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Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Introduction
The first chapter of the research facilitates researchers by providing fundamental details
regarding the present study. The chapter introduces the topic and issues on which the study is
based. For this reason, this chapter is symbolized as an introductory chapter which delineate
the significant features which the researcher aspires to undertake while accomplishing the
following research. In the context of the present study the researcher aspires to investigate the
perceptions possessed by parents and communities regarding the importance of English
language in primary and middle schools within the vicinity of Faisalabad, akistan. This
particular study will serve as a base for investigation of school development in Faisalabad,
akistan because no prior study up till now has attempted to explore the school!based issues.
This particular research will be the first study that in"uires about the erception of arents
and #ommunities about the importance of English $anguage in rimary and %iddle schoolsof Faisalabad, akistan. In order to achieve the schema of the present study, this chapter
amalgamates the research ob&ectives, the scope of the study and other important details which
would enable the researcher to develop the fruitful study.
1.2 Context of the Study
$anguage is considered as one of the important instrument that plays a significant role in the
development of an individual. In the view of %c#aleb '()*+ pp. )-, the proficiency in terms
of language empowers an individual to establish effective communication. The clarity within
communication enables an individual to share the thoughts with other people residing withinthe certain vicinity. ccording to $eung, /avison and %ohan '()*0 pp. 012-, language is
correlated with the culture of the person, along with this language refers to the tool which
stimulates the process of communication that ultimately leads towards the sharing of the
ideas and thoughts. In the view of 3a"uedano!$opez, lexander, and 4ernandez '()*+ pp.
*05!*6(-, the importance of learning foreign languages in developing countries has increased
with the passage of time7 this is because of the transformation of the world into global
village. s mentioned by %c#aleb '()*+ pp. )-, English is one of such language which is
used as a universal language, which is spoken and understood across the globe. Therefore, it
is believed that learning of foreign language is stimulated with the help of class room support
which enables the students to learn a certain language in the context of its social relationship.
In the view of #hen, 4ua, 8hou, Tao, $ee, $y and %ain '()*0 pp. *65-, the emergence of
globalization has made the multilingual approach of an individual mandatory, which
ultimately leads an individual to become more competitive in the fiercely competitive
business world.
$earning the second language in class rooms allows an individual to communicate with the
fellow students and teachers, this intra!classroom interactions adds a substantial amount of
value in the development of confidence within the students 'Evans and #leghorn, ()*0 pp.
)*!*5-. This means that interactive sessions conducted within the class rooms enable anindividual to incorporate the aspect of proficiency and fluency within the learned language.
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ccording to %c#aleb '()*+ pp. )-, the management of the schools and colleges plays a
significant role in the success of such second language learning programs as it is their
responsibility to encourage students to the speak English language in the classrooms.
s mentioned by $eung, /avison and %ohan '()*0 pp. 012-, the environment in which an
individual resides also plays a significant role in making children learn a particular language7
this is because facilitative environment motivates an individual to speak second language
rather than the native language. In addition to this, the methods employed by the management
of the schools also plays an important role in making a child learn a particular language other
than native language. s mentioned by ennycook '()*0 pp. 01-, the establishment of
English medium culture across the schools enables the management of the primary and
middle schools to deploy healthy working environment. Therefore, it can be analyzed that
unplanned learning is better than planned learning. s the unplanned learning encompasses
the development of certain skills without any conscious awareness of the learner, this
unplanned learning facilitates the learner to ac"uire certain skill without making an extraeffort. s mentioned by 3a"uedano!$opez, lexander, and 4ernandez '()*+ pp. *05!*6(-,
the development of an individual greatly depends upon the ability possessed by a person
regarding grasping of the particular knowledge. 4owever, the interest level of the learner
works as a stimulator which inclines an individual towards certain domain or sub&ect.
s mentioned by Tollefson, and Tsui '()*0 pp. *65!(*0-, parents and societal beliefs also
influence the academic performance of a child. This motivation derived from parents adds a
substantial value in the development of confidence within the learner. The world is
transforming into the highly diversified region, therefore learning the second language has
turned out to be one of the necessities of the present day world. In the view of ennycook
'()*0 pp. 01-, parent engagement within child academics allows the children to learn more
effectively, as the creation of facilitative environment at homes provides an additional
opportunity for the students in a context of learning. s stated by Engestrom '()*0 pp. 2!
