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Research in the line
of
Higher Education Commission (HEC)
Index Servicing
Dr. Ayub MeharDirector General
The Federation of Pakistan Chambers of Commerce & Industry (FPCCI)
Karachi: Jinnah University for Women
March 28th , 2009
Share of Knowledge-based Products in Global Trade
TYPE OF COMMODITY Twenty
years
ago
Now
High Technology 11% 22%
Medium Technology 22% 32%
Low Technology 21% 18%
Resource Based 11% 11%
Other Primary Goods 34% 13%
Miscellaneous 1% 4%
Innovation’s Phases Wave Period Inventions
First Wave 1785-1845 Water Power; Textiles; Iron
Second Wave 1845-1900 Steam Rail, Steel.
Third Wave 1900-1950 Electricity, Chemicals, Internal combustion Engine
Fourth Wave 1950-1990 Petrochemicals, Electronics, Aviation
Fifth Wave 1990-2020 Digital Networks, Software,New Media.
Research Environment
Entrance Requirement
Economy Size &
Structure
Political Security, Efficiency & Influences
Corporate Ethics, Accountability &
Management Structure
Investment
Financial Resources(Savings)
Quality of Faculty and
Students
Higher Education &
Training
Innovations and Knowledge Creation
Corporate & Political
Governances
Technological Readiness
Business Sophistication
Business Competitiveness
Links Between Corporate & Political Governances, Higher Education and Business Competitiveness(Simultaneity in the Model)
Economic Development and Knowledge Based Activities
Country GDP
($bill.)
Exports
($ billion)
Expenditures
for R & D (% of GDP)
Researchers
in R & D per
million people
Scientific
& Technica
l Journals Articles
Royalties Received($ Million)
2006 2000-05 2006
Egypt 107 13 0.19 493 1,658 138
France 2248 490 2.13 3320 30309 6230
Germany 2896 1112 2.5 3242 44145 5888
India 912 120 0.61 119 14608 112
Israel 140 46 4.95 1613 6309 596
Japan 4368 650 3.18 5294 55471 20096
Malaysia 151 161 0.63 509 615 26
Pakistan 127 17 0.43 80 492 53
Turkey 403 85 0.67 469 7815 0
United King. 2377 448 1.75 2706 45572 13588
United Stat. 13164 1038 2.68
4605205320 62378
Share of Knowledge-based Products in Global Trade
• Knowledge-based technology has the largest share in world trade basket.
• Scientific development is an outcome of the knowledge-creating activities in the universities. This scientific development produces innovations, inventions and technological advancements. If a country wants to achieve the higher growth targets, it will have to create the links between academic institutions, industrial units, and economic planning.
• Innovation is the final output of academic research. The most important step in creating a research and innovation environment is to promote higher education and research activities in academia.
Modeling the Economic Development
• Economic growth is considered as the blackest of the many black boxes in economics. However, the common ingredient for the higher growth is the innovations and new technology.
• In fact, the sources of competitive strength are never constant for long. The sustainability in knowledge creating activities leads the economic development through inventions and technological advancement. America's success has been sustained because of the harmonization between academia, industrial management and macro economic policy making.
Transformation of Knowledge into Economic Profits
• Economic growth, technological advancement, scientific development, knowledge creating activities and academic research are jointly determined factors. The academic research is ultimately transformed into economic growth.
• If we want to achieve the higher growth targets, we will to develop the linkages between the academic institutions, industrial units and economic planning.
• The dependency of economic development on academic research, innovations and technological advancement has multi dimensional linkages and inter-dependency between the availability of fiscal resources and accelerated marketable technological advancement.
Transformation of Knowledge into Economic Profits (Cont..)
• Average return on successful innovations was 56 % as compared to the 7 % average return on normal business activities all over the world during the last 30 years. (Ref: Stanford University)
• The creation and utilization of knowledge is the key element to promote the technological advancement and as well economic development.
• First, the ideas are submitted in the universities, where scientists, researchers, or economists test and verify the originality and usefulness of those ideas. Out of 300 submitted ideas, one hundred are converted only into small projects at the research institutes of the universities and only eight ideas are reached at the stage of large projects. The industrialists and large business organizations provide funds for research for those projects to get the research outcomes for commercialization.
• (Ref: Economic Intelligence Unit, London)
Final Equation of the Knowledge Based-Growth Model
To accelerate the economic growth and to develop the meaningful relations with the industry, university faculties have to find the new technologies. They have to create new ideas; they have to formulate new theories and procedures. All of those are the parts and elements of the knowledge creating activities.
