Originalscietificpaper–Izvorni znanstveni rad

Croat. j. for. eng. 34(2013)1 113

Research of Exhaust Emissions

fromaHarvesterDieselEnginewiththeUseof Portable Emission Measurement System

PiotrLijewski,JerzyMerkisz,PawełFuć

Abstract – Nacrtak

This paper presents the test results of exhaust emissions from the engine of a wheeled har-vester. On the basis of the present analysis, the ranges of most frequently used engine loads and speeds were determined. The obtained time density characteristics (distribution of engine speeds and loads in time) of the engines were referred to the measuring points of the exhaust emission homologation test. During the measurement of the exhaust emissions, the machine was in the forest engaged in tree cutting. Exhaust emission tests from non-road vehicle engines are currently performed on engine test beds in the NRSC and NRTC tests. The present meth-odology is a new solution that could be used in the future as a basis for the development of harvesting technology aimed at reducing exhaust emissions from engines. During the tests, the authors also measured the amount of timber harvested during the felling process in order to be able to relate the emission results to the amount of the generated product. Harvesters are more and more often used in forest operations but they still have to compete with handheld (gasoline powered) chainsaws and that is why in this paper the authors included a comparison of the exhaust emissions from a chainsaw with the emissions from the engine of a harvester. The authors used a portable analyzers (SEMTECH DS and LAM manufactured by SEN-SORS) for the measurement of the exhaust emissions. The said analyzer can measure the concentrations of exhaust gas components in an on-line mode, while the engine is running under field conditions.

Keywords: exhaust emissions, harvester, chainsaw, on-board measurement

1. Introduction – UvodExhaustemissionsareoneofthemostimportant

issues related to transportand industry.Formanyyears, theimpactoftheenvironmentpollution(in-cluding that coming from transport) on climaticchangeshavebeendiscussed.Thenegativeimpactofexhaustemissionsonhumanhealthandhumannatu-ralenvironment,however, isbeyonddoubt.Whenharvestingtimber,despite theobvious influenceofexhaustemissionsontheenvironment(atmosphere,flora,etc.),thereisaparticularhazardthatchainsawoperatorsareexposedtowhenusingmotorchain-saws.Chainsawoperatorsworkveryofteninanenvi-ronmentwithahighconcentrationofhazardousex-haustcomponents.ChainsawoperatorsareexposedtotheemissionofPAHandnanoparticles(Czerwin-

skietal.2001;Laantietal.2001;Jackeetal.1996).De-spite recently observed changes in the EuropeanUnionmemberstates(CentralandEasternEuropeinparticular)relatedtothemechanizationofforestop-erationsanduseofharvesters,stillmostoftheworkisdonewiththeuseofmotorchainsaws(equippedwithgasolineengines).Theliteraturerelatedtotheproblemofexhaust

emissionsgeneratedduringtreeharvestingischieflybasedonteststandresearchperformedinlaboratoriesand estimates under actual operating conditions.Therearenumerousworksaimedatimplementingtechnological solutions in order to reduce exhaust emissionsandfuelconsumptionsuchastheuseofcatalyticaftertreatment(Schlossarczyketal.2004),im-provementofthechargeexchange(Rodenbecketal.

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Theinvestigationspresentedherehavebeencar-riedoutwithamethodthatusesaPEMSanalyzer.Thetestsunderactualoperatingconditionsareoneofthelatesttechnologiesinexhaustemissionmeasurement(Merkiszetal.2010).Thankstotheabove-mentionedmethod,theauthorscoulddeterminetheactualemis-sionsgeneratedduringtheoperationofaharvesterandachainsaw.Thetestsrelatedtotheexhaustemis-sions are usually carried out in laboratories, on chassis orenginedynamometers.Theresultsofthesetestsmaydeterminetheemissionclassoftheengineorthevehiclebutdonotentirelyreflecttheactualemissions.Themeasurementsof theexhaustemissionsunderactualoperatingconditionsareveryvaluableastheyenablethedeterminationoftheemissiondependingontheexistingengineoperatingconditions(amachineoravehicle).Consequently,thismethodologyisnowgenerally recognized as a very important comple-mentingcomponentoftestsperformedinlaboratories.Furthermore,scientificresearchcentersorlegislativebodiesconsiderintroducingtheon-roadexhaustemis-siontestingofhomologationprocedures(Walsh2011).

