Wellington Drive Technologiesin association with

The New Zealand Dairy Industryproudly present

THE BODYSHOP

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Cover image: global perspective of NZ, 2011. Photographic Print, 289 x 212 mm Image altered from original: McMeekan, 1964

Published in 2011 by Ruth SumnerA Student of Industrial Design at Victoria University of Wellington.

Project working blog:paradisereplugged.wordpress.com

All images and text by Ruth Sumner, unless stated otherwise.

USID: 300-06-208201-1

First Published 2011

Printed and Bound in New Zealand by Ruth Sumner Ltd., Te Aro, Wellington

Preface 5

Introduction 7

Technological (motor) past 11 present 13 future 15

Cultural (NZ Dairy industry) past 21 present 23 future 25

Soci-Political (Body Shop) past 31 present 33 future 35

Summary directional concept 41 ritual precedents 43 concept/design brief 47 concept precedents 49

Appendix 52

Bibliography 53

CONTENTS

“As New Zealand cultural and economic maturity gets belatedly to its own feet, there is a chance that it will be washed away or made re-dundant by globalising tides. This is one of many chal-lenges brought by the era of decolonisation, whose midst is the present. Our chances of meeting them should improve if we take a clearer look at our past.” -Belich p.12

The starting point for this project was captured in the discovery of the links between Wellington Drive Technology Motors (spe-cifically for refrigeration) and the voyage of the Dunedin in 1882 from NZ to the UK. This was “the first-ever passage from New Zealand to Britain carrying a refrigerated cargo of 5,000 dead sheep and a little butter. The subsequent rise of refrigerated exports, and the associ-ated creation of sheep-meat and dairy-ing export industries, is indeed one of the most important of all New Zealand stories.” -Belich, p.53

Refrigeration is key to preserva-tion, by enabling a slowing down of bacteria reproduction in foods. Most significantly dairy. Milk production and consumption has an undercurrent of controver-sy, yet is a vitally nurturing part of society of which a serious raft has divorced the consumer from the essence.

PREFACE

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img right; HRH biscuit tin.

img far right; NZ army milk jug

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The dairy industry is tightly wo-ven into our colonial history, thus questioning the dairy industry is an important step in defining our national identity post-colonial.

The Body Shop as the brand, has an exciting follow-on from my years working at the Weleda fac-tory. To put this insider knowledge and know-how into a project is a dream come true, and links in beautifully with the technology and the commodity, where-by the cows are the starting point for all products made at Weleda, and the machines to manufacture the raw ingredients works off motors.

INTRODUCTION

In a world increasingly concerned with questions of energy produc-tion and raw material shortages, this project explores the future value of the NZ dairy industry in an essence.

What makes NZ unique in the global dairy market is the abun-dance of sunshine and rainfall and temperate climate resulting in lu-cious green grass; this grass is then turned into milk, of which we consume in haphazard abundance. Thus creating an illegible entity of the dairy industry due to the sheer quantity of milk output. The cow’s internal machinery of a stomach of four sections is what allows this granted conversion of green to white.

Project brief: As the designer, you are the me-diator between man and machine; through design you will marry the two in a mutual understanding of

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culture, value and respect, whilst also revealing new and unexpected relationships. You will define where NZ sits glo-bally with its manufactured prod-ucts through Design, adding value to the NZ dairy industry, by com-bining motor technology with nz’s agricultural culture and relating it to the natural health care industry.

“Knowledge is a public good and increas-es in value as the number of people pos-sessing it increases.” -Willbanks, J. Creative Commons.

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img left; Drink a pint one-handed from: Alexander Turnbull Library, Domin-ion Post Collection img below; how things work book

TECHNOLOGICAL -MOTORS(Specifically Wellington Drive Technology Ltd. WDTL)

electric hairdryer

A motor is defined simply as something that imparts motion. In more technical terms; an elec-tric motor converts electrical en-ergy into mechanical energy by electromagnetic means.