• Pakistan was one the 162 countries which contributed less than 2 percent of the research papers in total (0.08 percent). Japan was in the fourth rank and India was 22nd. The deterioration in economics and technology is a natural
consequence of this phenomenon.
Missing Links in Pakistani Scenario
Cont..
• Academia in Pakistan has failed to develop linkages with the industry and there is no sign of creativity of knowledge to develop the industrial and trade activities.
One can find at least three missing links in the system of higher education in Pakistan:
1. First missing link can be observed between the strategy for promotion of research culture and the curriculum. The policy for the development of academic research and the system of examinations work in opposite directions. The system emphasizes the memorization of texts and mechanical use of the concepts and formulas. This problem was created because of the stereotype lectures and the extensive
use of the study guides and short notes. Cont..
2. The second missing link is the disconnection of research degrees with knowledge creation. The system checks only the ritual requirements. It cannot verify the objectivity, originality and acceptability of research work. Such degrees will increase the number of PhD degree holders only. They cannot create knowledge for economic development.
3. Third missing link is between the academic research and economic development. To convert the knowledge into economic development, universities lead (do not follow) the industry. It is a notable difference between the role of higher education and vocational education that higher education institutions lead the industries because they work for future. They innovate, invent and develop the new products, process and systems with the help of new ideas and knowledge advancement. While, vocational education supplies the workers and qualified professionals for the existing system.
Pakistan’s Competitiveness in the World (Ranking)
Country Technology Index
Public Institution
s Index
Global Competiti
veness Index
Higher education
and training
Business Competitiv
e Index
Pakistan 87 74 101 123 73
China 62 55 46 64 47
India 63 53 55 63 30
Korea 9 41 29 12 24
Malaysia 27 38 31 35 23
Thailand 43 45 34 51 37
Brazil 42 50 57 58 38
Turkey 52 63 66 72 52
Finland 3 3 1 1 2
USA 1 21 2 5 1
From Ideas to Marketing
STAGE ACTIVITY QUANTUM OF ACTIVITIES
1st Step Unwritten Raw Ideas 3000
2nd Step Ideas Submitted for Publications
300
3rd Step Small projects 100
4th Step Large Developments 8
5th Step Major Developments 4
6th Step Launches 2
7th Step Success 1
DISSEMINATION PROCESS
Sources of Information for Required Topics :
Newspapers,
Magazines &
Industry/Trade Journal
Observations /
Data Sources
Text Books
(For previous Knowledge,
techniques & methods
Academic / Referred Journals (original / primary & applied
research)
Professional Journals
Abstract Journals (e.g. JEL, ECONLIT)
Citation Indexes (e.g. ISI, REPEC )
Impact Factor, Ranking of the
Institutions
COUNTRY INDICATORS
S.No.
CountryDocumen
ts
Citable Document
sCites
Self-Cites
Cites per Doc.
H inde
x
1 United States 172,662 165,016877,7
65467,835 5.43 143
2United Kingdom
60,691 57,808251,4
08109,211 4.92 90
3 Canada 22,343 21,63297,97
325,620 5.23 76
4 Australia 17,139 16,62361,03
117,157 4.38 50
5 Germany 15,406 14,93944,98
412,871 3.37 59
6 Netherlands 10,954 10,66350,53
913,575 5.65 60
7 France 10,449 10,14625,98
86,831 3.03 44
8 China 6,444 6,393 8,786 4,105 2.57 30
9 Japan 6,085 5,99115,46
04,368 3.08 33
10 Spain 5,639 5,56716,12
94,416 3.98 35
11 India 4,560 4,415 7,114 2,170 1.85 25
12 Pakistan 706 616 952 306 1.77 14
Retrieved from: http://www.scimagojr.com. SCImago Research Group, Copyright 2007. Data Source: Scopus®
List Ranking methods by IDEAS
S.No. Ranking Methods
1 NbWorks: Number of Works
2 DNbWorks: Number of Distinct Works
3 ScWorks: Number of Distinct Works, Weighted by Simple Impact Factor
4 WScWorks: Number of Distinct Works, Weighted by Recursive Impact Factor
5 ANbWorks: Number of Distinct Works, Weighted by Number of Authors
6AScWorks: Number of Distinct Works, Weighted by Number of Authors and Simple Impact Factors
7AWScWorks: Number of Distinct Works, Weighted by Number of Authors and Recursive Impact Factors
8 NbCites: Number of Citations
9 DCites: Number of Citations, Discounted by Citation Age
10 ScCites: Number of Citations, Weighted by Simple Impact Factor
11DScCites: Number of Citations, Weighted by Simple Impact Factor, Discounted by Citation Age
12 WScCites: Number of Citations, Weighted by Recursive Impact Factor
13WDScCites: Number of Citations, Weighted by Recursive Impact Factor, Discounted by Citation Age
14 ANbCites: Number of Citations, Weighted by Number of Authors
15ADCites: Number of Citations, Weighted by Number of Authors, Discounted by Citation Age
16AScCites: Number of Citations, Weighted by Number of Authors and Simple Impact Factors
Cont…..