2. Testing methods and equipment Ispitne metode i oprema

Thetestswereperformedonaharvesterequippedwithadieselengine.Thetechnicalspecificationsare

2006)orapplicationofthestratifiedscavengingmeth-od(OhtsujiandKobayashi2002).Awidevarietyoftechnicalsolutionsforchainsawengineswaspresent-edbyZahn(2000),whoinvestigatedfuel injection,enginelubrication,stratifiedscavengingandcatalyticaftertreatment.Anotherecologicalaspectrelatedtotreeharvestingistheemissionoflubricatingoil.Ac-cordingtoHartwegandKeilen(1988)whileharvest-ingtrees,thesoilmayabsorbupto0.2dm3ofoilfromtheengineper1cubicmeterofharvestedtimber.Sim-ilarvaluesaregivenbySonnleitner(1992).Thisisanindicationofaseriousecologicalproblem,andhencetherearenumerouspapersonthisissue.Oneoftheproposalstosolvetheproblemistheapplicationofbiodegradableoilsandhydraulicfluids(Ahola1998;Wightmanetal.1998).AcomparisonoftheemissionlevelandtheoperatingparametersofthechainsawenginesusingmineralandvegetableoilshavebeenpresentedbySkoupyetal.(2010).Therearealsonu-merouspublicationsrelatedtotheestimationandcal-culationofexhaustemissionsduringmachine treeharvesting.Inmanycases,particularstresswasputontheemissionofGHG.Inhispublication,Athanassiadis(2000)presentedtheresultsoftheestimationofenergyrequirements and the amount of emissions fromchainsaw engines and heavy-duty diesel vehicles used fortimberharvesting.Inthispaper,theemissionsofCO2, CO, HC, NOxandPMwereestimatedrelatedto1cubicmeterofharvestedtimber.Thetestswereper-formedfordieselfuelsandRMEandformineralandvegetablelubricatingoil.Resultsofsimilarinvestiga-tionswerepresentedbyBergandKarjalainen(2003)andKarjalainenandAsikainen(1996).Intheirpublica-tions,theypresentedtheemissionofGHGandfuelconsumptionfrommachineryusedinsilviculture,for-estimprovementwork,woodharvestingandtimbertransportation.Intheseworks,theauthorsalsopre-sentedacomparisonoffuelconsumptionwhilehar-vestingtimberwithchainsawsandharvesters.TheproblemoffuelconsumptionandexhaustemissionswasalsoaddressedbyNordfjelletal.(2003)andKlvacetal.(2012).Theseworks,however,arerelatedtofor-wardersandcablewaysystems.The investigations presented in this paper are

slightlydifferent.Themajorityofpublicationsrelatedtotheexhaustemissionsisbasedoncalculatedores-timatedvalues(Athanassiadis2000;KlvacandHos-seini 2010; Klvac et al. 2012;Nordfjell et al. 2003;Skoupyetal.1996andmanyothers).Inthepresentpaper,theemissionmeasurementswereperformedwhiletheharvesterwasworking.Thefuelconsump-tionwasdeterminedbasedondirectmeasurementsusingthecarbonbalancemethod–themostaccuratemethodoffuelconsumptionmeasurement.

Table 1 Basic technical specifications of the harvesterTablica 1. Osnovne tehničke značajke harvestera

