THE EFFECTS OF HAVING OFW PARENTS ON SELF-ESTEEM OF SELECTED

FIRST YEAR STUDENTS OF CEU GIL PUYAT MAKATI

S.Y. 2012-2013

An Undergraduate Research Proposal

Presented to

The School of Science and Technology

Centro Escolar University Makati

In Partial Fulfillment

of the Requirements for the Course

Communication Skills 14

by

Princess Jazmine Dichosa

MARCH 2013

2

Acknowledgement

The researchers of Centro Escolar University Gil Puyat Makati

from BS Psychology 2A wants to express their gratitude to all the

people who have given their heart whelming full support in making this

Research Proposal a magnificent experience.

To God, the father of all, the researchers thank him for the

strength that keeps them standing and for the hope that keeps them

believing that this study would be possible and more interesting.

The researchers also wanted to thank their family who inspires,

encouraged and fully supported them for every trial that comes their

way.

To other group mates who willingly helped the researchers

gather the necessary data and information needed for this Research

Proposal.

The researchers’ utmost gratitude to their Professor, Dr. Richard

Lumpas who has supported them throughout the Proposal with his

patience and knowledge while allowing them to work in their way. The

researchers give thanks to their Professor for the encouragement and

effort and without him; this Research Proposal would not have been

completed or written. One simply could not wish for a better or

friendlier supervisor.

3

DEDICATION

The researchers dedicate this study to their parents who have

given them the opportunity to be in school and learn.

To Dr. Ricardo S. Lumpas who has helped them come up with

their study.

Also, the researchers dedicate this study to all those students

who are affected by the absence of their parents.

To the OFW Parents who sacrifices their quality time with their

children in order to provide for them.

Finally, this study is above all, dedicated to God, the Father

Almighty, who the source of everything in this world, is.

4

Table of Contents

CHAPTER 1

The Problem and Its Setting

Introduction

Many of the Filipinos find difficulty in finding a job in the

Philippines, and because of that, some Filipinos have to find a job in

other countries. Overseas Filipino Workers are helpful to the economy

because 13.5% of the country’s gross domestic product comes from

the remittance of OFWs. They earn more money in their job in other

countries than in the Philippines which makes more Filipinos decide to

work abroad. As an overseas Filipino worker, one of their sacrifices is

to leave their families behind, thus depriving their family of their

presence.

Parents head overseas in search of bigger and better incomes,

and more savings. Others take jobs overseas that they could not

possibly get in their home country. Overseas employment gives

opportunity to redefine life and the way of living. It often brings

significant economic benefits to the family left behind, the

consequences on children's development and well-being are less clear.

Vulnerable children, especially those deprived of parental care,

constitute a specific risk group.

The researchers got interested in the students having parents

working abroad because in today’s youth, children are left behind and

the researchers wanted to know if it will affect their self-esteem or not

knowing that they’re not fully raised by their parents.

Setting of the Study

The researchers will conduct the study in Centro Escolar

University Gil Puyat Makati Campus. It is located within the central

business district of Makati along Sen. Gil Puyat Avenue, Makati City.

Centro Escolar University Gil Puyat Makati was established on June

2005. Subsequently after two years of operation, the CEU built another

unit, which opened on June 2007 at 103 Esteban corner Dela Rosa

Streets, Legaspi Village, Makati City.

Centro Escolar University is a private, nonsectarian higher

education institution with an enrollment of over 20,000 students in its

three campuses: Manila, Makati and Malolos. CEU was founded by

Doña Librada Avelino and Doña Carmen de Luna and was originally

called Centro Escolar de Señoritas. The first CEU Campus was built at

Mendiola Street, Manila.

The coursed offered in CEU Makati are Bachelor of Science in

Psychology, Nursing, Medical Technology, Pharmacy(4 years), Clinical

Pharmacy(5 years), Doctor of Pharmacy, Associate in Arts (Pre-Dental

Course), Doctor of Dental Medicine, Juris Doctor Program, Business

Administration major in Management, Computer Science, Information

Technology, Hotel and Restaurant Management and Tourism

Management.

