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Experiment has been conducted during wet and dry seasons organically having split application of vermicompost
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Short title: Vermicompost, FYM and PSB in organic rice
Split application of vermicompost, with and without FYM and PSB, and its
effect on growth and yield of organic rice (Oryza sativa L.)
T. BARIK*, S. SAHU
Department of Agronomy, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology,
Bhubaneswar, 751003
ABSTRACT
A field experiment was conducted at Agronomy Farm of Orissa University of
Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar during rainy (kharif) and winter (rabi)
seasons of 2007. The treatments consisted of different combinations of PSB (2 kg/ha),
FYM (15 t/ha) and vermicompost (VC) @ 5t/ha in organic rice (Oryza sativa L.). The
experiment was laid out in RBD with three replications. Application of PSB recorded
significantly higher yield of 3.82 and 4.20 t/ha when pooled over rainy and winter
seasons. Various growth characters and yield attributes also followed a similar trend. PSB
recorded significantly higher net return (Rs 14036 /ha) and benefit – cost ratio (1.68).
Application of 50% FYM (basal) + 25% VC (basal) + 25% VC as topdressing at 10 days
after transplanting produced the highest grain yield of 4.11 and 4.48 t/ha, when averaged
over the kharif and rabi seasons, respectively. The net return and benefit- cost ratio of the
above treatment over the two years were Rs 15657/ha and 1.73, respectively. Available
N, P and K contents of the soil after harvest of the two crops were higher when PSB and
organics were applied. VC @ 5 t/ha was at par with 15 t/ha of FYM almost in all the
growth characters, yield attributes and yield.
Key words: FYM, Organic rice, PSB, Vermicompost
The modern intensive agriculture which brought about “Green Revolution” during
early seventies resulted in degradation of the environment which has led to
*Corresponding author: Email- [email protected]
decline in productivity and many adverse effects on environment and human health
(Kler and Walia, 2006). Organic farming which largely excludes the use of chemicals in
agriculture relies on holistic production and management system for enhancing health of
agricultural ecosystem (Otto, 2003). In this system of holistic management as the soil is
kept biologically active the plethora of micro-organisms present in soil takes care of
making the soil productive, living and vibrant. Again contrary to the argument that plants
always take up nutrients in inorganic form, it is a fact that plants can and do absorb
significant amounts of large organic molecules including vitamins, chelated minerals,
hormones and other compounds beneficial to it (Singh and Singh, 2007). It is expected
that with green manuring of Sesbania; use of FYM, vermicompost, PSB and neem
(Azadirachta indica) cake, rice can be grown successfully and profitably in an organic
farm. Many researchers have found that vermicompost stimulates further plant growth
even when the plants are already receiving optimal nutrition (Atiyeh et al. 2000). Again
one or two application of pitcher khad (pot manure) reduces the cost of plant protection
to a negligible level. Keeping all these in view an experiment was taken up to study if the
above claims also hold good for medium land rice under Orissa condition.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The field study was conducted at Agronomy Farm of the Orissa University of
Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar during rainy (kharif) and winter (rabi)
seasons of 2007. The latitude and the longitude of the research station are 20 015’ N and
85052’ E, respectively, with an altitude of 25.9 m above the mean sea level. The soil was
loamy sand in texture, slightly acidic with pH (6.1), low in organic carbon (0.46%) and
available N (162.2 kg/ ha), medium in available P (9.9kg /ha) and K (153.3 kg/ ha) content.
Bulk density was 1.65 (g /cm3) and EC was 0.259 dS/m. Rice variety ‘Lalat’ was used
during both the seasons. This variety is resistant to blast and leaf spot and moderately
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resistant to bacterial leaf blight (BLB), sheath blight, brown plant hopper (BPH) and leaf
folder. The treatments were: FYM 15 t/ha (basal); Vermicompost (VC) 5 t/ha (basal);
75% FYM (basal) + 25% VC (basal); 75% FYM (basal) + 12.5% VC (basal) + 12.5%
VC as topdressing at 10 days after transplanting (DAT); 50% FYM (basal) + 50% VC
(basal); and 50% FYM (basal) + 25% VC (basal) + 25% VC as topdressing at 10 DAT;
all of which were also taken up with PSB @ 2 kg/ha as another six treatments. Thus the
RBD design had 12 treatments and 3 replications.
Green manuring was done during kharif with sesbania which were
incorporated at 40 days after sowing. Farm yard manure and vermicompost were
applied as per the treatments. No chemical fertilizer was applied. Neem cake was
applied uniformly @ 250kg/ha. The N, P and K contents of various organics are given
in Table 1.