Capacity/number of cylinders

Kapacitet/broj cilindara

6.8 liters/6 cylinders in-line

6,8 litara/6 cilindara, linijski

Maximum power output

Najveća snaga

129 kW @ 2000 rpm

129 kW pri 2000 min-1

Maximum torque

Najveći zakretni moment

780 Nm @ 1300–1400 rpm

780 Nm pri 1300–1400 min-1

Cooling system

Rashladni sustav

Coolant forced circulation

Vodeno hlađenje

Compression ratio

Omjer kompresije17:1

Supercharging

Prednabijanje

Turbocharged

Prednabijanje plinskom turbinom

Injection system

Sustav ubrizgavanja

Common rail

Ubrizgavanje sa stalnim tlakom

Engine emission regulations

Norma ispušnih plinovaStage III A/Tier 3

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showninTable1.TheengineofthetestedharvestercomplieswiththeStageIIIA(USTier3)standard.ThetestingmethodologyinbothEuropeanandAmericanexhaustemissionregulationsisthesame.Therearetwotypesoftests,thestationaryNRSCandthedy-namicNRTC(Fig.1).Insection3,theauthorscom-paredtheexhaustemissionsobtainedunderactualoperatingconditionswiththeStageIIIAandTier3limitsbecausethetestsshouldreflectmostaccuratelytheactualconditionsofengineoperation.Theauthorsalsocomparedtheexhaustemissionsfromthehar-vesterandchainsaw.Thebasictechnicalspecifications

ofthechainsawareshowninTable2.Atthemomentoftesting,thechainsawwasusedforapproximately6months.Themeasurementsweredoneunderactualoperat-

ingconditionsofthemachinewhilefellingtrees,de-limbingandcross-cuttingtreetrunksinto2meterlogs.Theharvesterpreparedfortestingwiththemeasure-mentequipmentduringforestoperationsispresentedinFig.2.Theworkswereperformedinapinewood

Table 2 European (Stage) and American (Tier) exhaust emission limits for the harvester engineTablica 2. Europske (Stage) i američke (Tier) granične vrijednosti emisije ispušnih plinova za motor istraživanoga harvestera

CO, g/kWh HC, g/kWh NOx, g/kWh PM, g/kWh

Stage IIIA

5.0 NOx + HC – 4.0 0.3

Stage IIIB

5.0 0.19 3.3 0.025

Tier 3

5.0 NOx + HC – 4.0 0.3

Tier Interim 4

5.0 3.54 0.02

Fig. 1 Exhaust emission tests (harvester engine)Slika 1. Ispitivanja emisije ispušnih plinova (motor harvestera)

Table 3 Basic technical specifications of the chainsawTablica 3. Osnovna tehničke značajke motorne pile lančanice

Engine displacement

Obujam motora 50.2 cm3

Power

Snaga2.5 kW

Recommended max. bar length

Preporučena najveća duljina vodilice45 cm

Sound power level

Razina buke112 dB(A)

Weight (without bar/chain)

Masa (bez vodilice i lanca)5.2 kg

Engine emission regulations

Norma ispušnih plinova Stage II

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forest.Thediameteroftreescutrangedapproximate-lybetween20and30cm.Theworkswereperformedonarelativelysmallareaofapproximately1habutduringtheteststhevehiclecoveredadistanceof2.3km.ThelocationandthetrajectoryoftheharvesterareshowninFig.3.Ittook4hourstocompletethewholetestingcycleofthemachineoperation.Asimilarworkwasperformedduringtheexhaustemissiontestsofachainsaw(treefelling,delimbingandcross-cutting).Theauthorsmadesurethatthefelledtreeswerepines.Inordertomeasuretheconcentrationofexhaust

emissions,aportableexhaustemissionsanalyzerSEM-TECHDSbySENSORSwasused(Fig.4,Shahinian2007).Theanalyzermeasurestheconcentrationoftheexhaustcomponentsandsimultaneouslymeasuresthe

flowrateoftheexhaustgases.Theexhaustgasesareintroducedintotheanalyzerthroughaprobemaintain-ingthetemperatureof191oC.Thentheparticulatemat-terisfilteredout(dieselengines)andtheexhaustisdirectedtotheflame-ionizingdetector(FID),whereHCconcentrationismeasured.Theexhaustgasesarethencooleddowntothetemperatureof4oCandthemea-surementofconcentrationofNOx(NDUVanalyzer),CO, CO2(NDIRanalyzer)andO2 follows in the listed order.Itispossibletoadddatasentdirectlyfromthevehiclediagnosticsystemtothecentralunitoftheana-lyzerandmakeuseoftheGPSsignal(distanceaccu-racy0.05%–<50cmperkm,velocityaccuracy0.2km/h,averagedover4samples).TheGPSsignalismainlyusedinthetestsofon-roadvehicles.Ininvestigations