The first patented electric motor was by James Davenport in 1833.“Davenport mounted one magnet on a wheel; the other magnet was fixed to a stationary frame. The interaction be-tween the two magnets caused the rotor to turn half a revolution. He learned that by reversing the wires to one of the magnets he could get the rotor to complete another half-turn. Davenport then devised what we now call a brush and commutator. Fixed wires from the frame supplied current to a segmented conductor that supplied cur-rent to the rotor-mounted electromagnet. This provided an automatic reversal of the polarity of the rotor-mounted magnet twice per rotation, resulting in continu-ous rotation.” 1

PAST - TECHNOLOGICAL - MOTORS

“In 1840 Thomas Davenport built a more powerful motor to run a printing press. He used his press to publish a work entitled The Electro-Magnet and Mechanics Intel-ligencer.” 2

Motors are all about motion and propelling forward; the initial us-age of motors was not only in trains and automobiles, but also in the propulsion of knowledge.

This inherent churning power and energy creator can be likened to the sun in its power especially when the electric motor was even-tually converted to create electric-ity, resulting in Edison’s Light. Any means of Motors allowed a form of freedom unforeseen be-fore their invention by allowing the user to get from A to B in a far shorter time than ever before and also the uptake in motorised home appliances enabled the house kee-per to have luxurious spare time.

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“Electricity’s extraordinary versatility as a source of energy means it can be put to an almost limitless set of applications which include transport, heating, light-ing, communications, and computation. Electrical power is the backbone of mod-ern industrial society, and is expected to remain so for the foreseeable future.” 3

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img above; Davenports motor design, from Wicks (1999)

img below; OED ‘motor’ definition

Wellington Drive Technology Ltd (WDTL) produces and special-ises in quiet, energy efficient mo-tors. Each motor can be precisely shaped to fit the product rather than the traditional opposite of configuring the product to fit the motor. WDTL concentrates on refrigera-tion motors as their main market; this present application relates beautifully with the history of New Zealand’s export market, which was born on the introduc-tion of refrigerated shipping in 1882. (ref. Cultural – NZ Dairy Industry – Past)

A refrigerator is the modern pres-ervation of food using the evapo-ration of a liquid to absorb heat. The basic idea of refrigeration is to slowdown bacteria so it takes longer for food to spoil.

Having no prior knowledge as to how a motor works, or what the technology is essentially, prompts an almost child-like wonder ap-proach to the project. Through the act of discovering something new, I’m sure to unearth the un-conventional.

PRESENT- TECHNOLOGICAL - MOTORS

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img right; WDTL motors. from www.WDTL.comimg far right; inside my fridge door

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From hairdryers to coffee grind-ers to printers to fridges, electrical motors are presently found in nu-merous quantities throughout the home. This insurgence of electric appli-ances also means that the disposal of objects is hot on the heels of the newest invention resulting in copious landfills of e-waste leech-ing toxins into the environment.

“e-waste is the fastest growing type of waste in the world and is more toxic than normal household rubbish. Computers and other electronic devices can contain toxic heavy metals such as cadmium, lead and mercury. The plastic casing and wiring of computer equipment can also contain hazardous materials, such as brominated flame retardants.” 4

The future of what we currently take for granted is uncertain; espe-cially in the electric motor’s indus-try that is heavily reliant on fossil fuels for production.

Perhaps there’s a way of harking back to fly-wheels and hand-oper-ated motors, or perhaps the mo-tor harvests your energy, or energy precipitated from the product/s.