S.No. Ranking Methods
17ADScCites: Number of Citations, Weighted by Number of Authors and Simple Impact Factors, Discounted by Citation Age
18AWScCites: Number of Citations, Weighted by Number of Authors and Recursive Impact Factors
19AWDScCites: Number of Citations, Weighted by Number of Authors and Recursive Impact Factors, Discounted by Citation Age
20 HIndex: h, where author has written h papers that have each been cited at least h times
21 NCAuthors: Number of Registered Citing Authors
22RCAuthors: Number of Registered Citing Authors, Weighted by Rank (Max. 1 per Author)
23 NbPages: Number of Journal Pages
24 ScPages: Number of Journal Pages, Weighted by Simple Impact Factor
25 WScPages: Number of Journal Pages, Weighted by Recursive Impact Factor
26 ANbPages: Number of Journal Pages, Weighted by Number of Authors
27AScPages: Number of Journal Pages, Weighted by Number of Authors and Simple Impact Factors
28AWScPages: Number of Journal Pages, Weighted by Number of Authors and Recursive Impact Factors
29 AbsViews: Number of Abstract Views in RePEc Services over the past 12 months
30 Downloads: Number of Downloads through RePEc Serices over the past 12 months
31AAbsViews: Number of Abstract Views in RePEc Services over the past 12 months, Weighted by Number of Authors
32ADownloads: Number of Downloads through RePEc Serices over the past 12 months, Weighted by Number of Authors
List Ranking methods by IDEAS
Countries and States Ranking by IDEAS
Cont…..
Rank
Country or State
Score
Nb Work
s
DNb Work
s
Sc Work
s
WSc Work
s
ANb Work
s
ASc Work
s
AWSc Work
s
Nb Cite
s
D Cite
s
Sc Cite
s
1Massachusetts (United States)
1.35 8 8 2 1 7 1 1 1 1 1
2United Kingdom
1.73 1 1 1 3 1 2 3 2 2 3
3California (United States)
2.58 5 6 3 2 4 3 2 3 3 2
4New York (United States)
4.34 9 10 4 4 8 4 4 4 4 4
5Illinois (United States)
6.1 14 14 7 5 13 6 5 5 5 5
6 Germany 6.96 2 2 10 10 2 9 10 8 7 12
7
District of Columbia (United States)
7.19 10 11 8 7 11 8 7 6 6 6
8 Canada 7.45 7 7 5 6 6 5 6 9 10 10
9 France 7.68 4 4 6 9 5 7 9 7 8 9
10 Italy 8.28 3 3 9 11 3 10 12 10 9 11
55 India53.5
147 45 56 55 39 53 53 61 61 63
82 Pakistan82.8
573 73 91 78 71 89 78 87 95 89
Countries and States Ranking by IDEAS
Cont…..