Fig. 2 Forest harvester with the exhaust emission measuring equipmentSlika 2. Izgled harvestera opremljenoga mjernom opremom za mjerenje emisije ispušnih plinova

Fig. 3 Testing area and harvester route during testing (created at gpsvisualizer.com)Slika 3. Mjesto istraživanja i kretanje harvestera tijekom ispitivanja (gpsvisualizer.com)

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purposeofcomparison,signalsfromtheon-boarddi-agnosticsystemwererecorded,e.g.enginespeed,load,vehiclespeed,temperatureofintakeair.Someofthesesignalsservedtospecifytimedensitymapspresentingparticipationofoperatingtimeofthevehiclesinactualoperationconditions.ForPMmeasurement,theSEMTECHLaserAerosol

Monitor(LAM)wasused.TheSEMTECH-LAMoper-atesonthebasisoflaserlightscatteringandprovidestheconcentrationoffineparticulatematterintheex-haustinrealtime.Withtwoselectablerangesandvari-abledilutionratios,theanalyzeriscompatiblewithavarietyofdifferentmotortypes,vehiclesandtestcondi-tions.Itcouldbeusedastestcellequipmentorforonroadtesting.Thedualsampleportenablestestingoffilterefficiency,forenginesequippedwithadieselpar-ticulatefilter.TheSEMTECH-LAMuses threemassflow controllers that are automatically adjusted tomaintainthedesireddilutionratio.Apumppullsthedilutedsamplethroughthemonitor.Themonitorcon-tainsalaserlightscatteringanalyzerthatmeasuresfineparticulatesfrom100nmto10000nm.ThespecificationofSEMTECH-LAMareshowninTable4.

3. Results of tests and discussion Rezultati ispitivanja i rasprava

Theperformedtests,apartfromthepossibilityofdeterminingecologicalproperties,enableananalysisofengineparametersunderoperation(Fig.5).Inthe

Fig. 4 A diagram of a portable analyzer SEMTECH DS; exhaust gas flow channels (arrow) and electrical connections circled (line)Slika 4. Dijagram prijenosnoga analizatora SEMTECH DS, protok ispušnih plinova (strelica) i električne veze (linija)

Table 4 The specification of SMTECH-LAMTablica 4. Specifikacija SMTECH-LAM-a

Measurement Range

Raspon mjerenja

0–40 mg/m3

0–700 mg/m3

Dilution

Razrjeđivanje

Selective Ratio

Selektivni omjer

Particle Size

Veličina čestica100–10 000 nm

Resolution

Preciznost0.01 mg/m3

Drift

Odstupanje

<0.25mg/m3 over 6 hours

<0.25mg/m3 tijekom 6 sati

Sample flow

Brzina protoka uzorka1.5 dm3/min

Sample rate

Frekvencija uzorkovanja

5 Hz (internally to 100 Hz)

5 Hz (interno do 100 Hz)

Output

Izlaz

RS232 Analog 0 to 5 VDC option

RS232 Analogni 0 do 5 VDC opcijski

Power supply

Napajanje

12 to 24 VDC or 110 to 240 VAC

12 do 24 VDC ili 110 do 240 VAC

Operating temperature

Radna temperatura0–40 °C

similartotheonespresentedhere,whenthevehicleoperatesinalimitedarea,on-roademissionsarenotmeasuredandGPSisofsecondaryimportance.Mea-surementsofemissionsweremadeintestand,forthe

Fig. 5 Time density of harvester engine during the test under ac-tual operating conditionsSlika 5. Udjel brzina i opterećenja motora tijekom istraživanja har vestera

