Orfeo (Orpheus) Claudio Monteverdi. Favola in musica in a prologue and five acts. 1607. Libretto by Alessandro Striggio, based on Ovid's Metamorphoses and Virgil's Georgics. First performance at the ducal palace, Mantua, on 24th February 1607.

CHARACTERS

La Musica (Music) male sopranoOrfeo (Orpheus) tenorEuridice (Eurydice) (male?) sopranoSilvia (Sylvia) sopranoSperanza (Hope) (male?) sopranoCaronte (Charon) bassProserpina sopranoPlutone (Pluto) bassApollo tenor

In a prologue the figure of Music introduces the piece, a demonstration of the power of music. Orpheus and Eurydice are at last to marry, an event celebrated in dance and song by the shepherd company. The second act continues the celebration of the happiness of Orpheus, interrupted by the appearance of the messenger Sylvia, who breaks the news of the death of Eurydice, before leaving to shun human company, marked by the bad news she has brought. Orpheus, accompanied by Hope, sets out for the Underworld. She leaves him as he approaches the Styx, eventually overpowering the boatman of the dead, Charon, with his music, and crossing the river. In the kingdom of Pluto, Proserpina pleads with her husband for the release of Eurydice, and she is allowed to leave, following Orpheus, provided that he does not look round. As he walks away, doubts assail him and he looks round, only to lose Eurydice, who must now remain in the Underworld. The fifth act finds Orpheus alone in the fields of Thrace, comforted by Echo. In the published libretto and, presumably, in the first performance in the palace of the Duke of Mantua, Orpheus is then set upon by Bacchantes, who tear him in pieces. In Monteverdi's score this is replaced by a final apotheosis, when Apollo appears as a deus ex machina , descending on a cloud machine to raise Orpheus to the stars, whence he can see for ever Eurydice, similarly transported.

Monteverdi's opera occupies a supremely important position in the history of music and of opera as one of the earliest examples of the form and certainly the earliest to retain or to have regained a place in present repertoire. With pastoral and madrigal elements in its pastoral setting, it provides music of great power, notably in Possente spirto (Powerful spirit), the aria with which Orpheus seeks to sway Charon. There is much to delight and to move in a work that remains dramatically effective and moving. The published score brings the added advantage of a list of instruments used at the performance in Mantua, a valuable indication of contemporary practice for a lavish celebratory court staging.

Orfeo ed Euridice (Orpheus and

1

Eurydice) Christoph Willibald von Gluck. Azione teatrale in three acts. 1762. Libretto by Ranieri de'Calzabigi. First performance at the Burgtheater, Vienna, on 5th October 1762.

CHARACTERS

Orfeo (Orpheus) male altoEuridice (Eurydice), his wife sopranoAmore (Cupid) soprano

Nymphs and shepherds celebrate the funeral rites of Eurydice, assisted by Orpheus, who laments her loss and reproaches the gods with cruelty. Cupid tells him that he may, if he can, bring her back from the dead by the power of music, but must not look at her until she is in the land of the living again. He encounters demons and Furies as he descends, calming them with his music, before entering the Elysian fields, where the blessed spirits dance. Eurydice questions him and faints, as they try to leave, causing him to look round, at which she dies once more. He laments this turn of events, comforted by Cupid, who, rewarding his obvious fidelity, restores Eurydice to life once more. The opera ends in a celebration at the temple of Cupid.

Orfeo ed Euridice (Orpheus and Eurydice) is the first of Gluck's reform operas, collaborations with Ranieri de'Calzabigi, in which composer and poet aimed at a noble classical simplicity, avoiding what Gluck described in his preface to Alceste as the abuses of excessive ornamentation and other elements that pandered to the vanity of singers. Instrumental excerpts from the opera, which have appeared over the years in a variety of other arrangements, must include the famous Dance of the Blessed Spirits, which is preceded in the opera by the contrasting Dance of the Furies. Most moving is the lament of Orpheus when Eurydice has died a second time, Che farò senza Euridice (What am I to do without Eurydice).

Jewish composers and song writers:

2

A

Paul Abraham Joseph Achron Lee Adams Guido Adler Lou Adler Richard Adler Samuel Adler (composer) Milton Ager Fred E. Ahlert Lynn Ahrens Harry Akst Charles-Valentin Alkan Herb Alpert Keren Ann Harold Arlen Arthur Altman Kenneth Ascher Leopold Auer

B

Milton Babbitt Burt Bacharach Marshall Barer John Barnett Steve Barri Jeff Barry Lionel Bart Marion Bauer Robert Beaser Paul Ben-Haim Ofer Ben-Amots Julius Benedict Roy C. Bennett Esteban Benzecry Arthur Berger Alan Bergman Marilyn Bergman Irving Berlin Dan Bern Felix Bernard Bert Berns Charles Bernstein (composer) Elmer Bernstein

3

Leonard Bernstein Gary Bertini Don Black (lyricist) Matvey Blanter Marc Blitzstein Ernest Bloch Rube Bloom Jerry Bock Alain Boublil Walter Braunfels Max Brod Mel Brooks Jason Robert Brown Lew Brown Ignaz Brüll Bud Green Abe Burrows

C

Irving Caesar Sammy Cahn Shlomo Carlebach (musician) Eric Carmen Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco Daniel Catán Chaim-Dovid Saracik Baruch Chait

C cont.

Saul Chaplin Bill Charlap Mark Charlap Martin Charnin Jerome Chodorov Leonard Cohen Cy Coleman Betty Comden Carol Connors (singer) Con Conrad Aaron Copland Matt Corriel Sam Coslow

4

Antony Costa Michael Costa (conductor) Linda Creed Alvin Curran Nathan Currier

D

Walter Damrosch Richard Danielpour Joe Darion Hal David Mack David Mario Davidovsky Paul Dessau Josef Dessauer Helen Deutsch Neil Diamond Howard Dietz Ervin Drake Deborah Drattell Jorge Drexler Jacob Druckman Al Dubin Isaak Dunayevsky Bob Dylan

E

Fred Ebb Judith Edelman Gus Edwards (songwriter) Sherman Edwards Hanns Eisler Danny Elfman Abraham Ellstein Camille Erlanger Ray Evans

F

Donald Fagen Sammy Fain Percy Faith Samuil Feinberg Julia Feldman

5

Morton Feldman Daniel Felsenfeld Buddy Feyne Dorothy Fields Irving Fine William Finn Fred Fisher Veniamin Fleishman Lukas Foss Gabriela Lena Frank Benjamin Frankel Arthur Freed Yan Frenkel Arthur Friedheim Debbie Friedman Ignaz Friedman

F cont.

Rudolf Friml

G

Art Garfunkel Genesis Suite George Gershwin Ira Gershwin Irving Gertz Miriam Gideon L. Wolfe Gilbert Ray Gilbert Norman Gimbel Philip Glass Srul Irving Glick Mikhail Gnesin Alexander Goehr Walter Goehr Gerry Goffin Ernest Gold Julie Gold Barry Goldberg Billy Goldenberg Elliot Goldenthal Karl Goldmark Rubin Goldmark Alexander Goldscheider

6

Berthold Goldschmidt Jerry Goldsmith Ari Goldwag Osvaldo Golijov Steve Goodman Irving Gordon Mack Gordon Lesley Gore Michael Gore Jay Gorney Morton Gould Allan Gray (composer) Adolph Green Amanda Green Johnny Green Jay Greenberg Howard Greenfield Ellie Greenwich User:Slichtma/SusanCollinsPage Walter Gross (musician) Heinrich Grünfeld Dave Grusin Adam Guettel Arlo Guthrie

H

Pavel Haas Albert Hague Fromental Halévy Marvin Hamlisch Lou Handman Otto Harbach Yip Harburg Larry Harlow (salsa) Sheldon Harnick Charles K. Harris Lorenz Hart Lennie Hayton Stephen Heller Alberto Hemsi Jerry Herman Bernard Herrmann Philip Herschkowitz Edward Heyman

7

H

Ferdinand Hiller Bob Hilliard Peter Himmelman Louis Hirsch Joel Hirschhorn Nurit Hirsh Al Hoffman Friedrich Hollaender James Horner

I

Janis Ian Michael Isaacson List of Israeli classical composers

J

Frederick Jacobi Salomon Jadassohn Moe Jaffe Leon Jessel Joseph Joachim Billy Joel Walter Jurmann

K

Mauricio Kagel Irving Kahal Gus Kahn Robert Kahn (composer) Roger Wolfe Kahn Si Kahn Emmerich Kálmán Kalmar and Ruby Bert Kalmar Michael Kamen John Kander Lucy Kaplansky Fred Karlin Al Kasha

8

Jack Keller (songwriter) Walter Kent Jerome Kern Aaron Jay Kernis Carole King Edward Kleban Dmitri Klebanov Gideon Klein Otto Klemperer Paul Kletzki Ted Koehler Herman David Koppel Gideon Koren Artie Kornfeld Erich Wolfgang Korngold Joseph Kosma Irwin Kostal Hans Krása Alexander Krein Herbert Kretzmer György Kurtág

L

Lisa Lambert Morgan Lander Burton Lane Michael Lange Isidore de Lara Jonathan Larson Marc Lavry Jack Lawrence Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller René Leibowitz Hugo Leichtentritt Carolyn Leigh Leo Friedman

L cont.

Alan Jay Lerner Sammy Lerner Oscar Levant Louis Lewandowski Al Lewis (lyricist) Sam M. Lewis

9

Jorge Liderman György Ligeti Jenn Lindsay Andrew Lippa Lenny Lipton Jay Livingston Jerry Livingston David Loeb (composer) Frederick Loewe Frank London Arthur Lourié

M

Lorin Maazel Herb Magidson Gustav Mahler Melissa Manchester Johnny Mandel Barry Manilow Barry Mann David Mann (songwriter) Dick Manning Gerald Marks Johnny Marks Jeff Marx Eric Maschwitz Danny Maseng Michael Masser Maurice Abrahams Samuel Maykapar Abel Meeropol Fanny Mendelssohn Felix Mendelssohn Alan Menken Bob Merrill Joseph Meyer (songwriter) Giacomo Meyerbeer Darius Milhaud Mitch Leigh Franz Mittler Alexander Mordukhovich Matt Morginsky Jerome Moross Ignaz Moscheles Moritz Moszkowski

10

N

Isaac Nathan Samuel Naumbourg Anthony Newley Alfred Newman Emil Newman Joey Newman Randy Newman Alex North Michael Nyman Laura Nyro

O

Jacques Offenbach Maurice Ohana Ben-Zion Orgad Cyril Ornadel Leo Ornstein

P

Mitchell Parish Velvel Pasternak George Perle

P cont.

Glen Phillips Paul Phillips (conductor) Dmitry Pokrass Samuel Pokrass Lew Pollack David Pomeranz Doc Pomus Mel Powell André Previn

R

Ralph Rainger David Raksin Buck Ram Shulamit Ran Günter Raphael

11

Steve Reich Franz Reizenstein Harry Revel Leo Robin George Rochberg Mary Rodgers Richard Rodgers Sigmund Romberg Harold Rome Landon Ronald Ann Ronell Billy Rose David Rose Leonard Rosenman Manuel Rosenthal Jerry Ross (composer) Salamone Rossi Emmy Rossum Bob Rothberg Márk Rózsavölgyi Anton Rubinstein Nikolai Rubinstein Henry Russell (musician)

S

Curt Sachs Carole Bayer Sager Charles Kensington Salaman Hans J. Salter Lazare Saminsky Robert Saxton Walter Scharf Leon Schidlowsky Lalo Schifrin Artur Schnabel Arnold Schoenberg Claude-Michel Schönberg Franz Schreker Erwin Schulhoff William Schuman Arthur Schwartz Jean Schwartz Stephen Schwartz (composer) Sholom Secunda Neil Sedaka

12

Jack Segal Marc Shaiman Vladimir Shainsky Harold Shapero Sherman Brothers Al Sherman Richard M. Sherman Robert B. Sherman

S

Nathaniel Shilkret David Shire Shlomo Katz Howard Shore Leo Shuken Alan Shulman Dov Shurin Carl Sigman Benedict Silberman Abner Silver Sheila Silver Louis Silvers Carly Simon Seymour Simons Matthew Sklar P. F. Sloan Sergei Slonimsky Ted Snyder Lew Soloff Faith Soloway Stephen Sondheim Samuel and Bella Spewack Nissan Spivak Robert Starer Herman Stein Billy Steinberg Max Steiner Jim Steinman Michael Stewart (playwright) Al Stillman Morris Stoloff Robert Strassburg Oscar Straus (composer)

S cont.

13

Barbra Streisand Charles Strouse Jule Styne Morton Subotnick Salomon Sulzer William Susman Jo Swerling George Szell Władysław Szpilman

T

Josef Tal David Tamkin Alexandre Tansman Carl Tausig Irving Taylor (songwriter) Sid Tepper Michael Tilson Thomas Sammy Timberg Dimitri Tiomkin Russ Titelman Charles Tobias Ernst Toch Mel Tormé Süßkind von Trimberg Jonathan Tunick Bertram Turetzky Roy Turk

U

Viktor Ullmann

V

Gershon Veroba Albert Von Tilzer Harry Von Tilzer

W

Stewart Wallace Bruno Walter Diane Warren

14

W cont.

Franz Waxman Paul Francis Webster Cynthia Weil Kurt Weill Mieczysław Weinberg Jaromír Weinberger László Weiner Hugo Weisgall George David Weiss Egon Wellesz Robert Wells (songwriter) Henryk Wieniawski Frank Wildhorn Konstanty Wileński Amy Winehouse Felix Wolfes Stefan Wolpe Allie Wrubel George Wyle Yehudi Wyner

Y

Peter Yarrow David Yazbek Jack Yellen Maury Yeston Victor Young

Z

Hy Zaret Maurice Zbriger Erich Zeisl Alexander von Zemlinsky Efrem Zimbalist David Zippel Herbert Zipper John Zorn

List of Jewish American composers

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

15

This article does not cite any references or sources.Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2007)

This article needs additional citations for verification.Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2007)

This is a list of famous Jewish American composers. For listings of famous Jewish American songwriters, musicals writers, and film composers, see List of Jewish American musicians, which shares some names with this list. For other famous Jewish Americans, see List of Jewish Americans.

Persons listed with a double asterisks (**) are winners of the Pulitzer Prize for Music. Jewish composers constitute 20% of the award's recipients, although Jewish Americans are less than 2% of the United States population. This list includes both Jewish composers who were born and raised in the United States and who were born in Europe or elsewhere and immigrated to and settled in the United States.

Joseph Achron , composer James Adler , composer and pianist Larry Adler , composer [1] Samuel Adler , composer Milton Ager , composer David Amram , composer Leopold Auer , violinist and composer Lera Auerbach , composer Aaron Avshalomov , composer Milton Babbitt , composer [2] Marion Bauer , composer Arthur Berger , composer Jean Berger , composer, conductor, musicologist, concert accompanist Irving Berlin , composer Herman Berlinski , composer Elmer Bernstein , composer Leonard Bernstein , composer and conductor Marc Blitzstein , composer Ernest Bloch , composer Jerry Bock , composer Rob Bourdon, drummer for Linkin Park Aaron Copland , composer ** Nathan Currier , composer Sebastian Currier , composer Richard Danielpour , composer Walter Johannes Damrosch , conductor and composer Mario Davidovsky , composer ** Brad Delson , lead guitarist for nu metal band Linkin Park

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David Diamond , composer Deborah Drattell , composer Jacob Druckman , composer ** Danny Elfman , composer, rock singer Abraham Ellstein , composer Sammy Fain , composer Stephen Feigenbaum , composer Morton Feldman , composer Lukas Foss , composer Isadore Freed , composer Rudolf Friml , composer George Gershwin , composer Miriam Gideon , composer Philip Glass , composer Ernest Gold , composer Rubin Goldmark , composer Benny Goodman , King of Swing, Patriarch of the Clarinet Michael Gordon , composer Annie Gosfield , composer Louis Gruenberg , composer Louis Moreau Gottschalk , composer (Jewish father) Morton Gould , composer ** Friedrich Holländer , composer Michael Isaacson , composer Jerome Kern , composer Aaron Jay Kernis , composer ** Leon Kirchner , composer ** Manuel Klein , composer Fritz Kreisler (1875 - 1962) violinist and composer, one of the most famous of his

day[2] David Lang , composer ** Vanessa Lann , composer and pianist Oscar Levant , composer and pianist Gary Lucas , composer and guitarist Paul Alan Levi , composer and pianist Adam Levowitz , composer Steve Margoshes , composer Norman Martin , composer Michael Masser , composer Jerome Moross , composer Alex North , composer Alexander Olshanetsky , composer Leo Ornstein , composer George Perle , composer Andre Previn , composer Shulamit Ran , composer **

17

Steve Reich , composer George Rochberg , composer Richard Rodgers , composer Laurence Rosenthal , composer Joseph Rumshinsky , composer Carlos Salzedo , composer and harpist/pianist/conductor Arnold Schoenberg , composer Ruth Schonthal , composer Chuck Schuldiner , composer and guitarist/singer William Schuman , composer ** Allen Shawn , composer Nathaniel Shilkret , composer and conductor Elie Siegmeister , composer and conductor Sheila Silver , composer Stephen Sondheim , composer** Mischa Spoliansky , composer Scott Storch , composer and pianist Ernst Toch , composer ** Stewart Wallace , composer Kurt Weill , composer Jaromír Weinberger , composer Hugo Weisgall , composer Meredith Willson , composer Julia Wolfe , composer Stefan Wolpe , composer Yehudi Wyner , composer ** Yehuda Yannay , composer Hy Zaret , lyricist Efrem Zimbalist , composer and violinist John Zorn , composer and saxophonist William Zuckerman , composer

Footnotes1. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2. Kreisler - [1] "Jascha Heifetz, Fritz Kreisler, Mischa Elman... were all Jews, too"

Wiki: List of British Jewish entertainers (1/2)Search Wikipedia!

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This is a List of British Jewish entertainers that includes entertainers (actors, directors, screenwriters, musicians and others) from the United Kingdom and its predecessor states who are or were Jewish or of Jewish descent.

Contents:1. Film actors2. TV actors3. TV and Radio Presenters4. Directors/producers/executives5. Comedians6. Theatre7. Radio8. Popular musicians9. Producers/managers10. Classical musicians11. Songwriters12. Ballet dancers13. Other14. References15. External links16. See also

Lists of Jews bycountryEuropeEastern Europe | North EuropeSouth-East EuropeWest EuropeAmericasLatin America | CaribbeanCanada | United StatesElsewhereIsrael* | Arab World | AsiaOceania | Sub-Saharan Africa(*most are Jewish)This box: view • [[|talk]] •

1. Film actors

Felix Aylmer Alfie Bass , obituary, Jewish Chronicle, 24/7/1987 p14 Claire Bloom [15], actress Helena Bonham Carter (1966 - ) Academy-Award nominated English

film/television actress [1] Bernard Bresslaw , actor [2]

19

Eleanor Bron [16], actress and name inspiration for Eleanor Rigby Katrin Cartlidge [17], actress (Jewish mother) Joan Collins [3] actress Marty Feldman [18], comic actor Fenella Fielding [4] Laurence Harvey [19], actor (Lithuanian-born) Leslie Howard [20], actor Jason Isaacs [21], actor Sid James [22], comic actor,(South African born) Tony Jay (1933 - 2006) English/American actor [5] David Kossoff [23], actor and stage monologuist Miriam Margolyes [24], actress Jessie Matthews (1907 - 1981) English dancer, singer and actress [2] Ron Moody [25], actor (Fagin in film musical "Oliver") Anthony Newley (1931 - 1999) English actor, singer & songwriter [2] Sophie Okonedo (1969 - ) Academy Award-nominated actress (Hotel Rwanda)[26] Nathalie Press [27], actress Daniel Radcliffe (1989 - ) English actor (Harry Potter) [6] Antony Sher [28], actor Ione Skye [29], actress (UK-born; Jewish mother) Janet Suzman [30], actress Elizabeth Taylor [31] [32], actress (English-born; Convert to Judaism) Rachel Weisz [33], Oscar-winning actress Sam Wanamaker [34], actor Zoe Wanamaker [35], actress David Warner , actor best known as Jennings in The Omen Naomi Westerman [36], actress Henry Woolf [7] , actor

2. TV actors

Sacha Baron Cohen [37], British comedian, notable for his comedy characters Ali G and Borat; the latter is portrayed as extremely anti-Semitic.

Steven Berkoff (1937 - ) actor, writer and director [2] Lionel Blair [38], TV entertainer Marty Feldman (1934-1982), television comedian (See "Film Actors" list, above.) Stephen Fry [39], comedian & actor (Jewish mother) Henry Goodman [8] , actor Lesley Joseph [40], Dorian in Birds of a Feather Miriam Karlin (1925 - ) actress (The Rag Trade) [2] Paul Kaye (1965 - ) comedian and writer [2] Robert Kazinsky television actor (EastEnders) [9] [10] Felicity Kendal [41], actress (convert to Judaism) Maureen Lipman (1946 - ) film, television & theatre actress [2] Kay Mellor [42], actress & scriptwriter Warren Mitchell [43], Alf Garnett in Til Death Us Do Part

20

Tracy-Ann Oberman , actress: Jewish Chronicle, 30 June 2006 p36: "Tribal beat: Showbiz Jews in the news"

David Rappaport , actor with dwarfism Andrew Sachs (1930 - ) German-born English actor, Manuel in Fawlty Towers [2] Emma Samms [http://72.14.207.104/search?

q=cache:TwX3OuXzwXEJ:www.joancollinsfanclub.com/Welcome_Page/Contents/Dynasty/

Rita Simons actress, model Georgia Slowe actress [11] Perdita in Emmerdale David Suchet , "Poirot" (Jewish father)

3. TV and Radio Presenters

Dani Behr (1971 - ) TV presenter, actress and singer [2] Benjamin Cohen [44], Channel 4 News reporter and presenter Vanessa Feltz [45], TV presenter Alex Kramer [46], TV presenter Jerry Springer [47], TV presenter (UK-born) Sharon Osbourne , (Jewish father) - wife of Ozzy Osbourne, former talk show

host, and star of The Osbournes [12] Esther Rantzen [48], presenter of That's Life!, founder of ChildLine Gaby Roslin [49], TV presenter Natasha Kaplinsky [50], TV presenter, Newsreader Jon Sopel BBC news presenter Robert Peston BBC news business correspondent Claudia Winkleman TV presenter

4. Directors/producers/executives

Jenny Abramsky [51], BBC executive Gerry Anderson [52], producer and puppeteer Daniel M. Angel [13] , film producer Sir Michael Balcon [53], producer Sidney Bernstein [14] , cinema owner & founder of Granada Television Bernard Delfont [54], impresario Oscar Deutsch [55], founder of Odeon Cinemas David Elstein Guardian, Saturday October 23, 1999, founder of Channel 5 Stephen Frears [56], director (Jewish mother; Frears only discovered this as an

adult) Jonathan Glazer [57], director Leslie Grade [58], executive Lord Grade [59], executive Michael Grade [60], ITV Chairman Sir Jeremy Isaacs Guardian, Saturday October 23, 1999, TV executive Henry Jaglom [61], director (UK-born) Sir Alexander Korda [62], director & producer Zoltan Korda [63], director

21

Mike Leigh [64], director Richard Lester [65], director Jonathan Lynn [66], director Isadore Ostrer [[67]], producer Mark Ostrer [[68]], producer Maurice Ostrer [[69]], producer Sam Mendes [70], director (Jewish mother) Emeric Pressburger [71], Oscar winning screenwriter, director & producer Irving Rapper [15] , Oscar-winning film director; born in Britain Karel Reisz [72], director John Schlesinger [73], director Vivian Van Damm [16] Michael Winner [74], director Alan Yentob [75], BBC executive

5. Comedians

Simon Amstell [76], comedian Ronni Ancona [17] , impressionist David Baddiel [77] Sacha Baron Cohen [78], impressionist, Ali G, Borat and Brüno Arnold Brown [79] Sam Costa , comedian: Jewish Chronicle, 2/10/1981 p24 (obituary); Ben Elton [80], comedian & writer Marty Feldman [81], comedian and actor Bud Flanagan [82], comedian & actor Stephen Fry [83], comedian & actor (Jewish mother) Paul Kaye , comedian & actor, Dennis Pennis (The Herald (Glasgow); 07/05/05;

Andy Dougan; p. 8) Matt Lucas [84] Bernard Manning [85], comedian Denis Norden [86], scriptwriter and radio & TV personality Jerry Sadowitz [87] Alexei Sayle [88] Peter Sellers [89], comedian & actor Freddie Starr [18] , "Me mam was from Germany. She was Jewish." comedian &

actor Bernie Winters [90] Mike Winters [91]

6. Theatre

Jacob Adler [19] , Yiddish actor Alain Boublil [92], author and lyricist Peter Brook [93], director Georgia Brown (real name, Lillian Klot), singer/actress, the first Nancy in Oliver! Maria Friedman [94], musical theatre actress

22

Stephen Fry [95], comedian & actor (Jewish mother) Hermione Gingold [20] , actress Henry Goodman [96], actor Augustus Harris [97], actor and theatre manager; son of Augustus Glossop Harris Nicholas Hytner [98], director Jonathan Miller [99], director Misty Lindeman actress Anthony Sher [100], actor Meier Tzelniker [21] , Yiddish actor Sam Wanamaker [101], actor - "The Globe Theatre" project Zoe Wanamaker [102], actress

7. Radio

Jenny Abramsky , BBC Director of Radio Rabbi Lionel Blue [103], radio broadcaster Jono Coleman [104], radio broadcaster David Prever radio broadcaster Mark Damazer , Controller BBC Radio 4 and BBC 7 [105] Sir Clement Freud (1973) [106], radio broadcaster David Jacobs , radio broadcaster (JYB 2005 p256) Ludwig Karl Koch [22] , broadcaster and sound recordist Robin Lustig , radio broadcaster, BBC Radio 4 Mike Mendoza [107], TalkSport Radio Charlie Wolf [108], TalkSport Radio Idina Menzel

8. Popular musicians

Larry Adler [23] , harmonica player (American born; naturalised British) Ambrose , bandleader (Obituary: Jewish Chronicle 18/6/1971 p35) Craig David , singer, songwriter <= ő az Nicole , Natalie Appleton & Melanie Blatt [109], members of All Saints Stanley Black [24] , bandleader Marc Bolan [110], member of T. Rex Elkie Brooks , singer; Jewish Chronicle 14/2/1992 p10

"Elkie Brooks and Graham Gouldman are two Jewish pop star graduates of Sedgley Park Primary School, Prestwich"

Ian Broudie [111], member of The Lightning Seeds Pete Burns [112] of Dead or Alive (German Jewish mother) Ben Butcher , Reading born singer Johnny Clegg [113], UK-born South African musician Alma Cogan [114], singer Mike D'Abo , former lead singer of Manfred Mann and sang on their hit The

Mighty Quinn Leonard Feather [25] writer on jazz, jazz pianist and composer,

23

Victor Feldman [115], jazz musician Justine Frischmann [116], member of Elastica Graham Gouldman , Lol Creme & Kevin Godley [117], members of 10cc. He

wrote many 1960's hits such as Bus Stop and Look Through Any Window for The Hollies, Heart Full of Soul, For Your Love and Evil-Hearted You for The Yardbirds and No Milk Today for Herman's Hermits.

