim of the study is to provide increased understanding of the effect of architectures that understanding of the effect of architectures that cannot be resolved using seismic or sparse well data.cannot be resolved using seismic or sparse well data.

•• Build a detailed geological model:Build a detailed geological model:•• Deterministic in architectural styles.Deterministic in architectural styles.•• Stochastic for reservoir properties, derived from producing Stochastic for reservoir properties, derived from producing

Wyoming reservoirs.Wyoming reservoirs.

•• Use the model as a testUse the model as a test--bed:bed:•• Uncertainty in wellUncertainty in well--based correlations.based correlations.•• Flow modeling of matrix without/with known fractures.Flow modeling of matrix without/with known fractures.•• Testing response of open, partially open, or closed fractures toTesting response of open, partially open, or closed fractures to

well placement. well placement. •• Testing upscaling effects.Testing upscaling effects.•• 3D and 4D forward seismic modeling.3D and 4D forward seismic modeling.•• Use of seismic attributes in enhancing reservoir Use of seismic attributes in enhancing reservoir

characterizationcharacterization

Sand Creek: Sand Creek: Planned Future WorkPlanned Future Work

3) Subsurface Geophysics3) Subsurface Geophysics

Forward Seismic Modeling ExampleForward Seismic Modeling Example

•• Spectral recomposition:Spectral recomposition:•• A new technique in which 3D/4D forward seismic models are A new technique in which 3D/4D forward seismic models are

tailored to specific reservoirs and specific seismic images.tailored to specific reservoirs and specific seismic images.•• Can be applied to both outcrop analogs and reservoir models.Can be applied to both outcrop analogs and reservoir models.

•• Using full suite of frequencies found in the target Using full suite of frequencies found in the target seismic image, not just the dominant frequency.seismic image, not just the dominant frequency.

•• Computationally cheap:Computationally cheap:•• 1D Ricker convolution, 3D exploding reflector modeling.1D Ricker convolution, 3D exploding reflector modeling.•• A quick firstA quick first--pass prior to advanced waveform techniques.pass prior to advanced waveform techniques.

Forward Seismic ModelingForward Seismic Modeling

Forward Seismic ModelingForward Seismic Modeling

Tomasso et al., in review

4) Developing Research4) Developing Research

Minnelusa API ExampleMinnelusa API Example

•• Spatial delineation of API in Minnelusa reservoirs.Spatial delineation of API in Minnelusa reservoirs.

Developing: Developing: Minnelusa API, StructureMinnelusa API, Structure

Cartographer: B. Reyes

Lineaments from Martinsen (2003), Marrs & Raines (1984)



G B

SC C

RZ

LM

S R

BD

WHC

GK


Satellite gravity data from Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC San Diego; http://topex.ucsd.edu/cgi-bin/get_data.cgi

Gra

vity

, mG

als



G B

S CC

RZ

LM

S R

BD

WHC

GK


Satellite gravity data from Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC San Diego; http://topex.ucsd.edu/cgi-bin/get_data.cgi

API

Gravity, mGals

1.1. Reservoir assessment, characterization, and/or static Reservoir assessment, characterization, and/or static geological modeling:geological modeling:•• Multiple field studies.Multiple field studies.

• Tensleep, Minnelusa, Shannon, Wall Creek, Lakota.•• Regional Minnelusa.Regional Minnelusa.

2.2. Outcrop characterization:Outcrop characterization:•• Casper Sandstone, Sand Creek, Albany County Casper Sandstone, Sand Creek, Albany County –– ongoing.ongoing.

• Phase 2 outcrop characterization (strat., structure), static modeling.

• Uncertainty analysis of well interpretation, effects of upscaling on flow modeling results.

•• Minnelusa Sandstone.Minnelusa Sandstone.•• Muddy Sandstone.Muddy Sandstone.

Future Project Summary Future Project Summary

3.3. Subsurface geophysical interpretation and modeling:Subsurface geophysical interpretation and modeling:•• Seismic interpretation for reservoir characterization.Seismic interpretation for reservoir characterization.

• Obtain 3D seismic data over specific fields.• Interpretation of amplitude and attribute images.

•• Forward seismic modeling.Forward seismic modeling.• “Spectral recomposition” – production of forward seismic models

tailored to a specific target real-world image; integration of noise; 4D modeling.

4.4. Developing research:Developing research:•• Integrate EORI database (Murrell) and GIS capability (Reyes) Integrate EORI database (Murrell) and GIS capability (Reyes)

to analyze data.to analyze data.•• TensleepTensleep--MinnelusaMinnelusa--Casper regional framework.Casper regional framework.

• Large-scale correlation of Tensleep-Minnelusa-Casper across Wyoming, with an updated gross depositional framework model.

Future Project Summary Future Project Summary

AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements

State Legislature of Wyoming

EORI and Affiliated Researchers

Software & Technology

Other

State Legislature of Wyoming

EORI and Affiliated Researchers

Software & Technology

Other

B. Reyes, G. Murrell, G. Thyne, J. C. Lorenz, P. Yin, S. Wo, J. Steidtmann, V. Alvarado, L. Whitman

Ginger Paige (UW College of Agriculture)

Bruce Lewis (Lewis Ranches)

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Reservoir Characterization for Enhanced Oil … t_eori_tab_presentation...Reservoir Characterization for Enhanced Oil ... Subsurface geophysical interpretation and modeling: ... •