Figure 1

Vicinity Map of Centro Escolar University Gil Puyat,

Makati

Theoretical Framework

Self-Determination Theory (SDT) states that man is born with an

intrinsic motivation to explore, absorb and master his surroundings

and that true high self-esteem is reported when the basic

psychological nutrients, or needs, of life (relatedness, competency and

autonomy) are in balance. When social conditions provide support and

opportunity to fulfill these basic needs, personal growth, vitality and

well-being are enhanced. Relatedness was an addition to the original

theory to account for people’s inherent ability to make meaning and

connect with others through the internalization of cultural practices

and values. [1]

Based on the Self-Determination theory, humans have conditions

they need to fulfill and when all their conditions are fulfilled their needs

are also fulfilled. People are more motivated when their needs are

fulfilled and one of the main proponents in a person’s needs is safety,

security, shelter, belongingness, recognition and love. All of these

needs can be fulfilled by an individual’s parents and if they do not have

their parents they will not achieve their needs to have a good self-

esteem. If a student is not taught cultural practices and values, he or

she may not develop the ability to make connections with other people

thus decreasing self-esteem. The parents’ support is mainly the basis

of a person’s self-determination and self-esteem.

Conceptual Framework

The research paradigm shows the flow of study where in the

researchers will start with determining if one, both or none of the

students’ parents is an OFW which is connected with a line to the First

Year Students of Centro Escolar University Makati – Gil Puyat to show

the difference in the effects brought to the students by having one,

both, or no OFW parents. The First year student is then connected to

self-esteem with a striped right arrow. The striped right arrow indicates

possibilities of having effects in the self-esteem of the students. The

self-esteem is then connected to attitude, behavior and academic

standing in which it may be possibly affected by the student’s level of

self-esteem. The double-arrow head shows that attitude, behavior and

academic standing may affect each other. Lastly, the OFW parents,

First Year Students and Self-Esteem are situated in a circle because

these three terms are the main topics of the researchers and the

research study will go around these terms.

Figure 2

Showing the Research Paradigm the Effects of Having OFW

Parents on the Self-Esteem of Selected First Year Students of

Different Courses in Centro Escolar University Gil Puyat, Makati

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to determine the effects of having OFW parents

on selected First Year students’ self-esteem in Centro Escolar

University Gil Puyat Makati, for SY 2012-2013.

Furthermore, it sought to answer the following specific questions:

1. What is the profile of the respondent in terms of the following:

1.1 Age

1.2 Gender

1.3 Course

2. Which of the following aspects of self-esteem is affected most by

having absentee parents?

2.1 Student behavior

2.2 Student attitude

2.3 Academic Performance

3. How much difference is there among different time periods when

OFWs stay abroad?

4. What are the significant effects of having OFW parents on self-

esteem of selected First Year students of different courses in

Centro Escolar University Gil Puyat Makati?

Assumptions of the Study

This study will be based on the following assumptions:

1. The respondents have one or both parents working abroad.

2. The respondents will duly complete the test and questionnaire

correctly and honestly.

3. There are 4 out of 10 respondents who have OFW parents.

4. All of the respondents have OFW parents.

Significance of the Study

Working abroad can be understood as parents’ solution to the

plight of family poverty and unemployment. Oftentimes, parents head

overseas in order to provide their children with a better future. This

study will benefit the following:

Students, for them to know and have an understanding of the

effects on self-esteem of having parents working abroad.

Teachers, for them to realize the situation of their students such

as absence of parent can cause failing mark.

Parents, for them to understand the effects of their absence to

the performance of their children.

Scope and Delimitations of the Study

The researchers will conduct a study that can answer the effect

of having OFW parents on self-esteem to First Year students. The

respondents that will be included are randomly selected First Year

students in different courses enrolled at Centro Escolar University Gil

Puyat, Makati. The respondents will be asked to answer series of

questionnaires that will be given to them regarding self-esteem,

confidence and behavior. This study will focus only on the self-esteem

of the respondents with OFW parents. Another delimitation of this

study is that it concentrates only in 10 students per course and may

not be a representation sample of all college students for the reason

that college students in different level and different course may also

give different response to this research.

Definition of Terms

The following terms were defined in the context of the study:

Confidence. It is a feeling or consciousness of one's powers or of

reliance on one's circumstances. 

Competency. It refers to the quality or state of being functionally

adequate.

Development. It refers to a sufficiency of means for the

necessities and conveniences of life.