Benny Green [26] , saxophonist and broadcaster Mick Green [118], guitarist for Johnny Kidd and the Pirates Peter Green , guitarist Fleetwood Mac (Celmins 2003) Terry Hall , lead vocalist, songwriter of the The Specials, Fun Boy Three and The

Colourfield (mother is of German Jewish descent). Steffan Halperin , drummer for Klaxons [119] Dick James singer and music publisher Mick Jones , guitarist, vocalist The Clash (mother is of Russian Jewish descent). Laurence Juber [120], Guitarist, former member of Wings Jason Kay [121], member of Jamiroquai Mark Knopfler , guitarist, singer and songwriter Paul Kossoff [122], member of Free, son of actor David Kossoff Keith Levene, guitarist. Founder member of The Flowers of Romance with Sid

Vicious,The Clash and Public Image with John Lydon.(Father Jewish) Source :http://www.fodderstompf.com/ARCHIVES/INTERVIEWS/nme780.htm

Joe Loss [123], bandleader Manfred Mann [124], R&B keyboardist George Michael [125], singer, songwriter, former member of Wham (Jewish

mother). Jon Moss [126], member of Culture Club Mark Ronson , Famous DJ, Record producer and Musician Keith Reid & Matthew Fisher [127], founding members of Procol Harum Gavin Rossdale [128], member of Bush Ronnie Scott [129] Helen Shapiro [130], singer John Silver former Genesis member Joss Stone [131] Singer/songwriter Lewis Taylor [132], singer/songwriter Frankie Vaughan [133], singer Warren Wald , pop idol contestant Louise Wener [134], singer with group Sleeper & novelist Amy Winehouse [135], singer/songwriter Sister Bliss , real name Ila Ben-Tovim, was born in Haifa, Israel.

9. Producers/managers

Don Arden [136], music promoter and former Black Sabbath manager Chris Blackwell [137], founder of Island Records (Jewish mother; raised Jewish) Brian Epstein [138], manager of the Beatles Harvey Goldsmith [139], rock impresario

24

Trevor Horn [140], founder of ZTT Records (not ethnically, but attends synagogue)

Nathan Joseph , founder of Transatlantic Records [27] Malcolm McLaren [141], manager of the Sex Pistols (Jewish mother; raised

Jewish) Daniel Miller [142], founder of Mute Records Mark Ronson D.J/ Producer [143] Andrew Loog Oldham [144], manager of the Rolling Stones (raised by Jewish

mother)

10. Classical musicians

Paul Stein-Dunville ,Musician Gerald Abraham [28] , musicologist Elias Parish Alvars [29] , composer John Barnett [30] , composer Alvise Bassano , musician [145] Anthony Bassano , musician [146] Baptista Bassano , musician [147] Julius Benedict , composer [148] Maria Bland , singer [31] John Braham [149], singer Norbert Brainin [150], violinist Giacobbe Cervetto [32] , cellist Harriet Cohen [151], pianist Michael Costa (conductor) [152], conductor and composer. Frederic Hymen Cowen [153], composer Jacqueline du Pré [154], cellist (convert to Judaism) Harry Farjeon [33] , composer (Jewish father) Gerald Finzi [155], composer Norma Fisher , [156], pianist Benjamin Frankel [157], composer Walter Goehr [158], composer Alexander Goehr [34] , composer, his son Berthold Goldschmidt [35] , composer George Henschel [159], singer & conductor Myra Hess [160], pianist Gerard Hoffnung [161], musicologist Steven Isserlis [162], cellist Hans Keller [36] , musicologist Isidore de Lara [163], composer Yehudi Menuhin [164], Lord Menuhin of Stoke d'Abernon; conductor & violinist

(UK-based) Benno Moiseiwitsch [165], pianist Isaac Nathan [37] Yfrah Neaman [166], violinist & teacher Michael Nyman [167], composer

25

Murray Perahia [168], pianist (UK-based) Landon Ronald [169], conductor & composer Henry Russell (musician) , pianist, baritone singer and composer. Robert Saxton [38] Rudolf Schwarz , [39] conductor Solomon [170], professional name of the pianist Solomon Cutner Sir Georg Solti [171], conductor Walter Susskind (1913 - 1980) [40] , conductor Richard Tauber , singer and composer (naturalised British citizen, 1940) [41] Lionel Tertis [172], violist Simon Waley Waley [42] , musician Egon Wellesz [173], composer Benjamin Zander [174], music director

11. Songwriters

Lionel Bart [175], musical writer Don Black [176], lyricist Graham Gouldman , wrote many 1960's hits such as Bus Stop and Look Through

Any Window for The Hollies, Heart Full of Soul, For Your Love and Evil-Hearted You for The Yardbirds and No Milk Today for Herman's Hermits.

Eric Maschwitz [177], lyricist, writer & broadcaster Mitch Murray Monty Norman [178], lyricist, composer & singer (creator of "The James Bond

Theme") David Rose [179], songwriter & composer Jule Styne [180], songwriter (UK-born)

paul gass famous Norwegian composer

12. Ballet dancers

Celia Franca [43] , ballerina Alicia Markova [181], ballerina Marie Rambert [44] , ballerina

13. Other

Lotte Berk , dancer and health guru [45] Caprice Bourret [182], model (American born & raised) David Bret [183] biographer and chansonnier (Jewish father) Sharon Osbourne - wife of Ozzy Osbourne, former talk show host, and star of The

Osbournes [46] Hedi Stadlen [184], musicologist, philosopher and Communist.

johnny elliott Russian ballerina

14. References

26

JYB = Jewish Year Book TimesAd: The Times, 6/7/06 p34: "A Call by Jews in Britain" (advert signed by

300 British Jews)

14. 1. Footnotes

1.Bonham Carter - [1] "CARTER TOO JEWISH FOR JEWISH ROLE... British actress HELENA BONHAM CARTER stunned director PAUL WEILAND with her Jewish accent on the set of their new movie SIXTY SIX and even had to be asked to tone down her impersonation The PLANET OF THE APES actress, who has Austrian Jewish roots, stars as social-climber ESTHER REUBEN in the British film and reveals it wasn't hard to do because of her family upbringing She says, "People always think I'm indelibly English, but actually I was brought up in Golders Green (north west London) and there's tons of Jewish blood on my mother's side" [2] "Helena abandons her old-fashioned style, playing a North London Jewish mother... "My mum was so pleased I was doing this film," she laughs. "I am half French, half Spanish and Jewish - but I'm always seen as very British. I'm finally getting in touch with my Jewish roots.""

2. ^ "Variety Club - Jewish Chronicle colour supplement "350 years"". The Jewish Chronicle. 2006-12-15. pp. 28-29.

3.The Express, 23 May 2003 (Paul Callan): "She was born Joan Henrietta Collins, a nice Jewish girl from Bayswater"

4.Jewish Chronicle , 24/10/2003 p35: "(Noel) Coward was less complimentary about (Maureen) Lipman's fellow Jewish stage star Fenella Fielding"

5. "Tony Jay - Obituary". The Jewish Chronicle. 2006-12-22. pp. 26. 6.Kasriel, Alex; Emily Rhodes (2006-12-22). "A nice Jewish wizard". The Jewish

Chronicle. pp. 2. 7. [3] "Woolf is angry at always having to be the little guy, and Jewish at that."

Accessed 27 October 2006.Jewish Chronicle, March 17 2000 p.43: "Home in Homerton was next door to a local Moseleyite. "My first memory at five years old," says Woolf, "is her hitting me over the head with a tennis racket. I said 'What did you do that for?' She said, 'It's nothing personal, it's because you're Jewish.' I understand that she had done it for ideological reasons."

8.Jewish Chronicle , 28/09/2005, Diary p.66, "Could there a hint of racial stereotyping in the Almeida’s decision to cast two Jewish actors — Ronni Ancona and Henry Goodman — in its upcoming production of The Hypochondriac?"

9.Kazinsky - [4] "Jewish Actor Joins EastEnders... The 22-year-old actor - who can speak Hebrew and who starred in a mobile phone commercial in Israel..."

10. Mentioned as one of several Jewish actors on EastEnders at [5] 11. Slowe - [6] "another Jewish actor... Georgia Slowe" 12. [7] "Sharon Osbourne elaborated on her background in a November 16 interview

with The Scotsman daily. She is described as "the daughter of the infamously hard-nosed music promoter Don Arden, who shaped the careers of Gene Vincent, The Small Faces" and the Electric Light Orchestra. "People expected

27

Ozzy to have a big-[bosomed], blonde trophy wife," she said, "and instead he's got me, a short, fat, hairy half Jew. I had a lot to fight against in this industry."

13. Obituary, Jewish Chronicle, February 18, 2000, p.27: "He belonged to the West London Synagogue"

14. Encyclopaedia Judaica , 2nd ed 15. "Irving Rapper, the Oscar-winning American-Jewish film director" Jewish

Chronicle, 10 Feb 1961 p30 16. [8] : "Van Damm, who came from a middle-class London family of Dutch

Jewish origin" 17. Jewish Chronicle , 28/09/2005, Diary p.66, "Could there a hint of racial

stereotyping in the Almeida’s decision to cast two Jewish actors — Ronni Ancona and Henry Goodman — in its upcoming production of The Hypochondriac?"

18. [9] The Times , 23/05/2003, "Best of times, worst of times: Freddie Starr" 19. Adler, Jacob, A Life on the Stage: A Memoir, translated and with commentary

by Lulla Rosenfeld, Knopf, New York, 1999, ISBN 0-679-41351-0. 20. [10] : "she was the daughter of an upper-class Austrian born Jewish financier

Lionel Gingold and English-born Kate Walters."; Oxford Dictionary of National Biography: "Her mother was Jewish."

21. [11] "the distinguished Jewish actor, Meier Tzelniker" Accessed 16 Dec 2006 22. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography: "Being a Jew, Koch's life under the

Nazi regime became increasingly intolerable" 23. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 24. CD sleeve note cited at [12]: "Born Solomon Schwartz on June 14, 1913 in

Whitechapel within London's Jewish East End, he was directly descended from Polish and Rumanian Jews."

25. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography: "He was brought up in a strictly conformist upper-middle-class Jewish family"

26. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography: "Here he grew into the streetwise but sentimental cockney-Jewish character"

27. Obituary, Jewish Chronicle, Nov 11 2005, p.27 28. Encyclopaedia Judaica 29. JewishEncyclopedia 30. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography: "the eldest son of a German Jewish

diamond merchant" 31. Concise Dictionary of National Biography: "daughter of Italian Jews named

Romanzini" 32. Concise Dictionary of National Biography: "an Italian Jew"; lived in London for

over 40 years 33. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, art. "Farjeon, Benjamin" 34. Jewish Chronicle , July 13 2001 p.25 "two Jewish composers, Alexander Goehr

and Robert Saxton" 35. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography: "His was a cultured, musical Jewish

family" 36. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography: "he described himself as an 'unpious

Jew'"

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37. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography: "born in Canterbury, Kent, of Polish-Jewish descent. His parents intended him to become a rabbi"

38. Jewish Chronicle , July 13 2001 p.25 "two Jewish composers, Alexander Goehr and Robert Saxton"

39. Jewish Chronicle , February 16, 2007, p.14: "he carried on as the sole Jewish conductor of the Kulturbund"

40. Bach cantatas site "The distinguished Czech-born English conductor" Lake Placid Film Forum "Walter Susskind, a German Jew" Both accessed 4 Jan 2007

41. "The Penguin Dictionary of Musical Performers", Arthur Jacobs, ISBN 0-14-051160-1, "Under threat as a Jew from Nazi persecution, settled in Britain, 1938."

42. Concise Dictionary of National Biography: "a leading member of the London Jews"

43. Obituary, Jewish Chronicle, Apr 13 2007, p.20 44. [13] : "She was Jewish" Accessed 9 Feb 2007 45. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography: "the only daughter of Jewish parents" 46. [14] "Sharon Osbourne elaborated on her background in a November 16

interview with The Scotsman daily. She is described as "the daughter of the infamously hard-nosed music promoter Don Arden, who shaped the careers of Gene Vincent, The Small Faces" and the Electric Light Orchestra. "People expected Ozzy to have a big-[bosomed], blonde trophy wife," she said, "and instead he's got me, a short, fat, hairy half Jew. I had a lot to fight against in this industry."

Jewish Composers and Performers

By Geoge Jochonowitz www.jochonowitz.net

Is there a Jewish instrument? It would have to be the shofar, sounded during the month of Elul, during Rosh Hashanah services, and at the end of Yom Kippur. Is there a modern instrument that is a descendant of the shofar? The trumpet comes to mind, or perhaps the trombone or the tuba. Are Jews famous for playing brasses? Not particularly, although when we consider the world of klezmer music, we have trumpeter Frank London. When we get to woodwinds, the clarinet seems to be a candidate, both in classical and klezmer music, although the clarinet is a relatively recent instrument, attributed to Johann

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Christopher Denner and invented in Nuremberg in about 1690.1 The most famous clarinetist, noted for both swing and classical music, is probably Benny Goodman.

The voice is a universal instrument, and there certainly is a tradition of cantorial singing. Back in the 20th century, there were quite a few Jewish opera stars at the Metropolitan Opera, Jan Peerce, Robert Merrill, Roberta Peters, and Beverly Sills among them. One tenor, Richard Tucker, also had a career as a cantor.2

But it is among violinists that Jews are particularly numerous: Jascha Heifetz, Mischa Elman, Isaac Stern, Yitzhak Perlman, Gil Shaham, Leonid Kogan, Nathan Millstein, David Oistrakh, Maxim Vengerov — to name only a few. Erica Morini, perhaps the most famous woman violinist of the first half of the 20th century, was Jewish. My father saw her perform in Cracow when he was a young man. I saw her perform at Carnegie Hall when I was a young man. For most of the 20th century, Jews seemed to dominate the ranks of top violinists. My wife has told me about a riddle she heard some decades ago: What is the world's shortest book? Answer: The Book of Non-Jewish Violinists.

Times have changed. In recent years, Asians have joined the ranks of violinists: Cho-Liang Lin, born in Taiwan and an American citizen; Sarah Chang, born in Philadelphia to Korean parents; Midori, born in Japan but now a resident of New York City. There is no longer a clear Jewish majority of renowned violinists, but Yitzhak Perlman seems to be the most respected and loved violinist performing today.

Why should Jews be especially prominent among violinists? There is no clear answer. Perhaps string instruments are most capable of changes in tone, most like the voice. Perhaps violins reflect emotion, especially grief, more easily. We should remember, however, that those who play and love different instruments will argue that their own favorite instrument can convey the greatest range of emotion. Are violins popular among a wandering people because they are portable? Probably not. Most wind instruments are equally portable.

Even more numerous among Jews than famous violinists are famous pianists: Artur Schnabel, Artur Rubinstein, Vladimir Horowitz, Wanda Landowska (a harpsichordist but also a pianist), Rudolf Serkin, Andras Schiff, Evgeny Kissin, Yefim Bronfman, Murray Perahia, Richard Goode, Emanuel Ax, Bennett Lerner — I have named only a few. Despite their numbers, Jewish pianists seem to be a proportionately smaller group than Jewish violinists. The world recognizes the names of more pianists than of violinists. As is the case with violinists, in recent years Asian pianists have become famous as well: Helen Huang, born in Japan to Chinese parents; Lang Lang, born in Shenyang, China.

What about composers? Jews are less prominent. When I was growing up, Felix Mendelssohn was always considered the most important Jewish composer. Whether he should be counted as Jewish is a debatable point, since his parents decided that the family should convert to Lutheranism when Felix was a child. Mendelssohn's music is well known and generally well liked, but he is rarely if ever listed among the top five or even top ten composers of history.

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Nowadays, things are a bit different. Gustav Mahler has replaced Mendelssohn as the most admired Jewish composer. Every year, radio station WQXR asks its listeners to vote for their favorite compositions. In the 2001-2002 poll, compositions by Beethoven won five of the top ten places. Mahler's second symphony was number 9 on the list. Vivaldi, Bach, and Dvorak were ahead of Mahler, who, amazingly, outranked Rachmaninoff (#10) and even Mozart (#11), to say nothing of Verdi (#14), Puccini (#16) and Brahms (#17).

A year later, Mahler did not do quite so well. In the 2002-2003 poll, Mahler's second had dropped to number 11 on the list, although there were two other Mahler symphonies in the top 40, his first and fifth. Despite this slight drop, Mahler's long and complex compositions remain strikingly popular, much more so than the more accessible music of Mendelssohn.

Mahler too was a convert to Christianity; he had to become a Catholic to secure the position of director of the Vienna Court Opera.3 Composers, it seems, are more likely to be integrated into the societies of the countries where they grow up. Performers, a peripatetic lot, may be at home everwhere or nowhere. The best-known Jewish composer of the 17th century is Salamone de'Rossi of Mantua, now in Italy. The dukes of Mantua had allowed a number of Jewish musicians to perform and create in the 16th century, and Rossi was part of a tradition, which ended when the Austrian army sacked Mantua in 1628-30.4 It makes sense that Rossi came from a community where Jewish musicians were at home.

The countries where Jews were most integrated in the early 19th century were probably first France and then Germany. Giacomo Meyerbeer and Jacques Offenbach were born in Germany but lived in France. Jacques Hale'vy was born and lived in France. If the populous Jewish communities of eastern Europe were producing composers at this time, we haven't heard of them. Anton Rubinstein (1829-1894) was the first Russian Jewish composer to become world famous, although nowhere as famous as Mendelssohn (1809-1847) or even Meyerbeer (1791-1864). Incidentally, Rubinstein was the model for the assimilationist German Jewish musician Klesmer (what an appropriate name) in George Eliot's novel Daniel Deronda.5 When we get to the 20th century, Jewish composers are likely to be Americans: George Gershwin, Aaron Copland, Leonard Bernstein. Paul Ben-Haim is Israeli; perhaps Israel will produce great composers in the 21st century.

What is greatness? It is easier to agree about fame than about genius. I find Mozart the greatest composer. Almost everyone feels that Mozart is great, but nobody can explain how. Critics talk about originality, complexity, and profundity. This doesn't explain Mozart. Music may be wonderful because it plumbs emotional depths. But emotional heights can be as thrilling as emotional depths. It is perhaps harder to write great happy music than great tragic music. As for originality, Mozart was one of the least innovative composers who ever lived. His music was significantly less experimental than Haydn's, for example. Mozart was original in only one way: his greatness.

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My own candidate for the greatest Jewish composer is Offenbach. I find the cancan music in Orpheus in the Underworld thrilling, although it is neither deep nor complex nor particularly original. Orpheus in the Underworld, a comic opera with lots of spoken dialogue and lots of jokes that may have been funny once but are now incomprehenible, does not stand up as a dramatic work. As for the version of the cancan found in the ballet Gaîté parisienne, arranged by Manuel Rosenthal, it lacks the spark and excitement of the original Offenbach score. To others, it may not be great, but Orpheus in the Underworld sweeps me off my feet. What else can greatness mean?

The French movie composer Michel Legrand agrees with me: "I have always loved Offenbach, so inventive, so droll, with splendid harmonies."6 Legrand's play Amour opened on Broadway on October 20, 2002, and has since closed.

Tragedy can be understood in every generation; comedy is linked to a particular time and place. Music, however, can last longer than comedy. Offenbach's cancan has a liveliness also found in Rossini — especially the Lone Ranger theme from the William Tell overture — and in klezmer music. Whatever greatness may be, it includes music that lifts the spirits.

Light opera, operetta, musical comedy — are they the same thing? Jewish composers have stood out in this genre. Richard Rodgers, whether half of the pair Rodgers and Hart or the later team Rodgers and Hammerstein, is a champion composer of musical comedy. So is Frederick Loewe, who worked with his librettist Alan Jay Lerner to write My Fair Lady and other distinguished musical comedies. I don't know whether Leonard Bernstein's Candide should be considered an opera or a Broadway show, but whatever it is, it is a work of genius. Jewish composers have excelled as composers of operetta.

In the first half of the 20th century, Irving Berlin was perhaps the best known composer of American popular music. Then came rock and roll, an inspired and powerful form of popular music that was played everywhere and respected nowhere. American Jews, as integrated as any Jewish community in history has ever been, might have been expected to produce big names in rock and roll, especially since rock and roll, which combines elements of rhythm and blues with country and western, is the most integrated form of popular music in America. Jewish composers are underrepresented when it comes to rock and roll, although we do have Paul Simon, among others. Bob Dylan's music is sometimes called "folk rock," but it has little in common with traditional rock and roll.

Minimalist music is the classical analog of rock and roll. It shares with rock and roll a strict regularity of rhythm and, as its name suggests, the repetition and exploration of a small - minimal - number of melodies. Philip Glass and Steve Reich are two Jewish composers whose careers are built on minimalism. The Jewish creative energy that did not go into rock and roll found its home in minimalism.

Why are there famous English composers of the 18th century but not of the 19th? Why did opera begin in Italy and thrive there as nowhere else? Why haven't German composers since 1955 dominated classical music the way they did for the previous three

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centuries? We don't know the answer. And we don't know why Jews are so numerous among the world's great violinists.

...

Notes

1. Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 3rd edition, vol. 1, p. 656.

2. For further discussion, see Leonard J. Leff, "A Question of Identity," Opera News, December 2002, pp. 34-39.

3. Encyclopedia Judaica, vol. 11, column 726.

4. Ibid., vol. 14, column 318.

5. Edmund White, "The Great Issues: George Eliot, Zionism and the Novel," TLS, January 18, 2002, p. 6.

6. Cited by Alan Riding, "The Real Paradox: Musical Comedy Made in France," "Arts and Leisure," The New York Times, October 20, 2002.

A version of this essay appeared in Midstream, Vol. XXXXIX, No. 2, February/March 2003.

Examples of George Jochonowitz’s Compositions:

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This music was written to celebrate a wedding.

"Wedding Oberek" appeared in And Then, Volume 6, 1994

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"Nightmare" was composed after hearing the opening theme in a nightmare.

"Nightmare" appeared in And Then, Volume 4, 1992

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Reconsidering The Magic Flute by George Jochonowitz

Mozart's The Magic Flute is a puzzling opera. Its mood is sometimes childish, sometimes utterly solemn. The Queen of the Night is a sympathetic character who has been wronged by Sarastro when we meet her in the first act. In the second act, the situation seems reversed: Sarastro sings of wisdom, and the Queen of the Night tries vainly to persuade her daughter to commit murder. When the Queen is defeated by Sarastro at the end, the music is Mozart at his most triumphant, and the audience rejoices in the happy ending.

In my opinion, however, the ending is far from happy. I see Sarastro as a consistently villainous character, and I believe the Queen's attempt to kill him is can be understood as an attempt to save her daughter from being brainwashed by the leader of a cult.

The audience sees Sarastro and the Queen through the eyes of Tamino, who is united with his beloved Pamina at the end. As for Tamino, he sees the Queen as an innocent victim when he learns that her daughter has been kidnapped by Sarastro. He goes off to rescue Pamina, but soon changes his mind about who is good and who is bad. What causes him to alter his opinion? One of Sarastro's flunkies (Sarastro is surrounded by yes-men) says to him: "Ein Weib hat also dich berückt? Ein Weib tut wenig, plaudert viel" (So a woman beguiled you? A woman does little, chatters a lot). Tamino, who has good intentions but is rather stupid, cannot see the fallacy of argument by appeal to prejudice. He falls for this sexist line and decides to join Sarastro's cult, the Temple of Wisdom.

Pamina, in the meantime, is being held prisoner. Sarastro has put her in the care of his faithful servant Monostatos, who "verlangte Liebe" (demanded love). Pamina attempts to escape and return to her mother, the Queen of the Night. Monostatos recaptures her and brings her back to Sarastro. Despite Pamina's pleas, Sarastro will not let her go. Yet Monostatos, who thwarted her attempt to flee, is sentenced to 77 lashes. Thus does Sarastro reward obedience.

This brief scene shows us just how evil Sarastro is. If he punishes Monostatos for bringing back Pamina, why must he keep her in captivity? If he disapproves of Monostatos's amorous advances, how can he put a helpless girl back into the care of this lecherous servant? Easily. He justifies it by saying that the Queen of the Night is "ein stolzes Weib" (a proud woman).

In an earlier scene, the Queen disciplines her servant, Papageno. He is punished for telling a lie by having his mouth padlocked. The punishment is very brief but effective. Papageno will never lie again. The contrast between the Queen and Sarastro is enormous. The Queen imposes a light penalty for a real offense; Monostatos, on the other hand, suffers a cruel punishment for doing precisely what Sarastro wanted done.

Let us get back to Tamino. In order to join the Temple of Wisdom, he will have to pass the test of silence. The test is singularly inappropriate. Wisdom is the result of knowledge, questioning, and discussion. Only through argument can our views be subject to scrutiny. Silence is the enemy of wisdom; it is a virtue only in a totalitarian regime like

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Sarastro's. Tamino, then, must be silent when Pamina is brought to him. She mistakes his silence for rejection and attempts suicide. Sarastro, who organized this cruel test, does nothing to aid Pamina, who is not even being tested. Instead she is saved by the Genii, who are spirits sent by the Queen of the Night to guide Tamino. The Genii, like the magic bells and the magic flute that gives the opera its name, are gifts of the Queen. They are forces for good throughout the opera. In fact, when Pamina and Tamino undergo the tests of fire and water, devised by Sarastro, they are protected by the flute, the instrument of the Queen.

The Queen, to be sure, has her villainous moment. When she learns that Tamino, her daughter's beloved, has joined Sarastro, she becomes desperate. She gives Pamina a dagger and tells her to kill Sarastro. The Queen has been driven mad by the hopelessness of her situation. Her action is futile: Pamina will not be able to commit the murder.

It is at this point that the Queen sings her glorious aria "Der Hölle Rache kocht in meinem Herzen" (The wrath of Hell boils in my heart). The music is so wonderful that we know the Queen's rage must be justified. Sarastro's music, to be sure, is also wonderful. Mozart didn't write bad music. It is therefore quite significant that there is no music at all, except for some trumpet blasts, during the tedious scene where Sarastro announces Tamino's wish to join the Temple. Similarly, there is only dialogue when Tamino and Papageno are asked if they wish to take the tests (Papageno sensibly declines). Mozart was just not inspired to compose music for these sequences.

Did Mozart and his librettist, Emanuel Schikaneder. know what they were doing? Did they fail to see that Sarastro was a tyrant? Did they agree with the sexism, gross even by 18th-century standards, expressed by Sarastro and his toadies? I do not know. Pamina and Tamino are together at the end of the opera, and to that extent the opera ends happily. They will live under a dictatorship, but their love will make their problems irrelevant. Pamina will forget her mother, who is destroyed despite Sarastro's claim that vengeance is unknown in his realm.

Whatever Mozart's intentions, audiences have always sided with Sarastro. In Ingmar Bergman's movie version of the opera, the singer who plays the Queen is shown smoking under a no-smoking sign during the intermission. Bergman, like most of us, has misjudged the Queen. The time has come for her to be recognized as the tragic heroine she really is.

This essay appeared in the May 1981 issue of Ovation

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A Discordant Century

By George Jochonowitz

A few years ago, my wife and I subscribed to a chamber music series. No matter who was performing, the program followed the same canonical form: a quartet by Haydn, a modern work, the intermission, and a concluding piece of the romantic period. If the performers were not a string quartet but some other chamber group - for example, a quintet or an ensemble including a wind instrument - the first work on the program was by Mozart rather than Haydn, a sensible choice: Haydn's string quartets are better than Mozart's, but Mozart's other chamber pieces are better than Haydn's. What is significant, however, is the fact that whoever planned these concerts knew that the contemporary composition had to be in the middle. If the 20th-century piece came first, the audience would arrive late; if it concluded the concert, the audience would walk out after the intermission.

We did not renew our subscription. A 20th-century piece is the price you pay for going to a concert, and we were not willing to pay the price.

The schedulers were behaving rationally. They wanted to help modern composers and at the same time educate the audience. We all know that the music of the 20th century did not win a big audience. In the words of Kingsley Amis, quoted in Paul Fussell's The Anti-Egotist, "Twentieth-century music is like paedophilia. No matter how persuasively and persistently its champions urge their cause, it will never be accepted by the public at large, who will continue to regard it with

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incomprehension, outrage and repugnance."

Has there ever before been a period in which audiences specifically rejected the music of their own contemporaries? Probably not. In the late 19th century, however, music split into classical and popular. Classical music was directed to an ever narrower public. Perhaps that is why our own age is the only recorded period when we scorn the creations of our contemporaries. Our music is not designed to be liked at first hearing. We have to be maneuvered into listening to it by those who schedule concerts.