No major incidence of pests and diseases was observed. However, from
precautionary point of view pot manure was applied at 20 and 40 days after sowing. The
pot manure was prepared as follows. Fresh cow-dung, cow urine, mixture of three
different kinds of leaves and water at the rate of 1kg each, were kept in a cement tank
along with 50g of molasses. Leaves of neem, Callotropis gigantia and Pongamia pinnata
were taken in equal proportions to make total of 1 kg. The leaves were cut into small
pieces before use. The mixture was fermented for 7 days after which the liquid was
collected, diluted 20 times with water (by volume) and sprayed on the crop.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
It is to be noted that growth characters, yield attributes and yield of rice during
both the years followed almost similar trend.
Effect of phosphate solubilising bacteria (PSB)
It was found that application of PSB recorded significantly higher growth
characters (Table 2) like plant height, total and effective tillers/clump (27.3%and 2
34.6%),number of leaves per clump at 45 DAT and at harvest, leaf area index, dry matter
accumulation (50.0%), CGR, NAR, and root dry weight (44.4%) than the crop which was
grown without PSB. The increase in various yield attributing characters (Table 3) and yield
(Table 4) were quite marked in PSB. The values were 7.1% in case of length of panicle,
10.3% in fertile grains/ panicle, 1.6% in 1000-grain weight and 25.0% in weight of
panicle when pooled across the years. Like wise it was 16.3 and 8.2% during wet season,
and 19.7 and 12.8% during dry season in grain and straw yield, respectively, when pooled
over the two years. PSB would have helped in higher availability of phosphorus and better
root growth. Beneficial effect of PSB on release of greater amount of phosphorus has been
reported by Gaur (1990).
Available N and K content of the soil after harvest of the crop was lower
when PSB was applied (Table 5) while it was reverse in case of P. The post harvest
variation in nutrient content of soil due to PSB application in rice may be attributed to the
differential uptake of nutrients. Increased availability of nutrients would have enhanced
root proliferation which helped in more uptake of nutrients. It was found that various
physical and chemical characteristics of the soil changed due to the effect of PSB.
Electrical conductivity and organic carbon content increased while with respect to bulk
density and pH it reduced. Total uptake of N, P and K were higher in case of PSB over no
application.
The maximum net monetary (Rs 10656) return (Figure 1) and benefit- cost
ratio of 1.56 were obtained due to PSB application because of higher grain and straw
yields as compared with the crop planted without PSB.
Effect of manurial scheduling
From the study it was found that the yield obtained from sole application
of vermicompost @ 5 tons/ha was lowest (Table 3) but was on a par with application of
FYM @ 15 tons/ha in all the years and seasons. Statistically equal yield, growth
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parameters and yield attributes in VC treated plots may be attributed not only to the
presence of higher amount of nutrients or hormones in vermicompost (Canellas et al.,
2002) but also the presence of higher number of microorganisms which would have
helped in better decomposition of added organic matters like sesbania, and neem cake
and ultimately resulted in better availability of nutrients from them. Among rest of the
treatments the growth characters (Table 2), root weight, yield attributes and yield of grain
and straw gradually increased in the order of combinations consisting of 75% FYM to
50% FYM and from basal application of VC to its split application with varying levels of
significancy. With respect to percent increase in length of panicle of “50% FYM (basal)
+ 25% VC (basal) + 25% VC as topdressing at 10 DAT” over VC was 23.4. Similar
values for fertile grains/ panicle was 31.9; 1000-grain weight was 8.6 and weight of
panicle was 44.9. Pooled grain and straw yield during kharif and rabi seasons were 40.2,
15.3; and 44.1, 18.4%, respectively. The basal application of FYM and split application
of VC is expected to supply nutrients and growth hormones (from VC) in a more
continuous manner which increased the growth attributes leading to higher
photosynthesis and translocation of photosynthates towards sink as indicated from the
yield attributing characters and grain yield. It is also a fact that nutrients in organic
matters/manures are released to the plant via the activities of soil microbes. This must
have occurred in a more efficient and continuous manner when a combination of FYM
and split application of VC was used.
The total uptake of nitrogen in FYM treated plot was only 6.1% higher over VC;
while that of others ranged from 24.3 (75% FYM (basal) + 25% VC (basal)) to 37.40%
(50% FYM (basal) + 25% VC (basal) + 25% VC as topdressing at 10 DAT) over sole
VC. Similar values for total uptake of phosphorus were 6.8 and 27.2 to 39.4% and for
potash were 5.2, and 13.5 to 23.6%, respectively. Higher uptake is found to be related to
high biomass production.