Gross Domestic Product. It is the market value of all the goods

and services produced by labor and property provided in a country

during one year.

Natural Selection. It is the process by which forms of life having

traits that better enable them to adapt to specific environmental

pressures.

Overseas. It means relating to, originating in, or situated in

countries across the sea.

Overseas Filipino Worker (OFW). It refers to any person, eighteen

years of age or above, who is to be engaged, or is engaged or has

been engaged in a remunerated activity in a state of which the worker

is not a legal resident.

Overseas Employment. It refers to employment of a Filipino

worker outside the Philippines covered by a valid contract.

Remittance. It is the sending of money to someone at a distance.

Self-esteem. It refers to the extent to which we like accept or

approve of ourselves or how much we value ourselves. Self esteem

always involves a degree of evaluation and we may have either a

positive or a negative view of ourselves.

Trauma. It is the behavioral state resulting from mental or

emotional stress or physical injury.

NOTES

1 – Ryan, M.R. & Deci, E.L., (2004). Avoiding Death or Engaging Life as

Accounts of Meaning and Culture: Comment on Pyszczynski et al.;

(2004). Psychological Bulletin, 130 (3), pp. 473-477

12

CHAPTER 2

Review of Related Literature and Studies

This chapter is a review of related literature and studies in which

the researchers considered as relevant to their study. Several authors

have greatly influenced the general conduct of this study with their

related investigation on its major concern. The following are some

related literature and study regarding the effects of having OFW

parents on CEU-GP Makati’s First year students’ self-esteem.

Local Literature

Elena Laur quoted “Every child would like both parents to

be at home. A complete family is more important than anything.” From

what she discussed, separation from their parents affects the internal

lives of the children to a great extent. Both grown-ups and children

mentioned that their emotional lives suffer the most evident effects.

Almost all the children asserted that after their parents’ departure they

faced difficult and unpleasant emotional states. Only a few children

from a certain region mentioned that their current material condition,

which had improved thanks to their parents’ work abroad, makes them

happy. Some of those who take care of children whose parents went

abroad, along with some medical personnel, share the same opinion.

However, according to some children, money cannot compensate for

the suffering caused by separation from their parents.1

13

The researchers included this article because it relates to the

psycho-emotional development of children who have parents working

abroad. This is also related to the self-esteem of children. Not all

children are happy that their parents are separated from them. These

children prefer having their parents working in the same area where

they live because having parents working abroad; affect the emotional

development of the children. Money does not matter to children

because they need their parents more than the money.

Asia-Pacific Policy Center vice president and executive director

Rosemarie Edillon said that it is assumed that there is a trade-off

between money and adult time when one or both parents work abroad.

Simply put, less time spent with children are compensated with more

money that their parents send. In addition, children’s satisfaction only

improved when both money and adult time/attention provided to them

increased.In the aspect of children’s satisfaction with the time and

money provided to them, results in their study showed that OFW

parents and their children give different importance to these inputs.

While it is true that children do feel an increased satisfaction with the

increase of adult attention and money from their parents, they give

varied weights on their importance. More specifically, while the OFW

parents give the same level of importance to attention and money,

children, on their part, give more significance to attention than to

money.2

14

This study is related to the current study because it shows

that children value attention more than money. OFWs migrate to

provide good education for their children. It is the main reason of the

OFWs in working overseas and having a better income only comes

second in their goals. Even though they give equal importance to

attention and money, we have technology that lets us communicate

using video calls and they still can’t give the same attention if they live

with their children.

According to Melanie Reyes, Migration is an economic, social and

political process that affects those who move, those who stay behind,

and the places where they go. People are crossing borders to search

for better job opportunities and to provide a better future for their

families. Reyes discussed that along the development of Filipinos

working abroad is the plight of more children being left behind by

either one or both parents, leaving them to the care of extended family

members. But when women migrate, it appears that families go

through more adjustments. Interchanging of gender roles in the family

could also impact positively or negatively depending on how the father

left behind accepts his new role. Reyes asserted that there is always

an emotional aspect that goes along with parents leaving their

children, especially for long periods of time and it is also a relief to

have the extended family looking after the children left-behind. It

15

cannot negate the fact that the children are longing for the love and

care of their biological parents.3

It is explained in this study that when the mother is departed

from her child for a long time, like in an Overseas Filipino worker, the

family goes to many adjustments. The researcher stated in the study

that parental absence creates displacement disruptions and changes in

care giving arrangement. Even if the extended family looks after the

children, the child still needs the love and care of their biological

parents. The departure of a parent to a child creates an interchanging

of gender role which can affect a child positively or negatively,

depending on the situation.