Paul Fussell, cited above, suggests a possible reason for this state of affairs in his discussion of Kingsley Amis's opposition to modernism. He says that "there is built into Modernism a hatred - and that is not too strong a word - of ordinary people . . . ." There was, however, a form of contemporary music that Kingsley Amis did not consider modernist: jazz. "Jazz was the music that mattered, not only contemporary, happening all the time, but immediately attractive, no sooner heard than delightedly responded to." Nevertheless, Amis changed his mind. He began to dislike jazz when it became intellectually respectable - when "it began to be studied in universities." At that point, jazz was taken away from the people; it became a tool of the enemy, the elite.

Universities are part of the problem. Courses in the history of music are based on the unstated assumption that innovation is good. Modern music - in effect - is described as part of a process of increasing sophistication and quality. Nobody exactly says this. If they stated this view openly, it

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would be challenged and shown to be false.

Jazz is 20th-century music. It developed together with other forms of contemporary music. It is indeed taught at universities. What happened is that with time it became less and less bound by the principle of tonality, thus making it more difficult and more acceptable to academics.

The greatest music the world has ever known is tonal. No one has successfully defined greatness, but whatever it is, it is recognizable. All societies and all times have music, and all have produced geniuses. But there is one particular music that arose in a particular place - Germany and Italy - and at a particular time - the 17th century. It lasted 300 years and completed its life span. It is the world's music. There is nothing else like it. It is comparable to ancient Greek drama, a privileged moment in history. This magic, wonderful music is the realization of a phenomenon known as tonality. A piece is in a particular key, and the melodies and harmonies of the music lead us to the tonic, the first note of the scale of the key the piece is in, the note which gives us the feeling that the musical phrase has reached its conclusion: the triad whose lowest note is the tonic note that necessarily is the last chord in the composition. In other words, the composition is going somewhere. We don't know what the route will be if we are unfamiliar with the piece, but the destination is - pre-destined.

Harmony and tonality are physical realities. Music is a series of pitches and combinations of pitches played in rhythmic patterns. Pitch is the way we hear frequency, the number of vibrations per second produced by a voice or a musical instrument. If we hear an A and a

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C-sharp at the same time, the combination sounds harmonious. We call the distance between these notes the interval of a third, in this case, a major third. When two notes are a major third from each other, the ratio of the vibrations is 4 to 5. The A string vibrates at 440 cycles per second and the C-sharp string at 550. (Not exactly. The tempered scale has changed this just a little bit.) C-sharp and E form a minor third, which also sounds harmonious. The ratio of vibrations is 5 to 6, E having a pitch of approximately 660. A minor third on top of a major third is called a major triad, one of the basic chords of Western music. The interval between the outer notes of the triad is called a fifth, and the ratio of the pitches is necessarily 2 to 3. In the case of a major triad formed by A, C-sharp and E, the outer notes, with pitches of 440 and 660, illustrate the 2 to 3 ratio.

Major and minor thirds, so typical of Western music, occurred in the music of the late Middle Ages and the Renaissance, and madrigals of the 16th century were likely to end on a tonic chord. There is no clear answer to the question of when the incidental harmonies that occurred in the polyphonic music of the 16th century, where each voice sang its own line, turned into the harmonic music of the 17th and 18th centuries, where the different musical lines were all moving together as melodies heading toward a conclusion: a tonic chord preceded by a dominant chord, the chord built on the fifth note of the scale. We have seen above that the first and fifth notes of the scale have pitches with vibrations per second in the ratio of 2 to 3. This sequence, for some unknown reason, produces a feeling of finality.

The ratio of pitches is a physical fact; the reason this ratio is satisfying cannot be explained. "Tonal motion is therefore

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always directed: it is always felt as motion toward or away from some state of tension or relaxation," says Neil M. Ribe, writing in the November 1987 issue of Commentary ("Atonal Music and Its Limits"). Atonal music, according to Ribe, replaces common sense with mathematical abstractions. Somehow, Ribe hasn't explained why atonality is hard to like. After all, a ratio of 2 to 3 is also a mathematical abstraction. Knowing the physics of tonality hasn't helped us. We know tonality is real but we do not know why a particular ratio of vibrations in a particular sequence should produce this effect. Arnold Schoenberg invented serial music, in which all twelve notes of the chromatic scale were used and none could be repeated until all had been played. He called it "emancipation of the dissonance" (see Ribe), but the dissonance could not be emancipated. The human brain accepts certain sequences as beautiful and rejects others as ugly. Schoenberg's mistake was his belief that harmony and tonality are cultural constructs. They aren't. The whole world prefers tonality.

Perhaps we can link the increased us of tonality and the consequent rise of Western music as we know it with the first opera, Jacopo Peri's Euridice, which premiered on February 9, 1600. A plot, according to Aristotle, should have a beginning, a middle, and an end. When music was linked to story, the music too needed a sense of direction, which tonality provided. It is interesting to note that the great plays of ancient Greece were performed to musical accompaniments that are lost. We love these plays, but they are merely librettos - incomplete without their music. Was the music that accompanied the plays of Sophocles tonal? Would the plays be more powerful if performed with this music? Would we

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admire the music today as we do the plays? We will never know.

Our own operas, unlike Greek drama, are loved for their primarily for their music. No one would care to see the silly plot of Schikaneder's The Magic Flute performed without Mozart's music. Richard Wagner, who revived the term "music drama," tried to create works where the importance of plot and music were equal. Yet even in the case of Wagner, we may enjoy listening to his music without seeing the opera, but we wouldn't choose to see dramas extolling the inherent beauty of stupidity, as Wagner's operas do, if they weren't accompanied by Wagner's music. If the development of music drama led to the increased use of tonality in music - and we cannot be sure that it did - the tonal music of the first 300 years of opera stands on its own, plot or no plot.

The 17th century was the childhood of Western music. It reached its adulthood in the 18th century, with a group of composers all born in 1685: Domenico Scarlatti, George Frideric Handel, and Johann Sebastian Bach. In Bach, the most conservative of the three, polyphonic music reached its culmination. Nevertheless, Bach could write compositions based on melody and harmony that belonged to his past and his future at the same time. The generation of 1685, and their contemporary, Antonio Vivaldi, changed the status of music, making it into something immortal, something loved and recognized everywhere. Scholars have analyzed the contrapuntal, harmonic and melodic structures of their works, but no one has ever understood its greatness.

Styles changed with Haydn and Mozart, but greatness remained. I remember when

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I first saw Mozart's The Marriage of Figaro. It was in 1952 or 53, and I was fifteen. I heard the aria "Dove sono," and I was overwhelmed by the beauty of its melody. I went home and tried to play it on the piano. It was very simple: a turn, C - D C B C, followed by another turn a third higher: E - F E D E. Child's play. What makes it so wonderful? Genius remains a mystery.

Style continued to change. Beethoven extended the idea of tonality by using many changes of key in his development sections. His symphonies were longer and his orchestration thicker than anything his audience had ever heard. Yet people went to hear his compositions. When Beethoven's works were premiered, the entire concert generally consisted of contemporary pieces, often all premieres by the same composer. Were audiences more tolerant of the new in those days? What a silly question. Tolerance hadn't been invented yet. People were willing to listen to new compositions because music wasn't ugly then. Occasionally an innovative piece got a bad review, but a year or so later, the audience had learned to love it.

Beethoven never earned enough money from his compositions. Nevertheless, we cannot conclude from this that he was unappreciated. His 9th Symphony, an innovative work, was received with great enthusiasm despite the fact that the composer netted only 420 florins from its premiere performance. At Beethoven's funeral, the crowds were enormous and soldiers had to be called to make way for the procession. We have all heard the story of how Mozart's body was unaccompanied to the grave, but according to Mozart in Vienna, a biography by Volkmar Braunbehrens, "accompanying the coffin

44

to the gravesite was unusual at the time." Mozart's works were quite popular in his lifetime, and his opera The Marriage of Figaro was universally appreciated. In an era when most people were peasants and laborers, the rest of the population, the middle and upper classes, loved and admired serious music. It is hard to know how to compare the percentages of music lovers in different types of society, but we can be sure that Mozart and Beethoven were major cultural figures in a way that composers of classical music today can never be.

Wagner was perhaps the first composer who was really hard to get used to. His melodies were longer and often slower than what had come before. It was not always so clear where the melody was heading. Perhaps he was the first modernist. I will define a modernist creative artist as one who attempts to reshape and even recreate his audience. Instead of saying, "Try it. You'll like it," as Beethoven might have, the modernist says, "You won't like this, but if you're good and work hard, you can become one of my admirers." Instead of saying, "Lend me your ears," the modernist says, "Give me your ears - and your soul. I will give you better ones."

Mahler's 6th Symphony is a composition dating from 1904. It barely made it into the 20th century. I have always liked and admired the music of Mahler, a gifted composer, but when he got to the last movement of what could have been a great symphony, he went overboard. He wrote a movement that was too long and too bombastic. It was filled with false conclusions, where the audience thinks the piece is over and breathes a sigh of relief, only to find that there is more to come.

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Did something major and irrevocable happen in 1904, between the composition of the third and fourth movements of Mahler's 6th Symphony? I think so. Mahler set the stage for Arnold Schoenberg and atonal music. Almost a century has passed, but it has never become popular. It is both outdated and too modern.

Klaus Tennstedt, a conductor famous for his interpretations of Mahler, died on January 11, 1998. His obituary in the New York Times, on January 13, quoted him as having said, "At least for traditional instruments, I believe that everything has already been composed." If that is the case, Schoenberg had no choice but to invent a new art form. As we know, he called it serial music, but a better name might have been anti-tonal music.

Tennstedt in effect recognized that the Western music that began in the 17th century had completed its life span. Perhaps Schoenberg agreed as well. He expected serial music to become popular. He never thought he was composing for academics only.

Kingsley Amis, as we saw above, hated modernism, which he identified with being studied in a university. Audiences hate modernism too. An audience owes a creator nothing. And nothing is what the creator generally receives. We all know stories about how Marcel Proust or James Joyce received multiple rejections. When Proust and Joyce became famous, the joke was on the publishers who had rejected them. But those who eventually get published are the exceptions. Most compositions are never performed; most books, never printed. It can happen that an unknown creative artist is recognized two or three centuries later; Antonio Vivaldi is

46

an example. But usually, it doesn't happen, and the undiscovered artist remains undiscovered.

This is very sad. Nevertheless, the audience owes the creator nothing. Nobody should have to read through Finnegan's Wake, and indeed nobody does. T.S. Eliot's The Waste Land, with its (deliberately?) useless notes at the end, is a great work, but if we don't get very much past the wonderful first line, "April is the cruellest month," that is not our fault. If there is any fault at all, it is Eliot's. His poem sounds as if it was written in order to be studied at a university. Writers may choose to demand a great deal of attention and knowledge from readers, but readers need not give in to their demands.

20th-century artists did demand. By trying to reshape their listeners, they inevitably had an adversary relationship with their public. It was their privilege to bully their potential audience; they created as they felt they had to. Similarly, it is the privilege of audiences to ignore and reject what they find ugly.

In the case of 20th-century politics, totalitarianism echoed the demands of art. Just as thought reform was an explicit goal of Communist regimes, so taste reform was an implicit goal of modernist creators.

Totalitarian rulers and philosophers attempt to control not only society but the human soul itself. Music, for whatever reason, delights the soul, just as literature delights the mind. Greek drama, with its accompanying music, was roughly contemporary with Athenian democracy. It fizzled out when Plato's Republic appeared, which introduced the concept of a noble lie, to be accepted by the rulers and the community in general: ". . . all of

47

you in this land are brothers; but the god who fashioned you mixed gold in the composition of those among you who are fit to rule, so that they are of the most precious quality; and he put silver in the Auxiliaries, and iron and brass in the craftsmen." Thought control with a vengeance!

Plato also would not have tolerated the manufacture of the flute or other instruments "capable of modulation into all the modes." He feared the enormous emotional power of music. Indeed, Ayatollah Khomeini, in his way an example of Plato's ideal of the Philosopher King, banned Western music from Iranian radio stations. During Chairman Mao's Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, most music and theater were prohibited, except the eight revolutionary operas selected by Jiang Qing, Mao's wife.

Music critics in general, and Anthony Tommassini of the New York Times in particular, are interested in taste reform. They want us to find contemporary music beautiful. But was it meant to be beautiful? Music, art, poetry, novels, cities, roadsides - everywhere there are new forms of ugliness. Architecture is the one art that has not succumbed to the uglification of our era. Architecture must fill a practical purpose; buildings must stand and be usable, which means that architects are not free to hate the public. That is why the Guggenheim Museum is a better work of art than the paintings displayed in it. But what is a better work of art? There is often a consensus on the answer, but a consensus is not the same thing as a criterion. We all judge art, all the time. Many of us, perhaps most of us, have felt that 20th-century art is ugly, but few of us, if any, can explain what we mean.

48

Even though our new buildings are beautiful, our new cities are not. Modern architecture has bad manners; new buildings violate the unity and tone of their neighboring communities. Our roadsides are hideous. Our suburbs, even when affluent, are drab. We know that it is too late to build a Venice or a Washington. New York, Chicago, and Hong Kong have succeeded in incorporating new structures into pre-existing plans; perhaps they are more beautiful than ever. On the other hand, cities that have been reinvented in our own time - Tokyo, Warsaw, Beijing - look like overbuilt suburbs. They too are modernist.

Intelligence is beautiful, and human beings used to be intelligent. The 20th century gave us television. In New York City, there is no serious television news program in the late evening. The 10 O'Clock News is a euphemism. It should be called the Ten O'Clock Murders. Instead of news, we see reporters interviewing the next of kin of victims: "And what are your thoughts as you watch the blood oozing from your child's body?" We are becoming stupider every day.

The 20th-century gave us more and better restaurants than we had before. Food is not only delicious but beautiful to look at. Unfortunately, the 20th-century has deprived us of this pleasure. Restaurants are dark. We can't see our food; we can't read our menus. Light is provided by candles, which flicker and provide uneven light, very unpleasant in a dark room.

Even the human body has been uglified. People are beautiful. Yet our current fashions are changing this. Piercing and tattooing are completing the work started by Mahler in 1904.

49

Yet that is only half the picture. There are lots of great pieces that everyone knows and loves: Debussy's "Images," Ravel's "Bolero," Gershwin's "Rhapsody in Blue," Khachaturian's "Sabre Dance," Orff's "Carmina Burana," to name just a few. There have been musical comedies, movie scores, and several rich periods of popular music, including rock and roll. Both rock and roll and early rock music are based on simple melody lines and regular alternation of tonic and dominant chords. At least one piece, "A Lover's Concerto," by a group called The Toys, is based on a Bach minuet.

Movie scores are not music drama but rather incidental music. Beethoven wrote music to accompany The Ruins of Athens, a forgotten work whose name would not even be known were it not for Beethoven's score. Schubert did the same for Rosamunde. Mendelssohn's A Midsummer Night's Dream is as well known as the play, by Shakespeare, no less. More recently, we have had Virgil Thomson's film score Louisiana Story, one of his beloved works. Which brings us to Erich Korngold.

Korngold (1897 - 1957), the subject of a biography by Brendan G. Carroll, was a child prodigy who devoted much of his career to what he called the "symphonic film score." A review of the book by Jay Nordlinger in the January 12, 1998, issue of The Weekly Standard tells us that at the age of 50, Korngold felt he had to leave Hollywood in order "to aim for the Pantheon of the masters," in other words, to write music that can be "studied in universities." It is both unfortunate and puzzling that serious musicians feel they have to separate themselves from popular art forms such as film, especially when we

50

remember that movies can be as modernist and demanding as Schoenberg's serialism.

Music written to be performed in the concert hall may well have run its course. What will the music of the 21st century sound like? Terry Teachout, in the December 1997 issue of Commentary, writes of a new generation of American composers "influenced neither by serialism nor by minimalism but by the music of the long-unfashionable tonal modernists." I fear these tonal modernists will continue to be unfashionable. Tonal or atonal, minimalist or maximalist, listening to contemporary works has been identified with duty. Yet I am convinced that genius lives. Human creativity will find a new home for itself.

The important question is not esthetic but moral. Despite the Holocaust, the Chinese famine of 1959-61, and the slaughter in Rwanda, I am not ready to say that the 20th century was the least moral of centuries. It gave us emergency 911 service, open-heart surgery, and an increasing awareness of the complexity of the human soul. The 20th century failed esthetically, but the results are not yet in on morality.

A version of this essay appeared in Gravitas, Winter 1998

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List of composers from www.classiccat.net

AAdam, Adolphe (2,2)

Adler, Richard (1,1)

Adler, Samuel (1,1)

Aguado, Dionisio (1,1)

Aguiar, Ernani (1,2)

Aichinger, Gregor (1,1)

Alain, Jehan (1,1)

Albéniz, Isaac (10,24)

Albert, Heinrich (1,1)

Albinoni, Tomaso (2,2)

Albrechtsberger, Johann Georg (3,3)

Alfvén, Hugo (1,1)

Alkan, Charles Valentin (8,10)

Allegri, Gregorio (1,1)

Anderson, Leroy (5,5)

Animuccia, Giovanni (1,1)

Anonymus (before 1900) (26,31)

Apostel, Hans Erich (1,1)

Appermont, Bert (1,1)

Arbeau, Thoinot (1,1)

Arcadelt, Jacob (3,5)

Arensky, Anton (1,2)

Arlen, Harold (1,2)

Arnold, Malcolm (2,3)

Arrieu, Claude (1,1)

Assad, Sergio (2,2)

Attaingnant, Pierre (2,2)

Audran, Edmond (1,1)

Azzaiolo, Filippo (3,3)

  B

Babbitt, Milton (1,1)

Bach, Carl Philipp Emanuel (4,5)

Bach, Johan Christian (2,2)

Bach, Johann Sebastian (242,521)

Bach, Johnann Ludwig (1,1)

Bach, Wilhelm Friedemann (1,1)

Baermann, Carl sr. (1,1)

Bagley, Edwin Eugene (1,1)

Bakfark, Bálint (1,1)

Balakirev, Mily Alexeyevich (4,7)

Banchieri, Adriano (4,4)

Bantzer, Claus (1,1)

Barber, Samuel (14,22)

Bardos, Lajos (2,3)

Barrios, Agustín (9,15)

Barroso, Ary (1,1)

Bart, Lionel (1,1)

Bartók, Béla (19,24)

Basler, Paul (2,2)

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Beach, Amy (1,1)

Beck, John Ness (2,2)

Beethoven, Ludwig van (125,299)

Bellini, Vincenzo (12,14)

Ben-Haim, Paul (2,2)

Bencini, Pietro Paolo (1,1)

Bennett, Richard Rodney (1,1)

Berg, Alban (6,11)

Bergsma, William (1,1)

Berio, Luciano (2,2)

Berkeley, Michael (1,1)

Berlin, Irving (3,4)

Berlioz, Hector (10,20)

Bernard, Felix (1,1)

Bernstein, Leonard (6,12)

Bertoli, Giovanni Antonio (1,1)

Berwald, Franz (1,1)

Bettinelli, Bruno (1,1)

Bevin, Elway (1,1)

Biber, Heinrich I.F. von (1,1)

Biberian, Gilbert (1,1)

Biebl, Franz (1,6)

Billings, William (4,5)

Bingen, Hildegard von (3,3)

Bizet, Georges (6,17)

Blavet, Michel (1,1)

Bloch, Ernest (2,2)

Boccherini, Luigi (5,5)

Bochsa, Nicholas Charles (1,1)

Boëllmann, Léon (1,3)

Bolcom, William (6,8)

Bolling, Claude (2,3)

Bonfá, Luiz (1,1)

Borgo, Elliot Del (1,1)

Borodin, Alexander (2,2)

Borovička, Antonín (1,1)

Borowski, Felix (1,1)

Bortkiewicz, Serge (5,7)

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Bowles, Paul (1,1)

Boyce, William (1,1)

Boyd, Anne (1,1)

Bozza, Eugène (2,2)

Brahms, Johannes (85,220)

Brescianello, Guiseppe Antonio (1,1)

Bridge, Frank (1,1)

Britten, Benjamin (7,10)

Broschi, Riccardo (1,1)

Brouwer, Leo (3,4)

Bruch, Max (3,5)

Bruckner, Anton (13,23)

Bruna, Pablo (1,2)

Brustad, Bjarne (1,1)

Buchenberg, Wolfram (1,1)

Bull, John (1,1)

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Burgmüller, Johann (1,2)

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Busoni, Ferruccio (15,25)

Büsser, Henri-Paul (1,1)

Busto, Javier (5,5)

Butterley, Nigel (1,1)

Buxtehude, Dietrich (9,12)

Byrd, William (8,15)

  C

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Caccini, Giulio (4,8)

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Caplet, André (1,1)

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Cardillo, Salvatore (1,2)

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Charpentier, Marc-Antoine (7,7)

Chausson, Ernest (2,2)

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Chilcott, Robert "Bob" (4,4)

Chopin, Frédéric (94,436|1)

Christiansen, F. Melius (1,1)

Church Music (31,43)

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Clari, Giovanni Carlo Maria (1,1)

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Doss, Thomas (1,1)

Douglas, Bill (2,2)

Dowland, John (20,25)

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Duarte, John W. (2,3)

Dubois, Pierre Max (1,1)

Dubois, Théodore (2,2)

Dufay, Guillaume (1,1)

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Dukas, Paul (3,3)

Duparc, Henri (5,7)

Duruflé, Maurice (3,9)

Dusek, Frantisek Xaver (1,1)

Dussek, Jan Ladislav (3,3)

Dutilleux, Henri (1,1)

Dvořák, Antonín (35,51)

Dyens, Roland (2,2)

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Eben, Petr (1,1)

Eccard, Johannes (1,1)

Edwards, Ross (1,1)

Eisler, Hanns (1,1)

Elgar, Edward (11,15)

Eller, Heino (1,1)

Ellerby, Martin (1,2)

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Eröd, Iván (1,1)

Escobedo, Bartolomé de (1,1)

Estévez, Antonio (1,1)

Etler, Alvin (2,2)

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Eyck, Jacob van (1,1)

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Fain, Sammy (1,1)

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Falla, Manuel de (8,18|1)

Farberman, Harold (1,1)

Farrant, Richard (1,1)

Fasch, Johann Friedrich (2,2)

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Fine, Irving (1,1)

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Firenze, Lorenzo da (1,1)

Fischer, Johann Caspar Ferdinand (1,1)

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Foerster, Josef Bohuslav (1,1)

Fontana, Giovanni Battista (1,1)

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Françaix, Jean (6,6)

Franck, César (11,17)

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Friderici, Daniel (1,1)

Froberger, Johann Jakob (1,1)

Fuenllana, Miguel de (4,8)

56

Fuga, Sandro (1,1)

  GGabrieli, Andrea (1,1)

Gabrieli, Giovanni (5,5)

Gal, Hans (2,2)

Galilei, Vincenzo (1,1)

Gallot, Jacques (1,1)

Gallus, Jacobus (3,3)

Gardel, Carlos (1,1)

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Gastoldi, Giovanni Giacomo (4,4)

Gauntlett, Henry John (1,2)

Gaveaux, Pierre (1,1)

Gawthrop, Daniel E. (1,1)

Genin, Paul Agricole (1,1)

Genzmer, Harald (1,1)

Gershwin, George (16,32)

Gesualdo, Carlo (2,3)

Gibbons, Orlando (4,4)

Gigout, Eugène (2,3)

Gilardino, Angelo (1,1)

Giménez, Gerónimo (1,1)

Ginastera, Alberto (5,10)

Giordani, Tommaso (1,5)

Giuliani, Mauro (7,9)

Gliere, Reinhold (1,1)

Glinka, Mikhael (5,10)

Gluck, Christoph Willibald von (4,8)

Godard, Benjamin (1,1)

Godowsky, Leopold (6,10)

Goens, Daniel van (1,1)

Goetz, Hermann (1,1)

Gold, Ernest (1,1)

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Gomes, Antônio Carlos (1,1)

Gomólka, Mikolaj (1,1)

Górecki, Henryk Mikolaj (1,1)

Gottschalk, Louis Moreau (1,1)

Gould, Morton (3,3)

Gounod, Charles (9,23|1)

Gragnani, Filippo (1,1)

Grainger, Percy (8,9)

Granados, Enrique (23,31)

Grandjany, Marcel (1,1)

Grau, Alberto (1,1)

Gregson, Edward (1,1)

Gretchaninoff, Alexander (1,1)

Grieg, Edvard (31,81|1)

Grovlez, Gabriel (1,1)

Gruber, Franz (1,4)

Guastavino, Carlos (2,2)

Guerrero, Francisco (3,3)

Guilmant, Alexandre (4,4)

Guion, David Wendel (1,1)

Gulda, Friedrich (1,1)

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Guridi, Jesús (1,1)

Gurney, Ivor (1,1)

  H

Hahn, Reynaldo (4,5)

Hairston, Jester (3,4)

Halffter, Ernesto (1,1)

Halloran, Jack (1,1)

Hammerschmidt, Andreas (1,2)

Hancock, Herbie (1,1)

Handel, George Frideric (37,67)

Handy, William Christopher (1,1)

Hassler, Hans Leo (3,4)

Haydn, Franz Joseph (44,64)

Haydn, Johann Michael (4,4)

Hazo, Samuel (4,6)

Heinichen, Johann David (1,1)

Hemphill, Julius (3,3)

Hernández, Rafael (1,1)

Hérold, Ferdinand (1,1)

Hesketh, Kenneth (1,1)

Hindemith, Paul (14,16)

Hoffmeister, Franz Anton (1,1)

Hogan, Moses (2,2)

Holborne,, Anthony (2,2)

Holmes, Rupert (1,1)

Holsinger, David (8,8)

Holst, Gustav von (7,11)

Homilius, Gottfried August (1,1)

Honegger, Arthur (4,4)

Houdy, Pierick (1,1)

Howells, Herbert (3,5)

Hummel, Johann Nepomuk (2,2)

Hurum, Alf (1,1)

Hyla, Lee (1,1)

Hyldgaard, Søren (1,1)

  I

Ichiyanagi, Toshi (1,1)

Indy, Vincent d' (1,1)

Ippolitov-Ivanov, Mikhail (2,2)

Isaac, Heinrich (2,2)

Isaacson, Michael (1,1)

Ito, Yasuhide (1,1)

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Jacob, Gordon (2,3)

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Jadin, Louis-Emmanuel (1,1)

Jager, Robert E. (1,1)

Janacek, Leos (6,10)

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Jeep, Johannes (1,2)

58

Jenkins, Karl (3,5)

Jeune, Claude le (1,1)

Jezek, Jaroslav (2,2)

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Jongen, Joseph (1,1)

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  K

Kabalevsky, Dmitri (5,6)

Kalabis, Viktor (4,5)

Kalinnikov, Vasily (1,1)

Kalliwoda, Johann Wenzel (1,1)

Kander, John (1,1)

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Ketèlbey, Albert (6,6)

Khachaturian, Aram (4,5)

King, Karl (3,3)

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Kirchner, Theodor (1,1)

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Krebs, Johann Ludwig (3,3)

Kreisler, Fritz (4,4)

Krenek, Ernst (1,1)

Kuhlau, Friedrich (2,2)

Kuhnau, Johann (1,1)

Kuryokhin, Sergey (1,1)

Kuwahara, Yasuo (1,1)

  L

Lalo, Édouard (2,3)

Lamb, Joseph (1,1)

Langlais, Jean (1,1)

Larsen, Libby (4,5)

59

Larson, Jonathan (1,1)

Lasso, Orlando di (9,11)

Lauber, Joseph (1,1)

Lauridsen, Morten (6,8)

Lauro, Antonio (4,4)

Lavry, Marc (1,1)

Layton, Turner (1,1)

Leclair, Jean-Marie (1,1)

Lecuona, Ernesto (7,11)

Lee, Thomas Oboe (1,1)

Leek, Stephen (3,3)

Legnani, Luigi (1,1)

Legrenzi, Giovanni (2,2)

Lehár, Franz (1,1)

Leoncavallo, Ruggero (2,4)

Leontovych, Mykola (1,1)

Liadov, Anatol (10,10)

Liebermann, Lowell (1,1)

Ligeti, György (7,9)

Liguori, Alphonsus (2,2)

Liszt, Franz (74,182)

Litaize, Gaston (1,1)

