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Students Scientific Research Society (SSRS)

studies who are interested

1-in doing research& advancement2- the students have the opportunity to get a deeper

insight into the principles and methods of research,

3 -to participate actively in research activities and torealize their own ideas and present results at the

students and other meetings,

4- satisfying thus their needs and interests that are not

presented in the course of regular studies. knowledge

in the areas of their own interest.


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EXPERTISE OF THAT WELL BE AQUIRED BY THE

(SSRS) GROUP

Breeding and treatment of laboratory animals includingvarious surgical techniques, as well as different ways of

administering/applying drugs and biologically active

substances.Cell cultures and tissues: preparation and culturing of

different types of cells

How to use top quality electron microscopy instruments.,both scanning and transmission electron microscope as

well as atomic force microscope AFM

How to use different Scientific Methodology


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INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH

(SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY)


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WHAT IS RESEARCH?

A voyage of discovery; A journey; An

attitude ; An experience; A careful

critical enquiry in seeking facts for

principles.

A It requires a clear goal

It follows a specific course of action

It is realistic in its assumptions

It is performed by qualified personal


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WHAT IS RESEARCH?

research is an unusually stubborn

(insistent) and persisting effort to

think straight which involves thegathering and the intelligent use of

relevant data

H. M. Hamlin, What is Research? American

Vocational Journal, September 1966.


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A pursuit for an answer driven by a specific

question or idea

It requires a clear goal

It follows a specific course of action It is realistic in its assumptions

It is performed by qualified personal


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Why scientific research?

Advances of knowledge; fulfill curiosity

Advances of civilization; improve life quality

Financial reward?

Fame?

Hard work with little reward sometime;

scientific research is not for everyone.


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Research is not

Just information gathering

Rearranging of facts Good Research is based on several

pillars:

Vision

Strategy


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The very first few steps

What is (are) the hypothesis or

hypotheses to be proved or disproved?

Why is this research? What are the objectives?

How to do it?


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RESEARCH

The priority of Research

should be directed to solvingproblems of society rather

than publishing.


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SELECTING A RESEARCH PROBLEM

Selecting a research problem and defining it is

perhaps the most difficult part of doing scientific

research. For some of us, they come easy. For

others, not so easy.

Where do research problems come from?

Personal experience/observation of the

world.? There are no rules which limit what is a valid

topic for research.


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THERE ARE MANY SORTS OF QUESTIONS THAT

RESEARCH CAN ADDRESS.

l- A etiology: what caused this illness?

2- Diagnosis: what does this test result mean in this patient?

3-Prognosis: what is likely to happen to this patient?

4-Harm: is having been exposed to this substance likely to do harm,

and, if so, what?

5- Effectiveness: is this treatment likely to help patients with this

illness?

6- Qualitative: what are the outcomes that are most important to

patients with this condition?


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THE IDEA

One can come up with good ideas aboutclinical research based on gaps in existing

knowledge Has question been asked before?

If not, why?

If so, how does my question or design add tothe existing literature?


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THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD

Hypothesis: groundwork,

foundation; an unproven

theory.


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FORMULATING HYPOTHESES

An hypothesis is an explicit (clear) statement bythe researcher of how phenomena of interest

are related to one another.

Characteristics of a good hypothesis It is an empirical (realistic )statement.

It is reasonable.

It is specific. It is testable.

EARLY STEPS IN CLINICAL


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EARLY STEPS IN CLINICAL

RESEARCH

The idea What topic interests you

The hypothes is the possible answer you will try to

prove or disprove.

hypothesis is an educated guess about how things

work. Most of the time a hypothesis is written like this:

"If _____[I do this] _____, then _____[this]_____ will

happen."

independent variable++++===dependent variable


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If I open the faucet [faucet opening size is the independentvariable], then it will increase the flow of water [flow of water is

the dependent variable].

"Raising the temperature of a cup of water [temperature is the

independent variable] will increase the amount of sugar thatdissolves [the amount of sugar is the dependent variable]."

"If a plant receives fertilizer [having fertilizer is the independent

variable], then it will grow to be bigger than a plant that does not

receive fertilizer [plant size is the dependent variable]."


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.

If plant leafcolor change is related to

temperature , then exposing plants to lowtemperatures will result in changes in leaf color.

Ultra violet light may cause skin cancer. If skin canceris related to ultraviolet light , then

people with a high exposure to uv light will have

a higher frequency of skin cancer.


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FINDING THE RIGHT TARGET IS NOT EASY


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FINDING THE RIGHT TARGET IS NOT EASYPARKINSONS DISEASE EXAMPLE:

Parkinson's disease:

a disease which causes

deterioration of the

central nervous system

over a period of time.

This disease often

impairs the patients

movement, speech, and

other functions.


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Ways of Knowing


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DISSECTING THE DIMENSIONS OF RESEARCH :

topic:

technology: develop new vs use existing methods

scope: study a single case vs a sample

methodology: qualitative vs quantitative


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Quantitative (measurable) Qualitative

TWO APPROACHES TO RESEARCH


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Quantitative

Test theory

Establish facts

Show relationships

Statistically describe

Qualitative

Understand theory

Develop understanding

Describe multiple realities

GOALS


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Quantitative

Large

Representative

Random Selection

Control Groups

Qualitative

Small

Nonrepresentative

Purposeful

SAMPLE


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Quantitative

Experiments

Qualitative

Observation

METHODS


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WHICH APPROACH IS BEST?

The problem you are studying determines which

approach to take.

One is not better than the other.

However, some researchers tend to look down their

nose at the qualitative researcher!


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WHICH WOULD YOU SELECT?

.

Decide whether to approach this problem quantitatively orqualitatively


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MIXED METHODS

Some researchers used both

qualitative and quantitative methods in

a single study. This is known as amixed method approach.


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THE END

Dont be afraid of

research. It can actually

be fun!


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Thank you

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