Country or State
DSc Cites
WSc Cites
WDSc
Cites
ANb Cites
AD Cites
ASc Cites
ADSc Cites
AWSc
Cites
AWDSc Cites
H Inde
x
Inca thors
RCAu thors
Massachusetts (United States)
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1
United Kingdom
3 4 3 3 2 3 3 4 3 2 1 2
California (United States)
2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 3
New York (United States)
4 3 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 4 4 4
Illinois (United States)
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 5
Germany 9 12 11 7 7 11 11 11 11 6 8 9
District of Columbia (United States)
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 8 5 6
Canada 10 9 10 8 9 9 9 9 9 16 10 8
France 8 10 8 10 8 10 10 10 10 11 7 7
Italy 12 11 12 11 10 12 12 12 12 9 9 10
India 62 61 64 60 60 61 60 62 62 60 61 61
Pakistan 93 89 93 88 93 90 93 91 93 111 93 92
Countries and States Ranking by IDEAS
Country or State
Nb Page
s
Sc Page
s
WSc Page
s
ANb Page
s
ASc Page
s
AWSc Page
s
Abs View
s
Down loads
AAbs View
s
ADown loads
Massachusetts (United States)
3 2 1 3 2 1 2 2 2 2
United Kingdom
1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1
California (United States)
2 3 3 2 3 3 4 4 3 3
New York (United States)
7 4 4 5 4 4 7 6 6 5
Illinois (United States)
13 5 5 13 5 5 13 13 13 12
Germany 6 12 12 6 11 12 3 3 4 4
District of Columbia (United States)
11 8 8 11 8 8 10 9 9 8
Canada 4 6 6 4 6 6 9 10 8 10
France 8 7 7 8 7 7 6 7 7 7
Italy 5 9 10 7 9 10 5 5 5 6
India 53 58 60 53 57 59 38 39 30 30
Pakistan 75 91 90 77 90 91 61 60 57 55
Research Output from Pakistan
S.No. InstitutionPublications
In 2007Publications
In 2008
Universities
1 Quaid-e-AzamUniversity 409 544
2 University of Karachi 276 419
3 Aga Khan University 186 311
4 University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 252 310
5 University of The Punjab 162 278
6 Govt. College University 97 154
7 COMSATS Institute of Information Technology 92 149
8 University of Sargodha 38 115
9 University of Sind, Jamshoro 59 105
10 University of Peshawar 77 97
11 Bahauddin Zakariya University 50 92
12 National University of Science & Technology 48 92
13 University of Arid Agriculture 49 87
14 University of Engineering & Technology, Lahore 38 55
15 DOW University of Health Sciences 11 49
16 GIK Institute of Engineering Science & Technology 16 46
17 University of Baluchistan 28 40
18 Islamia University 22 40
19 NWFP Agricultural University 20 29
20 Lahore University of Management Sciences 19 27 Cont…
Research Output from Pakistan
S. No. Institution
PublicationsIn
2007
PublicationsIn 2008
21 University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences 11 26
22 Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science &
Technology 07 26
23 Gomal University 12 24
24 Ziauddin Medical University 07 24
25 King Edward Medical University 12 23
26 Kohat University of Science & Technology 06 23
27 Baqai Medical University 11 22
28 International Islamic University 05 21
29 Lahore College for Women University 07 19
30 Sindh Agriculture University 12 18
31 University of Science & Technology, Bannu 06 18
32 Hazara University NONE 17
33 University of Azad Jammu & Kashmir 13 15
34 University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila 13 15
35 University of Health Sciences 05 14
36 Allama Iqbal Open University 09 12
37 ISRA University 05 11
38 Shah Abdul Latif University 05 11
39 Foundation University 04 11
40 Khyber Medical University 04 11
Cont…
S.No. InstitutionPublications
In 2007Publications
In 2008
41 Fatima Jinnah Women University 03 11
42 National Textile University 03 11
43 NED University of Engineering & Technology 08 10
44 NWFP University of Engineering & Technology, Peshawar 06 10
45 Mohammad Ali Jinnah University 09 09
46 Liaquat University of Medical & Health Sciences 06 09
47 University of Malakand 06 09
48 Hamdard University 05 09
49 Islamia College University, Peshawar 03 07
50 Air University 02 07
51 Mehran University of Engineering & Technology NONE 07
52 Jinnah University for Women 05 06
53 Bahria University NONE 04
54 National University of Computer & Emerging Sciences (FAST) 07 03
55 Sir Syed University of Engineering & Technology 04 03
Cont…
Research Output from Pakistan
Research Output from Pakistan
S.No. InstitutionPublications
In 2007Publications
In 2008
56 University of Lahore 04 03
57 Riphah International University NONE 03
58 Forman Christian College University NONE 03
59 University of Education 03 02
60Baluchistan University of Information Technology, Engineering
& Management Sciences NONE 02
61 Gandhara University NONE 02
62 IQRA University NONE 02
63 Lasbela University of Agriculture Water & Marine Sciences NONE 02
64 Beacon house National University NONE 01
65 Institute of Business Administration, Karachi NONE 01
