RESEARCH PROPOSALRESEARCH PROPOSAL

BYBY

Mr. Meshack K. KorirMr. Meshack K. Korir

JKUATJKUAT

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ASSESSMENT OF POSTHARVEST LOSSES

OF RICE: A CASE STUDY OF MWEA AND

WESTERN IRRIGATION SCHEMES OF

KENYA

INTRODUCTION

Rice is the third most important staple food in Kenya after maize and wheat

According to NIB, 95% of rice in Kenya is grown under irrigation while the rest grow under rain fed condition

Due to production inefficiencies and increased demand of rice, Kenya is only able to meet 20 % of its needs

NIB has estimated per capita rice consumption of 7 kg which is expected to increase to 11kg by 2015

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INTRODUCTION

MOA of Kenya has estimated annual consumption of rice to increase at a rate of 12% compared to 4 % for wheat and 1% for maize

This is as a result of increasing consumption of rice due to changing eating habits particularly for the urban consumers

Therefore, rice production need to be increased if the rising demand for rice is to be met.

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INTRODUCTION

Rice availability and accessibility can be increased by:

increasing production, improving distribution and reducing the losses

Thus, reduction of postharvest losses is a critical component of ensuring future national food security.

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INTRODUCTION

Postharvest Food Loss can be quantitative or qualitative

Quantitative is measured by decreased weight or volume (Weight loss during drying process and de-husking are not PHL)

Qualitative is reduced nutrient value and unwanted changes to taste, color, texture, or cosmetic features of food

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INTRODUCTION

Problem statement and justification

Research on the improvement of rice production has received considerable attention and funding compared to postharvest activities

In Sub-Saharan Africa: quantitative postharvest losses is 10 to 22%

Minimizing PHL could translate to reduction in: rice imports,economic losses Food security

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INTRODUCTION

Problem statement and justification In Kenya, there is inadequate information on

postharvest losses of rice with regards to:

What ?Where? and Why? the losses occur in the production system

For effective reduction of losses, it is important to estimate the losses and the stages at which they occur

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Broad objective

To assess the postharvest losses that occur in rice from harvesting to milling at Mwea, Ahero, West Kano and Bunyala irrigation schemes of Kenya and hence sound scientific solutions

Specific objectives To gather information on postharvest losses of

rice in Ahero, West Kano and Bunyala irrigation schemes

To determine postharvest losses of rice at harvesting, threshing, drying, storage and milling.

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LITERATURE REVIEW

Postharvest loss profile of rice

PHL of rice occur at various stage which include:

HarvestingThreshingDryingstoragemilling

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LITERATURE REVIEW

Postharvest loss profile of rice 1.Harvest Losses

Method of harvesting is link to losses. Too much paddy handling create problems both in quality and quantity (NAPHIRE, 1997)

In kenya and other developing countries traditional manual methods such as sickle methods are the most common.

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LITERATURE REVIEW

Postharvest loss profile of rice 2.Threshing Losses Threshing losses depend on the method used

The methods are generally classified as manual, animal or mechanical (FAO, 1997).

The simplest threshing systems for rice is striking the panicles against a hard surface. Others include:

Trampling underfootDriving the animals over a layer of sheaves about 30cm thick

Treading out which is accomplished with vehicle or tractor19/04/23 11

LITERATURE REVIEWPostharvest loss profile of rice 3. Losses during drying Drying period of harvested paddy rice depends

on whether it will be stored for a short or long period or whether it is intended for milling.

Sun drying is traditional method of drying the harvested rice

The crop is either left in the field to dry after reaping before threshing, or spread out on mats or pavements after threshing.

Most losses in drying occur due to: poor technical performance of the technology or

improper use of the technology, 19/04/23 12

LITERATURE REVIEW

Postharvest loss profile of rice

4. Storage losses Pest infestation due to insects, rodents, and birds

is a real threat when paddy or milled rice is stored.

Measures to control infestation include fumigation of the stock with phosphine gas

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LITERATURE REVIEW

Postharvest loss profile of rice 5.Milling losses According to De Padua (1999), milling losses are

due to;Inherent poor technical performance of milling machinery,

Operator ineptitude

Impact: poor milling yields

Rice breakage during the milling process increased with the decreasing kernel diameter (Matthews and Spadaro, 1976)

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LITERATURE REVIEWPostharvest loss profile of rice 5.Milling losses Rice breakage during the milling process

decreased with the increasing paddy moisture content in the range of 12 to 16% (Dilday, 1987)

To have a high quality milling process with reasonable rice breakage, paddy must be harvested at the optimum moisture content and at the suitable stage of maturity (Luh, 1991)

Long and tiny rice kernels are more susceptible to breakage during the milling process (Clement and Seguy, 1994)

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METHODOLOGY

Study Area The study will be conducted at:

Mwea AheroWest Kano and Bunyala irrigation schemes

The study will be done in two phases: Baseline survey and A field work

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METHODOLOGY

A baseline Survey A baseline survey will be conducted in the study

areas

Well structured questionnaires will be used for abstracting information on farmers’ perception and knowledge of postharvest losses of rice