Llobet, Miguel (1,1)

Lobo, Alonso (1,1)

Locatelli, Pietro (1,1)

Loesser, Frank (1,1)

Loewe, Frederick (2,4)

López Buchardo, Carlos (1,1)

Lorentzen, Bent (1,1)

Lotti, Antonio (4,5)

Lowry, Robert (1,2)

Lukáš, Zdeněk (2,2)

Lully, Jean-Baptiste (3,3)

Lutoslawski, Witold (4,5)

Lvov, Alexis (1,1)

  M

Macdowell, Edward Alexander (3,8)

Machado, Celso (1,1)

Machaut, Guillaume de (1,1)

Magnard, Albéric (2,2)

Mahler, Gustav (8,18)

Malats, Joaquin (1,1)

Manjon, Antonio Jimenez (1,1)

Mantua, Jacquet de (1,1)

Mäntyjärvi, Jaakko (2,2)

Manz, Paul (1,1)

Manzanero, Armando (1,1)

Marais, Marin (2,2)

Marcello, Benedetto (3,3)

Marini, Biagio (3,3)

Marks, Gerald (1,2)

Martin, Frank (2,2)

Martini, Giovanni Battista (2,2)

60

Martinu, Bohuslav (11,14)

Marzi, Bepi de (1,2)

Mascagni, Pietro (3,4)

Maslanka, David (1,1)

Massenet, Jules (4,7)

Matarazzo, Maysa (1,1)

Matos Rodriguez, Gerardo (1,2)

McCabe, John (1,1)

Mechem, Kirke (2,2)

Medtner, Nikolai (5,6)

Meij, Johan de (4,6)

Melani, Alessandro (1,1)

Melillo, Stephen (8,8)

Mendelssohn-Bartholdy, Felix (43,83)

Menotti, Gian Carlo (2,2)

Mertz, Johann Kaspar (4,5)

Merula, Tarquinio (1,1)

Messager, André (2,2)

Messiaen, Olivier (8,8)

Meyerbeer, Giacomo (3,4)

Milan, Luis de (6,7)

Milhaud, Darius (5,6)

Mintzer, Bob (1,1)

Mitsuda, Yasunori (3,3)

Molinaro, Simone (1,1)

Mompou, Federico (6,6)

Monk, Thelonious (1,1)

Montaña, Gentil (1,1)

Monteverdi, Claudio (13,20)

Moore, Douglas (1,1)

Morales, Cristóbal de (2,3)

Morel, Jorge (2,2)

Moreno-Torroba, Federico (6,8)

Morley, Thomas (7,11)

Morricone, Ennio (1,1)

Morton, Jelly Roll (1,1)

Moszkowski, Moritz (6,10)

Mouton, Jean (1,1)

Mozart, Franz Xaver Wolfgang (1,1)

Mozart, Leopold (1,1)

Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus (129,263|2)

Muczynski, Robert (2,2)

Mudarra, Alonso (3,3)

Muffat, Georg (2,2)

Murray, Alan (1,1)

Musgrave, Thea (1,1)

Mussorgsky, Modest (5,13)

  N

Narváez, Luys de (2,2)

Nazareth, Ernesto (60,62)

Nelhybel, Vaclav (5,5)

Nelson, Ron (3,3)

Nenna, Pomponio (1,1)

61

Nestico, Sammy (1,1)

Neukomm, Sigismund von (1,1)

Nielsen, Carl (4,4)

Nietzsche, Friedrich (11,11)

Niles, John Jacob (1,1)

Nixon, Roger (2,2)

Nola, Giovanni Domenico da (1,1)

Noordt, Anthoni van (1,1)

Nyíregyházi, Ervin (1,1)

  O

O'Carolan, Turlough (1,1)

Obradors, Fernando (1,1)

Ockeghem, Johannes (1,1)

Offenbach, Jacques (2,4)

Orbán, György (1,1)

Orff, Carl (1,7)

Ornstein, Leo (23,31)

Ortiz, Diego (3,4)

Ortolani, Riz (1,1)

PPacchioni, Giorgio (1,1)

Pachelbel, Johann (11,21)

Paderewski, Ignacy Jan (3,3)

Paganini, Niccolò (4,9|1)

Paisiello, Giovanni (1,1)

Palestrina, Giovanni Pierluigi da (23,35)

Palmgren, Selim (2,2)

Paradis, Maria Theresia von (1,1)

Parker, Alice (2,2)

Parker, Charlie (2,2)

Parry, Hubert (1,2)

Pärt, Arvo (3,3)

Pasculli, Antonio (1,1)

Pasquini, Bernardo (1,1)

Passereau, Pierre (1,4)

Paulus, Stephen (1,1)

Pedrell, Felipe (1,1)

Penderecki, Krzysztof (1,1)

Pergolesi, Giovanni Battista (5,12)

Pernambuco, João (2,2)

Persichetti, Vincent (1,1)

Petersen, Wilhelm (1,1)

Peterson-Berger, Wilhelm (1,1)

Philips, Peter (1,1)

Piazzolla, Astor (15,20)

Piccinini, Alessandro (1,2)

Pilkington, Francis (2,2)

Piston, Walter (2,2)

Pleyel, Ignaz (2,2)

Ponce, Manuel (5,5)

Popper, David (2,2)

Porpora, Nicola (1,1)

Porter, Cole (1,1)

62

Poston, Elisabeth (1,3)

Poulenc, Francis (22,34)

Power, Leonel (1,1)

Praetorius, Michael (5,6)

Pres, Josquin des (4,5)

Prima, Louis (1,2)

Prokofiev, Sergei (18,32)

Pryor, Arthur (2,2)

Puccini, Giacomo (11,47)

Pujol, Emilio (1,1)

Purcell, Henry (21,31)

  Q

  R

Rabaud, Henri (1,1)

Rachmaninov, Sergei (32,136)

Rainger, Ralph (1,1)

Raison, André (1,1)

Rameau, Jean-Philippe (3,4)

Ramirez, Ariel (4,7)

Ran, Shulamit (2,2)

Rathgeber, Valentin (1,1)

Rautavaara, Einojuhani (1,1)

Ravel, Maurice (22,68)

Ravenscroft, Thomas (1,1)

Reed, Alfred (10,10)

Reger, Max (6,6)

Reicha, Anton (4,4)

Reimann, Aribert (4,4)

Reinecke, Carl (2,2)

Reis, Dilermando (1,1)

Respighi, Ottorino (11,14)

Rheinberger, Joseph (3,3)

Richardson, Ferdinando (2,2)

Rimsky-Korsakov, Nikolai (7,10)

Rinck, Johann Christian Heinrich (1,1)

Ringger, Rolf Urs (2,2)

Robinson, Thomas (3,3)

Rocha Vianna, Alfredo da (2,2)

Rodgers, Richard (8,12)

Rodrigo, Joaquin (4,5)

Roger-Ducasse, Jean (1,1)

Romberg, Sigmund (2,3)

Roncalli, Ludovico (2,2)

Ronell, Ann (1,1)

Roost, Jan Van der (2,2)

Rorem, Ned (2,2)

Rosner, Arnold (1,1)

Rossini, Gioachino (14,24)

Rota, Nino (4,4)

Rozsa, Miklos (1,1)

Rubinstein, Anton (1,1)

63

Rubinstein, Nikolai (1,1)

Rutter, John (19,28)

  S

Sagreras, Julio Salvador (4,5)

Saint-Lubin, Léon de (1,1)

Saint-Saëns, Camille (18,28)

Sainz de la Maza, Eduardo (2,2)

Sammartini, Giuseppe (1,1)

Sancan, Pierre (1,2)

Sanz, Gaspar (15,20)

Sarasate, Pablo de (3,4)

Satie, Eric (14,24)

Saygun, Adnan (1,2)

Scandello, Antonio (1,1)

Scarlatti, Alessandro (2,3)

Scarlatti, Domenico (71,107)

Scelsi, Giacinto (1,1)

Schafer, R. Murray (1,1)

Scharwenka, Frans Xaver (1,1)

Scheidemann, Heinrich (2,2)

Scheidt, Samuel (2,2)

Schein, Johann Hermann (3,3)

Schickele, Peter (1,1)

Schifrin, Lalo (1,1)

Schnittke, Alfred (1,1)

Schoeck, Othmar (1,1)

Schönberg, Arnold (8,10)

Schönberg, Claude-Michel (1,2)

Schubert, Franz (68,154|1)

Schulhoff, Erwin (1,1)

Schuman, William (1,1)

Schumann, Robert (58,131)

Schütz, Heinrich (26,34)

Schwartz, Stephen (1,2)

Scott, James (2,2)

Scriabin, Alexander (37,80)

Sechter, Simon (2,2)

Segovia, Andrés (2,2)

Seiber, Matyas (1,1)

Senfl, Ludwig (2,2)

Sermisy, Claudin de (3,4)

Serrano, José (1,1)

Sheriff, Noam (1,1)

Shostakovich, Dimitri (19,34)

Sibelius, Jean (7,7)

Siloti, Alexander (13,16|1)

Silva, Andreas De (1,1)

Simeone, Harry (2,2)

Sinding, Christian (1,1)

Sirota, Robert (1,1)

Smetana, Bedrich (2,3)

Smith-Brindle, Reginald (4,4)

Smith, Robert W. (9,9)

Smith, William O. (2,2)

64

Soler, Antonio (1,1)

Somers, Harry (1,1)

Sondheim, Stephen (1,1)

Sor, Fernando (23,31)

Sousa, John Philip (29,33)

Sparke, Philip (1,1)

Spencer, Willametta (1,1)

Spinacino, Francesco (1,1)

Spohr, Louis (2,4|1)

Spontini, Gaspare (1,1)

Stamitz, Johann (2,2)

Stamp, Jack (3,3)

Stanford, Charles Villiers (2,5)

Stanley, John (3,3)

Stevens, Halsey (1,1)

Still, William Grant (1,1)

Stockhausen, Karlheinz (1,1)

Stojowski, Zygmunt (1,1)

Stölzel, Gottfried Heinrich (1,1)

Storace, Bernardo (1,1)

Stradella, Alessandro (1,1)

Strauss, Johann (jr) (10,12)

Strauss, Johann (sr.) (3,4)

Strauss, Richard (30,36)

Stravinsky, Igor (11,19)

Stroope, Z. Randall (4,5)

Stutschewsky, Joachim (1,1)

Styne, Jule (1,1)

Sullivan, Arthur (5,8)

Suppé, Franz von (2,2)

Susato, Tielman (1,1)

Sweelinck, Jan Pieterszoon (2,2)

Swerts, Piet (1,1)

Świder, Józef (2,2)

Szamotulski, Waclaw (1,1)

Szeligowski, Tadeusz (1,1)

Szymanowski, Karol (4,8)

  T

Taffanel, Paul (1,1)

Tailleferre, Germaine (1,1)

Tallis, Thomas (7,10)

Tansman, Alexandre (2,2)

Tárrega, Francisco (23,34)

Tartini, Giuseppe (1,1)

Tausig, Carl (2,2)

Tavener, John (2,6)

Taverner, John (2,2)

Tchaikovsky, Pyotr Ilyich (33,72)

Tcherepnin, Ivan (1,1)

Tchesnokov, Pavel (2,3)

Telemann, Georg Philipp (17,18)

Texidor, Jaime (1,1)

Thomas, Ambroise (1,1)

Thomas, Michael Tilson (1,1)

65

Thompson, Randall (4,6)

Ticheli, Frank (30,47)

Tosti, Francesco Paolo (12,16)

Tournier, Marcel (1,1)

Tower, Joan (2,2)

Traditional American (4,4)

Traditional Australian (2,2)

Traditional Caribian (1,1)

Traditional Catalan (4,4)

Traditional Chinese (2,2)

Traditional Cuban (1,1)

Traditional Czech (1,1)

Traditional English (11,12)

Traditional French (4,4)

Traditional Irish (11,13)

Traditional Italian (7,8)

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Traditional Normandian (1,1)

Traditional Papua (1,1)

Traditional Peruvian (2,2)

Traditional Polish (1,1)

Traditional Romanian (2,2)

Traditional Russian (2,2)

Traditional Scottish (3,3)

Traditional Spanish (11,11)

Traditional Swedish (2,2)

Traditional Venezuelan (1,1)

Traditional Welsh (1,1)

Tromboncino, Bartolomeo (2,2)

Tučapský, Antonín (1,1)

Tudor, King Henry VIII (1,1)

Turina, Joaquín (5,6)

Tveitt, Geirr (2,4)

  U

Uccellini, Marco (1,1)

Uematsu, Nobuo (1,1)

Ullmann, Viktor (1,1)

Ustvolskaya, Galina (1,1)

Utendal, Alexander (1,1)

  V

Valderrabano, Enriquez de (1,1)

Vangelis (2,2)

Vasilenko, Sergei (1,1)

Vaughan Williams, Ralph (15,17)

Vecchi, Orazio (1,1)

Verdi, Giuseppe (19,66)

Viadana, Lodovico (3,5)

Victoria, Tomás Luis de (25,79)

Vierne, Louis (2,2)

66

Villa-Lobos, Heitor (18,26)

Vine, Carl (1,1)

Visée, Robert de (5,5)

Vivaldi, Antonio (23,30)

Vladigerov, Pancho (10,11)

Vogelweide, Walther von der (1,1)

  W

Wachner, Julian (1,1)

Wagenseil, Georg Christoph (1,1)

Wagner, Richard (11,32)

Walker, George (2,3)

Walmisley, Thomas Attwood (1,1)

Walther, Johann Gottfried (1,1)

Walton, William (1,2)

Warlock, Peter (1,2)

Warren, Elinor Remick (9,9)

Webber, Andrew Lloyd (3,6)

Weber, Carl Maria von (7,8)

Webern, Anton (3,5)

Weelkes, Thomas (3,3)

Weill, Kurt (5,5|1)

Weiss, Silvius Leopold (3,4)

Werner, Gregor Joseph (1,1)

Whitacre, Eric (8,15)

Widor, Charles-Marie (3,4)

Wiechowicz, Stanislaw (1,1)

Wieniawski, Henryk (4,4)

Wilby, Philip (1,1)

Wilbye, John (1,1)

Wilder, Alec (1,1)

Willaert, Adrian (2,2)

Willan, Healey (2,3)

Williams, Clifton (2,3)

Williams, John T. (7,7)

Willson, Meredith (2,2)

Wilson, Dana (3,3)

Wolf-Ferrari, Ermanno (3,5)

Wolf, Hugo (11,20)

Woolfenden, Guy (1,1)

Work, John Wesley III (1,1)

  X

  Y

York, Andrew (5,5)

Youmans, Vincent (1,1)

Young, Gordon (1,1)

Young, Victor (1,1)

  Z

Zamboni, Giovanni (1,1)

67

Zawinul, Joe (1,1)

Zelenka, Jan Dismas (1,1)

Zemlinsky, Alexander von (1,1)

Ziehrer, Carl Michael (1,1)

Zimmerman, Charles A. (1,1)

Now we come to the birth year of classical composers from www.classicat.net

995Burgundy, Wipo of (1,2)

  1098

Bingen, Hildegard von (3,3)

  1170

Vogelweide, Walther von der (1,1)

  1250

Codax, Martin (2,2)

  1300

Machaut, Guillaume de (1,1)

  1320

Firenze, Lorenzo da (1,1)

  1375

Power, Leonel (1,1)

  1400

Dufay, Guillaume (1,1)

1410Ockeghem, Johannes (1,1)

  1450

Isaac, Heinrich (2,2)

Pres, Josquin des (4,5)

  1459

Mouton, Jean (1,1)

  1465

Cornysh, William (1,1)

  1468

Encina, Juan del (4,5)

 

68

1470Tromboncino, Bartolomeo (2,2)

  1474

Capirola, Vincenzo (2,2)

  1475

Silva, Andreas De (1,1)

1480Dalza, Joan Ambrosio (1,1)

  1483

Mantua, Jacquet de (1,1)

  1485

Willaert, Adrian (2,2)

Janequin, Clément (4,4)

Spinacino, Francesco (1,1)

  1486

Senfl, Ludwig (2,2)

  1490

Sermisy, Claudin de (3,4)

  1491

Tudor, King Henry VIII (1,1)

  1494

Attaingnant, Pierre (2,2)

  1495

Narváez, Luys de (2,2)

Taverner, John (2,2)

1500Morales, Cristóbal de (2,3)

Susato, Tielman (1,1)

Passereau, Pierre (1,4)

Milan, Luis de (6,7)

Valderrabano, Enriquez de (1,1)

  1504

Arcadelt, Jacob (3,5)

  1505

Tallis, Thomas (7,10)

  1507

Bakfark, Bálint (1,1)

69

  1508

Mudarra, Alonso (3,3)

  1510

Clemens non Papa, Jacobus (1,2)

Nola, Giovanni Domenico da (1,1)

Certon, Pierre (1,2)

  1515

Escobedo, Bartolomé de (1,1)

Gabrieli, Andrea (1,1)

  1517

Scandello, Antonio (1,1)

  1520

Animuccia, Giovanni (1,1)

Szamotulski, Waclaw (1,1)

Arbeau, Thoinot (1,1)

  1525

Palestrina, Giovanni Pierluigi da (23,35)

Ortiz, Diego (3,4)

Galilei, Vincenzo (1,1)

Fuenllana, Miguel de (4,8)

  1528

Jeune, Claude le (1,1)

Guerrero, Francisco (3,3)

  1530

Farrant, Richard (1,1)

Donato, Baldassare (1,1)

Azzaiolo, Filippo (3,3)

  1531

Costeley, Guillaume (1,1)

  1532

Lasso, Orlando di (9,11)

  1535

Gomólka, Mikolaj (1,1)

1540Utendal, Alexander (1,1)

Johnson, John (4,4)

  1543

Byrd, William (8,15)

70

  1545

Caccini, Giulio (4,8)

  1548

Victoria, Tomás Luis de (25,79)

  1550

Holborne,, Anthony (2,2)

Gastoldi, Giovanni Giacomo (4,4)

Gallus, Jacobus (3,3)

Vecchi, Orazio (1,1)

  1553

Eccard, Johannes (1,1)

  1554

Bevin, Elway (1,1)

  1555

Lobo, Alonso (1,1)

  1556

Gabrieli, Giovanni (5,5)

Nenna, Pomponio (1,1)

  1557

Morley, Thomas (7,11)

  1558

Richardson, Ferdinando (2,2)

  1560

Viadana, Lodovico (3,5)

  1561

Gesualdo, Carlo (2,3)

Philips, Peter (1,1)

  1562

Bull, John (1,1)

Sweelinck, Jan Pieterszoon (2,2)

  1563

Dowland, John (20,25)

  1564

Hassler, Hans Leo (3,4)

 

71

1565Pilkington, Francis (2,2)

Aichinger, Gregor (1,1)

  1566

Piccinini, Alessandro (1,2)

1567Campion, Thomas (2,2)

Monteverdi, Claudio (13,20)

  1568

Banchieri, Adriano (4,4)

  1570

Molinaro, Simone (1,1)

  1571

Fontana, Giovanni Battista (1,1)

Praetorius, Michael (5,6)

  1574

Wilbye, John (1,1)

  1575

Kapsberger, Johannes Hieronymus (4,6)

  1576

Weelkes, Thomas (3,3)

  1580

Johnson, Robert (1,1)

  1582

Ravenscroft, Thomas (1,1)

Allegri, Gregorio (1,1)

Jeep, Johannes (1,2)

  1583

Gibbons, Orlando (4,4)

Frescobaldi, Girolamo (14,15)

  1584

Friderici, Daniel (1,1)

  1585

Schütz, Heinrich (26,34)

  1586

Falconieri, Andrea (1,1)

72

Schein, Johann Hermann (3,3)

  1587

Scheidt, Samuel (2,2)

  1588

Robinson, Thomas (3,3)

  1590

Eyck, Jacob van (1,1)

  1595

Scheidemann, Heinrich (2,2)

Merula, Tarquinio (1,1)

  1597

Marini, Biagio (3,3)

  1598

Bertoli, Giovanni Antonio (1,1)

1603Uccellini, Marco (1,1)

  1604

Albert, Heinrich (1,1)

  1605

Carissimi, Giacomo (4,5)

  1611

Hammerschmidt, Andreas (1,2)

Bruna, Pablo (1,2)

  1615

Corbetta, Francesco (1,1)

  1616

Froberger, Johann Jakob (1,1)

  1620

Noordt, Anthoni van (1,1)

  1625

Gallot, Jacques (1,1)

  1626

Couperin, Louis (4,4)

Legrenzi, Giovanni (2,2)

73

  1627

Kerll, Johann Kaspar (1,1)

  1632

Lully, Jean-Baptiste (3,3)

  1637

Storace, Bernardo (1,1)

Buxtehude, Dietrich (9,12)

Pasquini, Bernardo (1,1)

  1639

Melani, Alessandro (1,1)

  1640

Sanz, Gaspar (15,20)

  1644

Biber, Heinrich I.F. von (1,1)

Cabanilles, Joan Baptista (1,1)

Stradella, Alessandro (1,1)

  1645

Charpentier, Marc-Antoine (7,7)

1650Visée, Robert de (5,5)

Raison, André (1,1)

  1653

Corelli, Arcangelo (3,4)

Muffat, Georg (2,2)

Pachelbel, Johann (11,21)

  1654

Roncalli, Ludovico (2,2)

  1656

Marais, Marin (2,2)

  1659

Jacquet de La Guerre, Elisabeth (1,1)

Purcell, Henry (21,31)

  1660

Fischer, Johann Caspar Ferdinand (1,1)

Kuhnau, Johann (1,1)

Scarlatti, Alessandro (2,3)

 

74

1667Lotti, Antonio (4,5)

  1668

Couperin, François (5,5)

  1670

Caldara, Antonio (2,4)

Kellner, David (4,5)

O'Carolan, Turlough (1,1)

  1671

Albinoni, Tomaso (2,2)

  1673

Clarke, Jeremiah (1,4)

  1674

Zamboni, Giovanni (1,1)

  1675

Bencini, Pietro Paolo (1,1)

  1677

Bach, Johnann Ludwig (1,1)

Clari, Giovanni Carlo Maria (1,1)

  1678

Vivaldi, Antonio (23,30)

1679Kaufmann, Georg Friedrich (1,1)

Zelenka, Jan Dismas (1,1)

  1681

Telemann, Georg Philipp (17,18)

  1682

Rathgeber, Valentin (1,1)

  1683

Heinichen, Johann David (1,1)

Rameau, Jean-Philippe (3,4)

  1684

Cernohorský, Bohuslav Matej (1,1)

Walther, Johann Gottfried (1,1)

  1685

Handel, George Frideric (37,67)

75

Bach, Johann Sebastian (242,521)

Scarlatti, Domenico (71,107)

  1686

Marcello, Benedetto (3,3)

Porpora, Nicola (1,1)

Weiss, Silvius Leopold (3,4)

  1688

Fasch, Johann Friedrich (2,2)

  1690

Brescianello, Guiseppe Antonio (1,1)

Stölzel, Gottfried Heinrich (1,1)

  1692

Tartini, Giuseppe (1,1)

  1693

Sammartini, Giuseppe (1,1)

Werner, Gregor Joseph (1,1)

  1694

Daquin, Louis-Claude (1,1)

  1695

Locatelli, Pietro (1,1)

  1696

Liguori, Alphonsus (2,2)

  1697

Leclair, Jean-Marie (1,1)

  1698

Broschi, Riccardo (1,1)

1700Blavet, Michel (1,1)

  1706

Martini, Giovanni Battista (2,2)

  1708

Kopriva, Václav Jan (1,1)

  1709

Corrette, Michel (2,2)

  1710

76

Pergolesi, Giovanni Battista (5,12)

Bach, Wilhelm Friedemann (1,1)

  1711

Boyce, William (1,1)

  1712

Stanley, John (3,3)

  1713

Krebs, Johann Ludwig (3,3)

  1714

Homilius, Gottfried August (1,1)

Bach, Carl Philipp Emanuel (4,5)

Gluck, Christoph Willibald von (4,8)

  1715

Wagenseil, Georg Christoph (1,1)

  1717

Stamitz, Johann (2,2)

  1719

Mozart, Leopold (1,1)

  1729

Soler, Antonio (1,1)

  1731

Dusek, Frantisek Xaver (1,1)

  1732

Haydn, Franz Joseph (44,64)

  1733

Giordani, Tommaso (1,5)

  1735

Bach, Johan Christian (2,2)

  1736

Albrechtsberger, Johann Georg (3,3)

1737Haydn, Johann Michael (4,4)

  1739

Dittersdorf, Karl Ditters von (3,3)

77

  1740

Paisiello, Giovanni (1,1)

  1743

Boccherini, Luigi (5,5)

  1746

Billings, William (4,5)

  1747

Kozeluh, Leopold (2,2)

  1749

Cimarosa, Domenico (8,8)

  1751

Bortnyansky, Dmitry (1,2)

  1752

Clementi, Muzio (9,11)

  1754

Hoffmeister, Franz Anton (1,1)

  1756

Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus (129,263|2)

  1757

Pleyel, Ignaz (2,2)

  1759

Paradis, Maria Theresia von (1,1)

  1760

Dussek, Jan Ladislav (3,3)

Cherubini, Luigi (1,1)

  1761

Gaveaux, Pierre (1,1)

  1763

Danzi, Franz (2,2)

  1765

Eybler, Joseph Leopold (1,1)

  1767

78

Gragnani, Filippo (1,1)

  1768

Jadin, Louis-Emmanuel (1,1)

  1770

Carulli, Ferdinando (5,5)

Rinck, Johann Christian Heinrich (1,1)

Reicha, Anton (4,4)

Beethoven, Ludwig van (125,299)

1774Spontini, Gaspare (1,1)

  1778

Sor, Fernando (23,31)

Neukomm, Sigismund von (1,1)

Hummel, Johann Nepomuk (2,2)

  1781

Giuliani, Mauro (7,9)

Diabelli, Anton (1,1)

  1782

Field, John (5,7)

Paganini, Niccolò (4,9|1)

  1784

Spohr, Louis (2,4|1)

Aguado, Dionisio (1,1)

  1786

Kuhlau, Friedrich (2,2)

Weber, Carl Maria von (7,8)

  1787

Gruber, Franz (1,4)

  1788

Sechter, Simon (2,2)

  1789

Bochsa, Nicholas Charles (1,1)

  1790

Legnani, Luigi (1,1)

  1791

Hérold, Ferdinand (1,1)

Czerny, Carl (1,1)

79

Mozart, Franz Xaver Wolfgang (1,1)

Meyerbeer, Giacomo (3,4)

  1792

Carcassi, Matteo (3,4)

Rossini, Gioachino (14,24)

  1796

Berwald, Franz (1,1)

  1797

Schubert, Franz (68,154|1)

Donizetti, Gaetano (6,9)

  1798

Lvov, Alexis (1,1)

1801Kalliwoda, Johann Wenzel (1,1)

Bellini, Vincenzo (12,14)

  1803

Adam, Adolphe (2,2)

Berlioz, Hector (10,20)

  1804

Strauss, Johann (sr.) (3,4)

Glinka, Mikhael (5,10)

  1805

Saint-Lubin, Léon de (1,1)

Gauntlett, Henry John (1,2)

  1806

Coste, Napoléon (2,3)

Mertz, Johann Kaspar (4,5)

Burgmüller, Johann (1,2)

  1809

Mendelssohn-Bartholdy, Felix (43,83)

  1810

Baermann, Carl sr. (1,1)

Chopin, Frédéric (94,436|1)

Schumann, Robert (58,131)

  1811

Thomas, Ambroise (1,1)

Liszt, Franz (74,182)

  1813

80

Wagner, Richard (11,32)

Verdi, Giuseppe (19,66)

Alkan, Charles Valentin (8,10)

  1814

Walmisley, Thomas Attwood (1,1)

  1818

Gounod, Charles (9,23|1)

  1819

Suppé, Franz von (2,2)

Offenbach, Jacques (2,4)

  1821

Doppler, Franz (1,1)

1822Franck, César (11,17)

  1823

Lalo, Édouard (2,3)