Available N and P content of the soil after harvest of the crop was higher than the
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initial value in case of all the treatments. This might have happened due to the fact that
the release of nitrogen is slow from the organics. With respect to phosphorus there was
slight loss from the initial value in all the treatments except 100% FYM.
With respect to the physico-chemical properties, reduction in bulk density was
highest in case of FYM and lowest in 50% FYM combinations. This might have
happened due to bulkiness of FYM in the former. The pH in case of FYM treatment
reduced from initial value of 6.4 to 5.33 while in case of VC it increased to 6.43. As the
pH of vermicompost remains close to neutrality it might have helped in increasing the pH
when VC was applied @ 5 t/ha. Topdressing or basal application of VC did not have any
conspicuous effect on pH. The organic carbon of sole VC increased by 20.6% over sole
application of FYM.
Economics of production
Application of PSB recorded significantly higher values over no application of
PSB with respect to net return and benefit – cost ratio, the respective values being Rs
14036 and Rs 9137/ha, and 1.68 and 1.45. This happened due to higher yield in case of
application of PSB. This indicates that with very little investment in PSB (Rs 60/ha for
2 kg of PSB) the advantage is much higher. With respect to manurial schedules net return
was significantly lowest in case of VC (Rs 4327/ha) followed by FYM. Each of the two
treatments containing either 75% or 50% FYM were at par among them being the highest
in case of “50% FYM (basal) + 25% VC (basal) + 25% VC as topdressing at 10 DAT”
(Rs 15657/ha).
B-C ratio was lowest in vermicompost (1.45) and highest in “50% FYM (basal) +
25% VC (basal) + 25% VC as topdressing at 10 DAT” (1.73). This indicates that 50%
substitution of FYM with vermicompost and split application of the latter has tremendous
effect on the economics of organic rice production. Hussain et al. (2004) have stated that
higher productivity, net return and benefit – cost ratio of rice occurs due to use of green
manuring crop, vermicompost and farm yard manure in organic
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farming.
Application of FYM 15 t/ha as basal + vermicompost 2.5 t/ha (basal) +
vermicompost 2.5 t/ha as topdressing at 10 days after transplanting produced the highest
grain yield of 4.29 t/ha of organic rice when pooled over two seasons. Further study may
be done on twice topdressing of vermicompost in organic rice.
REFERENCES
Atiyeh, R.M, Subler, S., Edwards, C.A., Bachman, G., Metzger, J.D. and Shuster, W.
2000. Effects of vermicompost and composts on plan growth in horticultural
container media and soil. Pedo Biologia, 44 : 579-590.
Canellas, L.P., Olivares, F.L., Okorokova-Facanha, A.L. and Facanha, A.R. 2002. Humic
acids isolated from earthworm compost enhance root elongation, lateral root
emergence, and plasma membrane Ht+ATPase activity in maize roots. Plant
Physiology 130 : 1951-1957.
Gaur, A.C. 1990. Phosphate Solublising Microorganisms as Biofertilizer. Omega Scientific
Publisher, New Delhi.
Hussain, T., Anwar-ul-Haq, M. and Tahir, J. 2004. Use of BM-technology in integrated
nutrient management for rice – wheat and cotton production. 6th IFOAM-Asia
Scientific Conference "Benign Environment and Safe Food" 7th – 11th September
2004. Yangpyung / Korea. pp. 304 – 351.
Kler, D.S. and Walia, S.S. 2006. Organic, integrated and chemical farming in wheat
(Triticum aestivum) under maize – wheat cropping system. Indian Journal of
Agronomy 51 : 6-9.
Otto, S. 2003. Codex alimentarious. In: The world of organic agriculture – statistics and
future prospects, pp. 41-44. Yussefi, M. and Willer, H. (Eds.), IFOAM.
Singh Y.V. and Singh, B.V. 2007. Organic farming – Status, myth and opportunities.
Intensive Agriculture (July – December) : pp. 37-41.