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caseofmachinerytested,theengineoperatedinavery narrow range of engine speeds and namely1700–1800rpm.Themostfrequentlyusedrangeofloadswas20–50%ofthemaximumengineload.Therangeof50–70%hadaslightlylowershare.Besidestheabovesharesofengineoperation,theshareofidlespeedwasalsorecorded(3%).Themainengineop-erationrangewasoutsidetherangeofNRSCphases,asisinothernon-roadvehicles(MerkiszandLijewski2010;NorenandPettersson2001).Fig.6presentsgraphsshowingtheexhaustemis-

sionsoverlainonamapwiththemarkedvehiclerouteduringoperation.Thesegraphsareonlya15-minuteportionofthetest.Theauthorsdecidedtopresentonlyafragmentoftheroutebecausethepresentationofthewhole test would result in an excessive density of lines onthemap,whichwouldrenderthegraphsillegible.Thegraphsclearlyshowanincreasedemissionofalltheexhaustgascomponentsinthespotswherethehar-vesterfelledandprocessedtreesascomparedtovehicleidling.Theincreasedemissionprobablyresultsfromthechangesintheengineloadwhilefellingtrees.Fig.7presentstheexhaustemissionsfromahar-

vesterunderactualoperatingconditions.TheobtainedresultswerecomparedtothelimitsofStageIIIAandTier3.TheemissionofCOandHCislowerthanthevaluessetforthintheStageIIIAandTier3standards.TheemissionofPMandNOxduringtheharvesterop-eration ismuchhigher though (almost three timeshigherthanthelimitssetforthinStageIII).Theauthorsalsoperformedananalysisoftheex-

haust emissions related to harvester work – theamountoftimberharvested.Fig.8presentstheex-haustemissionsrelatedto1cubicmeteroftimberhar-vested.Suchananalysisenablesaglobalassessment

of pollution generated by harvesters operating onlargeforestedareas.Asimilaranalysiswasperformedforfuelconsumption/CO2emission.Duringharvestertestslastingover4hoursthefuelconsumptionwas11.3dm3/h,whichwas0.69dm3relatedto1cubicme-teroftimberharvested.TheemissionofCO2was1810grelatedto1cubicmeteroftimberharvested.Otherauthorshaveobtainedslightlydifferentvaluesrelatedtotheevaluationoffuelconsumptionbyharvesters.Athanassiadis(2000)recordedfuelconsumptionof

Fig. 6 Exhaust emissions during harvester operation overlain on the map (created at gpsvisualizer.com)Slika 6. Kartografski prikaz emisija ispušnih plinova tijekom rada harvestera (gpsvisualizer.com)

Fig. 7 Exhaust emissions from a forest harvester under actual op-erating conditions compared to Stage IIIA and IIIB standards (based on AVL Current and Future Exhaust Emissions Legislation 2007)Slika 7. Usporedba emisije ispušnih plinova harvestera u radnim uvjetima s razinama propisanim normom

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1.14dm3relatedto1cubicmeteroftimberharvested(thisisapproximately3030gofCO2 related to 1 cubic meteroftimberharvested).Inturn,BergandKarj-alainen(2003)statedthatfuelconsumptionofthehar-vesterintheirstudyfellwithin12–16.5dm3/h.Incon-trast,KarjalainenandAsikainen(1996)reportedtheemissionofCO2 fromtheharvesteratthelevelof1857grelatedto1cubicmeteroftimberharvested,whichisavaluesimilartotheoneobtainedinthepres-entpaper.However,itisimportanttonotethataccord-ingtomostpublications,fuelconsumptionfromhar-vesters isnotmeasuredwiththeuseof thecarbonbalancemethod,whichmightbeoneofthereasonsfordifferentresultsobtainedfromdifferentstudies.Fur-thermore,fuelconsumptionofanyharvesterdependsonanumberoffactorssuchasmachineoperator,ter-rainleveling,typeoftreesharvested,weathercondi-tions,etc.andthismakesdirectcomparisonsofthesestudiesevenmoredifficult.