Kirchner, Theodor (1,1)

  1824

Smetana, Bedrich (2,3)

Reinecke, Carl (2,2)

Goltermann, Georg (1,1)

Bruckner, Anton (13,23)

  1825

Strauss, Johann (jr) (10,12)

  1826

Lowry, Robert (1,2)

Foster, Stephen Collins (1,1)

  1829

Gottschalk, Louis Moreau (1,1)

Rubinstein, Anton (1,1)

  1832

Genin, Paul Agricole (1,1)

  1833

Brahms, Johannes (85,220)

Borodin, Alexander (2,2)

  1835

Rubinstein, Nikolai (1,1)

81

Wieniawski, Henryk (4,4)

Saint-Saëns, Camille (18,28)

  1836

Delibes, Leo (3,4)

Gomes, Antônio Carlos (1,1)

  1837

Balakirev, Mily Alexeyevich (4,7)

Guilmant, Alexandre (4,4)

Dubois, Théodore (2,2)

  1838

Bruch, Max (3,5)

Bizet, Georges (6,17)

1839Rheinberger, Joseph (3,3)

Mussorgsky, Modest (5,13)

  1840

Tchaikovsky, Pyotr Ilyich (33,72)

Goetz, Hermann (1,1)

  1841

Chabrier, Emmanuel (1,1)

Pedrell, Felipe (1,1)

Dvořák, Antonín (35,51)

Tausig, Carl (2,2)

  1842

Audran, Edmond (1,1)

Massenet, Jules (4,7)

Sullivan, Arthur (5,8)

Pasculli, Antonio (1,1)

  1843

Ziehrer, Carl Michael (1,1)

Grieg, Edvard (31,81|1)

Popper, David (2,2)

  1844

Widor, Charles-Marie (3,4)

Sarasate, Pablo de (3,4)

Rimsky-Korsakov, Nikolai (7,10)

Gigout, Eugène (2,3)

Taffanel, Paul (1,1)

Nietzsche, Friedrich (11,11)

  1845

Fauré, Gabriel (26,45)

 

82

1846Denza, Luigi (1,1)

Tosti, Francesco Paolo (12,16)

Strauss, Richard (30,36)

  1847

Klughardt, August (1,1)

  1848

Duparc, Henri (5,7)

Parry, Hubert (1,2)

  1849

Godard, Benjamin (1,1)

1850Scharwenka, Frans Xaver (1,1)

  1851

Indy, Vincent d' (1,1)

  1852

Stanford, Charles Villiers (2,5)

Tárrega, Francisco (23,34)

  1853

Messager, André (2,2)

  1854

Catalani, Alfredo (1,1)

Janacek, Leos (6,10)

Moszkowski, Moritz (6,10)

Giménez, Gerónimo (1,1)

Sousa, John Philip (29,33)

  1855

Chausson, Ernest (2,2)

Liadov, Anatol (10,10)

  1856

Sinding, Christian (1,1)

  1857

Leoncavallo, Ruggero (2,4)

Bagley, Edwin Eugene (1,1)

Elgar, Edward (11,15)

Chaminade, Cécile (2,2)

  1858

Goens, Daniel van (1,1)

Puccini, Giacomo (11,47)

83

  1859

Ippolitov-Ivanov, Mikhail (2,2)

Foerster, Josef Bohuslav (1,1)

  1860

Wolf, Hugo (11,20)

Albéniz, Isaac (10,24)

Mahler, Gustav (8,18)

Paderewski, Ignacy Jan (3,3)

  1861

Catoire, Georges (3,4)

Arensky, Anton (1,2)

Macdowell, Edward Alexander (3,8)

  1862

Delius, Frederick (1,1)

Emmanuel, Maurice (1,1)

Zimmerman, Charles A. (1,1)

Debussy, Claude (40,112|1)

Boëllmann, Léon (1,3)

  1863

Nazareth, Ernesto (60,62)

Siloti, Alexander (13,16|1)

Mascagni, Pietro (3,4)

Calace, Raphael (4,4)

  1864

Lauber, Joseph (1,1)

Gretchaninoff, Alexander (1,1)

  1865

Magnard, Albéric (2,2)

Nielsen, Carl (4,4)

Dukas, Paul (3,3)

Sibelius, Jean (7,7)

  1866

Manjon, Antonio Jimenez (1,1)

Kalinnikov, Vasily (1,1)

Busoni, Ferruccio (15,25)

Satie, Eric (14,24)

Cilea, Francesco (2,3)

  1867

Peterson-Berger, Wilhelm (1,1)

Granados, Enrique (23,31)

Beach, Amy (1,1)

 

84

1868Joplin, Scott (38,69)

  1870

Godowsky, Leopold (6,10)

Lehár, Franz (1,1)

Stojowski, Zygmunt (1,1)

Pryor, Arthur (2,2)

Vierne, Louis (2,2)

1871Christiansen, F. Melius (1,1)

Zemlinsky, Alexander von (1,1)

  1872

Malats, Joaquin (1,1)

Scriabin, Alexander (37,80)

Büsser, Henri-Paul (1,1)

Borowski, Felix (1,1)

Vasilenko, Sergei (1,1)

Alfvén, Hugo (1,1)

Vaughan Williams, Ralph (15,17)

  1873

Reger, Max (6,6)

Rachmaninov, Sergei (32,136)

Roger-Ducasse, Jean (1,1)

Serrano, José (1,1)

Rabaud, Henri (1,1)

Handy, William Christopher (1,1)

Jongen, Joseph (1,1)

  1874

Cardillo, Salvatore (1,2)

Schönberg, Arnold (8,10)

Holst, Gustav von (7,11)

Ives, Charles (5,5)

  1875

Gliere, Reinhold (1,1)

Kreisler, Fritz (4,4)

Ravel, Maurice (22,68)

Ketèlbey, Albert (6,6)

Hahn, Reynaldo (4,5)

Coleridge-Taylor, Samuel (1,1)

Curtis, Ernesto de (2,3)

  1876

Wolf-Ferrari, Ermanno (3,5)

Falla, Manuel de (8,18|1)

Casals, Pablo (1,1)

  1877

85

Tchesnokov, Pavel (2,3)

Bortkiewicz, Serge (5,7)

Dohnányi, Ernst von (1,1)

Karg-Elert, Sigfrid (3,5)

Leontovych, Mykola (1,1)

  1878

Palmgren, Selim (2,2)

Llobet, Miguel (1,1)

Caplet, André (1,1)

  1879

Donaudy, Stefano (1,1)

Bridge, Frank (1,1)

Grovlez, Gabriel (1,1)

Tournier, Marcel (1,1)

Respighi, Ottorino (11,14)

Sagreras, Julio Salvador (4,5)

  1880

Medtner, Nikolai (5,6)

Bloch, Ernest (2,2)

Willan, Healey (2,3)

  1881

Bartók, Béla (19,24)

Enescu, George (2,2)

López Buchardo, Carlos (1,1)

Fillmore, Henry (2,2)

Cadman, Charles Wakefield (1,1)

  1882

Stravinsky, Igor (11,19)

Grainger, Percy (8,9)

Hurum, Alf (1,1)

Szymanowski, Karol (4,8)

Ponce, Manuel (5,5)

Turina, Joaquín (5,6)

Kodály, Zoltán (3,3)

  1883

Casella, Alfredo (1,1)

Pernambuco, João (2,2)

Webern, Anton (3,5)

  1884

Texidor, Jaime (1,1)

  1885

Kern, Jerome (3,3)

Berg, Alban (6,11)

86

Scott, James (2,2)

Barrios, Agustín (9,15)

1886Pujol, Emilio (1,1)

Schoeck, Othmar (1,1)

Guridi, Jesús (1,1)

  1887

Villa-Lobos, Heitor (18,26)

Eller, Heino (1,1)

Romberg, Sigmund (2,3)

Lamb, Joseph (1,1)

Gardel, Carlos (1,1)

  1888

Berlin, Irving (3,4)

  1889

Dinicu, Grigoras (1,3)

  1890

Murray, Alan (1,1)

Petersen, Wilhelm (1,1)

Gal, Hans (2,2)

Gurney, Ivor (1,1)

Martin, Frank (2,2)

Morton, Jelly Roll (1,1)

Martinu, Bohuslav (11,14)

  1891

Stutschewsky, Joachim (1,1)

King, Karl (3,3)

Moreno-Torroba, Federico (6,8)

Prokofiev, Sergei (18,32)

Porter, Cole (1,1)

Grandjany, Marcel (1,1)

  1892

Honegger, Arthur (4,4)

Tailleferre, Germaine (1,1)

Niles, John Jacob (1,1)

Milhaud, Darius (5,6)

Howells, Herbert (3,5)

Hernández, Rafael (1,1)

Guion, David Wendel (1,1)

  1893

Segovia, Andrés (2,2)

Mompou, Federico (6,6)

Moore, Douglas (1,1)

Wiechowicz, Stanislaw (1,1)

Ornstein, Leo (23,31)

87

  1894

Piston, Walter (2,2)

Schulhoff, Erwin (1,1)

Layton, Turner (1,1)

Warlock, Peter (1,2)

  1895

Brustad, Bjarne (1,1)

Castelnuovo-Tedesco, Mario (1,1)

Still, William Grant (1,1)

Jacob, Gordon (2,3)

Orff, Carl (1,7)

Lecuona, Ernesto (7,11)

Borovička, Antonín (1,1)

Hindemith, Paul (14,16)

Kempff, Wilhelm (3,6)

  1896

Tansman, Alexandre (2,2)

Szeligowski, Tadeusz (1,1)

  1897

Obradors, Fernando (1,1)

Cowell, Henry (3,3)

Matos Rodriguez, Gerardo (1,2)

Rocha Vianna, Alfredo da (2,2)

Bernard, Felix (1,1)

Korngold, Erich Wolfgang (1,1)

Ben-Haim, Paul (2,2)

  1898

Ullmann, Viktor (1,1)

Eisler, Hanns (1,1)

Gershwin, George (16,32)

Youmans, Vincent (1,1)

  1899

Poulenc, Francis (22,34)

Vladigerov, Pancho (10,11)

Thompson, Randall (4,6)

Ellington, Edward Kennedy "Duke" (8,9)

Young, Victor (1,1)

Dawson, William Levi (5,6)

Bardos, Lajos (2,3)

Coward, Noel (1,1)

1900Warren, Elinor Remick (9,9)

Weill, Kurt (5,5|1)

Krenek, Ernst (1,1)

Marks, Gerald (1,2)

Copland, Aaron (5,9)

88

  1901

Apostel, Hans Erich (1,1)

Loewe, Frederick (2,4)

Crawford-Seeger, Ruth (1,1)

Hairston, Jester (3,4)

Finzi, Gerald (2,3)

Work, John Wesley III (1,1)

Rodrigo, Joaquin (4,5)

  1902

Duruflé, Maurice (3,9)

Kaper, Bronislau (2,2)

Walton, William (1,2)

Willson, Meredith (2,2)

Fain, Sammy (1,1)

Rodgers, Richard (8,12)

  1903

Sainz de la Maza, Eduardo (2,2)

Nyíregyházi, Ervin (1,1)

Khachaturian, Aram (4,5)

Barroso, Ary (1,1)

Arrieu, Claude (1,1)

Lavry, Marc (1,1)

  1904

Dallapiccola, Luigi (2,2)

Kabalevsky, Dmitri (5,6)

  1905

Scelsi, Giacinto (1,1)

Halffter, Ernesto (1,1)

Arlen, Harold (1,2)

Bozza, Eugène (2,2)

Seiber, Matyas (1,1)

Jolivet, André (1,1)

Poston, Elisabeth (1,3)

Styne, Jule (1,1)

  1906

Karas, Anton (2,2)

Biebl, Franz (1,6)

Shostakovich, Dimitri (19,34)

Jezek, Jaroslav (2,2)

Cooke, Arnold (1,1)

Fuga, Sandro (1,1)

Ronell, Ann (1,1)

  1907

Langlais, Jean (1,1)

Wilder, Alec (1,1)

89

Rozsa, Miklos (1,1)

Saygun, Adnan (1,2)

  1908

Distler, Hugo (1,1)

Anderson, Leroy (5,5)

Tveitt, Geirr (2,4)

Stevens, Halsey (1,1)

Messiaen, Olivier (8,8)

Carter, Elliott (4,4)

  1909

Genzmer, Harald (1,1)

Litaize, Gaston (1,1)

  1910

Barber, Samuel (14,22)

Loesser, Frank (1,1)

Schuman, William (1,1)

Prima, Louis (1,2)

Bowles, Paul (1,1)

  1911

Alain, Jehan (1,1)

Simeone, Harry (2,2)

Menotti, Gian Carlo (2,2)

Rota, Nino (4,4)

  1912

Guastavino, Carlos (2,2)

Françaix, Jean (6,6)

Dahl, Ingolf (1,1)

Cage, John (1,1)

  1913

Lutoslawski, Witold (4,5)

Etler, Alvin (2,2)

Bettinelli, Bruno (1,1)

Gould, Morton (3,3)

Britten, Benjamin (7,10)

  1914

Fine, Irving (1,1)

  1915

Persichetti, Vincent (1,1)

  1916

Estévez, Antonio (1,1)

Halloran, Jack (1,1)

Dutilleux, Henri (1,1)

90

Ginastera, Alberto (5,10)

Babbitt, Milton (1,1)

Reis, Dilermando (1,1)

Sancan, Pierre (1,2)

  1917

Smith-Brindle, Reginald (4,4)

Gardner, John (1,1)

Lauro, Antonio (4,4)

Monk, Thelonious (1,1)

  1918

Bernstein, Leonard (6,12)

  1919

Kirchner, Leon (2,2)

Manz, Paul (1,1)

Ustvolskaya, Galina (1,1)

Nelhybel, Vaclav (5,5)

Duarte, John W. (2,3)

Young, Gordon (1,1)

Klein, Gideon (1,1)

  1920

Parker, Charlie (2,2)

  1921

Ramirez, Ariel (4,7)

Reed, Alfred (10,10)

Piazzolla, Astor (15,20)

Bergsma, William (1,1)

Gold, Ernest (1,1)

Adler, Richard (1,1)

Nixon, Roger (2,2)

Arnold, Malcolm (2,3)

1922Walker, George (2,3)

Bonfá, Luiz (1,1)

  1923

Kalabis, Viktor (4,5)

Williams, Clifton (2,3)

Jones, Thad (2,2)

Ligeti, György (7,9)

Rorem, Ned (2,2)

  1924

Nestico, Sammy (1,1)

  1925

Parker, Alice (2,2)

91

Mechem, Kirke (2,2)

Somers, Harry (1,1)

Berio, Luciano (2,2)

  1926

Feldman, Morton (1,1)

Castérède, Jacques (1,1)

Davis, Miles (1,1)

Floyd, Carlisle (1,1)

Smith, William O. (2,2)

  1927

Jobim, Antonio Carlos (5,5)

Kander, John (1,1)

Diemer, Emma Lou (1,1)

  1928

Lukáš, Zdeněk (2,2)

Damase, Jean-Michel (1,1)

Adler, Samuel (1,1)

Tučapský, Antonín (1,1)

Musgrave, Thea (1,1)

Druckman, Jacob (1,1)

Stockhausen, Karlheinz (1,1)

Rautavaara, Einojuhani (1,1)

Morricone, Ennio (1,1)

  1929

Houdy, Pierick (1,1)

Eben, Petr (1,1)

Muczynski, Robert (2,2)

Crumb, George (1,1)

Farberman, Harold (1,1)

Nelson, Ron (3,3)

  1930

Dubois, Pierre Max (1,1)

Sondheim, Stephen (1,1)

Bolling, Claude (2,3)

Gulda, Friedrich (1,1)

Bart, Lionel (1,1)

Świder, Józef (2,2)

Beck, John Ness (2,2)

  1931

Morel, Jorge (2,2)

Ortolani, Riz (1,1)

  1932

Spencer, Willametta (1,1)

Williams, John T. (7,7)

Schifrin, Lalo (1,1)

92

Zawinul, Joe (1,1)

Chance, John Barnes (1,1)

  1933

Ichiyanagi, Toshi (1,1)

Schafer, R. Murray (1,1)

Penderecki, Krzysztof (1,1)

Górecki, Henryk Mikolaj (1,1)

  1934

Kelly, Bryan (2,2)

Curitiba, Henrique de (1,1)

Schnittke, Alfred (1,1)

  1935

Sheriff, Noam (1,1)

Lorentzen, Bent (1,1)

Ringger, Rolf Urs (2,2)

Butterley, Nigel (1,1)

Marzi, Bepi de (1,2)

Schickele, Peter (1,1)

Pärt, Arvo (3,3)

Manzanero, Armando (1,1)

  1936

Eröd, Iván (1,1)

Reimann, Aribert (4,4)

Bennett, Richard Rodney (1,1)

Matarazzo, Maysa (1,1)

  1937

Woolfenden, Guy (1,1)

Grau, Alberto (1,1)

  1938

Montaña, Gentil (1,1)

Hemphill, Julius (3,3)

Corigliano, John (1,1)

Bolcom, William (6,8)

Tower, Joan (2,2)

Borgo, Elliot Del (1,1)

  1939

Brouwer, Leo (3,4)

McCabe, John (1,1)

Jager, Robert E. (1,1)

  1940

Hancock, Herbie (1,1)

  1941

93

Gilardino, Angelo (1,1)

Corea, Chick (2,2)

  1942

Rainger, Ralph (1,1)

Bantzer, Claus (1,1)

  1943

Tcherepnin, Ivan (1,1)

Lauridsen, Morten (6,8)

Vangelis (2,2)

Curnow, James (1,1)

Maslanka, David (1,1)

Edwards, Ross (1,1)

1944Tavener, John (2,6)

Jenkins, Karl (3,5)

Biberian, Gilbert (1,1)

Schönberg, Claude-Michel (1,2)

Douglas, Bill (2,2)

Thomas, Michael Tilson (1,1)

  1945

Gregson, Edward (1,1)

Lee, Thomas Oboe (1,1)

Rutter, John (19,28)

Rosner, Arnold (1,1)

Holsinger, David (8,8)

  1946

Wilson, Dana (3,3)

Kuwahara, Yasuo (1,1)

Cocciante, Richard (1,1)

Boyd, Anne (1,1)

Isaacson, Michael (1,1)

  1947

Domeniconi, Carlo (1,1)

Holmes, Rupert (1,1)

Orbán, György (1,1)

Pacchioni, Giorgio (1,1)

  1948

Schwartz, Stephen (1,2)

Webber, Andrew Lloyd (3,6)

Berkeley, Michael (1,1)

D'Rivera, Paquito (2,2)

  1949

Busto, Javier (5,5)

Wilby, Philip (1,1)

Paulus, Stephen (1,1)

94

Sirota, Robert (1,1)

Gawthrop, Daniel E. (1,1)

Ran, Shulamit (2,2)

  1950

Kendrick, Graham (1,1)

Aguiar, Ernani (1,2)

Larsen, Libby (4,5)

  1951

Sparke, Philip (1,1)

  1952

Hyla, Lee (1,1)

Assad, Sergio (2,2)

  1953

Machado, Celso (1,1)

Stroope, Z. Randall (4,5)

Clausen, René (3,3)

Mintzer, Bob (1,1)

Meij, Johan de (4,6)

  1954

Daugherty, Michael (2,3)

Stamp, Jack (3,3)

Camphouse, Mark (2,2)

Kuryokhin, Sergey (1,1)

Vine, Carl (1,1)

  1955

Chilcott, Robert "Bob" (4,4)

Dyens, Roland (2,2)

  1956

Danielpour, Richard (1,1)

Roost, Jan Van der (2,2)

  1957

Ellerby, Martin (1,2)

Hogan, Moses (2,2)

Melillo, Stephen (8,8)

  1958

Ticheli, Frank (30,47)

Smith, Robert W. (9,9)

York, Andrew (5,5)

  1959

Leek, Stephen (3,3)

Uematsu, Nobuo (1,1)

95

  1960

Kernis, Aaron Jay (1,1)

Larson, Jonathan (1,1)

Swerts, Piet (1,1)

Ito, Yasuhide (1,1)

  1961

Liebermann, Lowell (1,1)

  1962

Buchenberg, Wolfram (1,1)

Hyldgaard, Søren (1,1)

  1963

Mäntyjärvi, Jaakko (2,2)

Basler, Paul (2,2)

  1964

Kanno, Yoko (1,1)

  1966

Ferran, Ferrer (1,1)

Hazo, Samuel (4,6)

Doss, Thomas (1,1)

  1968

Hesketh, Kenneth (1,1)

  1969

Wachner, Julian (1,1)

  1970

Whitacre, Eric (8,15)

  1972

Mitsuda, Yasunori (3,3)

  1973

Appermont, Bert (1,1)

  1975

Dorman, Avner (1,1)

96

Composers by country as sourced from www.classiccat.net

ArgentinaGardel, Carlos (1,1)

Ginastera, Alberto (5,10)

Guastavino, Carlos (2,2)

López Buchardo, Carlos (1,1)

Morel, Jorge (2,2)

Piazzolla, Astor (15,20)

Ramirez, Ariel (4,7)

Sagreras, Julio Salvador (4,5)

Schifrin, Lalo (1,1)

  Armenia

Khachaturian, Aram (4,5)

  Australia

Boyd, Anne (1,1)

Butterley, Nigel (1,1)

Edwards, Ross (1,1)

Grainger, Percy (8,9)

Leek, Stephen (3,3)

Traditional Australian (2,2)

Vine, Carl (1,1)

  Austria

Albrechtsberger, Johann Georg (3,3)

Apostel, Hans Erich (1,1)

Berg, Alban (6,11)

Bruckner, Anton (13,23)

Czerny, Carl (1,1)

Diabelli, Anton (1,1)

Dittersdorf, Karl Ditters von (3,3)

Doss, Thomas (1,1)

Eröd, Iván (1,1)

Eybler, Joseph Leopold (1,1)

Gal, Hans (2,2)

Gruber, Franz (1,4)

Gulda, Friedrich (1,1)

Hammerschmidt, Andreas (1,2)

Haydn, Franz Joseph (44,64)

Haydn, Johann Michael (4,4)

Hummel, Johann Nepomuk (2,2)

Karas, Anton (2,2)

Korngold, Erich Wolfgang (1,1)

Kreisler, Fritz (4,4)

Mozart, Franz Xaver Wolfgang (1,1)

Mozart, Leopold (1,1)

Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus (129,263|2)

Neukomm, Sigismund von (1,1)

Paradis, Maria Theresia von (1,1)

Pleyel, Ignaz (2,2)

97

Schönberg, Arnold (8,10)

Schubert, Franz (68,154|1)

Sechter, Simon (2,2)

Strauss, Johann (jr) (10,12)

Strauss, Johann (sr.) (3,4)

Stutschewsky, Joachim (1,1)

Ullmann, Viktor (1,1)

Wagenseil, Georg Christoph (1,1)

Webern, Anton (3,5)

Werner, Gregor Joseph (1,1)

Wolf, Hugo (11,20)

Zawinul, Joe (1,1)

Zemlinsky, Alexander von (1,1)

Ziehrer, Carl Michael (1,1)

  Belgium

Appermont, Bert (1,1)

Arcadelt, Jacob (3,5)

Clemens non Papa, Jacobus (1,2)

Dufay, Guillaume (1,1)

Franck, César (11,17)

Isaac, Heinrich (2,2)

Jongen, Joseph (1,1)

Lasso, Orlando di (9,11)

Ockeghem, Johannes (1,1)

Pres, Josquin des (4,5)

Roost, Jan Van der (2,2)

Susato, Tielman (1,1)

Swerts, Piet (1,1)

Utendal, Alexander (1,1)

Willaert, Adrian (2,2)

  Brazil

Aguiar, Ernani (1,2)

Assad, Sergio (2,2)

Barroso, Ary (1,1)

Bonfá, Luiz (1,1)

Curitiba, Henrique de (1,1)

Gomes, Antônio Carlos (1,1)

Jobim, Antonio Carlos (5,5)

Machado, Celso (1,1)

Matarazzo, Maysa (1,1)

Nazareth, Ernesto (60,62)

Pernambuco, João (2,2)

Reis, Dilermando (1,1)

Rocha Vianna, Alfredo da (2,2)

Villa-Lobos, Heitor (18,26)

  Bulgaria

Vladigerov, Pancho (10,11)

  Byelorussia

98

Berlin, Irving (3,4)

  Canada

Douglas, Bill (2,2)

Houdy, Pierick (1,1)

Schafer, R. Murray (1,1)

Somers, Harry (1,1)

  China

Lee, Thomas Oboe (1,1)

Traditional Chinese (2,2)

  Colombia

Montaña, Gentil (1,1)

  Croatia

Suppé, Franz von (2,2)

  Cuba

Brouwer, Leo (3,4)

D'Rivera, Paquito (2,2)

Lecuona, Ernesto (7,11)

Traditional Cuban (1,1)

  Czech Republic

Biber, Heinrich I.F. von (1,1)

Borovička, Antonín (1,1)

Cernohorský, Bohuslav Matej (1,1)

Dusek, Frantisek Xaver (1,1)

Dussek, Jan Ladislav (3,3)

Dvořák, Antonín (35,51)

Eben, Petr (1,1)

Foerster, Josef Bohuslav (1,1)

Janacek, Leos (6,10)

Jezek, Jaroslav (2,2)

Kalabis, Viktor (4,5)

Kalliwoda, Johann Wenzel (1,1)

Klein, Gideon (1,1)

Kopriva, Václav Jan (1,1)

Kozeluh, Leopold (2,2)

Lukáš, Zdeněk (2,2)

Mahler, Gustav (8,18)

Martinu, Bohuslav (11,14)

Nelhybel, Vaclav (5,5)

Popper, David (2,2)

Schulhoff, Erwin (1,1)

Smetana, Bedrich (2,3)

Traditional Czech (1,1)

Tučapský, Antonín (1,1)

Zelenka, Jan Dismas (1,1)

  Denmark

99

Buxtehude, Dietrich (9,12)

Hyldgaard, Søren (1,1)

Lorentzen, Bent (1,1)

Nielsen, Carl (4,4)

Reinecke, Carl (2,2)

  Estonia

Eller, Heino (1,1)

Pärt, Arvo (3,3)

  Finland

Mäntyjärvi, Jaakko (2,2)

Palmgren, Selim (2,2)

Rautavaara, Einojuhani (1,1)

Sibelius, Jean (7,7)

  France

Adam, Adolphe (2,2)

Alain, Jehan (1,1)

Alkan, Charles Valentin (8,10)

Arbeau, Thoinot (1,1)

Arrieu, Claude (1,1)

Attaingnant, Pierre (2,2)

Audran, Edmond (1,1)

Berlioz, Hector (10,20)

Bizet, Georges (6,17)

Blavet, Michel (1,1)

Bochsa, Nicholas Charles (1,1)

Bolling, Claude (2,3)

Bozza, Eugène (2,2)

Burgundy, Wipo of (1,2)

Büsser, Henri-Paul (1,1)

Caplet, André (1,1)

Castérède, Jacques (1,1)

Certon, Pierre (1,2)

Chabrier, Emmanuel (1,1)

Chaminade, Cécile (2,2)

Charpentier, Marc-Antoine (7,7)

Chausson, Ernest (2,2)

Cocciante, Richard (1,1)

Corrette, Michel (2,2)

Coste, Napoléon (2,3)

Costeley, Guillaume (1,1)

Couperin, François (5,5)

Couperin, Louis (4,4)

Damase, Jean-Michel (1,1)

Daquin, Louis-Claude (1,1)

Debussy, Claude (40,112|1)

Delibes, Leo (3,4)

Dubois, Pierre Max (1,1)

Dubois, Théodore (2,2)

Dukas, Paul (3,3)

Duparc, Henri (5,7)

Duruflé, Maurice (3,9)

100

Dutilleux, Henri (1,1)

Dyens, Roland (2,2)

Emmanuel, Maurice (1,1)

Fauré, Gabriel (26,45)

Françaix, Jean (6,6)

Gallot, Jacques (1,1)

Gaveaux, Pierre (1,1)

Genin, Paul Agricole (1,1)