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Table 1. N, P and K content (%) of various organics used in the experiment
Organic source N P K
FYM 0.52 0.179 0.233
Sesbania 3.87 0.148 1.308
Neem cake 5.1 0.432 1.083
Vermicompost 1.56 0.537 0.608
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Table 2. Growth parameters as affected by PSB and manurial scheduling in organic rice pooled over two yearsTreatment Plant
height at harvest
(cm)
Total tillers/
clump at 45 DAT
Effective tillers/
clump at harvest
Number of leaves/ clump at 45 DAT
Number of leaves/ clump at harvest
LAI at 45 DAT
Dry weight/ clump
at harvest
(g)
CGR at 45-60 DAT
RGR at 30 - 45 DAT
NAR at 30 - 45 DAT
Root weight/ clump(g) at
harvest
Without PSB 96.6 9.9 7.8 26.2 13.0 4.3 19.8 15.6 0.039 2.9 1.8
With PSB 101.7 12.6 10.5 31.6 18.3 5.2 29.7 21.6 0.039 3.2 2.6
SE m± 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.3 0.1 0.7 0.8 0.001 0.1 0.1
CD (P=0.05) 1.6 1.3 1.4 1.8 0.8 0.3 2.1 2.3 NS 0.2 0.4
100% FYM: 15 t/ha (basal) 95.8 9.8 7.9 23.1 13.5 3.8 16.9 12.4 0.034 2.6 1.4
100% VC: 5 t/ha (basal) 92.9 9.6 7.4 18.8 12.0 3.1 16.1 11.5 0.033 2.8 1.2
75% FYM (basal) + 25% VC 98.7 10.0 8.4 25.0 14.4 4.1 21.4 16.0 0.037 3.0 2.1
75% FYM (basal) + 12.5% VC (basal) + 12.5% VC as topdressing
100.0 10.2 8.9 27.9 15.7 4.6 25.7 18.9 0.039 3.1 2.4
50% FYM (basal) + 50% VC (basal) 103.5 13.1 10.1 34.2 17.6 5.6 30.4 23.6 0.042 3.3 2.8
50% FYM (basal) + 25% VC (basal) + 25% VC as topdressing
106.1 14.9 12.5 40.6 20.4 6.7 38.0 29.3 0.045 3.5 3.3
SE m± 1.0 0.8 0.8 1.1 0.5 0.2 1.5 1.0 0.001 0.1 0.2
CD (P=0.05) 3.0 2.3 2.5 3.2 1.5 0.5 4.4 3.0 0.003 0.2 0.6
PSB - Phosphate solubilizing bacteria, VC- Vermicompost, DAT – Days after transplanting,
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Table 3. Yield attributes, and uptake of nutrients as affected by PSB and manurial scheduling in organic rice pooled over two years (pooled)
Treatment
Length of panicle
(cm)
Fertile spikelets/ panicle
Sterility (%)
1000- grain
weight (g)
Weight of
panicle (g)
Net return
(x103) in rupees
Cost of cultivation
(x103) in rupees
Kharif Rabi Kharif Rabi
PSB
Without PSB 24.0 107 8.4 22.02 1.84 6.90 7.07 10.21 12.36 20.46
With PSB 25.7 118 8.2 22.38 2.30 10.58 11.83 14.89 18.84 20.72
SE m± 0.22 2.13 0.08 0.48 0.07 0.28 0.18 0.32 0.11CD (P=0.05) 0.59 6.35 0.25 1.44 0.23 0.82 0.53 0.94 0.32Manorial scheduling
100% FYM: 15 t/ha (basal) 23.4 100 7.4 21.36 1.74 5.87 6.16 9.61 13.63 18.45
100%Vermicompost (VC): 5 t/ha (basal)
22.2 96 7.3 21.55 1.67 2.06 2.19 6.06 6.99 22.20
75% FYM (basal) + 25% VC 24.7 115 7.7 21.71 2.13 10.04 10.59 13.85 17.53 20.1775% FYM (basal) + 12.5% VC as basal + 12.5% VC as topdressing
25.1 117 8.2 21.89 2.15 9.93 11.15 13.93 17.61 20.34
50% FYM (basal) + 50% VC ( as basal) 26.4 121 9.3 23.28 2.30 11.65 12.26 15.76 18.57 21.06
50% FYM (basal) + 25% VC as basal + 25% VC as topdressing
27.4 126 9.7 23.40 2.42 12.89 14.37 16.10 19.28 21.35
SE m± 0.44 4.23 0.15 0.85 0.14 0.46 0.33 0.61 0.18
CD (P=0.05) 1.23 12.64 0.42 NS 0.39 1.34 0.96 1.78 0.54
PSB - Phosphate solubilizing bacteria, VC- Vermicompost, DAT – Days after transplanting,