This will be complemented through information obtained from interviews and target group discussions

Stakeholders and scientist will be engaged in evaluating the postharvest losses in rice in the study areas as well as look for possible solutions19/04/23 17

METHODOLOGYField work Two rice varieties Bismati 370 and R2793-80-1

will be evaluated

Planting area: 4m by 5m

Farm operation to be carried out include:Land clearing ploughing, retovation, raising nursery for seedlings and transplanting

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METHODOLOGY

Measurement of postharvest losses of rice 1. Harvesting losses The rice plots will be divided into quadrants

Skilled harvesters will be allowed to harvest using commonly used harvesting methods in the study area

Left over rice grains on the harvested plots (both on the ground and on unharvested standing plants) were thoroughly collected, cleaned, dried, weighed and stored.

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METHODOLOGY

Measurement of postharvest losses of rice 1. Harvesting losses Percentages of harvesting losses were determined

using the method described by Badawi (2003) equation 1.

In this equation, HL is the percentage harvesting losses, Lo is the left over paddy, Tt is the total harvested paddy

(1)

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100

t

OL T

LH

METHODOLOGY

Measurement of postharvest losses of rice 2. Threshing losses Threshing methods in the study areas will be

evaluated

After threshing, all the rice grains that will fall out during threshing process will be collected, cleaned, dried and weighed

All rice grains remaining on the stalks after threshing will also be collected, cleaned, dried and weighed

(1)19/04/23 21

METHODOLOGY

Measurement of postharvest losses of rice 2. Threshing losses Threshing losses will be evaluated base on the

equation 2

In this equation, TL is percentage threshing losses, WO is the weight of left over grains and WT is the total weight of collected grains

(2)

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100

T

OL W

WT

METHODOLOGY

Measurement of postharvest losses of rice 3. Drying losses Dried paddy rice will be gathered and collected,

the paddy that will be left out after gathering will also be collected

Drying losses will be computed using equation 3

In this equation, WL is percentage weight loss during drying, WO is the weight of left over paddy and Wc is the total weight of collected grains

(3)

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100

c

OL W

WW

METHODOLOGY

Measurement of postharvest losses of rice

4. Storage losses Dried paddy rice will be weighed and stored

After 60days of storage the paddy will be reweighed

Storage losses will be determined based on equation 4

In this equation, WS is percentage weight loss during storage, WI is the initial weight of paddy and WF is the final weight of paddy rice

(4)19/04/23 24

100

I

FIS W

WWW

METHODOLOGY

Measurement of postharvest losses of rice

5. Milling losses Performance of different milling machines will be

evaluated on their rice milling yields

Milling yield will be calculated based on equation 4

In this equation, WY is percentage milling yield, Ww is the weight of white rice and WP is the weight of paddy

(4)

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100

p

WY W

WM

METHODOLOGY

Measurement of postharvest losses of rice

5. Milling losses The grains after milling will be subjected to head

grain count to determine breakages

A sample of milled rice will be taken

Head grains (unbroken grains) were separated from the broken grains and weighed

The percentages of broken and unbroken grains will be determined

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STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16 will be used to analyze the responses on farmer’s perception of post harvest losses.

Analysis of variance (ANOVA) will be performed on experimental data collected using GENSTAT Discovery Edition 3 and separation of treatment means will be done using the LSD at 5% level of significance.

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EXPECTED RESULTS

This study is expected to:

provide farmer’s information in regard to perception and knowledge on postharvest losses

Establish and document losses figures of rice in the study areas

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WORK PLAN

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BUDGET

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REFERENCES Clement, G. and Seguy J. I. (1994). Behavior of

rice during processing. Journal of Agriculture and Development. 16:38-46.

De Padua, D. (1999). Grain Post Production Systems. Agricultural Engineering Division, International Rice Research Institute Philippines.[www.agnet.org/library/eb/465a/][Accessed 10th May 2010]

Dilday, R. H. (1987). Genetic effects determining rice grain weight and grain density qualities. [www. springerlink.com/indexpdf] [Accessed 2nd March 2010]

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REFERENCES

F.A.O. (2007). Estimates of Post Harvest Losses of Rice in South East Asia. Available on line at [http://www.fao.org./News/ FACTFILE/FF9712-EHTM][Accessed 2nd May 2010]

Golletti, F. and Wolf, C. (1999). The Impact of Post Harvest Research. M.S.S Discussion Paper No 29 International Food Policy Institute, Washington DC. [ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/25716/1/pp06120pdf][Accessed 6th March 2010]

Matthews, J. and Spadaro, J. J. (1976). Comparison of different rice milling methods. [www.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1682&context=ijfe]. [Accessed 16th May 2010]

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REFERENCES

NAPHIRE (1997). Technical guide on grain post harvest operation. Munos Neuva Ecija , Philippines. National Post Harvest Institute for Research and Extension.[www.fao.org/inpho/content/compend/text/ch10-05.htm][Accessed 15th May 2010]

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Thank you

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