Gigout, Eugène (2,3)

Godard, Benjamin (1,1)

Gounod, Charles (9,23|1)

Grandjany, Marcel (1,1)

Grovlez, Gabriel (1,1)

Guilmant, Alexandre (4,4)

Hérold, Ferdinand (1,1)

Honegger, Arthur (4,4)

Indy, Vincent d' (1,1)

Jacquet de La Guerre, Elisabeth (1,1)

Jadin, Louis-Emmanuel (1,1)

Janequin, Clément (4,4)

Jeune, Claude le (1,1)

Jolivet, André (1,1)

Lalo, Édouard (2,3)

Langlais, Jean (1,1)

Leclair, Jean-Marie (1,1)

Litaize, Gaston (1,1)

Machaut, Guillaume de (1,1)

Magnard, Albéric (2,2)

Mantua, Jacquet de (1,1)

Marais, Marin (2,2)

Massenet, Jules (4,7)

Messager, André (2,2)

Messiaen, Olivier (8,8)

Milhaud, Darius (5,6)

Mouton, Jean (1,1)

Muffat, Georg (2,2)

Passereau, Pierre (1,4)

Poulenc, Francis (22,34)

Rabaud, Henri (1,1)

Raison, André (1,1)

Rameau, Jean-Philippe (3,4)

Ravel, Maurice (22,68)

Reicha, Anton (4,4)

Roger-Ducasse, Jean (1,1)

Saint-Lubin, Léon de (1,1)

Saint-Saëns, Camille (18,28)

Sancan, Pierre (1,2)

Satie, Eric (14,24)

Schönberg, Claude-Michel (1,2)

Sermisy, Claudin de (3,4)

Taffanel, Paul (1,1)

Tailleferre, Germaine (1,1)

Tcherepnin, Ivan (1,1)

Thomas, Ambroise (1,1)

Tournier, Marcel (1,1)

101

Traditional French (4,4)

Traditional Normandian (1,1)

Vierne, Louis (2,2)

Visée, Robert de (5,5)

Widor, Charles-Marie (3,4)

  Germany

Aichinger, Gregor (1,1)

Albert, Heinrich (1,1)

Bach, Carl Philipp Emanuel (4,5)

Bach, Johan Christian (2,2)

Bach, Johann Sebastian (242,521)

Bach, Johnann Ludwig (1,1)

Bach, Wilhelm Friedemann (1,1)

Baermann, Carl sr. (1,1)

Bantzer, Claus (1,1)

Beethoven, Ludwig van (125,299)

Biebl, Franz (1,6)

Bingen, Hildegard von (3,3)

Boëllmann, Léon (1,3)

Brahms, Johannes (85,220)

Bruch, Max (3,5)

Buchenberg, Wolfram (1,1)

Burgmüller, Johann (1,2)

Danzi, Franz (2,2)

Distler, Hugo (1,1)

Eccard, Johannes (1,1)

Eisler, Hanns (1,1)

Fasch, Johann Friedrich (2,2)

Fischer, Johann Caspar Ferdinand (1,1)

Friderici, Daniel (1,1)

Froberger, Johann Jakob (1,1)

Genzmer, Harald (1,1)

Gluck, Christoph Willibald von (4,8)

Goetz, Hermann (1,1)

Goltermann, Georg (1,1)

Handel, George Frideric (37,67)

Hassler, Hans Leo (3,4)

Heinichen, Johann David (1,1)

Hindemith, Paul (14,16)

Hoffmeister, Franz Anton (1,1)

Homilius, Gottfried August (1,1)

Jeep, Johannes (1,2)

Kapsberger, Johannes Hieronymus (4,6)

Karg-Elert, Sigfrid (3,5)

Germany (cont.)Kaufmann, Georg Friedrich (1,1)

Kellner, David (4,5)

Kempff, Wilhelm (3,6)

Kerll, Johann Kaspar (1,1)

Kirchner, Theodor (1,1)

Klughardt, August (1,1)

Krebs, Johann Ludwig (3,3)

Kuhlau, Friedrich (2,2)

102

Kuhnau, Johann (1,1)

Mendelssohn-Bartholdy, Felix (43,83)

Meyerbeer, Giacomo (3,4)

Nietzsche, Friedrich (11,11)

Offenbach, Jacques (2,4)

Orff, Carl (1,7)

Pachelbel, Johann (11,21)

Petersen, Wilhelm (1,1)

Praetorius, Michael (5,6)

Rathgeber, Valentin (1,1)

Reger, Max (6,6)

Reimann, Aribert (4,4)

Rinck, Johann Christian Heinrich (1,1)

Scharwenka, Frans Xaver (1,1)

Scheidemann, Heinrich (2,2)

Scheidt, Samuel (2,2)

Schein, Johann Hermann (3,3)

Schumann, Robert (58,131)

Schütz, Heinrich (26,34)

Spohr, Louis (2,4|1)

Stamitz, Johann (2,2)

Stockhausen, Karlheinz (1,1)

Stölzel, Gottfried Heinrich (1,1)

Strauss, Richard (30,36)

Telemann, Georg Philipp (17,18)

Vogelweide, Walther von der (1,1)

Wagner, Richard (11,32)

Walther, Johann Gottfried (1,1)

Weber, Carl Maria von (7,8)

Weill, Kurt (5,5|1)

Weiss, Silvius Leopold (3,4)

  Greece

Vangelis (2,2)

  Hungary

Bardos, Lajos (2,3)

Bartók, Béla (19,24)

Dohnányi, Ernst von (1,1)

Kodály, Zoltán (3,3)

Lehár, Franz (1,1)

Ligeti, György (7,9)

Liszt, Franz (74,182)

Orbán, György (1,1)

Romberg, Sigmund (2,3)

Rozsa, Miklos (1,1)

Seiber, Matyas (1,1)

  Ireland

Dowland, John (20,25)

Field, John (5,7)

O'Carolan, Turlough (1,1)

Stanford, Charles Villiers (2,5)

Traditional Irish (11,13)

103

  Israel

Ben-Haim, Paul (2,2)

Dorman, Avner (1,1)

Lavry, Marc (1,1)

Ran, Shulamit (2,2)

Sheriff, Noam (1,1)

Traditional Jewish (1,1)

  Italy

Albinoni, Tomaso (2,2)

Allegri, Gregorio (1,1)

Animuccia, Giovanni (1,1)

Azzaiolo, Filippo (3,3)

Banchieri, Adriano (4,4)

Bellini, Vincenzo (12,14)

Bencini, Pietro Paolo (1,1)

Berio, Luciano (2,2)

Bertoli, Giovanni Antonio (1,1)

Bettinelli, Bruno (1,1)

Boccherini, Luigi (5,5)

Brescianello, Guiseppe Antonio (1,1)

Broschi, Riccardo (1,1)

Busoni, Ferruccio (15,25)

Caccini, Giulio (4,8)

Calace, Raphael (4,4)

Caldara, Antonio (2,4)

Capirola, Vincenzo (2,2)

Carcassi, Matteo (3,4)

Cardillo, Salvatore (1,2)

Carissimi, Giacomo (4,5)

Carulli, Ferdinando (5,5)

Casella, Alfredo (1,1)

Castelnuovo-Tedesco, Mario (1,1)

Catalani, Alfredo (1,1)

Cherubini, Luigi (1,1)

Cilea, Francesco (2,3)

Cimarosa, Domenico (8,8)

Clari, Giovanni Carlo Maria (1,1)

Clementi, Muzio (9,11)

Corbetta, Francesco (1,1)

Corelli, Arcangelo (3,4)

Curtis, Ernesto de (2,3)

Dallapiccola, Luigi (2,2)

Dalza, Joan Ambrosio (1,1)

Denza, Luigi (1,1)

Domeniconi, Carlo (1,1)

Donato, Baldassare (1,1)

Donaudy, Stefano (1,1)

Donizetti, Gaetano (6,9)

Falconieri, Andrea (1,1)

Firenze, Lorenzo da (1,1)

Fontana, Giovanni Battista (1,1)

Frescobaldi, Girolamo (14,15)

104

Fuga, Sandro (1,1)

Gabrieli, Andrea (1,1)

Gabrieli, Giovanni (5,5)

Galilei, Vincenzo (1,1)

Gastoldi, Giovanni Giacomo (4,4)

Gesualdo, Carlo (2,3)

Gilardino, Angelo (1,1)

Giordani, Tommaso (1,5)

Giuliani, Mauro (7,9)

Gragnani, Filippo (1,1)

Legnani, Luigi (1,1)

Legrenzi, Giovanni (2,2)

Leoncavallo, Ruggero (2,4)

Liguori, Alphonsus (2,2)

Locatelli, Pietro (1,1)

Lotti, Antonio (4,5)

Lully, Jean-Baptiste (3,3)

Marcello, Benedetto (3,3)

Marini, Biagio (3,3)

Martini, Giovanni Battista (2,2)

Marzi, Bepi de (1,2)

Mascagni, Pietro (3,4)

Melani, Alessandro (1,1)

Menotti, Gian Carlo (2,2)

Merula, Tarquinio (1,1)

Molinaro, Simone (1,1)

Monteverdi, Claudio (13,20)

Morricone, Ennio (1,1)

Nenna, Pomponio (1,1)

Nola, Giovanni Domenico da (1,1)

Ortolani, Riz (1,1)

Pacchioni, Giorgio (1,1)

Paganini, Niccolò (4,9|1)

Paisiello, Giovanni (1,1)

Palestrina, Giovanni Pierluigi da (23,35)

Pasculli, Antonio (1,1)

Pasquini, Bernardo (1,1)

Pergolesi, Giovanni Battista (5,12)

Piccinini, Alessandro (1,2)

Porpora, Nicola (1,1)

Puccini, Giacomo (11,47)

Respighi, Ottorino (11,14)

Roncalli, Ludovico (2,2)

Rossini, Gioachino (14,24)

Rota, Nino (4,4)

Sammartini, Giuseppe (1,1)

Scandello, Antonio (1,1)

Scarlatti, Alessandro (2,3)

Scarlatti, Domenico (71,107)

Scelsi, Giacinto (1,1)

Spinacino, Francesco (1,1)

Spontini, Gaspare (1,1)

Storace, Bernardo (1,1)

Stradella, Alessandro (1,1)

Tartini, Giuseppe (1,1)

105

Tosti, Francesco Paolo (12,16)

Traditional Italian (7,8)

Tromboncino, Bartolomeo (2,2)

Uccellini, Marco (1,1)

Vecchi, Orazio (1,1)

Verdi, Giuseppe (19,66)

Viadana, Lodovico (3,5)

Vivaldi, Antonio (23,30)

Wolf-Ferrari, Ermanno (3,5)

Zamboni, Giovanni (1,1)

  Japan

Ichiyanagi, Toshi (1,1)

Ito, Yasuhide (1,1)

Kanno, Yoko (1,1)

Kuwahara, Yasuo (1,1)

Mitsuda, Yasunori (3,3)

Traditional Japanese (1,1)

Uematsu, Nobuo (1,1)

  Liechtenstein

Rheinberger, Joseph (3,3)

  Lithuania

Godowsky, Leopold (6,10)

  Mexico

Manzanero, Armando (1,1)

Ponce, Manuel (5,5)

  Netherlands

Eyck, Jacob van (1,1)

Goens, Daniel van (1,1)

Meij, Johan de (4,6)

Noordt, Anthoni van (1,1)

Sweelinck, Jan Pieterszoon (2,2)

  Nigeria

Traditional Nigerian (1,1)

  Norway

Brustad, Bjarne (1,1)

Christiansen, F. Melius (1,1)

Grieg, Edvard (31,81|1)

Hurum, Alf (1,1)

Sinding, Christian (1,1)

Tveitt, Geirr (2,4)

  Not Applicable

Anonymus (before 1900) (26,31)

Church Music (31,43)

106

  Papua New Guinea

Traditional Papua (1,1)

  Paraguay

Barrios, Agustín (9,15)

  Peru

Traditional Peruvian (2,2)

  Poland

Chopin, Frédéric (94,436|1)

Gomólka, Mikolaj (1,1)

Górecki, Henryk Mikolaj (1,1)

Lutoslawski, Witold (4,5)

Moszkowski, Moritz (6,10)

Paderewski, Ignacy Jan (3,3)

Penderecki, Krzysztof (1,1)

Stojowski, Zygmunt (1,1)

Świder, Józef (2,2)

Szamotulski, Waclaw (1,1)

Szeligowski, Tadeusz (1,1)

Szymanowski, Karol (4,8)

Tansman, Alexandre (2,2)

Tausig, Carl (2,2)

Traditional Polish (1,1)

Wiechowicz, Stanislaw (1,1)

Wieniawski, Henryk (4,4)

  Puerto Rico

Hernández, Rafael (1,1)

  Romania

Bakfark, Bálint (1,1)

Dinicu, Grigoras (1,3)

Enescu, George (2,2)

Traditional Romanian (2,2)

  Russia

Arensky, Anton (1,2)

Balakirev, Mily Alexeyevich (4,7)

Borodin, Alexander (2,2)

Catoire, Georges (3,4)

Glinka, Mikhael (5,10)

Gretchaninoff, Alexander (1,1)

Ippolitov-Ivanov, Mikhail (2,2)

Kabalevsky, Dmitri (5,6)

Kalinnikov, Vasily (1,1)

Kuryokhin, Sergey (1,1)

Liadov, Anatol (10,10)

Lvov, Alexis (1,1)

Medtner, Nikolai (5,6)

107

Mussorgsky, Modest (5,13)

Prokofiev, Sergei (18,32)

Rachmaninov, Sergei (32,136)

Rimsky-Korsakov, Nikolai (7,10)

Rubinstein, Anton (1,1)

Rubinstein, Nikolai (1,1)

Schnittke, Alfred (1,1)

Scriabin, Alexander (37,80)

Shostakovich, Dimitri (19,34)

Stravinsky, Igor (11,19)

Tchaikovsky, Pyotr Ilyich (33,72)

Tchesnokov, Pavel (2,3)

Traditional Russian (2,2)

Ustvolskaya, Galina (1,1)

Vasilenko, Sergei (1,1)

  Slovenia

Gallus, Jacobus (3,3)

Mertz, Johann Kaspar (4,5)

  Spain

Aguado, Dionisio (1,1)

Albéniz, Isaac (10,24)

Bruna, Pablo (1,2)

Busto, Javier (5,5)

Cabanilles, Joan Baptista (1,1)

Casals, Pablo (1,1)

Codax, Martin (2,2)

Encina, Juan del (4,5)

Escobedo, Bartolomé de (1,1)

Falla, Manuel de (8,18|1)

Spain (cont.)Ferran, Ferrer (1,1)

Fuenllana, Miguel de (4,8)

Giménez, Gerónimo (1,1)

Granados, Enrique (23,31)

Guerrero, Francisco (3,3)

Guridi, Jesús (1,1)

Halffter, Ernesto (1,1)

Llobet, Miguel (1,1)

Lobo, Alonso (1,1)

Malats, Joaquin (1,1)

Manjon, Antonio Jimenez (1,1)

Milan, Luis de (6,7)

Mompou, Federico (6,6)

Morales, Cristóbal de (2,3)

Moreno-Torroba, Federico (6,8)

Mudarra, Alonso (3,3)

Narváez, Luys de (2,2)

Obradors, Fernando (1,1)

Ortiz, Diego (3,4)

Pedrell, Felipe (1,1)

Pujol, Emilio (1,1)

Rodrigo, Joaquin (4,5)

108

Sainz de la Maza, Eduardo (2,2)

Sanz, Gaspar (15,20)

Sarasate, Pablo de (3,4)

Segovia, Andrés (2,2)

Serrano, José (1,1)

Silva, Andreas De (1,1)

Soler, Antonio (1,1)

Sor, Fernando (23,31)

Tárrega, Francisco (23,34)

Texidor, Jaime (1,1)

Traditional Catalan (4,4)

Traditional Spanish (11,11)

Turina, Joaquín (5,6)

Valderrabano, Enriquez de (1,1)

Victoria, Tomás Luis de (25,79)

  Sweden

Alfvén, Hugo (1,1)

Berwald, Franz (1,1)

Peterson-Berger, Wilhelm (1,1)

Traditional Swedish (2,2)

  Switzerland

Bloch, Ernest (2,2)

Lauber, Joseph (1,1)

Martin, Frank (2,2)

Ringger, Rolf Urs (2,2)

Schoeck, Othmar (1,1)

Senfl, Ludwig (2,2)

  Turkey

Saygun, Adnan (1,2)

Traditional Ladino (1,1)

  U.S.A.

Adler, Richard (1,1)

Adler, Samuel (1,1)

Arlen, Harold (1,2)

Babbitt, Milton (1,1)

Bagley, Edwin Eugene (1,1)

Basler, Paul (2,2)

Beach, Amy (1,1)

Beck, John Ness (2,2)

Bennett, Richard Rodney (1,1)

Bergsma, William (1,1)

Bernard, Felix (1,1)

Bernstein, Leonard (6,12)

Billings, William (4,5)

Bolcom, William (6,8)

Borgo, Elliot Del (1,1)

Bowles, Paul (1,1)

Cadman, Charles Wakefield (1,1)

Cage, John (1,1)

109

Camphouse, Mark (2,2)

Carter, Elliott (4,4)

Chance, John Barnes (1,1)

Clausen, René (3,3)

Copland, Aaron (5,9)

Corea, Chick (2,2)

Corigliano, John (1,1)

Cowell, Henry (3,3)

Crawford-Seeger, Ruth (1,1)

Crumb, George (1,1)

Curnow, James (1,1)

Dahl, Ingolf (1,1)

Danielpour, Richard (1,1)

Daugherty, Michael (2,3)

Davis, Miles (1,1)

Dawson, William Levi (5,6)

Diemer, Emma Lou (1,1)

Druckman, Jacob (1,1)

Ellington, Edward Kennedy "Duke" (8,9)

Etler, Alvin (2,2)

Fain, Sammy (1,1)

Farberman, Harold (1,1)

Feldman, Morton (1,1)

Fillmore, Henry (2,2)

Fine, Irving (1,1)

Floyd, Carlisle (1,1)

Foster, Stephen Collins (1,1)

Gawthrop, Daniel E. (1,1)

Gershwin, George (16,32)

Gold, Ernest (1,1)

Gottschalk, Louis Moreau (1,1)

Gould, Morton (3,3)

Guion, David Wendel (1,1)

Hairston, Jester (3,4)

Halloran, Jack (1,1)

Hancock, Herbie (1,1)

Handy, William Christopher (1,1)

Hazo, Samuel (4,6)

Hemphill, Julius (3,3)

Hogan, Moses (2,2)

Holmes, Rupert (1,1)

Holsinger, David (8,8)

Hyla, Lee (1,1)

Isaacson, Michael (1,1)

Ives, Charles (5,5)

Jager, Robert E. (1,1)

Jones, Thad (2,2)

Joplin, Scott (38,69)

Kander, John (1,1)

Kaper, Bronislau (2,2)

Kern, Jerome (3,3)

Kernis, Aaron Jay (1,1)

King, Karl (3,3)

Kirchner, Leon (2,2)

Krenek, Ernst (1,1)

110

Lamb, Joseph (1,1)

Larsen, Libby (4,5)

Larson, Jonathan (1,1)

Lauridsen, Morten (6,8)

Layton, Turner (1,1)

Liebermann, Lowell (1,1)

Loesser, Frank (1,1)

Loewe, Frederick (2,4)

Lowry, Robert (1,2)

Macdowell, Edward Alexander (3,8)

Manz, Paul (1,1)

Marks, Gerald (1,2)

Maslanka, David (1,1)

Mechem, Kirke (2,2)

Melillo, Stephen (8,8)

Mintzer, Bob (1,1)

Monk, Thelonious (1,1)

Moore, Douglas (1,1)

Morton, Jelly Roll (1,1)

Muczynski, Robert (2,2)

Murray, Alan (1,1)

Nelson, Ron (3,3)

Nestico, Sammy (1,1)

Niles, John Jacob (1,1)

Nixon, Roger (2,2)

Nyíregyházi, Ervin (1,1)

Ornstein, Leo (23,31)

Parker, Alice (2,2)

Parker, Charlie (2,2)

Paulus, Stephen (1,1)

Persichetti, Vincent (1,1)

Piston, Walter (2,2)

Porter, Cole (1,1)

Prima, Louis (1,2)

Pryor, Arthur (2,2)

Rainger, Ralph (1,1)

Reed, Alfred (10,10)

Rodgers, Richard (8,12)

Ronell, Ann (1,1)

Rorem, Ned (2,2)

Rosner, Arnold (1,1)

Schickele, Peter (1,1)

Schuman, William (1,1)

Schwartz, Stephen (1,2)

Scott, James (2,2)

Simeone, Harry (2,2)

Sirota, Robert (1,1)

Smith, Robert W. (9,9)

Smith, William O. (2,2)

Sondheim, Stephen (1,1)

Sousa, John Philip (29,33)

Spencer, Willametta (1,1)

Stamp, Jack (3,3)

Stevens, Halsey (1,1)

Still, William Grant (1,1)

111

Stroope, Z. Randall (4,5)

Styne, Jule (1,1)

Thomas, Michael Tilson (1,1)

Thompson, Randall (4,6)

Ticheli, Frank (30,47)

Tower, Joan (2,2)

Traditional American (4,4)

Wachner, Julian (1,1)

Walker, George (2,3)

Warren, Elinor Remick (9,9)

Whitacre, Eric (8,15)

Wilder, Alec (1,1)

Williams, Clifton (2,3)

Williams, John T. (7,7)

Willson, Meredith (2,2)

Wilson, Dana (3,3)

Work, John Wesley III (1,1)

York, Andrew (5,5)

Youmans, Vincent (1,1)

Young, Gordon (1,1)

Young, Victor (1,1)

Zimmerman, Charles A. (1,1)

  Ukraine

Bortkiewicz, Serge (5,7)

Bortnyansky, Dmitry (1,2)

Doppler, Franz (1,1)

Gliere, Reinhold (1,1)

Leontovych, Mykola (1,1)

Siloti, Alexander (13,16|1)

  United Kingdom

Anderson, Leroy (5,5)

Arnold, Malcolm (2,3)

Barber, Samuel (14,22)

Bart, Lionel (1,1)

Berkeley, Michael (1,1)

Bevin, Elway (1,1)

Biberian, Gilbert (1,1)

Borowski, Felix (1,1)

Boyce, William (1,1)

Bridge, Frank (1,1)

Britten, Benjamin (7,10)

Bull, John (1,1)

Byrd, William (8,15)

Campion, Thomas (2,2)

Chilcott, Robert "Bob" (4,4)

Clarke, Jeremiah (1,4)

Coleridge-Taylor, Samuel (1,1)

Cooke, Arnold (1,1)

Cornysh, William (1,1)

Coward, Noel (1,1)

Delius, Frederick (1,1)

Duarte, John W. (2,3)

112

Elgar, Edward (11,15)

Ellerby, Martin (1,2)

Farrant, Richard (1,1)

Finzi, Gerald (2,3)

Gardner, John (1,1)

Gauntlett, Henry John (1,2)

Gibbons, Orlando (4,4)

Gregson, Edward (1,1)

Gurney, Ivor (1,1)

Hesketh, Kenneth (1,1)

Holborne,, Anthony (2,2)

Holst, Gustav von (7,11)

Howells, Herbert (3,5)

Jacob, Gordon (2,3)

Jenkins, Karl (3,5)

Johnson, John (4,4)

Johnson, Robert (1,1)

Kelly, Bryan (2,2)

Kendrick, Graham (1,1)

Ketèlbey, Albert (6,6)

McCabe, John (1,1)

Morley, Thomas (7,11)

Musgrave, Thea (1,1)

Parry, Hubert (1,2)

Philips, Peter (1,1)

Pilkington, Francis (2,2)

Poston, Elisabeth (1,3)

Power, Leonel (1,1)

Purcell, Henry (21,31)

Ravenscroft, Thomas (1,1)

Richardson, Ferdinando (2,2)

Robinson, Thomas (3,3)

Rutter, John (19,28)

Smith-Brindle, Reginald (4,4)

Sparke, Philip (1,1)

Stanley, John (3,3)

Sullivan, Arthur (5,8)

Tallis, Thomas (7,10)

Tavener, John (2,6)

Taverner, John (2,2)

Traditional English (11,12)

Traditional Scottish (3,3)

Traditional Welsh (1,1)

Tudor, King Henry VIII (1,1)

Vaughan Williams, Ralph (15,17)

Walmisley, Thomas Attwood (1,1)

Walton, William (1,2)

Warlock, Peter (1,2)

Webber, Andrew Lloyd (3,6)

Weelkes, Thomas (3,3)

Wilby, Philip (1,1)

Wilbye, John (1,1)

Willan, Healey (2,3)

Woolfenden, Guy (1,1)

 

113

UnknownTraditional Caribian (1,1)

  Uruguay

Matos Rodriguez, Gerardo (1,2)

  Venezuela

Estévez, Antonio (1,1)

Grau, Alberto (1,1)

Hahn, Reynaldo (4,5)

Black ComposersBrouwer, Leo

Coleridge-Taylor, SamuelDavis, Miles

Dawson, William LeviHairston, Jester

Handy, William ChristopherHemphill, Julius

Joplin, ScottMachado, Celso

Monk, TheloniousRocha Vianna, Alfredo da

Scott, JamesStill, William Grant

Work, John Wesley III

Blind ComposersBruna, Pablo

Fuenllana, Miguel deJezek, JaroslavLanglais, JeanLitaize, Gaston

O'Carolan, TurloughParadis, Maria Theresia von

Rodrigo, JoaquinStanley, JohnVierne, Louis

Woman ComposersArrieu, ClaudeBeach, Amy

Bingen, Hildegard vonBoyd, Anne

Chaminade, CécileDiemer, Emma Lou

Jacquet de La Guerre, ElisabethKanno, YokoLarsen, Libby

Musgrave, TheaParadis, Maria Theresia von

114

Parker, AliceRan, Shulamit

Tailleferre, GermaineTower, Joan

Ustvolskaya, GalinaWarren, Elinor Remick

Cultural fusion in traditional music

By Rob Jones (1978)

Musical tastes are certainly diversifying. Even in the record stores of Hull there has been an explosion in the different genres of music that are available to the consumer. Once it was referred to as ‘ethnic music’ and anyone who took an interest in it was termed an ‘ethnomusicologist’. Now, a whole host of labels are applied to musics of the world : World beat, dub reggae, rai, roots, cajun, zouk, are among the plethora of types of music we can term ‘world music’.

The bringing together of musical traditions began even before the romantic era. Mozart’s Alla Turka and Entfuhrung Aus dem Serail opera attempted to bring unfamiliar forms of music closer to us. Romantic composers tried to explore the folk music of their own country and used traditional folk rhythms and melodies within their own compositions. Although this was a Western music trait, folk music by its very nature has strong Eastern links, especially that of Eastern Europe and Russia. Unfamiliar scales and unusual harmonic colouring were common in the music of the Russian romantic composers such as Borodin, Mussorgsky and Rimsky Korsakoff. Although this music can hardly be termed ‘world music’, it introduced the western world to an alternative musical vocabulary and whetted the appetite for non western musical influences. The arrival of a Javanese Gamelan orchestra at the Paris exhibition of 1889 had a profound effect on Debussy. The use of the pentatonic and whole tone scales was exploited to its full by Debussy, as were the sparkling sonorities, multi -layered textures with ostinato patterns, sustained open 5ths and the hitherto forbidden consecutive chords that created so much fuss during Debussy’s lifetime, but made his music utterly unmistakable. Since Debussy, many composers such as Varese, Stravinsky, Stockhausen and Britten have used traditional musics from around the world for their own purposes. David Fanshaw took the process into another dimension by including field recordings he made in Egypt, Sudan, Uganda and Kenya within his African Sanctus.