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Table 4. Yield of grain and straw (t/ha) as affected by PSB and manurial scheduling in organic rice pooled over two years Treatment 2007
kharif2007-08
rabi2008
kharif2008-09
rabiPooled
Grain yield
Straw yield
Grain yield
Straw yield
Grain yield
Straw
yield
Grain yield
Straw yield
Grain
yield
Straw
yield
HI
PSB
Without PSB 3.16 3.49 3.23 3.34 3.40 3.47 3.78 3.57 3.39 3.47 49.46
With PSB 3.65 3.67 3.84 3.84 3.98 3.86 4.55 3.95 4.01 3.83 51.11
SE m± 0.10 0.03 0.13 0.11 0.05 0.28 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.03 0.21
CD (P=0.05) 0.43 0.08 0.37 0.32 0.13 0.80 0.32 0.31 0.30 0.09 0.63
Manorial schedule
100% FYM: 15 t/ha (basal) 2.85 3.39 2.95 3.35 3.11 3.49 3.50 3.46 3.10 3.42 47.55
100%Vermicompost (VC): 5 t/ha (basal)
2.80 3.30 2.82 3.26 3.07 3.41 3.42 3.41 3.03 3.34 47.51
75% FYM (basal) + 25% VC 3.51 3.56 3.64 3.60 3.79 3.62 4.36 4.00 3.82 3.69 50.86
75% FYM (basal) + 12.5% VC as basal + 12.5% VC as topdressing
3.51 3.61 3.65 3.63 3.82 3.61 4.39 3.96 3.84 3.70 50.95
50% FYM (basal) + 50% VC ( as basal)
3.81 3.75 3.93 3.74 4.13 3.85 4.60 3.82 4.12 3.79 52.05
50% FYM (basal) + 25% VC as basal + 25% VC as topdressing
3.99 3.82 4.24 4.00 4.23 3.91 4.71 3.89 4.29 3.91 52.36
SE m± 0.05 0.05 0.22 0.08 0.07 0.53 0.19 0.21 0.04 0.08 0.43
CD (P=0.05) 0.15 0.15 0.64 0.23 0.20 1.56 0.54 0.61 0.13 0.22 1.22
PSB - Phosphate solubilizing bacteria, VC- Vermicompost, DAT – Days after transplanting,
10
Table 5. Soil physical and chemical characteristics as affected by PSB and manurial scheduling in organic riceTreatment Bulk
density (Mg/m3
)
pH EC (dS/m)
Organic carbon (g/kg)
Available nutrient (kg/ha) Total uptake of nutrients (kg/ha)
N P K N P K
Without PSB 1.46 6.21 0.227 6.3 240.7 12.4 179.6 54.12 16.18 65.36
With PSB 1.42 6.01 0.266 7.5 224.8 12.8 175.6 67.65 18.35 82.45
SE m± 0.002 0.01 0.001 0.02 1.4 0.1 0.3 1.4 0.1 0.5
CD (P=0.05) 0.01 0.04 0.003 0.1 0.7 0.3 0.8 4.2 0.4 1.3
100% FYM: 15 t/ha (basal) 1.41 5.33 0.237 6.3 242.9 14.0 181.4 50.80 13.91 63.21
100% VC: 5 t/ha (basal) 1.42 6.43 0.241 7.6 239.7 13.2 181.5 47.58 12.64 60.10
75% FYM (basal) + 25% VC 1.45 6.33 0.246 7.2 229.3 12.8 179.4 62.69 17.15 75.9475% FYM (basal) + 12.5% VC (basal) + 12.5% VC as topdressing
1.45 6.33 0.247 7.1 228.4 12.8 179.663.46 18.10 76.64
50% FYM (basal) + 50% VC (basal)
1.46 6.13 0.253 6.5 228.9 11.9 174.768.34 20.56 81.27
50% FYM (basal) + 25% VC (basal)+ 25% VC as topdressing
1.46 6.13 0.256 6.5 227.5 11.0 169.072.54 22.20 85.82
SE m± 0.003 0.02 0.001 0.04 1.2 0.3 0.5 2.7 0.3 0.8
CD (P=0.05) 0.01 0.06 0.004 0.1 3.4 0.8 1.4 8.0 0.8 2.5
Initial value 1.48 6.4 0.259 5.6 158.0 14.0 153.3 - - -
PSB - Phosphate solubilizing bacteria, VC-Vermicompost
11
Figure 1. Net return and benefit-cost ratio as affected by PSB and manurial scheduling in organic rice (pooled).
NB: Bars with same letter are not significantly different at P<0.05. Price of produce/ input – Paddy Rs 740/q, straw – Rs 70/q, FYM – Rs 0.50/kg, Vermicompost – Rs 2.00/kg, PSB – Rs 30/kg, Casual labourer – Rs 70/ 8 hours
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