Foreign Literature

According to Cristina Montefusco, she discussed that there are

two different conditions of Children of Labor Migrants, those who are

left alone just for a few years as mothers return home after a

determined period of time and those who are permanently abandoned

and eventually receive mothers’ remittances. Montefusco said that

children become cynical and cruel and schools are unable to cope with

this challenge. According to Montefusco, children left behind usually

have problems related to low motivation to learn, negative change of

moral values (dominance of material values), poor manners,

arrogance, insolence and egoistic attitudes. On the other hand, they

16

tend to be more vulnerable than the other children, to be more

reserved as well as more independent. They need more support and

understanding from teachers.4

The study is related to the present study because children’s

attitude being left behind can be a cause of having a high self-esteem

or low-self-esteem to children. Knowing why children acts that way

leads to knowing the development of the children’s self-esteem.

An article made by Jan Blaxall for the Canadian Child Care

Federation, proposed simple strategies for parents to enhance the self

esteem of their children. Affection conveys a sincere sense of enjoying

children and wanting to be with them. Attentiveness conveys a

genuine interest in what children are interested in, and a desire to

know children as individuals. Acceptance conveys your respect for

children for who they are today, without pressure to change, to

become someone else, or to conform. Affirmation conveys an

acceptance of children’s feelings as real and legitimate. Availability is

also important because when feelings are intense to ensure that your

child is not overwhelmed and “time in” to help a child regain control

over strong emotions. Admiration is recognition of their efforts and

achievements, encouragement when the going gets tough,

reassurance that it will get easier with time and practice. 5

According to the article, if children feel that their parents want to

be with them it will enhance their self esteem. OFW’s are unable to

17

make this connection and children may feel that their parents do not

want to be with them resulting in damaging the self esteem. Parent’s

helping their children when they are emotionally intense can affect self

esteem in a positive way. If the parents are unable to help their child

when they are full of strong emotions, it may have a negative effect on

the child’s self esteem.

From the book Parent-Child Relations, Jerry Bigner discussed that

the families with teenagers stage of the family life cycle signals the

approaching end of the child-rearing responsibilities for adults. As the

first child grows through adolescence, parents must once again adapt

to the changing developmental demands of their child in providing

their care giving. This is a period of conflict and strained

communications between parents and teenagers. Differences in value

orientation and life-styles between the generations may become

apparent as the teenager approaches early adulthood. With the

completion of the adolescent stage and the exit of the last child from

the home, the parents face the challenge of adjusting to new roles as

adults as they enter the last stage of psychosocial development.

Development interaction during the families-with-teenagers and

launching-of-young-adults stage centers on developmental tasks that

include: (1)Maintaining effective communications with children.

(2)Meeting individual and shared needs. 6

18

From what Jerry Bigner discussed, it is related to the present

study by mentioning some of the factors that might have affected the

relationship between the parent and the child, especially when parents

work abroad. Children whose parents are working abroad have the

tendency to rebel because they do not have parents beside them to

guide them. Only parents have that different and unique impact on

their children that will boost their self-esteem up. It really gives

teenagers good feeling or over-whelming feeling when they feel like

the one they need is just there beside them rather than feeling

incomplete. Sometimes effective communication with parents working

abroad will make the child feel like parents are just physically absent

but morally they present.

Mark Huttemier, a counselor at University of Wisconsin River

Falls, said that self esteem is the feeling of being valued or respected

by our parents. Being respected means supporting the children’s

decisions. The parent works to prevent the child from experiencing

failure because the parent inappropriately interprets the child’s failure

as his/her own failure. The child starts to see his achievements as a

way to win approval from his parents and does not adequately

internalize his success as esteem. The result is the child does not know

how to feel good about himself. He also said that awards like money,

awards, and recognition should not be tied to self esteem. Instead he

believed that personal integrity is the best in creating self esteem.7

19

This article is related to the study because if the parents go

abroad they will fail to interact with their child thus not being able to

support the child’s decisions. If the child excels or fails at something

and is unable to connect with his parents this may result in failure to

develop self-esteem. Personal integrity as defined in the dictionary

means adherence to a code or values. Parents that go abroad will not

be able to teach their kids values, which hinder the formation of self

esteem.