“Increasingly, products and services are multi-functional, multi-layered, and con-nected to a broader ecosystem of services, serving as a platform for added-value ap-plications. Companies, across industries, are begin-ning to develop smart solutions – from smart phones, smart energy, smart healthcare, smart housing, to smart mo-bility, and more. Smart ecosystems have emerged as the lynchpin of innovation – as the holy grail for user experiences that brands can truly own [...] By textbook definition, smart systems are self-organized sys-tems with built-in feedback mechanisms and the ability to constantly reorganize themselves in order to adapt to their ever-changing environment. They are capable of describing and ana-lyzing a situation, and taking decisions

FUTURE- TECHNOLOGICAL - MOTORS

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“Our addiction to technological appliances further disconnects us, and in that disconnected state we can build factory farms with no windows.”

based on the available data in a predic-tive or adaptive manner, thereby per-forming smart actions.” 4

The future of electrical motors is about developing the ecosystem of processes for the end product that is a sustainable and self-sup-porting system, this is managed through designing the perfect bal ance between the power of a mo-tor to generate energy (likened to that of the sun) and balance this off with the emotional, nurturing, cooling pull of the moon.

The eclipse between these two opposing neighbours is the earth, with its magnetic poles, societal re-lationships, and natural ecosystem creating the ideal balance.

manual fly-wheel powered kitchen appliances.

from www.areyouwheel.com

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ELECTRIC MOTORS IN THE HOME&THEIR MANUAL COUNTERPARTS

1/ Coffee grinder & Mortar and Pestle

2/ Hairdryer & Cotton towel

3/ Slide projecter & Story book

4/ Food processor & Knife and shaker glass

5/ Hand mixer & Fork

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CULTURAL -DAIRY(Specifically the New Zealand Dairy industry)

single-serve butter packet

“Milk is a unique food – it comes in liq-uid form and contains all the nutrition-ally important components, such as pro-teins, fat and carbohydrates, which are required for a newborn mammal.” 6.

We have been keeping domesticat-ed animals for milking from as ear-ly as 9000–7000 BC in South-west Asia, 7. but never at the intensity and unethical conditions enslaved on others for our economical and nutritional benefit seen today.Luckily, due to New Zealands temperate year-round climate and adequate sunshine and rainfall leads to a fertile market for grow-ing grass, and thus milk; making NZ unique in its milk production system globally.

Dairy boomed in NZ through exports, this was made possible through rerigeration.The first refrigerated ship bound for England from Port Chalmers in 1882 contained 4460 sheep, 449

PAST- CULTURAL - NZ DAIRY INDUSTRY

lamb, 22 pigs and a block of but-ter. This trial of butter in the refrigerated freight worked suc-cessfully, and thus commenced the beginnings of our intensive export market to England of our dairy products. “If the factory system of dairy production was to be adopted it required the assured demand of an expanded market, a condition made pos-sible only by the development of refrig-eration.” 8.

This lucrative economic market bubble burst in 1973 when Britain joined the EEC. (European Eco-nomic Community) and turned its back on NZ’s exports.

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Milkman. from: Alexander Turnbull Li-brary, Dominion Post Collection.

“In the past, the rattle of glass milk bottles signalled the arrival of the local milkman at the front gate, usually in the late afternoon. Empty milk bottles and milk tokens were placed on the mailbox or in a milk box, and these were swapped for full ones. The arrival of refrigeration and, later, the development of supermarkets her-alded the decline in milk deliveries.” 9.

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img above; NZ’s first dairy farmer. img below; the Dunedin 1884. both from: Yerex, D. (1989) empire of the dairy farmers.

“On the milk world market, NZ repre-sents one of the most important exporters and is also the third cheapest milk pro-ducer after Argentine and Chile. This leadership places a high requirement on the NZ milk sector concerning both, the amount of milk produced and its overall quality, including environmental aspects. Furthermore, over the last decade, NZ dairy farm systems have shown rapid in-tensification which has raised uncertainty about the sustainability of current and future dairy farm systems.” 10.

“A cow today is thought of as a piece of machinery, if it’s broke, we try to fix it, and if we can’t, it gets replaced.” 11. The majority of the New Zealand Dairy industry is run by Fonterra, who are the biggest milk proces-sor in the world. Modern industrial processes pro-duce casein, whey protein, lactose, condensed milk, powdered milk, and many other food-additive and industrial products.