52-, the theory of learning represents the framework which emphasizes the process through
which certain knowledge is absorbed by an individual. The behaviourism theory focuses on
the learning carried forward by an individual through observable behaviour. In the view of
9imonson and 8vacek '()*0 pp. *(-, the behaviourism approach of learning primarily beliefs
that people learn more in a system in which certain response is exerted by an individual upon
some stimulus. s far as learning of the second language is concerned the unplanned learningencompasses the behaviouristic approach. :n the other hand, the cognitive perspective
represents that learning ac"uired by an individual refers to the mental process which entails
the involvement of individual perceptions, decision!making ability along with the "uality of
memory. This theory reflects that the entire process of communication and learning
encompasses the neurological process in which the efficiency of decoding the encoded
message enhances the "uality of learning. In the view of 3a"uedano!$opez, lexander, and
4ernandez '()*+ pp. *05!*6(- the societal learning model represents that maximum
knowledge is ac"uired by an individual when learning takes place in small groups. The social
constructivism approach portrays that an individual is able to grasp maximum knowledge
when taught in groups. Therefore, through the analysis of the above!mentioned discussion it
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is "uite evident that perception of the parents and the community are significant in making an
individual to learn the second language effectively. In addition to this, the learning models
also represent various schools of thoughts regarding the ac"uisition and utilization of
knowledge by an individual. In the context of the present study the utilization of the above!
mentioned learning models would enable the researcher to extract maximum the insightsregarding the perceptions of parents and the society upon the adoption of English language
within the primary and middle schools.
1.3 Aim of the Research
ccording to 4air ;r,
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The auxiliary research "uestions are?
*.
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C Chapter ': (ata Ana&ysis? The chapter of data analysis entails the procedures
adopted by the researcher to analyze the gathered data. This chapter enables the researcher to
compute results ac"uired through the collected data.
C Chapter ): Conc&usions and Recommendations:The final chapter of the research
includes the overall findings of the research. 4owever, this chapter also includes the
recommendations proposed by the researcher in according to the findings accumulated
through data analysis.
1.1* Chapter Summary
The analysis of the entire chapter reveals that this study aspires to articulate upon the impacts
of the perceptions of the parents and the society regarding the adoption of English language
within primary and middle schools of Faisalabad. Furthermore, this chapter highlights the
step by step approach the employed by the researcher in order to accomplish this study. In
addition to this, the chapter also includes research ob&ectives and "uestions which enables the
researcher to develop an organized study. 4owever, the outline of the entire dissertation is
also portrayed in this chapter which highlights the line of action utilized by the researcher for
the successful completion of the study. In addition to this, the chapter also includes the
background of the study which enables the researcher to provide brief theoretical foundations
regarding the chosen topic. ccording to the research outline mentioned above, literature
review chapter will be added after completing the introduction section of the dissertation. The
next chapter will explore the theoretical and academic relevance of research ob&ectives
developed earlier through assessing them under the light of past studies.
Chapter 2: "iterature Re#ie$
2.1 Introduction
The literature review is second chapter in the process of a particular dissertation or research
pro&ect. The literature review involves analysis and evaluation of findings related to past
research studies. Therefore, this study has taken into account the concepts and theories that
have included in past studies to understand the between variable of study. The concept of
parent involvement has been thoroughly discussed in this literature review. Furthermore,
there are different types of parental perceptions regarding English language education thathave been covered in this chapter. It has been examined during process of literature review
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that community makes a ma&or contribution in childrenDs efforts to learn English language.
dditionally, this literature review has highlighted the importance of English language in
primary and middle schools. %oreover, it has covered the significance to learn English
language. Finally the perceptions and views of parents and communities have been evaluated
to ac"uire English language skills by children.