According to the article “The Impact of Migration on Children” by

Caroline Bakker, Martina Elings-Pels and Michele Reis, they discussed

that if children feel that their parents want to be with them it will

enhance their self esteem. OFW’s are unable to make this connection

and children may feel that their parents do not want to be with them

resulting in damaging the self esteem. Parent’s helping their children

when they are emotionally intense can affect self esteem in a positive

way. If the parents are unable to help their child when they are full of

strong emotions, it may have a negative effect on the child’s self

esteem.8

The impact of parents’ migration on children can be devastating

as it threatens the long-term well-being and development of

adolescents into adulthood. Children affected by migration face several

challenges in terms of education and health care as well as various

20

psychosocial problems. Many children left behind suffer from

depressions, low self-esteem which can lead to behavioral problems,

and at increased risk of poor academic performance as well as

interruption of schooling.

Local Studies

Melanie Reyes, an active member of Women and Gender

Institute for the United Nations Children’s Fund, believed that

vulnerability of children to abuse and violence is one of the worrying

aspects of parental absence. Study shows that among the common

form of abuse are verbal, intimidating and hurting children. And among

children of migrants, it is the male children who reported experiencing

more abuse than female children. “Gender differences were largest for

such abuses as being belittled and being hurt. The feeling of being

abandoned was rather pronounced among the children of migrant

mothers (boys and girls alike)”.9

The study is related to the present study because the

vulnerability of children to abuse and violence are connected to one’s

development of self-esteem. A person's overall sense of self-worth or

personal value may not be achieved if a child is vulnerable. A child

may be vulnerable due to parental absence.

A Research paper from College of Liberal Arts, De La Salle

University – Dasmariñas concluded that parents help shape the

personality of college students by means of attachment establishment

21

through the formative years. As absentee parent/s goes home within

two years, they are able to contribute on the rearing of their children.

Monetary support compensates to the time lost, although not in every

aspect of their college children’s needs. Lastly, the college students

still see the parent/s overseas as figure/s of authority, however remote

their parent/s can be.10

This study is related to the present study because the past study

found out that parents have important roles on their children and they

contribute on the rearing of their children. It also stated that parents

help shape the personality of a child. In this aspect, parent absence

may greatly affect a child’s personality and self-esteem.

A local study about Migration and Filipino Children Left-Behind

states that Parental absence creates “displacement, disruptions and

changes in care giving arrangement.” There is always an emotional

aspect that goes along with parents leaving their children, especially

for long periods of time. Nevertheless, it is also a relief to have the

extended family looking after the children left-behind. However, it

cannot negate the fact that the children are longing for the love and

care of their biological parents.11

In the study about Migration and Filipino Children Left-Behind by

Melanie Reyes, it is said that children left behind by their OFW parents

seeks for love and care from their parents which cannot be replaced by

22

mere caregivers. The study is related to the present study because the

results of the past study states that children left behind needs love and

affection from their biological parents. If a person’s needs are not

fulfilled it may affect the person’s attitude, behavior and performance

along with their self-concept or self-esteem.

A study by the College of Social Sciences and Philosophy of

University of the Philippines states that, the results of their study

revealed that students with low self-esteem compared to those with

high self-esteem tend to compare themselves more to others who are

better or to those who have more.  They also tend to see themselves in

areas that they are not positively endowed with.  In general

adolescents base their self-esteem on internal factors, namely on their

belief that they are loved by God and by their adherence to a moral

code.  No gender differences were found between males and females’

direction of social comparison.  Females were found to be more

affected than males regarding academic performance, family

relationships, and relationship with God.12

The study is related to the present study because it shows that a

person’s self-concept is said to be affected by family relationships. If

the parents are working abroad then a person’s self-concept or self-

esteem may also be affected.