PRESENT- CULTURAL - NZ DAIRY INDUSTRY

“After energy production, livestock is the second highest contributor to atmosphere altering gasses, nearly 1/5 of all green-house gas is generated by livestock pro-duction, more than transportation.” 12.

Fonterra are presently looking into setting up cheese processing facilities in the EU to supply to the local market as opposed to the traditional method of exporting product; they are also setting up factory farms in China to facilitate a local fresh milk supply. “The 40ha free stall dairy farm was expected to in-crease Fonterra’s overall milk production in China to around 90 million litres a year.” 13.

In NZ there is a small burgeoning niche market and hence demand for organic dairy suppliers, sup-plementing the vision of rolling green hills and frolicking calves. It’s not the fact that we can pro-duce milk in abundance in New Zealand (which is in effect a by-

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product of sunshine) but it’s about the way we do it. It’s about turning sunshine into milk - which is the opposite of the feedlot cow which you could say is turning oil into milk - hard fed is grown industrially using massive fertilisers and chemicals, it is har-vested using huge machines run on oil, it is then fed in the most industrial way to cows massively confined, pumped full of antibiot-ics to keep them ‘healthy’ for their short, nasty, cruel milk/pus pro-ducing lives. But in NZ they roam free, eating grass grown so green from rain and sun; this is where the value is.

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img top; mechanised cow gate sys-tem from: New Zealand Herald

img middle; cow milking shed. from:Yerex, D. (1989) empire of the dairy farmers.

img bottom; dairy factory. from: Yerex, D. (1989) empire of the dairy farmers.

The dairy industry of the future is heading in the direction of the current ethics surrounding (free-range) egg-farming and sow crates.

Once the questions of ethics as to industrial dairy production are raised, a higher level of transpar-ency and understanding will flour-ish, pushing the dairy industry up in its perceived value within the individual.

This is managed through Fonterra supplying its export market by set-ting up factory farms within the overseas locale, allowing NZ to flourish in supplying its own local market’s desires and needs. This will address the notion of place-based-taste, which refers to the way in which variation of soil composition, farming techniques, and weather patterns influence the way foods taste.

New Zealand has a lot to offer in

FUTURE- CULTURAL - NZ DAIRY INDUSTRY

terms of its milk production, due to our abundant sunshine result-ing in rolling grassy meadows for the cows to forage on, as opposed to feed-lots. (a sight too terrifying to recall)

The issue of monoculture will be raised with an increasing demand for alternative animal milks for consumption due to the influx of lactose allergies rapidly emerging; alternatives such as horse, goat, sheep, buffalo, yak, camel, rein-deer are possible.

Monoculture can also be ad-dressed through the uptake of permaculture, where-by the diver-sity of animals provide ecological services for one-another and the land. One example being the relation-ship of cows and hens; where-by the cows are left to graze inten-sively, moved on, then the land is left fallow for three days before

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releasing hundreds of hens into the yard, who eat all the maggots in the cow dung, in turn spread-ing the manure around the land, as well as depositing their own nitro-gen-rich waste. This process allows the grass to grow beautifully, and lets the spe-cies realise their physiological de-sires. 14.

The material qualities attributed with the value of milk are of in-credible importance also; such as glass, ceramic, terracotta, alumin-ium, wood and mud.

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img above; freeze-sprayed milk cubes from: designsponge.com/2011/05/sneak-peek-allen-hemberger.html

img above; milk bottle. img below; natural sake fermenta-tion.both imgs from: kitkadesigntoronto.com/

PIKELETS FONT

1 cup standard plain flour1 teaspoon baking powder1/4 teaspoon salt1 egg1/4 cup sugar3/4 cup milk, approxi-mately

Sift flour, baking powder and salt into a bowl. In another bowl beat egg and sugar until thick. Add with milk to the sift-ed ingredients. Mix until just combined. Drizzle with a teaspoon the desired letters onto a hot, lightly greased frying pan. Turn pikelets over when bubbles start to burst on top surface. Cook second side until golden.Makes 2-3 Alphabets.