2.1 +arenta& In#oement
s described by 4afiz, Tehsin, %alik, %uhammad and %uhammad '()*+ pp. ()5!((+-, the
involvement of parents varies on the basis of culture of a particular society. It has been said
that the parental involvement fall into different categories that has ma&or impact on
performance and development of their children. The expectations of parents from their
children influence performance of their children. The parental involvement involves a variety
of activities such as to support children in reading and writing. Furthermore, it includes
motivating and encouraging children to achieve their academic tasks without any dependency
on others. The parents monitor and supervise various activities of their children that includes
in!house and outhouse tasks. The parents teach their children to enhance their knowledge and
skills on a wide range of sub&ects.
s stated by ;eynes '()) pp. 6(!**)- the perception of parents regarding child education has
become an indispensible part in learning and development of child. It is examined in a
research study that positive relationship exists between the involvement of parents and
childrenDs educational success. The relationship is found to possess highly strong during the
years of secondary school. It is evaluated in another research that parental involvement and
childrenDs performance is inconsistent with each other. arents= perception is effective increating an environment for children at home as well as at school. The parental involvement
is highly associated to children achievement in terms of learning language. The involvement
of parents can be classified into different ma&or categories7 these are parent=s responsibilities
in home activities, parent=s responsibilities in academic tasks either direct or indirect.
s described by /riessen, 9mit, and 9leegers '())1 pp. 1)5!1+(-7 %elhuish, han, 9ylva,
9ammons, 9ira&3latchford and Taggart, '())6 pp. 51!**0-, the involvement of parents has a
ma&or role in the tasks of children in school. Therefore parents engage in the communication
with teachers to analyze performance of their children. Furthermore, they evaluate
attendance of regulatory of children in a school. The parents check academic reports of theirchildren and examine reason behind their good and bad performance. There are parents who
are worried about extracurricular activities of their children. ccording to the view of parents,
extracurricular activities play a ma&or role in the learning of their children. The parents have
become highly active related to the performance of their children due to the high competition
in schools.
2.2 ,heories of +arenta& In#oement
s described by Areen,
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schools. The parent involvement is divided into different categories that include parenting,
volunteering, communicating, 4ome learning, decision making, and community
collaboration.
2.2.1 +arentin!
s ascertained by 4ill and Tyson '())5 pp. 0)-, the concept of parenting suggests creating a
co!operation between parents and schools. It helps parents to gather information related to
their children in terms of their academic means. Furthermore, teachers also need to
understand and analyze the different aspects of children in terms of family life. The
administration and teachers has to ensure that parents get appropriate and accurate
information with respect to their children academic performance. 4ence it leads towards the
development of good behavior in children. It helps to enhance confidence of children in a
particular school. The co!operation between parents and schools increase awareness and
enables children to meet challenges. dditionally, the development in the perception of
parents facilitates in integrating innovative learning programs that later expands the
effectiveness of students= performance.
2.2.2 Communicatin!
ccording to Ariffin and 9teen '()*) pp. (*6!((2-, there are schools that have developed the
practice to arrange meetings and engage in extensive communication to parents with respect
to children educational development. The communication helps to resolve problems that
create hurdles in performance of children. The communication involves activities such as
parents!teachers meeting, school conferences etc. Therefore parents get to know the
weaknesses of children that need to be focused to improve. The communication channels
being used by the schools should be improved as the existing era is known to be of
advancements. %ost of the schools these days, focus on updating parents regarding child=s
progress through electronic channels.