66 Karakoram International University NONE 01
67 Sardar Bahadur Khan Women University NONE 01
68 University of Management & Technology NONE 01
Cont…
S.No. InstitutionPublication
sIn 2007
PublicationsIn 2008
Other Institutions
1 Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology 106 171
2 Pakistan Council for Scientific & Industrial Research 38 110
3 National Agriculture Research Center 79 81
4 Pakistan Institute of Engineering &Applied Sciences 54 73
5 Nuclear Institute of Agriculture & Biology, Faisalabad 41 60
6 National Institute of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering
49 55
7 Combined Military Hospital 15 53
8 Pakistan Institute of Medical Science 11 31
9 Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Center 12 27
10 Nuclear Institute of Agriculture, Tandojam 14 20
11 Children’s Hospital & Institute of Child Health 09 18
12 National Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology 11 17
13 Pakistan Agriculture Research Council 07 17
14 Abdus Salam School of Mathematical Sciences NONE 17
15 Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission 15 16
16 Shifa College of Medicine 09 16
17 Armed Forces Institute of Pathology 07 16
18 Liaquat National Hospital Karachi 09 15
19 Nuclear Institute for Food & Agriculture, Peshawar 12 14
20 Lady Reading Hospital Peshawar 05 14
Research Output from Pakistan
Cont…
Research Output from Pakistan
Cont…
S.No. InstitutionPublication
sIn 2007
Publications
In 2008
21 Allama Iqbal Medical College 03 14
22 Civil Hospital Karachi 10 12
23 Institute of Molecular Sciences & Bioinformatics 09 12
24 Army Medical College 04 12
25 Shamim Feed Industries, Bahawalpur 12 11
26 Pakistan Museum of Natural History 11 11
27 Fauji Foundation Hospital 06 11
28 Sheikh Zayed Postgraduate Medical Institute NONE 11
29 Khyber Teaching Hospital 08 10
30 Military Hospital ,Rawalpindi 05 10
31 Pakistan Medical Research Council 04 10
32 Armed Forces Bone Marrow Transplant Center 04 09
33 Geological Survey of Pakistan 10 08
34 Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital & Research
Center 07 08
35 Sindh Institute of Urology & Transplantation 05 08
36 Lahore Medical & Dental College 04 08
37 Fatima Jinnah Medical College 02 08
38 Rawalpindi Medical College 02 08
39 National Institute of Health 11 07
40 Mayo Hospital, Lahore 08 07
Research Output from Pakistan
Cont…
S.No. InstitutionPublicatio
nsIn 2007
Publications
In 2008
41 Shalamar Hospital 03 07
42 Sir Ganga Ram Hospital 03 07
43 Karachi Medical & Dental College 00 07
44 Rawalpindi General Hospital 02 06
45 Holy Family Hospital NONE 06
46 Govt. Degree College for Science & Commerce, Gulshan-e-Iqbal, Karachi
NONE 06
47 Central Cotton Research Institute, Faisalabad 08 05
48 Jinnah Hospital Lahore 06 05
49 National Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases, Karachi 05 05
50 Punjab Institute of Cardiology 04 05
51 Institute of Nuclear MedicineandOncology,Lahore 02 05
52 Pakistan Institute of Community Opthalmology, Peshawar 02 05
53 National Institute for Child Health 03 05
54 Lahore General Hospital NONE 05
55 Armed Forces Institute of Rehab. Medicine NONE 05
56 SUPARCO 04 04
57 Institute of Space Technology NONE 04
58 Chandka Medical College NONE 04
59 Nishtar Medical College NONE 04
60 Punjab Medical College NONE 04
Research Output from Pakistan
Cont…
S.No. InstitutionPublicatio
nsIn 2007
Publications
In 2008
61 Lyari General Hospital NONE 04
62 College of Physicians & Surgeons Pakistan NONE 04
63 Services Institute of Medical Sciences, Lahore NONE 04
64 Adamjee Govt .Science College, Karachi 03 03
65 Center for Advanced Studies in Engineering 02 03
66 FederalGovt.PostGraduateCollegeH-8,Islamabad 02 03
67 Al-Shifa Trust Eye Hospital 02 03
68 Sexual Health Institute Pakistan, Lahore 02 03
69 Wah Medical College NONE 03
70 POF Hospital NONE 03
71 Services Hospital. Lahore 02 03
72 Institute of Psychiatry NONE 03
73 Lahore Institute of Research & Development NONE 03
74 Govt. Postgraduate Jahanzeb College, Saidu Sharif, Swat NONE 03
75 Bahawal Victoria Hospital NONE 03
Research Output from Pakistan
S.No. InstitutionPublicatio
nsIn 2007
Publications
In 2008
76 Abbasi Shaheed Hospital, Karachi NONE 03
77 Allied Hospital, Faisalabad NONE 03
78 Bolan Medical College 04 02
79 Dawood College of Engineering & Technology 02 02
80 National College of Arts NONE 02
81 National College of Business Administration & Economics NONE 02
82 Ayub Teaching Hospital, Abbotabad NONE 02
83 Armed Forces Institute of Urology NONE 02
84 Ayza Skin & Research Center, Lalamusa NONE 02
85 AZM Hospital, Sargodha NONE 02
86 Institute of Business & Technology BIZTEK NONE 01
87 Kinnaird College for Women NONE 01
88 Bannu Medical College NONE 01