Research Methods

How we collect the dataStrengths/Weaknesses for

each

Theories organized systems of assumptions that

purport to explain phenomena and their interrelationships.

Hypotheses attempt to predict or specify relationships

among variables, which are empirically tested. Operational definitions

define terms in hypotheses by specifying the operations for observing and measuring them

Things to Know

Option 1: “True” experiment Terms: variable, population

vs. sample (2 key types*) Independent & Dependent

Variables Experimental & Control

Conditions placebo (an inactive

substance or fake treatment).

Cause and Effect*** Generalizability Issue

Option 2: Correlational

Correlational Info

Coerrelational Coefficient: (-1 to +1)

Aids in prediction and provides information

Causality Issue 3rd Variable Problem

Option 3: Survey/Questionnaire Quick, easy, and

lots of Information Sampling Issue Wording of the

Questions Presentation

Effect Quick and

Inexpensive

Option 4: Case Study

Small number of subjects/participants

“special” population Lots of information Generalizability Issue?

Option 5: Naturalistic Observation Obtrusive vs.

Unobtrusive External Validity Confounding

Variables?

Other Issues

Sources of Bias: Researcher/Experimenter, Participant (*Double-Blind designs)

Standardization Reliability & Validity

The Ethics of Studying Humans

Informed consent. Freedom to withdraw at any time. Minimize discomfort. Keep data confidential. If deception is necessary, debriefing

must occur.