A study entitled, Self-esteem and family relationships: A Filipino

study by Watkins, David; Astilla, Estela states that the importance of

23

the parent-child relationship in the development of self-concept is well

recognized by psychologists. The Philippines is an intensely family

oriented society. Given the family oriented nature of Filipino that

writers should suggest that the Filipino based in the bond that unites

the family and kinship groups. However, this proposition been

empirically investigated. The article tests whether high self-esteem

subjects report a higher degree of family acceptance than low esteem

subjects. It was found that the high self-esteem group reported a

superior level of family inter-relationships to the low self-esteem group.

This lends empirical confirmation to the hypothesized close association

between the Filipino's perception of his family relationship and his self-

esteem. It also lends support, from a cross-cultural perspective, to the

view that family relationships are a significant influence on the

development of sense of self worth of adolescents. 13

According to David Watkins and Estela Astilla, family

relationships play a very important role in a person’s self-esteem.

Being that of a country with close family ties, a child is influenced

significantly by their family especially their parents. The study by

David Watkins and Estela Astilla is related to the present study

because it establishes discovered facts about the family’s role to a

person’s self-esteem.

Foreign Studies

24

According to Stanley Coopersmith, he studied the kinds of

parental attitudes and practices were associated with the development

of high levels of self-esteem and there were three conditions that were

correlated with high self-esteem. First, the parents themselves had

high levels of self-esteem and were very accepting toward their

children. Second, students with high self-esteem tend to have parents

who enforced clearly defined limits. Third, parents of the students with

high self-esteem showed respect for the children's rights and opinions,

respect for the children's rights and opinions. 14

The study is related to the present study because Parents'

parental attitudes and practices are also connected to the

development of self-esteem of their children. A parent who has a high

self-esteem can also influence and give their children a better

guidance, show them their limits and most importantly, respect their

ideas and opinions. Parent's support all through the way is a big help in

guiding the child to be confident in everything they do.

According to Frank Rusch, the family's involvement in their son's

or daughter's education is a critical factor related to school success.

Students' benefits from family involvement as indicated by better

academic performance, better attendance, lower dropout rates,

increase likelihood for higher education and improved attitudes.

Parents play a significant role in transitions as indicated by the

overwhelming support for their own involvement evident through

25

Legislations, research outcomes and student testimony. In addition,

parents are a source of continuity and consistency in the young adult's

life that can be a key link among changing education and adult service

personnel as well as an ongoing and constant source of support.

Parents themselves must set or be a good example to their children.

Being a role model to their kids affects what they might be in the

future. 15

The study is related to the present study by means of how much

time is allotted by the parents to bond with their children. The more

they show support and give their children's needs, the more the child

is being motivated in pursuing better achievements as they develop

their self-esteem.

According to Delamont, "boys" demand are given more attention

and engage in activity related discussion to a greater extent than girls.

Girls maybe more affected than boys by family disruption. there is

some evidence that the effect of living with one parent on dropping out

of high school is greater for young men. Parents bear primary

responsibility for making sure that the child's needs are met. In order

to grow up to be successful adults, children need intellectual

stimulation and they need to know that working hard and getting a

good education will pay off in the future. They also need a close

relationship with a parent who is committed to their well-being and

who has the ability and authority to supervise their activities and make

26

sure they do not get off on the wrong track. Boys are more

irresponsible than girls. But by now some girls tend to act like boys.

They do the same thing. Parents must guide their kids on which track

they must go.16

The study is related to the present study because parents should

be the first and the one who will set their children's mind in knowing

how to have a better future. Their close relationship is the key in

convincing the child to believe what their parents tell them. Without it,

children might just make their own risky decisions without asking

anyone for opinions if what they will do is for the better or for worse

because some parents just leave their children for work and never

having the time to talk to them.

According to National Center for Education

Statistics(Washington), they conducted a study using national

probability sample of one thousand, two hundred fifty fathers showed

that children whose fathers share meals, spend leisure time with them,

or help them with reading or homework do significantly better in

schooling than those whose father do not.17

This study is related to the present study because parents

spending time mostly with their kids are really important to a child’s

development and they are able to guide their child while growing up. If

the child is nurtured with love, care and support from their parents,

27

children will not have low self-esteem and will have self-confidence to

do the right thing.

According to Asis Maruja, “Parental absence creates

displacement, disruptions and changes in care giving arrangement.”