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SOCIO-POLITICAL-BODY SHOP(Specifically the Body Shop store in Brighton, UK)

The body shop vanilla perfume circa. 1995

The Body Shop is an ethical alter-native to the traditional approach to cosmetics. In 1976 Anita Roddick opened the body shop in Brighton, UK. Due to limited funds, Anita filled the store with her 20 product range by producing them in different sized bottles. “Anita wanted to buy her cosmetics in the same way she bought her groceries - as much or as little as she wanted. When she began to sell her own cosmetics, she therefore introduced five sizes of bottle, enabling customers to invest less than one pound before they decided whether they liked the product.” 15.

This formula of decanting and selling in sizes that the customer wants has its origins in greengro-cers and confectioners. In the first week of business, the store ran out of containers to dis-pense into, so they suggested to customers to bring back their bot-tles for a refill.

PAST- SOCIO-POLITICAL - THE BODY SHOP

The refill bar is a cornerstone of the success of the business. “Why waste a container when you can refill it? And why buy more of something than you can use? We behaved as my mother did in the Second World War.” 16.

“The original Body Shop was a series of brilliant accidents,” Rod-dick said of the Brighton store. “It had a great smell, it had a funky name. It was positioned between two funeral parlours – that always caused controversy. It was 1976, the year of the heat-wave, so there was a lot of flesh around. We knew about storytelling then, so all the products had stories. We recycled everything, not be-cause we were environmentally friendly but because we didn’t have enough bottles. It was a good idea. What was unique about it, with no intent at all, no marketing nous, was that it translated across cul-tures, across geographical barri-

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ers and social structures. It wasn’t a sophisticated plan, it just hap-pened like that.” 17.

The building blocks for the Body Shops product range were inspired by traditional usage of raw ingre-dients learnt in Roddick’s regular worldly travels. “At the start of the Body Shop, she had no real interest in the cosmetics industry, but saw a busi-ness opportunity that made sense. Her stance against animal testing was not so much driven by a love of animals as by complete incomprehension of why animal testing was necessary in the first place.” 18.

“Today, it is impossible to separate the company values from the issues that I care passionately about – social respon-sibility, respect for human rights, the en-vironment and animal protection.” 19.

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img top right; body shop Brightonimg bottom right; Anita Roddickboth imgs from: Roddick, A. (1991). Body and Soul. Ebury Press, London.

PRESENT- SOCIO-POLITICAL - THE BODY SHOP

Presently, the body shop is focus-ing heavily on making the custom-er recognize they are beautiful, naturally, at any age. The company was founded on the idea that “businesses have the power to do good” and for the last 30 years the Body Shop has tar-geted their efforts on sustainably sourcing ingredients and commu-nity empowerment.It might seem odd for a makeup company to promote natural beau-ty, but the Body Shop is promot-ing strength and beauty through individuality. Using their natural lotions and skin-care products to bring out softer, brighter skin rather than layering on toxic chemicals on your sensitive skin. 20

The Body Shop prides itself on being vegetarian friendly, using all natural materials in its products and using ingredients that support marginalized communities

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through fair trade. Many of their products support campaigns like ending homeless-ness, AIDS, and domestic vio-lence. They use 100% recycled bottles, make sure things like the palm oil in their soap is sustainably sourced and use 100% synthetic hairs in their makeup brushes.

Body Shop has a strong ethical and moral drive behind them, when they sold-out to L’Oreal cosmetics in 2006, major unrest caused through their loyal cus-tomer base with accusations of betrayal, though Roddick was con-fident that through the sale she could persuade L’Oréal to adopt her sort of ethics and ingredients.