2.2.3 -o&unteerin!
s stated by Epstein and 9anders '())2 pp. 6*!*()-, the relation with families can be strong
by providing options or chances to parents to participate as volunteer in the events and
activities of school. arents, who participate in school events becomes highly comfortable in
communication with children. The volunteer activities are more encouraged in primary
schools as compared to secondary schools. The volunteering has ma&or contribution in the
development of skills among children. arents are likely to appreciate efforts of children and
teachers in volunteering type. dditionally, teachers get able to identify children weakness
and provide attention to get over those hurdles. This monitoring practice contributes for the
child=s progress and performance. The teachers are able to explore the practices that will help
in reducing child=s weaknesses. It is essential for the schools to promote the volunteering
practice among children because it will benefit in increasing the students effectiveness and
performance which motivate them to excel in academics and education.
2.2.' ome "earnin!
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The parent=s involvements in the educational development of children highly occur at home.
The teachers need to identify about the learning of children that takes place at home strives to
capitalize upon it. The teachers are re"uired to enhance understanding of parents in terms of c
their children academic curriculum. Furthermore, teachers need to aware children with
respect to practices and systems that are followed in children. This type of parent=sinvolvement enables to reduce gap that exist between schools and families due to the
different cultures. Therefore, it is necessary that teachers provide detail to parents related to
learning process and activities in schools that help parents to positively contribute in
educational growth of their children. %oreover, the learning errands proposed for the students
should be reviewed at home as well since it helps in smoothing children=s concept regarding
the tasks. For this concern, parent=s perception re"uires to be increased as they are
responsible for their children=s learning interest and performance.
2.2.) (ecision %a/in!
s explained by /omina '())1 pp. ++!(05-, the parents take ma&or decision with respect to
the activities and education of children. The decisions are aim to enhance skills and
performance of their children. The benefits from this type of parental involvement are
increased awareness in families. Furthermore, it develops ownership and connection feelings
between parents and teachers. In addition, the perception of parents is also essential because
they are the decision makers of student=s educations. It is their responsibility to shape the
educational strategies for their children. The selection of an appropriate school helps in
reducing the parental stress regarding the decision making process of their child=s progress.
2.2.6 Community Co&&a0oration
ccording to Epstein '())1 pp. *1*!*)-, teachers and parents put efforts to organize
resources that are supportive in the education of children. The co!operation among parents,
teachers and society has a ma&or positive contribution in development and learning of
children. There are high learning opportunities for children by maintaining collaboration
among community, families and schools. The children increase their interaction with
communication that enhances their social skills.
2.3 ducation and Its Importance
s described by bdal, han, zhar, 9hahzad and mir '()*+ pp. 21-7 %emon '()) pp. 0!
11- education is considered as one of the activities to interact and socialize with society. It is
examined as one of the obligation of families in a particular society. Education contributes in
the "uality and growth of a specific economy and makes a positive contribution in the
achievement and career development of an individual person. It has been realized that success
of an economy is related to the level of education of society. The investment in education
sector of akistan is very adversely affects educational development of children. The
education is one of factors that are included in millennium development goals. The basic
level of education in akistan is very low that is not considered as good for a particular
society.
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s ascertained by halid and han '())2 pp. +)1!+((-7 azmi and uran '())1 pp. 5)!*)-,
there are various factors that affect the development and growth of children education in
provinces of akistan. The dropout or failure rate of children in the province of 3aluchistan is
high because parents are not educated. Furthermore, there are inade"uate facilities for
children in schools in the province of 3aluchistan. %oreover, there is no training that hasbeen provided to teachers in terms of providing education to children. The traditions, values
and customs of community creates hurdle in education of children and the income of their
children, therefore they cannot facilitate education. The developing countries such as
akistan, India, etc are re"uired to efficiently utilize resources that help to provide education
in primary and secondary schools. GBE9#: has emphasized the importance of education in
the development of children.
2.' Importance of n!&ish "an!ua!e
ccording to li, hmad, %anzoor and Baseer '()*0 pp. (*!++-, English language has
become necessary since the inception of English imperialism. The English language is
officially spoken in merica, ustralia, Indian sub!continent etc. The English language has
become a common platform of communication in the world. There are some countries that
do not adopt English language and are stick to their native language. The perception of
English language significance varies from country to country. The English language is
identified and spoken in every corner of the world that provides convenience to individuals
during travelling in different countries '#oleman, ()** pp. 5!(*7 Borton, ())2 pp. ((!++-.