Maruja asserted that there is always an emotional aspect that goes

along with parents leaving their children, especially for long periods of

time. Nevertheless, it is also a relief to have the extended family

looking after the children left-behind. However, it cannot negate the

fact that the children are longing for the love and care of their

biological parents.18

The study is related to the present study because parents should

be the one guiding their child. The children will not have a proper self-

esteem if they are left behind. A child may grow in a wrong

environment and could think and do risky actions if they are not well

guided and taught by their parents.

28

NOTES1 Elena Laur. “Psycho-emotional development”, The Impact

Of Parental Deprivation On The Development Of Children Left Behind

By Moldovan Migrants. page 20

www.unicef.org/socialpolicy/files/The_Impact_of_Parental_Deprivation_

on_the_Development_of_Children.pdf

2 Rosemarie Edillon (March - April 2008). OFW Children: Wanting

For More Attention, Development Research News Vol. XXVI No.2 ISSN

0115-9097

3 Melanie M. Reyes (2008). Migration and Filipino Children Left-

Behind. www.unicef.org/philippines/Synthesis_StudyJuly12008.pdf

4 Cristina Montefusco (November 2010). International Migration

Organization Final Report: The Psychosocial-Educational Component.

pg.10-135 Jan Blaxall(2008). Parents as Partners: Enhancing Self-Esteem6 Jerry J. Bigner. “An Introduction to Parenting”, Parent – Child

relations. page 210 – 211

7 Mark Huttemier (August 2012). From Integrity to Self-Esteem

www.uwrf.edu/StudentHealthAndCounseling/upload/ArticleSelfEsteem.

pdf

29

8 Caroline Bakker, Martina Elings-Pels and Michele Reis (August

2009). The Impact of Migration on Children, Caribbean UNICEF Office

for Barbados and Eastern Caribbean

9 Melanie Reyes (2003). A Philippine Study: “Families on the

Move”10 Effelaine Castro, Jomari Del Rosario, April Jane Gonzales, Josef

Paolo Jimenez, and Kong-Tae Kyu (2011). The Psychological Effects of

the Absentee Parents to the Personality Development of College

Students. www.scribd.com/doc/67272871/The-Psychological-Effects-of-

the-Absentee-Parents-to-the-Personality-Development-of-College-

Students11 Melanie M. Reyes (2008). Migration and Filipino Children Left-

Behind. www.unicef.org/philippines/Synthesis_StudyJuly12008.pdf

12 Eric L. Dimar (2011). Contingencies Of Filipino Adolescent Self-

Esteem And The Possible Effect Of Direction Of Social Comparison.

(University of the Philippines Diliman Undergraduate Thesis)

13 David Watkins and Estela Astilla (1980). Self-esteem and family

relationships: A Filipino study.

http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/11587764/self-

esteem-family-relationships-filipino-study14 Abe, Sherry. Bagus, Jasmin. Francisco, Mellisa Joy (March

2004). The Self-Esteem Of Students In The Cream Section From Second

30

Year To Fourth Year Of The BS Psychology Program School Year 2003-

2004 (Centro Escolar University Undergraduate Thesis)15 Claudette P. Nuguid, Mary Cris P. Cabahug, Theresa Joy C.

Liwanag (March 2012). Comparative Study Of The Father's Absence

And The Mother's Absence On The Cognitive Ability And Academic

Performance Of Freshmen Students Of The School Of Science And

Technology (Centro Escolar University Undergraduate Thesis)

16 Christian Mary G. Avinante, Elaine C. Domingo, Monette M.

Mirano (March 2003). Perceived Effects Of Paternal Absence On The

Child's Social And Emotional Development (CEU Undergraduate Thesis)17 Claudette P. Nuguid, Mary Cris P. Cabahug, Theresa Joy C.

Liwanag (March 2012). Comparative Study Of The Father's Absence

And The Mother's Absence On The Cognitive Ability And Academic

Performance Of Freshmen Students Of The School Of Science And

Technology (Centro Escolar University Undergraduate Thesis)18 Asis Maruja (2000). A Study of Migration and Families in Asia

31

CHAPTER 3

Methods and Procedure

This chapter includes the methods and procedures that will be

used in gathering data, the subjects of the study, the instruments that

will be adapted, the sampling technique, and the statistical treatment

that will be employed in interpreting the data.