As far as the chainsaw is concerned, during the testsitsfuelconsumptionwas0.38dm3/h, and when relatedto1cubicmeteroftimberharvesteditwas0.26dm3.Thesevalueswerelowerthantheonesfoundinotherpublications(e.g.KarjalainenandAsikainen1996). As mentioned above, fuel consumption ofchainsaws,asmuchasthatofharvesters,dependsonanumberoffactors.InmanyEuropeancountries,forestoperationsare

oftencarriedoutwithchainsawsdrivenbygasoline

Fig. 8 Exhaust emissions from a forest harvester under actual op-erating conditions related to 1 cubic meter harvestedSlika 8. Emisije ispušnih plinova harvestera u stvarnim radnim uvje-tima po izrađenom kubnom metru

Fig. 9 Comparison of exhaust emissions from a chainsaw and a harvester measured under actual operating conditionsSlika 9. Usporedba emisija ispušnih plinova motorne pile lančanice i harvestera izmjerenih u radnim uvjetima

Fig. 10 Comparison of exhaust emissions from a chainsaw and a harvester measured under actual operating conditions related to 1 cubic meter of timber harvestedSlika 10. Usporedba emisija ispušnih plinova motorne pile lančani-ce i harvestera izmjerenih u radnim uvjetima po izrađenom kubnom metru obloga drva

engines.HarvestersarenotwidelyusedinEurope–EasternEuropeinparticular(e.g.Poland).InPolandin2008therewere157(Anon.2011)harvestersi.e.one

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in58000haofforestedland.Forcomparativepur-poses,theauthorsalsotestedexhaustemissionsfromachainsawunderactualoperatingconditions.ThecomparisonofexhaustemissionfromthechainsawandharvesterispresentedinFig.9.Theexhaustemis-sionsfromachainsawaremuchhigherthantheemis-sionsfromaharvestere.g.forHCtheemissionissev-eralhundredtimeshigherandforCOover100timeshigher.ThesmallestdifferenceswererecordedfortheemissionofNOx.Tofullyunderstandthedifferencesin theecologicalpropertiesbetween themachines,theirefficiencyneedstobetakenintoaccount.It isestimatedthattheefficiencyoftheharvesterequalsthatof4chainsaws.Besides,theoccupationalsafetyconsiderationsareclearlyagainstchainsaws.Fig.10presentstheexhaustemissionsrelatedto

1cubicmeteroftimberharvested.TheemissionofCOandHCwasmuchhigherforthechainsawwhiletheemissionofNOxwashigherfortheharvester.

4. Conclusions – ZaključciThepresentedresultsofexhaustemissiontestsper-

formedunderactualoperatingconditionsofharvest-ersduringtreeharvestingdivergefromtheStageIIIAandTier3standards.Oneshouldnotetheengineop-eratingconditions,timedensitycharacteristics(timedensityoftheengineoperation)intheaspectoftheapplicableNRSC8phasetest.Fromtheperformedinvestigations it results that the engine of a harvester operatedatarelativelyconstantspeedandatpartialloads.Itseemsthatthepresentmethodcanbesuccess-fullyusedtoestimatetheecologicalburdenwhileper-formingforestoperations.InPolanditisasignifi-cantissueasforestscover29%ofthecountryareai.e.9.1millionha.Thepresentedtestresultssupportthereplacementofgasolinechainsawswithharvesters.Sucha solution ismuchbetter from theecologicalpointofviewandintermsofoccupationalsafety.Infurtherworksrelatedtoexhaustemissions,the

authorsplantocarryoutresearchrelatedtootherfor-estmachinery(e.g.forwarders),whichwouldallowatotalestimationoftheenvironmentalburdengener-atedbythesemachines.Moreover,inthefuture,theauthorsplantoconductteststhatwillqualitativelyevaluatetheemissionsofparticulatemattergeneratedbyaharvesterunderactualoperatingconditionsi.e.determinethePMnumberandthePMsize.Asotherstudiesshow,itisthePMnumberandthePMsizeratherthanthePMmassemissionthatappeartobeinstrumentalinthePMimpactonhumanhealth(e.g.Metz2003).Moreover,itshouldbenotedthatharvest-ersarepoweredbydieselenginesandtheIARCreport

publishedinJune2012clearlyclassifiesdieselexhaustascarcinogenic(IARC2012).Thisreportisbasedonyearsofresearchoftheimpactofdieselenginesonhumanhealth (Attfieldetal.2012;Silvermanetal.2012).Theabovefactsfullyencouragethecontinua-tion of the research with a view to reducing the ex-haustemissionsfromenginesincludingthoseusedinsilviculture.