L’Oreal has a major history of intensive animal testing, where-as Body Shop is wholly the opposite. The tests the body shop under-takes on the chemical components of their products is in-vitro test

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ing, where cell cultures are grown in a laboratory, and the chemicals tested on the cells, rather than bunny rabbits and puppy dogs. “The sale to L’Oréal was almost univer-sally perceived as a sell-out. Anita knew it was a controversial decision and agreed only on the understanding that the Body Shop would be ring-fenced within the L’Oréal group. She also truly believed that she stood a good chance of being a Trojan horse and having an influence on the way that L’Oréal does business.” 21 Personally, my one and only in-teraction with the body shop was way back in the 90’s, I purchased a small bottle of vanilla perfume. Unfortunately I have no intention of trading presently with the body shop due to their use of unpro-nounceable ingredients in their products and the over-stimulating store environment of garish col-ours and over-hyped ethics and products. Sourcing organic, sustainable and

ethical ingredients is a given and doesn’t need to be shouted from the roof-tops, pumping a ‘natural’ product with chemical fillers is where the labelling should shout even when their main idea is of “providing quality skin care products [...]all marketed with truth rather than hype” 22

img above; skin whitening cream from: www.thebodyshop.in

“Education is the cornerstone on which the future of the body shop rests. It is essential for us to pursue new discov-eries and unearth the knowledge of the past which has been lost by our modern technological society. Constant travel enables us to learn from the cultural traditions handed down from generation to generation among different peoples of the world.” 23.

In thinking of an entire brand re-newal for The Body Shop for the future, the common impression is that people visit the body shop to look for a certain conscious-easing lifestyle consumer product, not for high-quality body care prod-ucts such as Dr. Hauschka or even our local Antipodes.

The forest green colour choice for the body shop brand was entirely by accident, green being the best colour to cover mould growing on the ceiling of the first store in Brighton.

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FUTURE- SOCIO-POLITICAL - THE BODY SHOP

The colour palette of the Body Shop has increased drastically to contain almost the whole spec-trum; where-as the future shall require a stripping back to its es-sence, allowing the integrity of the products to speak for themselves.

“White impresses us as more beautiful still thanks to our feelings of empathy towards anything transient”24.

Body shop’s values of animal rights, ethics and environmental change will be used in a re-cali-bration of the currently widely accepted and unquestioned (apart from by raving hippies) dairy in-dustry coined the “from cradle to gate” integrated healthcare sys-tem.

img top right; portioned tetra-paks.

img bottom right; We are Family. by Patricia Piccinini, 2003,

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Proportioned size allotments for distribution/packagingtetra-paks made from rice paper.

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SUMMARY

a cows bits

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FUTUREDIRECTIONAL CONCEPT

To design a new ritual that adds value to the dairy industry and is a body shop product. This ritual involves a stirring motion.

RITUALS, REGIMES, REPETITION, ROUTINE,RHYTHMS,ROTTING,REFRIGERATION -ritual of consumption-ritual of taking tea-routine of changing guards-rhythm of gardening-regime of beauty care -routine of milking cows time-rhythm of the moon and sun-rhythm of the tides-ritual of awakening-ritual of breakfast-repetition of commuting -routine of brushing teeth-ceremonial rituals eg. weddings

img above; R to the power of 7

img top right; coffee cups

img bottom right; a cup of tea.

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FUTURERITUAL PRECEDENTS

img above; measured milk device. from: ivovos.com/brunch.php,

img left; cup of tea in a pill from: kylie-ann.co.uk/

img top right; Rotating Kitchen. Zeger Reyers, (2009)

img bottom right; Hard water. Zeger Reyers, (2009)

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img left: 1 week of a beauty care regimeimg above: 1 weeek of a cup of tea daily

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The combination of the three clients, (WDT, Body Shop & NZ Dairy) jostling in competition with one another for the position of priority in the project results in numerous prospects. The key element being where the three clients are in a harmonious coagulation as proposed in the fol-lowing:

The digestive processes of a cows four stomach compartments transforming grass to milk is an amazing mechanism. This project will use the idea of the digestion process with the technology of motors such as a blender or food processor is today.