During the 1960’s, the hippy movement and pop groups, notably the Beatles looked to the East for spiritual and musical inspiration. The sitar (played by Ravi Shankar) was popularised by the Beatles and became something of a cultural icon for the hippies. Back in 1986, on ‘Graceland’, Paul Simon sang about globalization and cultural fusion "These are the days of lasers in the jungle… This is the long-distance call". The effect of cultural fusion is more evident in the pop music outside Europe. Today’s Asia-pop is not that different to songs from the Eurovision Song Contest,

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containing ‘doo-bop’ cliché vocals and primary chord progressions within a very western 8 beat drum rhythm. Modern composers such as Japan’s Takemitsu and Korea’s Tan Dung have willingly marketed themselves as both Asian and Western, signalling an end to cultural exclusivity. Paul Simon’s ‘Graceland’ album did indeed open Western recording contracts for the great African popular musicians Ladysmith Black Mambazo and Miriam Makeba. Since then, other cult African musicians have broken into the western circuit such as the great Salif Keita from Mali and Youssou N’Dour, a Senegalian who had the hit ‘seven seconds’ with Ninah Cherry. France has been the gateway where Africa meets the West. It’s colonial ties with North Africa have doubtless been a contributory factor to the rise in popularity of African music in large cities such as Paris and Bordeaux where the low paid African workers often supplement their earnings by busking on the streets, exposing the public to cultural diversity in music.

We must never think that Western styles are the only ones to lay claim to popularity : one recent album by the Dominican merengue inspired Juan Luis Guerra sold over five million copies, and Asha Bhosle, an Indian movie singer is the world’s most recorded artist. In Spain, since the death of the dictator Franco, popular music has undergone an explosion of growth. Flamenco rock bands have based their music on the traditional flamenco music of Andalucia. Flamenco itself has strong ties with North African music, a feature of which is long vocal melismas and the use of the North African mode, featuring a semitone between the 1st and 2nd notes of the scale.

It would seem, therefore, that the term ‘World Music’ is meaningless if it is applied not only to the traditional, indigenous musics of different cultures, but also to the melange of styles where the different cultures meet. It is difficult to think of much music that does not contain influences from around the world, so, is all music World music?

 List of film score composers

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The following is a list of notable people who predominantly (or most famously) compose soundtrack music for films (i.e. film scores), and television and radio.

Contents: Top - 0–9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

[edit] A Rod Abernethy Amanda Abizaid J. J. Abrams André Abujamra Bojan Adamič John Adams Barry Adamson Richard Addinsell John Addison Larry Adler Mirwais Ahmadzaï Air Masami Akita (Merzbow) Yasushi Akutagawa Mazhar Alanson Damon Albarn Timothy Albee Dan Andrei Aldea Edesio Alejandro Alessandro Alessandroni Jeff Alexander Hossein Alizadeh Herb Alpert John Altman William Alwyn Masamichi Amano W. D. Amaradeva Shinobu Amayake Alejandro Amenábar Daniele Amfitheatrof David Amram Anand Raj Anand Kai Normann Andersen Murray C. Anderson Benny Andersson Hirokazu Ando Michael Andrews Jurriaan Andriessen George Antheil Paul Antonelli

117

Yoshino Aoki Louis Applebaum Takanori Arisawa David Arkenstone Harold Arlen Craig Armstrong Leo Arnaud David Arnold Sir Malcolm Arnold Len Arran Jorge Arriagada Claude Arrieu Eduard Artemyev Art Zoyd Jeff Arwady Noriyuki Asakura Assassin Edwin Astley Richard Attree Georges Auric Eric Avery Mark Ayres Alexandre Azaria Charles Aznavour

[edit] B Luis Bacalov Burt Bacharach Pierre Bachelet Chris P. Bacon Michael Bacon Angelo Badalamenti Klaus Badelt Constantin Bakaleinikoff Mischa Bakaleinikoff Buddy Baker Alexander Bălănescu Iain Ballamy Glen Ballard Richard Band Thomas Bangalter Don Banks Claus Bantzer Gato Barbieri Blixa Bargeld Mister Bark

118

Warren Barker Andrew Barnabas Erran Baron Cohen Alejandro Gutiérrez del Barrio Bebe Barron Louis Barron John Barry Steve Bartek Dee Barton Stephen Barton Fabio Barzagli Tyler Bates Hubert Bath Mark Batson Mike Batt Jules Bass George Bassman Arnold Bax Les Baxter Jeff Beal John Beal Robin Beanland Guy Béart Bobby Beausoleil Giuseppe Becce Christophe Beck Jeff Beck David Bell Andrew Belling Richard Bellis Marco Beltrami Arthur Benjamin Richard Rodney Bennett Irving Berlin James Bernard Charles Bernstein Elmer Bernstein Leonard Bernstein Harry Betts Amin Bhatia Bruno Bizarro Adam Berry Dennis Berry Peter Best Kurt Bestor Harry Betts

119

Vishal Bhardwaj Vanraj Bhatia Christian Biegai Anil Biswas Ragnar Bjerkreim Björk Stanley Black Richard Blackford Howard Blake Art Blakey Terence Blanchard Jamie Blanks Teddy Blass Arthur Bliss The Blue Hawaiians Len Blum Armando Bo Wes Boatman Michael Boddicker Ed Bogas Carsten Bohn Claude Bolling Bernardo Bonezzi Luiz Bonfá Fred Bongusto R C Boral Michiel van den Bos Simon Boswell Martin Böttcher Frédéric Botton Roddy Bottum Ned Bouhalassa Pierre Boulez Pieter Bourke David Bowie Scott Bradley Steven Bramson Glenn Branca Otto Brandenburg Alexander Brandon Angelo Branduardi Stephen Bray Michael Breckenridge Buddy Bregman Goran Bregović Joseph Carl Breil

120

Willem Breuker Philip Brigham Jon Brion Jeff Britting Timothy Brock Michael Brook Mel Brooks Dirk Brossé Bruce Broughton William Broughton Leo Brouwer Bill Brown James Brown George Bruns Joanna Bruzdowicz Jimmy Bryant Gavin Bryars David Buckley Paul Buckmaster Harold Budd Roy Budd Peter Buffett Bun Bun Velton Ray Bunch Geoffrey Burgon Rahul Dev Burman Sachin Dev Burman Justin Burnett T-Bone Burnett Ralph Burns Carter Burwell David Buttolph Joseph Byrd David Byrne

[edit] C C.G mix John Cacavas John Cage Peter Calandra John Cale Cali Sean Callery Pino Calvi Pedro Camacho Francisco Canaro

121

Paul Cantelon Gerard Carbonara Sam Cardon Wendy Carlos John Carpenter Pete Carpenter Hans Carste Gaylord Carter Kristopher Carter Doreen Carwithen Tristram Cary Carles Cases Johnny Cash Teddy Castellucci Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco Brian Castillo Nick Cave Ryan Cayabyab Sapan Chakraborty Chakri Charlie Chaplin Benoît Charest Kenneth Chasen Ken Chastain Stuart Chatwood Jay Chattaway Matthieu Chedid Yury G. Chernavsky Don Cherry Paul Chihara Ghulam Ahmed Chishti Chitragupta Salil Chowdhury Sandeep Chowta Jamie Christopherson Toby Chu Frank Churchill Suzanne Ciani Alessandro Cicognini Grzegorz Ciechowski The Cinematic Orchestra Stelvio Cipriani Julien Civange Dolores Claman Clannad Malcolm Clarke

122

Stanley Clarke Alf Clausen Richard Clements Brian Clifton George S. Clinton Charlie Clouser Elia Cmiral Eric Coates Coil Ozan Çolakoğlu Ray Colcord Lisa Coleman Cyril Collard Anthony Vincent Collins Phil Collins Michel Colombier Zebedy Colt Peter Connelly Con Conrad Marius Constant Paul Constantinescu Bill Conti Ry Cooder Jason Cooper Ray Cooper Stewart Copeland Aaron Copland Cecil Copping John Corigliano Bruno Coulais Alexander Courage Vladimir Cosma Alexander Courage Crush 40 Patricia Cullen Douglas J. Cuomo Mike Curb Hoyt Curtin

[edit] D Juan D'Arienzo Ben Daglish V. Dakshinamoorthy Burkhard Dallwitz Đặng Hữu Phúc Britt Daniel

123

John Dankworth Jeff Danna Mychael Danna Ken Darby Mason Daring David Darling Samar Das Peter Dasent Vladimir Dashkevich Evelyne Datl Shaun Davey Iva Davies Peter Maxwell Davies Carl Davis Don Davis Jonathan Davis Miles Davis Guido De Angelis Maurizio De Angelis Francesco De Masi Tullio De Piscopo Frank De Vol Barry De Vorzon Dead Can Dance Richard DeBenedictis John Debney Charles Deenen Fabian Del Priore Jack Delano Georges Delerue Julie Delpy Éric Demarsan Olivier Derivière Jean Derome Russ DeSalvo Alexandre Desplat Paul Dessau Adolph Deutsch Stephen Deutsch Deva Srikanth Deva DeVotchKa Frédéric Devreese Sussan Deyhim James Di Pasquale Neil Diamond

124

Michelle DiBucci Vince DiCola Enrique Santos Discépolo Ramin Djawadi Simon Dobson Robert E. Dolan Thomas Dolby Klaus Doldinger Pino Donaggio Walter Donaldson James Dooley Pierre van Dormael Paul Doucette Joel Douek Patrick Doyle Carmen Dragon Christopher Drake Robert Drasnin Jojo Draven Dennis Dreith Jorge Drexler George Dreyfus Howard Drossin John Du Prez Anne Dudley Antoine Duhamel Charles Dumont Isaak Dunayevsky Maksim Dunayevsky Clay Duncan Robert Duncan Trevor Duncan George Duning The Dust Brothers Frank Duval Jeff van Dyck Igor Dymkov Dado Dzihan

[edit] E E.S. Posthumus Brian Easdale Clint Eastwood Kyle Eastwood Nicolas Economou Randy Edelman

125

Greg Edmonson Carl Edouarde Ross Edwards Stefan Eichinger Philippe Eidel Cliff Eidelman Christian Eigner Ludovico Einaudi F. M. Einheit Richard Einhorn Einstürzende Neubauten Der Eisenrost Hanns Eisler Element of Crime Danny Elfman Jonathan Elias Rachel Elkind Boris Elkis Duke Ellington Dean Elliott Jack Elliott Don Ellis Warren Ellis Albert Elms Elwood Keith Emerson Jon English Tobias Enhus Jeremy Enigk Brian Eno Roger Eno Hidehiko Enomoto Enya Harry Escott Ilan Eshkeri Juan García Esquivel Ray Evans

[edit] F Adam F Bent Fabric Asser Fagerström Brian Fahey Sammy Fain Percy Faith Nima Fakhrara

126

Harold Faltermeyer David Fanshawe Paul Farrer Toufic Farroukh Bruce Faulconer Jeffrey Fayman George Fenton Jay Ferguson Paul Ferris Nico Fidenco Brad Fiedel Jerry Fielding Mike Figgis Eveline Fischer Luboš Fišer Frank Fitzpatrick Stephen Flaherty Tom Flannery Flo & Eddie Adrian Foley, 8th Baron Foley Tim Follin Ari Folman Troels Brun Folmann Dan Forden Keith Forsey Bruce Fowler Charles Fox Christopher Franke Benjamin Frankel Jason Frederick Freur Gerald Fried Hugo Friedhofer Bill Frisell Fred Frith John Frizzell Fabio Frizzi Edgar Froese Dominic Frontiere Hideyuki Fukasawa Matt Furniss Giovanni Fusco

[edit] G Peter Gabriel Serge Gainsbourg

127

Vincent Gallo Martin Galway Douglas Gamley Gara Garayev Anja Garbarek Jan Garbarek Antón García Abril Russell Garcia Ruy Garcia Dan Gardopée Snuff Garrett Georges Garvarentz Giorgio Gaslini Tony Gatlif Mohammed Gauss Marvin Gaye Justin Geer Ron Geesin Grant Geissman Lisa Gerrard Matthew Gerrard George Gershwin Irving Gertz Ghantasala Michael Giacchino Richard Gibbs Herschel Burke Gilbert Gary Gilbertson Alan Gill Terry Gilkyson Daniel Giorgetti Paul Giovanni Rick Giovinazzo Lutz Glandien Scott Glasgow Philip Glass Paul Glass Patrick Gleeson Evelyn Glennie Nick Glennie-Smith Goblin Erik Godal Vladimír Godár Lucio Godoy Ramana Gogula Matthias Gohl

128

Ernest Gold Jeffrey Gold Murray Gold Billy Goldenberg Elliot Goldenthal Jerry Goldsmith Joel Goldsmith Osvaldo Golijov Benny Golson Alejandro González Iñárritu Miles Goodman Ron Goodwin Alain Goraguer Michael Gordon Michael Gore Adam Gorgoni Manami Gotoh Louis F. Gottschalk Morton Gould Patrick Gowers Paul Grabowsky Ron Grainer Allan Gray Barry Gray Clifford Gray Jody Gray Gavin Greenaway Johnny Green Walter Greene Jonny Greenwood Gustaf Grefberg Harry Gregson-Williams Rupert Gregson-Williams Mark Griskey Raymond van het Groenewoud Launy Grøndahl Herbert Grönemeyer Dave Grusin Fuat Güner Christopher Gunning Gurukiran Olof Gustafsson

[edit] H Alexander Hacke Manos Hadjidakis

129

Georg Haentzschel Richard Hageman Earle Hagen Uzeyir Hajibeyov Taro Hakase Halfdan E Dick Halligan Shirō Hamaguchi Minako Hamano Chico Hamilton Marvin Hamlisch Chuck Hammer Jan Hammer Oscar Hammerstein II Hamsalekha Herbie Hancock Frederic Hand Kentarō Haneda James Hannigan Ilmari Hannikainen Glen Hansard Raymond Hanson Chihiro Harada Hagood Hardy Jon Hare Leigh Harline Joe Harnell Don Harper Don L. Harper Johnny Harris Sue Harris John Harrison Jimmy Harry Jimmy Hart Hal Hartley Richard Hartley Paul Hartnoll Mick Harvey Richard Harvey Tomoki Hasegawa Ichiko Hashimoto Paul Haslinger Aki Hata Tony Hatch Donny Hathaway Marvin Hatley

130

Katsuhisa Hattori M. Maurice Hawkesworth Alan Hawkshaw Fumio Hayasaka Isaac Hayes Tim Haywood Richard Hazard Jim Hedges Neal Hefti Reinhold Heil Michael Hennagin Joe Henry Hans Werner Henze Paul Hepker Victor Herbert Michel Herr Bernard Herrmann Dan Hess David Hess Nigel Hess Eric Hester Andrew Hewitt David Hewson Miki Higashino Masanori Hikichi Hilmar Örn Hilmarsson Paul Hindemith Yoshihisa Hirano Hajime Hirasawa Susumu Hirasawa David Hirschfelder Joel Hirschhorn Joe Hisaishi Peter Hajba Michael Hoenig Derrick Hodge Friedrich Hollaender Dulcie Holland David Holmes Arthur Honegger Hannu Honkonen Johan Hoogewijs Les Hooper Nicholas Hooper Nellee Hooper Anthony Hopkins

131

Antony Hopkins Keith Hopwood Trevor Horn James Horner Richard Horowitz André Hossein Tomoyasu Hotei James Newton Howard Ken Howard Alan Howarth Peter Howell Robert Hughes Scott Humphrey Craig Huxley Søren Hyldgaard Dick Hyman Nihad Hrustanbegovic

[edit] I Jacques Ibert Abdullah Ibrahim Akira Ifukube Alberto Iglesias Ilaiyaraaja John Illsley Jerrold Immel In the Nursery John Ireland Markéta Irglová Pat Irwin Mark Isham Chu Ishikawa Emir Işılay Masumi Itō Teiji Ito Peter Ivers Taku Iwasaki Masaharu Iwata Mutsuhiko Izumi

[edit] J Steve Jablonsky Richard Jacques Mick Jagger Jaidev Shankar Jaikishan

132

Ravindra Jain Bob James Chas Jankel Werner Janssen Jean Michel Jarre Maurice Jarre Michael Jary Maurice Jaubert Harris Jayaraj Wyclef Jean Jeet Merrill Jenson Zhao Jiping Antonio Carlos Jobim (Tom Jobim) Adan Jodorowsky Alejandro Jodorowsky Jóhann Jóhannsson Elton John Johnson J. J. Johnson Laurie Johnson Nathan Johnson Arthur Johnston Bobby Johnston Jim Johnston Brian Jones Dan Jones John Paul Jones Quincy Jones Raymond Jones Ron Jones Trevor Jones Richard Joseph Michael Josephs David Julyan Junkie XL Walter Jurmann

[edit] K John Erik Kaada Dmitri Kabalevsky Jan A.P. Kaczmarek Mauricio Kagel Gus Kahn Akari Kaida Yuki Kajiura

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Toshiyuki Kakuta Edd Kalehoff George Kallis Bert Kalmar Michael Kamen John Kander Shigeru Kan-no Yoko Kanno Tuomas Kantelinen Bronisław Kaper Sol Kaplan Eleni Karaindrou Nele Karajlić Anton Karas Fred Karlin Kent Karlsson Sanae Kasahara Peter Kater Emilio Kauderer Jake Kaufman Kenji Kawai Norman Kay Yakov Kazyansky John E. Keane John M. Keane M. M. Keeravani Roger Kellaway Paul Kelly Rolfe Kent Walter Kent Jerome Kern Premasiri Kernadasa Aram Khachaturian Khaled Aashish Khan Ali Akbar Khan Praga Khan Usha Khanna Alex Khaskin Mohammed Zahur Khayyam Tikhon Khrennikov Khawaja Khurshid Anwar Shunsuke Kikuchi Wojciech Kilar Mark Kilian Masahiko Kimura

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Alastair King John King Kaki King Gökhan Kırdar Grant Kirkhope Martin Kiszko Kitarō Mark Klem Johnny Klimek Jan Klusák Mark Knight David Knopfler Mark Knopfler Chiho Kobayashi Miyoko Kobayashi Masato Koda Krzysztof Komeda Robbie Kondor Joseph Koo Ben Kopec Hermann Kopp Anders Koppel Erich Wolfgang Korngold Danny Kortchmar Richard Kosinski Joseph Kosma Irwin Kostal Robert Kraft William Kraft Robert J. Kral John Henry Kreitler K. M. Radha Krishnan David Kristian Mina Kubota Vivian Kubrick Taro Kudou G. V. Prakash Kumar Gary Kuo Hitomi Kuroishi Emir Kusturica Keisuke Kuwata Chan Kwong-Wing Jesper Kyd

[edit] L John T. La Barbera

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Fariborz Lachini Thorsten Laewe Bappi Lahiri Francis Lai Nick Laird-Clowes Constant Lambert Russ Landau Marcel Landowski Bruce Langhorne Laraaji Glen A. Larson Nathan Larson Richard LaSalle James Last Giorgi Latsabidze Felice Lattuada Tats Lau Ken Lauber William Lava Angelo Francesco Lavagnino Tom Lavin James Lavino David Nessim Lawrence Elliot Lawrence Stephen J. Lawrence Maury Laws Raam Laxman Jean-Marc Lederman Lee Byung-woo Raymond Lefèvre Michel Legrand Barry Leitch Christopher Lennertz Sean Lennon Nicholas Lens Patrick Leonard Raymond Leppard Sondre Lerche César Lerner Jérôme Leroy Yaacov Bilansky Levanon Sylvester Levay Laurent Levesque James S. Levine Michael A. Levine Krishna Levy

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Louis Levy Shuki Levy Frank Lewin Herschell Gordon Lewis Leslie Lewis Paul Lewis Jan Leyers Blake Leyh Sven Libaek Michael Licari Russell Lieblich Paul Linford Zdeněk Liška Jay Livingston Andrew Lloyd Webber Lowell Lo Los Lobos Didier Lockwood Malcolm Lockyer Joseph LoDuca John Loeffler Frederick Loewe Henning Lohner Rob Lord Saša Lošić Alexina Louie Louiguy Jacques Loussier Chris Lowe David Lowe Mundell Lowe Jaye Luckett Ralph Lundsten Evan Lurie John Lurie Danny Lux David Lynch Liam Lynch

[edit] M Lebo M Galt MacDermot Madonna Naoki Maeda Jun Maeda K. V. Mahadevan

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Shankar Mahadevan Taj Mahal Vusi Mahlasela Anu Malik Kalyani Malik Albert Hay Malotte Riichiro Manabe Josh Mancell Mark Mancina Henry Mancini Johnny Mandel Christopher Mann Roger Joseph Manning Jr. Franco Mannino Manohar Clint Mansell Keith Mansfield Marilyn Manson Kevin Manthei Homero Manzi Dario Marianelli Chris Marker Clair Marlo Richard Marriott Branford Marsalis Wynton Marsalis George Martin Jerry Martin Cliff Martinez J Mascis Massive Attack Diego Masson Toshio Masuda Muir Mathieson Akihiko Matsumoto Masaya Matsuura Dave Matthews Siegfried Matthus Billy May Brian May Simon May Curtis Mayfield Toshiro Mayuzumi Dennis McCarthy Paul McCartney Craig McConnell

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Bear McCreary Nathan McCree Keff McCulloch Gary McFarland Rory McFarlane Don McGlashan Bill McGuffie Tim McIntire Rod McKuen Joel McNeely Joe Meek DJ Mehdi Edmund Meisel Gil Mellé Wendy Melvoin Loy Mendonsa Alan Menken Dean Menta Johnny Mercer Freddie Mercury Wim Mertens Mateo Messina Dominic Messinger Micki Meuser Mickey J Meyer Lanny Meyers Guy Michelmore Mario Migliardi Darius Milhaud Marcus Miller Robyn Miller Chieli Minucci Paul Misraki Shyamal Mitra Shinkichi Mitsumune Hajime Mizoguchi Vic Mizzy Moby Cyril J. Mockridge Mogwai Ghulam Mohammed Madan Mohan S. Mohinder Charlie Mole Money Mark Francis Monkman

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Egil Monn-Iversen Hugo Montenegro Guy Moon Anthony Moore Dudley Moore Lennie Moore Mike Moran Mark Morgan Akihiko Mori Nobuhiko Morino Angela Morley Giorgio Moroder Jerome Moross Ennio Morricone John Morris Trevor Morris Peter Moss Bob Mothersbaugh Mark Mothersbaugh Rob Mounsey Dominic Muldowney Mugison Nico Muhly Manas Mukherjee Hemanta Kumar Mukhopadhyay Pankaj Mullick David Munrow Vano Muradeli Rika Muranaka John Murphy Stanley Myers

[edit] N Hideki Naganuma Kōtarō Nakagawa Masato Nakamura Takayuki Nakamura Desmond Nakano Akito Nakatsuka Naked Lunch Gianna Nannini Michiko Naruke Mario Nascimbene Nashad Naushad Javier Navarrete

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Robert Anthony Navarro O. P. Nayyar Blake Neely Oliver Nelson Neo Olga Neuwirth Ira Newborn Alfred Newman David Newman Emil Newman Lionel Newman Joey Newman Randy Newman Thomas Newman Mbongeni Ngema Bruno Nicolai Lennie Niehaus Tomohito Nishiura Joy Nilo Harry Nilsson Jack Nitzsche Hirosato Noda Yuji Nomi Ehsaan Noorani Per Nørgård Graeme Norgate Monty Norman Alex North Christopher North Julian Nott The Notwist Michael Nyman Molly Nyman

[edit] O Karen O Richard O'Brien Martin O'Donnell Tom O'Horgan Walter O'Keefe Sharon O'Neill Paul Oakenfold Erkan Oğur Hisayoshi Ogura Mike Oldfield Yoko Ono

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Hal Oppenheim Orbital Buxton Orr Shinji Orito Riz Ortolani Michiru Oshima John Ottman Vyacheslav Ovchinnikov Atilla Özdemiroğlu

[edit] P Craig Padilla Gene Page Jimmy Page Marty Paich Shelly Palmer Alan Parker Clifton Parker Elizabeth Parker Jim Parker Dean Parks Gordon Parks Van Dyke Parks Ioan Gyuri Pascu Johnny Pate R. P. Patnaik Mike Patton Arun Paudwal Alex Paul Gene de Paul Johnny Pearson Gunner Møller Pedersen Bernard Peiffer Ahmad Pejman Krzysztof Penderecki Michael Penn Heitor Pereira Frank Perkins Coleridge-Taylor Perkinson Brendan Perry William P. Perry Jean-Claude Petit Tom Petty Sudhir Phadke Barrington Pheloung Britta Phillips

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John Phillips Stu Phillips Winifred Phillips Lucian Piane Ástor Piazzolla Piero Piccioni Stéphane Picq Jason Pierce Pink Floyd Antonio Pinto Douglas Pipes Plaid Dmitry Pokrass Pier Paolo Polcari Basil Poledouris David Pomeranz Gillo Pontecorvo Jocelyn Pook Popol Vuh Gavriil Nikolayevich Popov Steve Porcaro Pornosonic Michel Portal Cole Porter Rachel Portman Mike Post Sally Potter Andrew Powell John Powell Vasant Prabhu Devi Sri Prasad Prashant-Krishnan Pray for Rain Zbigniew Preisner Don Preston André Previn Dory Previn Alan Price Prince Robert Prince Pritam Sergei Prokofiev Craig Pruess

[edit] Q Queen

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Quintessence

[edit] R R.E.M. Jaan Rääts Peer Raben Trevor Rabin James Rado Robert O. Ragland A. R. Rahman Yuvan Shankar Raja Brian Ralston Yuvan Shankar Raja Rajan-Nagendra David Raksin S. Rajeswara Rao Ernö Rapée Roop Kumar Rathod François Rauber Raveendran Ravi Simon Ravn Satyajit Ray Ray Reach Alto Reed Steve Reich Ernst Reijseger Brian Reitzell Franz Reizenstein Mike Renzi Himesh Reshammiya Graeme Revell Gian Piero Reverberi Silvestre Revueltas Graham Reynolds Trent Reznor Rheostatics Andi Rianto Fred Rich Neil Richardson Max Richter Chris Rickwood Nelson Riddle Stan Ridgway Hugo Riesenfeld Waldo de los Ríos

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Stephen Rippy Laza Ristovski Lolita Ritmanis Paul Robb Richard Robbins Andy Roberts Jamie Robertson J. Peter Robinson Nile Rodgers Robert Rodriguez Heinz Eric Roemheld Roger Roger Alain Romans Douglas Romayne Sigmund Romberg Philippe Rombi Manuel Romero Jeff Rona Ann Ronell David Rose Max van der Rose Leonard Rosenman Laurence Rosenthal Roshan William Ross Renzo Rossellini Hubert Rostaing Nino Rota Glen Roven Hahn Rowe Bruce Rowland Miklós Rózsa Arthur B. Rubinstein Harry Ruby Steve Rucker Pete Rugolo Mark Russell Carlo Rustichelli Paolo Rustichelli RZA

[edit] S S.E.N.S. Haim Saban Danny Saber Shigeaki Saegusa

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Craig Safan Jamie Saft Toshihiko Sahashi Camille Saint-Saëns Taku Sakakibara Ryuichi Sakamoto Salim-Sulaiman Hans J. Salter Michael Salvatori Leonard Salzedo Adnan Sami George Sanger John Sangster Stéphane Sanseverino Carlos Santana Gustavo Santaolalla Cláudio Santoro Philippe Sarde David Sardy Masaru Satō Naoki Satō Tenpei Sato Jordi Savall Paul Sawtell Walter Scharf Victor Schertzinger Peter Schickele Lalo Schifrin Adam Schlesinger Irmin Schmidt Johannes Schmoelling Helge Schneider Alfred Schnittke Gaili Schoen Eberhard Schoener Scott Schreer Ralph Schuckett Norbert Schultze Klaus Schulze Walter Schumann Sigi Schwab David Schwartz Stephen Schwartz Garry Schyman John Scott Tom Scott

