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Research Report
Chapter 15
Research Report – APA Format
Title Page Running head – BRIEF TITLE, positioned in
upper left corner of no more than 50 characters in length including letters, spaces, and punctuation.
Full title of article, centered on the 1st page and typed in both lower and upper case letter.
Authors typed in lower and upper case letters, centered below full title.
Research Report - Abstract Page number and very short title
appears in upper right-hand corner of every page except for pages containing figures.
Abstract – about 120 words, summarizes objective, methods, procedures, results, and conclusion/implications.
Research Report - Introduction
Starts out for general and becomes increasingly specific to your question.
Intro leads into statement of the variables to be studied in this study.
Cite relevant and not tangential literature.
Cover topics specifically related to your methods.
State purpose of your study & hypothesis.
Research Report - Introduction
What is the question? What has been done? What will you do? What do you expect (hypothesis)?
Research Report - Methods Detailed description of your methods and
procedures. Research design Participants – selection procedure &
inclusion/exclusion criteria Measures Procedures Statistical analytical plan
Enable reader to evaluate the validity of your study.
Research Report - Methods Participants:
Sample size you aimed for Inclusion criteria Exclusion criteria Recruitment procedure (including how
consent obtained) Anything you did to help ensure retention
of participants.
Research Report – Measures or Apparatus
Apparatus – model and where bought it from
Measure – references, brief reliability & validity data
Custom-made equipment should be fully described and a drawing or picture of the apparatus included.
Research Report - Procedure
Details from moment of first contact with participant to last contact.
Experimental instructions When and how measures conducted Control techniques
E.g., randomization procedure
Research Report - Results Participant characteristics, participation
rate, and attrition rate unless these were reported in the methods. Descriptive statistics
Results related to hypotheses Inferential statistics Include statistical values of test and p
values. Decide on tables, figures to be included
Research Report - Results Figures & tables
Explain main findings of the figures and tables in text format
Tables that include means should also include variance index and cell sample size.
Evidence in support of internal/external validity of the study. Can also be presented as tables or figures
Tables & Figures Why show a figure?
Tell us more about our data – distributions
Tell us more about our results Helps communication
CIDS: Frequency Distribution of ICD Shocks
Total number of all shocks to 12 months
Of 143, 86 received no shocks, 39 received 1- 4 shocks,
and 18 received 5 or more shocks
Total number of all shocks to 12 months
66541311876543210
Fre
quen
cy
100
80
60
40
20
0
CIDS: Quality of Life Outcomes -Certainty of Surviving VT/VF
50525456586062646668707274767880
ICD Amiodarone
Baseline6 Months12 Months
ANVOVA - treatment effect p < 0.0001Linear time by group, p < .05
Research Report - Discussion
Hypotheses confirmed or not Interpret and evaluate research findings. Integrate findings with other relevant
published research Report of interpretation of important data
that speak to the internal/external validity. Evaluate significant short comings of study Next steps for follow-up research
Research Report - References List all citations used in the paper
in the reference section. Follow APA format for publications
in APA journals.
Research Report – Author Notes
Printed on separate page Authors and their affiliations Funding information when relevant Special circumstances (e.g.,
dissertation) Acknowledgements Address of corresponding author
Research Report - Footnotes Typed on separate page Typed in order they appeared in
the report Each footnote is preceded by the
appropriate superscript arabic numeral.
Writing Style Be precise Avoid jargon, wordiness, and
redundancy Generally do not refer to yourself
as “I” Avoid plagiarism
However, present other’s findings in your own words (don’t quote).
Language Avoid demeaning attitudes and
biased labels Use precise language (e.g., gender
is better than sex). Avoid pejorative or stereotypical
labels, including subjects Use active voice rather than
passive voice
Writing Style Use abbreviations sparingly and define
them before using them, and try to use only abbreviations that are familiar to the reader (e.g., IQ).
Do not start a sentence with a number and use the word rather than the number for numbers less than ten.
Measurements are expressed in metric
Manuscript – Order of Sections
Title page Abstract Text References Author notes Footnotes Tables Figure captions & then Figures
Common Failings in Published Research Papers
Data collection procedure not carefully controlled
Design weaknesses Lack of description of study limitations Research design did not address the
research question Inappropriate method of sample
selection
Common Failings in Published Research Papers
Results not clearly presented Inappropriate statistical analyses Poorly written Assumptions upon which the study was
based was unclear Method used to conduct the study was
not clearly described or described at all.
Thank you. You have been a great class!