Research Methods: 2M.Sc.

Physiotherapy/Podiatry/Pain

Graphs and Tables

Presenting Results

51.2439 39.0637 37.4165 19.7937

51.6172 34.2558 50.3016 33.0351

59.7810 36.3301 31.0150 15.9040

30.2500 21.3261 29.3365 32.0011

31.4743 38.2701 25.7769 20.2532

Making Results Accessible

Tables

Diagrams

Summary Statistics

Qualitative Data

Tabular Multi-way Table

Diagrammatic Pie Chart, Bar Chart.

Summary Statistics Mode

Quantitative Data

Tabular Grouped or Ungrouped Frequency tables

Diagrammatic Histograms

Summary Statistics Mean, Mode, Median, range, standard deviation, quartiles.

Tables: Must always have• Clear and logical title• Sequential numbering• Clear headings• Main headings for columns, subdivisions as rows • Frame• Units of measurement• Columns for comparison adjacent• Footnotes for lengthy or detailed explanatory

material

Graphs: Must always have• Clear, brief logical title

• Sequential numbering

• Axis labels

• Scales and Origins

• Reference to source of data

• Understandable without referring to text

Tables: One way

Gender Number

Male 25

Female 14

Tables: Two way

Classification Gender Total

Male Female

Non 5 6 11

Ex 12 14 26

Smoker 3 5 8

Total 20 25 45

Pie Charts Graph 1; Pain types; Caledonian Hospital

10%

20%

40%

30%No Pain

Pain Coughing

Pain Respiration

Pain Constant

Bar Charts

Four basic types;

• Simple

• Stacked

• Percentage

• Multiple

Simple: Totals, changes and comparisons

Graph 2; Site of Osteaoarthritis, Caledonian Hospital Patients

020406080

100

LumbarSpine

Hips Knees CervicalSpine

Nu

mb

er

Stacked: Totals and component parts

Graph 3; Hospital Catering Costs

0

100

200

300

400

500

Edinburgh Glasgow Dundee

Co

sts

£0

,00

0's

Food

Labour

Overheads

Percentage: Relative size of components totals not important

Graph 4; Hospital Catering Costs

0%20%40%60%80%

100%

Ov

erh

ea

ds

(%

)

Food

Labour

Overheads

Multiple: Actual values of components

overall total less important Graph 5; Diagnoses by gender

0

20

40

60

Fracture Dislocation Amputation

Num

ber

Males

Females

Others graphs

Histograms

Frequency Polygons

Scatter Plots

Stem and Leaf

Box and Whisker