Research Methodology

The Descriptive Research Method will be used in this study.

This type of research method describes and interprets what is. It

is concerned with conditions of relationships that exist, practices that

prevail, beliefs, processes that are going on, effects that are being felt,

or trends that are developing.1

The process of Descriptive Research goes beyond mere

gathering and tabulation of data. It involves the elements or

interpretation of the meaning or significance of what is described and

is often combined with comparison and contrast. 2

In other words, Descriptive Research may be defined as a

purposive process of gathering, analyzing, classifying, and tabulating

data about prevailing conditions, practices, beliefs, processes, trends

32

and cause-effect relationships and then making adequate and accurate

interpretation about such data with or without the aid of statistical

method.

32

Since the present study is concerned with the effects of having

OFW parents on self-esteem of selected First Year students, the

Descriptive method of research was the most appropriate kind of

research design to use.

Subjects of the Study

The researchers choose the entire First year students studying in

Centro Escolar University Makati-Gil Puyat. The total number of first

year students, excluding irregular students, is 1335. The age range is

from 15-19 years old.

Sampling Technique

The researchers will use Purposive sampling - a non-Scientific

Sampling.

This type of non-scientific sampling is based on selecting the

individuals as samples according to the purposes of the researchers as

their controls. An individual is selected as part of the sample due to

good evidence that he is a representative of the population. 3

Generally speaking, statisticians do not use this type of sampling

design because not all of the individuals are given equal chance to be

included in the sample since the criteria are based on the purposes of

the investigator.

33

Procedure of Data Gathering

The researchers will utilize the following procedure to gather the

data for this study:

1. The researchers will write a permission letter to the Dean and

the Vice President of Centro Escolar University Makati City, to conduct

a study.

2. The researchers will request from the Student Records

Management Department for the schedule and room assignment of the

respondents.

Instruments that will be in this Study

Below are the instruments that will be used by the researchers in

conducting this study:

1. The researchers will prepare a survey questionnaire for the

respondents. It will consist of ten (10) major questions with a multiple

choice type of responses. This questionnaire will intend to gather data

that will show the effects on self-esteem in having OFW parents.

2. The researchers will use the Rosenburg's Self-esteem scale. It

consists of ten (10) questions, which will determine the self-esteem

level of the respondents.

34

(FOR THE SAMPLE OF ROSENBURG'S SELF-ESTEEM SCALE, GO TO

www.wwnorton.com/college/psych/psychsci/media/rosenberg.htm)

Statistical Treatment of Data

The following formulas will be used by the researchers to treat

and interpret their data.

The researchers will use Mean. This is to know what the average

self-esteem level of the respondents is.

X = (∑ƒixi) / nWhere:

X = mean

n = level of self-esteem

ƒi = frequency

Xi = grade or mark per question

The next statistical formula is the Standard Deviation. It is used

to know the range of each grade or mark of every answer in each

question of the questionnaire.

SD = √[n∑x2 – (∑x2)] / √n

Where:

SD = standard deviation x = mean

35

n = number of

respondents in a group

Below is the formula for the Two-Tailed T-Test to determine the

significance of the difference in the stress levels of the two groups.

t = -

n1 n2

Where t = t-Test

= mean of the first sample

= mean of the second sample

S1 = sample standard deviation of the first sample

S2 = sample standard deviation of the second

sample

This test was used in rejecting the (Ho) Null hypothesis. The

results will be used to find out the effects of having OFW parents on

the self-esteem of selected first year students.

36

NOTES1 Jose Calderon, Expectacion Gonzales (1993). Methods of

Research and Thesis Writing. (Quad Alpha Centrum Bldg. 125 Pioneer

Street, Mandaluyong City 1550: National Book Store, 2007 Reprint)

Page 612 Custodiosa Sanchez (1980). Methods and Techniques of

Research, (Manila: Rex Book Store, Inc.) Page 833 Laurentina Paler-Calmorin, Melchor A. Calmorin (2010).

Research Methods and Thesis Writing, (856 Nicanor Reyes, Sr. St.,

Sampaloc, Manila: Rex Book Store, Inc.) Page 104