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Abbreviations–Kratice

CO –CarbonMonoxide–Ugljikov monoksidCO2 –CarbonDioxide–Ugljikov dioksidEPE –EstimateofPositionError –Procjena greške

položajaGHG –GreenhouseGases–Staklenički plinoviFID –FlameIonizationDetector–Detektor ionizacije

plamenaGPS –GlobalPositionSystem–Globalni pozicijski sus-

tavHC –Hydrocarbons–UgljikovodiciIARC –InternationalAgencyforResearchonCancer

Međunarodna agencija za istraživanje rakaLAM –LaserAerosolMonitor–Laserski monitor aero-

solaNDUV–Non-DispersiveUltra-Violet–Neraspršujuća

ultraljubičastaNOx –NitricOxides–Dušikovi oksidiNRSC –Non-roadStationaryCycle–Necestovni stacio-

narni ciklusNRTC–Non-roadTransientCycle–Necestovni ciklus

kretanjaOBD –OnBoardDiagnostics–Dijagnostika na vozilimaPAH –PolycyclicAromaticHydrocarbons–Policiklički

aromatski ugljikovodiciPEMS –Portable Emissions Measurement System

Prijenosni sustav za mjerenje emisijaPM –ParticulateMatter–Čestice čađeRME –Rapeseed Methyl Esters – Metilni esteri

repičinoga ulja

P.Lijewskietal. ResearchofExhaustEmissionsfromaHarvesterDieselEngine...(113–122)

122 Croat. j. for. eng. 34(2013)1

Sažetak

Istraživanje emisija ispušnih plinova dizelskoga motora harvestera uporabom prijenosnoga sustava za mjerenje emisija

U radu se istražuju emisije ispušnih plinova harvestera i motorne pile pri pridobivanju drva. Predstavljena je poredbena analiza glavnih spojeva u ispušnim plinovima (ugljikov monoksid, dušikovi oksidi, ugljikovodici i čestice čađi). Autori su proveli i analizu potrošnje goriva spomenutih strojeva pri sječi i izradbi drva. U šumskim se oper-acijama sve češće koriste harvesteri, no još se uvijek moraju natjecati s motornim pilama pogonjenima benzinom. Uprvo su zbog toga autori uključili u rad i usporedbu emisija ispušnih plinova motorne pile s emisijama motora harvestera. Analizom dostupne literature u vezi s potrošnjom goriva i utjecaja na okoliš šumskih strojeva dolazi se do zaključka da je većina radova temeljena na laboratorijskim ispitivanjima i izračunima. U ovom je radu primijen-jen drugačiji istraživački pristup. Istraživanje emisija ispušnih plinova i potrošnje goriva provedeno je u stvarnim radnim uvjetima tijekom pridobivanja drva (borovine). U tu su svrhu korišteni analizatori emisija ispušnih plinova PEMS (prijenosni sustav za mjerenje emisija). Za mjerenje plinova korišten je SEMTECH DS, a za mjerenje količine čestica čađe korišten je LAM (oba proizvođača SENSORS). Navedeni analizator može mjeriti koncentraciju kompo-nenti ispušnih plinova u on-line modu tijekom rada motora u terenskim uvjetima. Predstavljena je metodologija novo rješenje koje bi u budućnosti moglo poslužiti kao osnova za rad na razvoju smanjenja emisija ispušnih plinova mo-tora. Tijekom istraživanja autori su mjerili i količinu proizvedenoga drva, stoga su rezultati emisija mogli biti dove-deni u vezu s količinom proizvoda (jednoga kubnoga metra izrađene oblovine).

Ključne riječi: emisije ispušnih plinova, harvester, motorna pila, mjerenje na vozilima

Received(Primljeno):December9,2011Accepted(Prihvaćeno):September4,2012

Authors’address– Adresa autorâ:

PiotrLijewski,MSc.*e-mail:piotr.lijewski@put.poznan.plProf.JerzyMerkisz,PhD.PawełFuć,MSc.PoznanUniversityofTechnologyInstituteofInternalCombustionEngineandTransportUl.Piotrowo390-965PoznanPOLAND*Correspondingauthor–Glavni autor