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Humphrey Searle Andrew Sega Fat Segal Misha Segal Mátyás Seiber Mark Seibert Tsuyoshi Sekito Misao Senbongi Jun Senoue Alex Seropian Éric Serra Arban Severin Steven Severin Thomas Edward Seymour Kyriakos Sfetsas Marc Shaiman Vladimir Shainsky Gingger Shankar Ravi Shankar Ray Shanklin Shantel Theodore Shapiro Shark Mani Sharma Monty Sharma Edward Shearmur Bert Shefter William Sheller Richard M. Sherman Robert B. Sherman Tetsuya Shibata Leroy Shield Kevin Shields Ichiro Shimakura Yasunori Shiono Atsushi Shirakawa Sumio Shiratori David Shire Howard Shore Ryan Shore Dmitri Shostakovich Aadesh Shrivastava Shudder to Think Leo Shuken Louis Siciliano Steve Sidwell

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Valgeir Sigurðsson Alan Silvestri Samuel Sim Zoran Simjanović Carly Simon Claudio Simonetti Madan Gopal Singh Uttam Singh 16Volt Lucijan Marija Škerjanc Frank Skinner Leland Sklar Andys Skordis Cezary Skubiszewski Mark Slater Michael Small Bruce Smeaton Paul J. Smith Mark Snow Sofa Surfers Martial Solal Stephen Sondheim Nicolás Sorín Ondřej Soukup André Souris Leonid Soybelman Stamatis Spanoudakis Benjamin Speed Sam Spence Herbert W. Spencer Spiralmouth Glenn Stafford Carl Stalling Stuart A. Staples Herman Stein Ronald Stein Fred Steiner Max Steiner Aage Stentoft Cat Stevens Leith Stevens Morton Stevens David A. Stewart Ethan Stoller Robert Stolz Richard Stone

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Herbert Stothart Patricia Lee Stotter Matthew Strachan Oscar Straus Charles Strouse Joe Strummer Ike Stubblefield Andy Sturmer Cong Su Morton Subotnick Jeff Sudakin Andy Summers Sun City Girls Keiichi Suzuki Georgy Sviridov Karel Svoboda Mola Sylla Władysław Szpilman

[edit] T Mousse T. Germaine Tailleferre Masafumi Takada Joby Talbot Frédéric Talgorn Tōru Takemitsu Junko Tamiya Shinji Tamura Tan Dun Aya Tanaka Kōhei Tanaka Tangerine Dream Mikael Tariverdiev Brian Tarquin John Tavener Michael Tavera Mick Taylor Boris Tchaikovsky Team Shanghai Alice Jeroen Tel Sébastien Tellier Tenacious D Tenmon Neil Tennant John Tesh Jeanine Tesori

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Francois Tetaz Alan Tew Third Ear Band Mikis Theodorakis They Might Be Giants Maurice Thiriet Chance Thomas Pete Thomas Peter Thomas Stuart Michael Thomas Virgil Thomson Jon Mikl Thor Ken Thorne Throbbing Gristle Yann Tiersen Martin Tillman Chris Tilton Christopher Tin Tindersticks Dimitri Tiomkin George Tipton Boris Tishchenko Ernst Toch Pyotr Todorovsky Richard Tognetti Magome Togoshi Sotaro Tojima Tokyo Ska Paradise Orchestra James Tomalin tomandandy Isao Tomita Sheridan Tongue Ceiri Torjussen Veljo Tormis David Torn Raúl de la Torre Kazumi Totaka Toto Colin Towns Kazuhiko Toyama Jeff Toyne The Transcenders Brian Transeau (as BT) Stephen Trask Armando Trovaioli Andrzej Trzaskowski

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Mark Tschanz Yuka Tsujiyoko Tuxedomoon Tom Tykwer Brian Tyler Christopher Tyng Gerald Tyrwhitt-Wilson, 14th Baron Berners

[edit] U Shusaku Uchiyama Masami Ueda Matt Uelmen Nobuo Uematsu Tatsuya Uemura Kōji Ueno Yoko Ueno Özkan Uğur Shigeru Umebayashi Piero Umiliani Underworld Vladimir Ussachevsky Hikaru Utada

[edit] V Andersen Viana Steve Vai Gary Valenciano Frank Valentini Nils-Aslak Valkeapää Jonne Valtonen John Van Tongeren David Vanacore Vangelis Melvin Van Peebles Ralph Vaughan Williams Ben Vaughn Eddie Vedder Cris Velasco Caetano Veloso James L. Venable G K Venkatesh S.P. Venkatesh Stéphane Venne Peter Vermeersch Vertexguy Mike Vickers

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Vidyasagar Emil Viklický Heitor Villa-Lobos Carl Vine Anandji Virji Shah Kalyanji Virji Shah Vishal-Shekhar M. S. Viswanathan José María Vitier Roman Vlad Tolis Voskopoulos Neil D. Voss Chris Vrenna Henny Vrienten

[edit] W Yayoi Wachi Waddy Wachtel Kaoru Wada Derek Wadsworth Loudon Wainwright III Tom Waits W. G. Walden Mark Walk Scott Walker Shirley Walker Simon Walker Jack Wall William Walton Wang Chung Thomas Wanker Stephen Warbeck Edward Ward Kyle Ward Dean Wareham Régis Wargnier Mervyn Warren Henryk Wars Don Was Ned Washington Toshiyuki Watanabe Roger Waters Franz Waxman Jeff Wayne Jimmy Webb Roy Webb

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Simon Webb Konstantin Wecker Craig Wedren Mieczysław Weinberg Wendy & Lisa Walter Werzowa Fred Wesley Bugge Wesseltoft Mel Wesson Nigel Westlake David Whitaker Richard A. Whiting Guy Whitmore David Whittaker George Whitty Zygmunt Wiehler Clarence Wijewardena Gert Wilden Matthew Wilder Simon Wilkinson Steve Willaert Charles Williams Jim Williams John Williams Joseph Williams Patrick Williams Paul Williams Malcolm Williamson Meredith Willson Mortimer Wilson Nancy Wilson Herbert Windt Jean Wiener David Wise Debbie Wiseman Charles Wolcott Peter Wolf Richard Wolf Jonathan Wolff Byron Wong Christopher Wong Raymond Wong Ying-Wah D. Wood Ronnie Wood John Wooldridge Lyle Workman

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Tim Wright Allie Wrubel Alex Wurman Bill Wyman

[edit] X Stavros Xarchakos Iannis Xenakis

[edit] Y Shoji Yamashiro Kinuyo Yamashita Stomu Yamashta Gabriel Yared Peyman Yazdanian Wandly Yazid Jack Yellen Yello Narciso Yepes Gary Yershon Yiruma Seiji Yokoyama Yo La Tengo Yuji Yoshino Christopher Young Neil Young Victor Young

[edit] Z Dorin Liviu Zaharia Geoff Zanelli Frank Zappa Richard Zarou Marcelo Zarvos Aleksandr Zatsepin Paul Zaza Zazie Pablo Ziegler Aaron Zigman Winfried Zillig Hans Zimmer Rob Zombie John Zorn Zuntata Inon Zur

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Otto Zykan

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[Hide][Show]Wikipedia Forever Our shared knowledge. Our shared treasure. Help us protect it. [Show]Wikipedia Forever Our shared knowledge. Our shared treasure. Help us protect it. Film scoreFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation, search

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A film score is essentially the background music of a film (which is generally categorically separated from songs used within a film). The term soundtrack is often

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confused with film score, but a soundtrack also includes anything else audible in the film such as sound effects and dialogue. Soundtrack albums may also include songs featured in the film as well as previously released music by other artists. A score is written specifically to accompany a film, by the original film's composer(s).[1]Each individual piece of music, within a film's score, is called a cue and is typically a composition for instruments (eg. orchestra) and/or non-individually featured voices. Since the 1950s, a growing number of scores are electronic or a hybrid of orchestral and electronic instruments.[2] Since the invention of digital technology and audio sampling, many low budget films have been able to rely on digital samples to imitate the sound of real live instruments.Contents[hide]1 Process of creation 2 Historical notes 3 Television score 4 Orchestral film scores 4.1 Composers 4.2 Soundtracks 5 Non-orchestral film scores 5.1 Composers 5.2 Soundtracks 6 Production music 7 Independent specialist original soundtrack recording labels 8 See also 9 References 10 External links

[edit] Process of creation

Theme from Ben-Hur

by Miklós Rózsa

The Good, the Bad and the Ugly

by Ennio Morricone

Music from Naqoyqatsi

by Philip Glass

Love Theme From The Godfather

by Larry Kusik and Nino Rota

Moon River

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by Henry Mancini and Johnny Mercer

Hans Zimmer - Roll Tide

A full orchestral score from the 1995 film Crimson Tide.

Problems listening to these files? See media help.

Usually, after the film has been shot (or some shooting has been completed), the composer is shown an unpolished "rough cut" of the film (or of the scenes partially finished), and talks to the director about what sort of music (styles, themes, etc.) should be used — this process is called "spotting."[3] More rarely, the director will talk to the composer before shooting has started, so as to give more time to the composer or because the director needs to shoot scenes (namely song or dance scenes) according to the final score. Sometimes the director will have edited the film using "temp (temporary) music": already published pieces that are similar to what the director wants. Most film composers[who?] strongly dislike temp music, as directors[who?] often become accustomed to it and push the composers to be imitators rather than creators.[citation needed]On certain occasions, directors have become so attached to the temp score that they decide to use it and reject the score custom-made by a composer. One of the most famous cases is Stanley Kubrick's 2001: A Space Odyssey, where Kubrick opted for existing recordings of classical works rather than the score by Alex North,[4] which eventually led to a law suit by composer György Ligeti when he was surprised to hear his compositions in a motion film;[5] though one should note Kubrick hired two composers (the other Frank Cordell) to do a score, and while North's 2001 is indeed a famous example, it is not the sole example of well-known rejected scores. Others include Torn Curtain (Bernard Herrmann),[6] Troy (Gabriel Yared),[7] Peter Jackson's King Kong (Howard Shore)[8] and the The Bourne Identity (Carter Burwell).[9]Once a composer has the film, they will then work on creating the score. While some composers prefer to work with traditional paper scores, many film composers write in a computer-based environment.[10] This allows the composer and orchestrator to create MIDI-based demos of themes and cues, called MIDI mockups, for review by the filmmaker prior to the final orchestral recording. Some films are then re-edited to better fit the music. Instances of this include the collaborations between filmmaker Godfrey Reggio and composer Philip Glass, where over several years the score and film are edited multiple times to better suit each other.[11] Similar to these are the associations between Sergio Leone and Ennio Morricone. In the finale of The Good, the Bad and the Ugly, Morricone had prepared the score used before and Leone edited the scenes to match it.[12] His other two famous films, Once Upon a Time in the West and Once Upon a Time in America, were completely edited to Morricone's score as the composer had prepared it months before the film's production. Another example is the famous chase scene in Steven Spielberg's E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial. The score, composed by long-time collaborator John Williams, proved so difficult to synchronize in this specific scene during the recording sessions that, as recounted in a companion documentary on the

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DVD, Spielberg gave Williams carte blanche and asked him to record the cue without picture, freely; Spielberg then re-edited the scene later on to perfectly match the music.When the music has been composed and orchestrated, the orchestra or ensemble then performs it, often with the composer conducting. Musicians for these ensembles are often uncredited in the film or on the album and are contracted individually (and if so, the orchestra contractor is credited in the film or the soundtrack album). However, some films have recently begun crediting the contracted musicians on the albums under the name Hollywood Studio Symphony after an agreement with the American Federation of Musicians. Other performing ensembles that are often employed include the London Symphony Orchestra, the City of Prague Philharmonic Orchestra (an orchestra dedicated exclusively to recording), and the Northwest Sinfonia.The orchestra performs in front of a large screen depicting the movie, and sometimes to a series of clicks called a "click-track" that changes with meter and tempo, assisting the conductor to synchronize the music with the film.[13]Films often have different themes for important characters, events, ideas or objects, taking the idea from Wagner's use of leitmotif.[14] These may be played in different variations depending on the situation they represent, scattered amongst incidental music. A famous example of this technique is John Williams' score for the Star Wars saga, and the numerous themes associated with characters like Darth Vader, Luke Skywalker, and Princess Leia Organa (see Star Wars music for more details).[15] The Lord of the Rings trilogy uses a similar technique, with recurring themes for many main characters and places. Others are less known by casual moviegoers, but well known among score enthusiasts, such as Jerry Goldsmith's underlying theme for the Borg in Star Trek: First Contact, or his Klingon theme from Star Trek: The Motion Picture which other composers carry over into their Klingon motifs, and he has brought back on numerous occasions as the theme for Worf, Star Trek: The Next Generation's most prominent Klingon.Most films have between 40 and 120 minutes of music. However, some films have very little or no music; others may feature a score that plays almost continuously throughout. Dogme 95 is a genre that has music only from sources within a film, such as from a radio or television. This is called "source music" because it comes from an on screen source that can actually be seen or that can be inferred (in academic film theory such music is called "diegetic" music, as it emanates from the "diegesis" or "story world").[16] A famous example of "source music" is the use of the Frankie Valli song "Can"t Take My Eyes Off You" in Michael Cimino's "The Deer Hunter". Alfred Hitchcock's 1963 thriller The Birds is a rare example of a Hollywood film with no non-diegetic music whatsoever.In 1983 a non-profit organization, the Society for the Preservation of Film Music, was actually formed to preserve the "byproducts" of creating a film score:[17] the music manuscripts (written music) and other documents and studio recordings generated in the process of composing and recording scores which, in some instances, have been discarded by the movie studios. The written music must be kept in order to perform the music on concert programs and to make new recordings of it. Sometimes only after decades has an archival recording of a film score been released on CD.[edit] Historical notesBefore the age of recorded sound in motion pictures, great effort was taken to provide suitable music for films, usually through the services of an in-house pianist or organist,

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and, in some cases, entire orchestras, typically given cue sheets as a guide. In 1914, The Oz Film Manufacturing Company sent full-length scores by Louis F. Gottschalk for their films. Other examples of this include Victor Herbert's score in 1915 to Fall of a Nation (a sequel to Birth of a Nation) and Camille Saint-Saëns' music for L'Assassinat du duc de Guise in 1908 — arguably the very first in movie history. It was preceded by Nathaniel D. Mann's score for The Fairylogue and Radio-Plays by four months, but that was a mixture of interrelated stage and film performance in the tradition of old magic lantern shows. Most accompaniments at this time, these examples notwithstanding, comprised pieces by famous composers, also including studies. These were often used to form catalogues of film music, which had different subsections broken down by 'mood' and/or genre: dark, sad, suspense, action, chase, etc. This made things much easier for the in-house pianists and orchestras to pick pieces that fitted the particular feel of a movie and its scenes.German cinema, which was highly influential in the era of silent movies, provided some original scores. Fritz Lang's movies Die Nibelungen (1924) and Metropolis (1927) were accompanied by original full scale orchestral and leitmotific scores written by Gottfried Huppertz, who also wrote piano-versions of his music, so that it could be played in smaller cinemas, too. Friedrich W. Murnau's movies Nosferatu (1922 - music by Hans Erdmann) and Faust – eine deutsche Volkssage (1926 - music by Werner Richard Heymann) also had original scores written for them. Other films like Murnaus's Der letzte Mann contained a mixing of original compositions (in this case by Giuseppe Becce) and library music / folk tunes, which were artistically included into the score by the composer. Nevertheless fully developed original scores were quite rare in the silent movie era. It should also be noted that as soon as sound had come to movies, director Fritz Lang barely used musical scores in his movies anymore. Apart of Peter Lorre whistling a short piece from Edvard Grieg's Peer Gynt, Lang's movie M - Eine Stadt sucht einen Mörder was lacking musical accompaniment completely and Das Testament des Dr. Mabuse only included one original piece written for the movie by Hans Erdmann played at the very beginning and end of the movie. One of the rare occasions on which music occurs in the movie is a song one of the characters sings, that Lang uses to put emphasis on the man's insanity, quite similar to the use of the whistling in M.Though "the scoring of narrative features during the 1940s lagged decades behind technical innovations in the field of concert music,"[18] the 1950s saw the rise of the modernist film score. Director Elia Kazan was open to the idea of jazz influences and dissonant scoring and worked with Alex North, whose score for A Streetcar Named Desire (1951) combined dissonance with elements of blues and jazz. Kazan also approached Leonard Bernstein to score On the Waterfront (1954): the result was reminiscent of earlier works by Aaron Copland and Igor Stravinsky with its "jazz-based harmonies and exciting additive rhythms."[19] A year later, Leonard Rosenman, inspired by Arnold Schoenberg, experimented with atonality in his scores for East of Eden (1955) and Rebel Without a Cause (1955). In his ten-year collaboration with Alfred Hitchcock, Bernard Herrmann experimented with musical textures--dizzying swirls in Vertigo (1958), stark insistence in Psycho (1960)--and electronic sounds, as in The Birds (1963). The use of non-diegetic jazz was another modernist innovation, perhaps most notably in jazz star Duke Ellington's score for Otto Preminger's Anatomy of a Murder (1959).

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A full film score widely regarded as the first made by a popular artist came in 1973 with the film Pat Garret and Billy the Kid, by Bob Dylan. However the album received very little critical acclaim. This had not been done before in popular film history: any featured band had films written around the music (notably The Beatles with Yellow Submarine).[edit] Television scoreA television score is a broad term referring to the music in a television programs which is generally categorically separated from songs used within a television.The term television score is frequently synonymous with television soundtrack, though a soundtrack may also include the songs used in the television program while the score does not. A score is sometimes written specifically to accompany a television program, but may also be compiled from previously written musical compositions.Each individual piece of music within a television's score is called a cue, and is typically a composition for instruments (eg. orchestra) and/or non-individually featured voices. Since the 1950s, a growing number of scores are electronic, or a hybrid of orchestral and electronic instruments. Since the invention of digital technology and audio sampling, many low-budget television programs have had to rely on digital samples to imitate the sound of live instruments.[1][edit] Orchestral film scores

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The inclusion or exclusion of items from this list, or length of this list, is disputed. Please discuss this issue on the talk page.

[edit] ComposersSome notable composers of orchestral soundtracks include:Craig Armstrong A. R. Rahman David Arnold Luís Enríquez Bacalov Angelo Badalamenti Klaus Badelt John Barry Tyler Bates Christophe Beck Marco Beltrami Charles Bernstein Elmer Bernstein Howard Blake Terence Blanchard

Lisa Gerrard Michael Giacchino Philip Glass Elliot Goldenthal Jerry Goldsmith Ron Goodwin Harry Gregson-Williams Dave Grusin Marvin Hamlisch Bernard Herrmann Joe Hisaishi Lee Holdridge James Horner Akira Ifukube

Alex North Michael Nyman John Ottman Basil Poledouris Rachel Portman John Powell Zbigniew Preisner Sergei Prokofiev Peer Raben Trevor Rabin Graeme Revell Laurence Rosenthal Leonard Rosenman William Ross

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Simon Boswell Jon Brion Bruce Broughton Carter Burwell Sean Callery John Carpenter George S. Clinton Charlie Clouser Bill Conti Ry Cooder Aaron Copland Mychael Danna Don Davis John Debney Georges Delerue Alexandre Desplat Pino Donaggio Patrick Doyle Anne Dudley Clint Eastwood Randy Edelman Cliff Eidelman Danny Elfman Harold Faltermeyer George Fenton Brad Fiedel Jerry Fielding Robert Folk

Ilaiyaraaja James Newton Howard Alberto Iglesias Mark Isham Steve Jablonsky Maurice Jarre Quincy Jones Trevor Jones Jan A.P. Kaczmarek Michael Kamen Wojciech Kilar Erich Wolfgang Korngold Michel Legrand Mark Mancina Henry Mancini Clint Mansell Dario Marianelli Joel McNeely Alan Menken Giorgio Moroder Jerome Moross Ennio Morricone Ira Newborn Alfred Newman David Newman Randy Newman Thomas Newman Jack Nitzsche

Nino Rota Miklós Rózsa Arthur B. Rubinstein Craig Safan Ryuichi Sakamoto Gustavo Santaolalla Philippe Sarde Lalo Schifrin Eric Serra Marc Shaiman David Shire Howard Shore Alan Silvestri Max Steiner Dimitri Tiomkin Brian Tyler Vangelis Shirley Walker Stephen Warbeck Franz Waxman John Williams Debbie Wiseman Gabriel Yared Christopher Young Victor Young Hans Zimmer

[edit] SoundtracksSome well-known orchestral soundtracks include:Star Wars Series (John Williams) Jaws (John Williams) Chinatown (Jerry Goldsmith) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (John Williams) Close Encounters of the Third Kind (John Williams) Jurassic Park (John Williams) Harry Potter Series (John Williams, Patrick Doyle, Nicholas Hooper) Indiana Jones Series (John Williams) Superman Series (John Williams) Alien (Jerry Goldsmith) Patton (Jerry Goldsmith) The Wind and the Lion (Jerry Goldsmith) The Godfather trilogy (Nino Rota) Crimson Tide (Hans Zimmer) The Lion King (Film score by Hans Zimmer) Pirates of the Caribbean series (Klaus Badelt, Hans Zimmer)

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Titanic soundtrack (James Horner) Star Trek TV Series and films (James Horner, Jerry Goldsmith et al.) The Lord of the Rings trilogy (Howard Shore) The Aviator (Howard Shore) Gone with the Wind (Max Steiner) Casablanca (Max Steiner) Psycho (Bernard Herrmann) Back to the Future Trilogy (Alan Silvestri) Batman (Danny Elfman) Batman Begins and The Dark Knight (Hans Zimmer) and (James Newton Howard) Conan the Barbarian & Conan the Destroyer (Basil Poledouris) Lawrence of Arabia (Maurice Jarre) James Bond series (John Barry et al.) The Magnificent Seven (Elmer Bernstein) The Great Escape (Elmer Bernstein) Halloween theme (John Carpenter) Angels and Demons and The Da Vinci Code (Hans Zimmer) Gladiator (Hans Zimmer)and (Lisa Gerrard) The Good, The Bad, and The Ugly (Ennio Morricone) Braveheart (James Horner) [edit] Non-orchestral film scoresNon-orchestral film music includes any genre of music not associated with classical music or orchestral performance. Composers that use the orchestra for experimental composition are usually noted as experimental composers rather than orchestral ones. Other genres of film scores include, but are not limited to Rock, Pop, Folk, Blues, Experimental, Electronic, Hip hop, Heavy metal, Jazz, musicals and World music. Some of the orchestral composers listed above also compose in these genres although they are usually noted for their orchestral music. Fewer composers are noted for both their orchestral and non-orchestral compositions and most non-orchestral film composers are noted for the specific genre they compose in. Some non-orchestral composers are also noted artists with their own compositions.[edit] Composers

Some notable composers of non-orchestral film scores include:Angelo Badalamenti (experimental) Clint Mansell (world, experimental, post rock) Elmer Bernstein (jazz, pop) Terence Blanchard (jazz) Roy Budd (jazz) Wendy Carlos (electronic) Ry Cooder (folk, rock,

Philip Glass (minimal, experimental) Jean Michel Jarre (electronic) Quincy Jones (jazz, funk, pop) Henry Mancini (jazz, pop)

Nino Rota (world, jazz) Lalo Schifrin (jazz, pop) Tōru Takemitsu (experimental) Vangelis (electronic)

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world) John Carpenter (electronic) Danny Elfman (pop/songs) Peter Gabriel (world) Michael Giacchino (jazz)

Alan Menken (pop/songs) Ennio Morricone (jazz, pop) Michael Nyman (minimal, experimental) A. R. Rahman (world) Nelson Riddle (jazz)

[edit] SoundtracksSome well-known non-orchestral soundtracks include:Super Fly (Curtis Mayfield) Shaft (Isaac Hayes) The Blues Brothers (performed by The Blues Brothers et al.) Donnie Darko (Michael Andrews) Amelie (Yann Tiersen) A Clockwork Orange (Wendy Carlos) (Adapted) Blade Runner (Vangelis) Fight Club (The Dust Brothers) The Rocky Horror Picture Show (Richard O'Brien) The Lion King (songs by Elton John and Tim Rice) Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind (Jon Brion) The Last Temptation of Christ (Peter Gabriel) In 2007, The Lloyd Awards The Lloyd Awards were establish to recognize excellence in the use of non-score music in film.[edit] Production musicMain article: production musicMany companies such as Associated Production Music and Extreme Music provide music to various film, TV and commercial projects for a fee. Sometimes called library music, the music is owned by production music libraries and licensed to customers for use in film, television, radio and other media. Unlike popular and classical music publishers, who typically own less than 50 percent of the copyright in a composition, music production libraries own all of the copyrights of their music, meaning that it can be licensed without seeking the composer's permission, as is necessary in licensing music from normal publishers. This is because virtually all music created for music libraries is done on a work for hire basis. Production music is therefore a very convenient medium for media producers — they can be assured that they will be able to license any piece of music in the library at a reasonable rate.Production music libraries will typically offer a broad range of musical styles and genres, enabling producers and editors to find much of what they need in the same library. Music libraries vary in size from a few hundred tracks up to many thousands. The first production music library was setup by De Wolfe in 1927 with the advent of sound in film, the company originally scored music for use in silent film.[20] Another music library was set up by Ralph Hawkes of Boosey & Hawkes Music Publishers in the 1930s.[21] APM, the largest US library, has over 250,000 tracks.[22]

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[edit] Independent specialist original soundtrack recording labels1M1 Records Digitmovies AE Film Score Monthly Milan Records Prometheus Records Trunk Records Varèse Sarabande [edit] See also

film portal

List of film score composers AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores Musivisual Language [edit] References^ Savage, Mark. "Where Are the New Movie Themes?" BBC, 28 July 2008. ^ Bebe Barron: Co-composer of the first electronic film score, for 'Forbidden Planet' - Obituaries, News - The Independent ^ Film scoring ^ 2001 A Space Odyssey - Original soundtrack by Alex North, commissioned but unused by Stanley Kubrick, conducted by Jerry Goldsmith ^ BBC - Easy Listening and Soundtracks Review - Original Soundtrack, 2001: A Space Odyssey ^ SoundtrackNet: Torn Curtain Soundtrack ^ SoundtrackNet: Article - Gabriel Yared's Troy ^ Music on Film:: News:: Article in Variety about James Newton Howard's King Kong score ^ The Bourne Identity ^ Amazon.com: From Score To Screen: Sequencers, Scores And Second ThoughtsThe New Film Scoring Process: Sonny Kompanek: Books ^ The Creators ^ SoundtrackNet: The Good, The Bad and The Ugly Soundtrack ^ Home Recording Glossary: Click Track ^ leitmotif - Definition from the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary ^ http://www.trell.org/wagner/starwars.html ^ The Functions of Film Music ^ About The Film Music Society ^ Cooke, Mervyn (2008). A History of Film Music. New York: Cambridge University Press. [citation needed] ^ Cooke, Mervyn (2008). A History of Film Music. New York: Cambridge University Press. [citation needed] ^ De Wolfe, Warren (1988). de wolfe millennium catalogue. London: De Wolfe Music.  ^ Wallace, Helen (2007). Boosey & Hawkes The Publishing Story. London: B&H London. ISBN 9780851625140. [citation needed] ^ "PRWeb July 2007". http://www.prweb.com/releases/2007/07/prweb539516.htm. Retrieved 2007-07-20.  [edit] External links

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Film Scores on imeem FilmScoreComposers.com Magazine The Film Music Society The Journal of Film Music Film Music on the Web Film Music Articles Film Music Review Filmtracks Movie Wave The Three Regimes, a Theory of Film Music www.robertspande.com Most Prolific Composers list at the Internet Movie Database Music/Film Scoring has a practical look at film scoring (from the Movie Making Manual of WikiBooks) UnderScores: Musique de Film (French), everything about film music: news, reviews, interviews and portraits of composers, scores analysis, unreleased scores, picture/music relation analysis... Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_score"Categories: Album types | Film scoresHidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from November 2009 | Articles with unsourced statements from August 2007 | Miscellaneous articles needing expert attention | Articles needing expert attention from November 2008 | All articles needing expert attention | Articles needing additional references from June 2008 | All articles needing additional references | All articles with specifically-marked weasel-worded phrases | Articles with specifically-marked weasel-worded phrases from April 2009 | Articles with unsourced statements from April 2009 | NPOV disputes from December 2007 | All NPOV disputesViewsArticle Discussion Edit this page History Personal toolsTry Beta Log in / create account

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