But this project is about the mo-tors of the future, where they are manually powered due to a need for increased value required in the experience from the user. If one were to replicate the proc esses of both the above in a kit or

CONCEPTTHE NEW ALCHEMISTS

machine that digests and distils the essence of something precious for you, that would be a keeper. The essential oil extracted from this appliance would then be ap-plied to ones daily beauty regime; this is where the Body Shop as a brand comes in with the value of a drop of a preserved olfactory memory.

It is all about equating essence to value, as something has more val-ue if it’s a concentrated form of all the good ‘essential’ parts of its former self and it’s 100% pure of course.

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In layman’s terms, my concept proposes a home appliance for distilling digestible products into their essence, to preserve and use in ones daily rituals and regimes.

img left: 4 stomach compartments img above: 100% pure grass essenceimg right; turning water to milk

PRECEDENTSTHE NEW ALCHEMISTS

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img above; Electric hand blender img top right; Cloaca Professional Wim Delvoye (2010)

img bottom right; Cloaca New & Improved. Wim Delvoye (2001)

The ultimate precedent for this projects concept of distilling an essence to preserve a pure value is influenced by Wim Delvoye’s Cloaca machines.Cloaca is a project where a ma-chine is installed in a gallery set-ting that replicates the human di-gestive system. This combination of Art and Sci-ence is the perfect marriage for balanced design.

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1. Wicks, F. (1999) The blacksmith’s motor Frank Mechanical Engineering; 121, 7; ABI/INFORM Global 2. Ibid3. Jones, D. Electrical engineering: the backbone of society, Proceedings of the IEE: Science, Measurement and Tech-nology. 4. Gertsakis, Hannon, MacGibbon et al (2011) E-waste in New Zealand: Five years on. www.eday.org.nz/ 5. Leberecht, T. (May 29, 2011) Smart Brands in the Connected Age. designmind.frogdesign.com/blog/6. Kalab, M. (2010) The Beauty of milk at high magnification. Infocus mag-azine, issue 18, June 20107. Bellwood, P. (2005). “The Begin-nings of Agriculture in Southwest Asia”. First Farmers: the origins of agricultural societies. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing8. Warr, E. (1988). From bush-burn to butter. Butterworths, NZ9. Alexander Turnbull Library, Do-minion Post Collection (PAColl-7327) Reference: EP-Industry-Milk industry-Milk general-0110. Basset-Mens, Ledgard & Carran. First Life Cycle Assessment of Milk Production from New Zealand Dairy Farm Systems11. Taylor, R. (2003) Scientific Farm

Animal Production, Prentice Hall 12. Bittman, M. (2007) Mark Bitt-man on what’s wrong with what we eat. www.ted.com13. Hembry, O. (2011) Fonterra Plans third dairy farm in China. NZ Herald.14. Bittman, M. (2007) Mark Bitt-man on what’s wrong with what we eat. www.ted.com15. Roddick, A. (1985) the body shop book. MacDonald & Co. London, GB16. Ibid17. Ibid18.htt p://www.guardian.co.uk/news/2007/sep/12/guardianobituar-ies.business?INTCMP=SRCH19.http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/anita-r od-dick-capitalist-with-a-conscience-dies-at-64-402014.html20.ht t p ://www.tr e ehug ger. com/files/2008/09/body-shop-gets-makeo-ver.php21.htt p://www.guardian.co.uk/news/2007/sep/12/guardianobituar-ies.business?INTCMP=SRCH22. Roddick, A. (1991). Body and Soul. 23. Roddick, A. (1985) the body shop book. MacDonald & Co. London, GB24. Hara, K. Designing design

right: DeStijl poster, 1921

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APPENDIX

•Asensio, O (ed) (2005) Food design. teNeues Publishing Group, NY•Basset-Mens, Ledgard & Carran. First Life Cycle Assessment of Milk Production from New Zealand Dairy Farm Systems•Belich, J. (2001) Paradise reforged : a history of the New Zealander’s from the 1880s to the year 2000•Bellwood, P. (2005). “The Beginnings of Agriculture in Southwest Asia”. First Farmers: the origins of agricul-tural societies. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing•Bittman, M. (2007) Mark Bittman on what’s wrong with what we eat. ted.com•Blackman, L. (2008) Body : the key concepts. Berg, Ny.•Cox, G & Krysa, J (eds) Engineer-ing culture : on ‘the author as (digital) producer’•Gertsakis, Hannon, MacGibbon et al (2011) E-waste in New Zealand: Five years on. www.eday.org.nz/ •Hara, K. (2007) Designing design. Lars Muller Publishers, Japan.•Harper, W. & Hall, C. (1976) Dairy Technology and engineering. The AVI Publishing Co. Westport.•Hartley, M. & Ingilby, J. (1997) making cheese and butter. Smith Settle West Yorkshire.

•Hembry, O. (2011) Fonterra Plans third dairy farm in China. NZ Herald.•Jones, D. Electrical engineering: the backbone of society, Proceedings of the IEE: Science, Measurement and Tech-nology.•Kalab, M. (2010) The Beauty of milk at high magnification. Infocus magazine, issue 18, June 2010•Leberecht, T. (May 29, 2011) Smart Brands in the Connected Age. design-mind.frogdesign.com/blog/•Levy, S. (2006) Perfect thing : how the iPod shuffles commerce, culture, and cool-ness. Simon & Schuster, NY.•McCloy, N. (2008) Made in New Zealand : stories of iconic Kiwi brands. Random House, NZ•McMeekan, C. (1964) grass to milk. Hutcheson, Bowman & Stewart Ltd., Wellington•Redhead, D. (2004) Electric dreams : designing for the digital age. V&A Publications, London.•Roddick, A. (1985) the body shop book. MacDonald & Co. London, GB•Roddick, A. (1991). Body and Soul. Ebury Press, London.•Taylor, R. (2003) Scientific Farm An-imal Production, Prentice Hall •Thear, K. (1983) home dairying. B.T. Batsford Ltd. London.•Van Hinte, E. (2004) Eternally

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

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yours : time in design ; product value sus-tenance . oio Publishers, London.•Warr, E. (1988). From bush-burn to butter. Butterworths, NZ•Wicks, F. (1999) The blacksmith’s motor Frank Mechanical Engineering.•Wozniak, S & Smith, G. (2006) IWoz : computer geek to cult icon : how I invented the personal computer, co-founded Apple, and had fun doing it. WW Norton and Co. NY.•Yangjun, P & Jiaojiao, C. (2007) Muji. Southbank Publishing, London.•Yerex, D. (1989) empire of the dairy farmers. NZ dairy exporter books, Petone.

Plus more links on the project blog:www.paradisereplugged.wordpress.com

websites

•teara.co.nz• s t u f f . c o . n z / b u s i n e s s / i n d u s -tries/5135929/Wellington-Drive-flags-share-consolidation• s t u f f . c o . n z / b u s i n e s s / i n d u s -tries/5204592/Wellington-Drive-un-der-fire-from-investors•stuf f .co.nz/dominion-post/busi-ness/41992/WDT-motors-on-with-Panasonic•nzherald.co.nz/wellington-drive-technologies-ltd/news/article.cfm?o_id=241&objectid=10732033•.nzherald.co.nz/wellington-drive-technologies-ltd/news/article.cfm?o_id=241&objectid=10713410•treehugger.com/files/2008/09/body-shop-gets-makeover.php• g u a r d i a n . c o . uk/n ew s/2007/s e p / 1 2 / g u a r d i a n o b i t u a r i e s .business?INTCMP=SRCH•gua r d i a n . c o . uk/n ew s/2007/s e p / 1 2 / g u a r d i a n o b i t u a r i e s .business?INTCMP=SRCH•independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/anita-roddick-capitalist-with-a-conscience-dies-at-64-402014.html•Alexander Turnbull Library, Do-minion Post Collection (PAColl-7327) Reference: EP-Industry-Milk industry-Milk general-01

finethanks

“Our addiction to technological appliances further disconnects us, and in that disconnected state we can build factory farms with no windows.”

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