The trade agreements, newspaper, &ournal articles are published in English language in
various countries.
ccording to 4ashwani '())6 pp. ()!(0-7 #ummins, 3ismilla, #how, #ohen, Aiampapa,
$eoni and 9astri '())1 pp. +6-7 Borton '())2 pp. ((!++-, the English language is commonly
used in different and industries over the world. The English language helps an individual to
stand and compete in a society. English has become the international language for
communication with individuals and business. The English language has enabled a person to
share and communicate their ideas and opinions with others in a society. The English has
become the compulsory sub&ect in higher education of akistan. Therefore, English language
in necessary is primary as well as secondary schools. It is identified in a research that
opinions of parents, teachers and communities are important with respect to the learning of
English language in primary and secondary schools.
2.) +arents +erception Re!ardin! n!&ish "earnin! of Chi&d
ccording to >owe, :zcaaliHkan and Aoldin!%eadow '())6 pp. *6(!*55-, the parents
accelerates the learning and development of English language of a child. If the parents are
well educated then it helps their children to learn and adopt English language easily. In
contrast to this, if parents have low educational background then they cannot support their
language in education and English language learning. The literate parents need to identify
level of learning of their children. Therefore, it helps them to incorporate the skills of English
language in their children. The parents with low educational level can hand over this
responsibility to teachers and mentors to help their children in learning of English language.
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The parents need to encourage their children to learn English language as it positively
contributes in educational development. The parents need to motivate their children with
respect to the learning of English language '#sizer and ormos, ())5 pp. 56!**5-.
Furthermore, parents need to aware with respect to the performance of their children. It help
parent to assess abilities of children with respect to the learning of a particular skill.
s stated by ugust, #arlo, /ressler and 9now '())1 pp. 1)!1-, parents have to spend
ample time with children to ade"uately guide them in learning English language. The parents
that provide positive feedback to children in learning lead towards building confidence in
them. The parents have to keep realistic expectation from their children to enhance their
language skills. The parents need to emphasize or appreciate the efforts of their children that
positively affect perception of children to learn English language. The parents need to put
efforts to enhance vocabulary of children and helps them to understand its uses in different
contexts. The development of good interpersonal relations between parents and children
positively helps to learn English language. The parents make proper planning that consist ofdifferent to enable a child to learn English language over time 'roctor, #arlo, ugust and
9now, ())1 pp. (02-. The opportunities need to be given to children by parents to learn
English language independently as well.
2.6 +erception of Communities in n!&ish "earnin! of Chi&d
s explained by ;anagara&ah '()) pp. 5(+!5+5-, the community is defined as boundaries
where child and individual grow up7 therefore it affects their learning process. The language
that is used in a particular community affects the process of English language learning of a
child. The communities consist of the relatives, friends, and other members of a society thathas consistent interaction with children. If English language in fre"uently used in particular
society then if affects development of a child. Every individual and child has a need to be
associated with other members7 therefore they adopt rules and practice that is followed in a
particular society. Therefore, if English language is commonly used by members of
community then it encourages children to learn a particular language. The community is
effective in enhancing motivational level of students. If community discourages children
efforts to learn English language then, they will not be able to get proficiency in it. The
community provides opportunities to children of real world to learn any language or skills.
The community helps to provide necessary tools to children to be easily to easily learn an
English language 'Aeva and aghoub8adeh, ())2 pp. +*!1-. The members of society
transfer their ac"uired information to children to build their skills in English language.
s described by Bystrand '())2 pp. +5(!0*(-, the "uality of learning English language is
dependent on the nature of interaction with society. The community helps children to make a
clear goal with regard to learning and development of English language. There are different
types of people who exist in a society and they play a different role in the learning of child.
There are some members that motivate and facilitate children to enhance their English
language learning skills. In contrast to this, there are individuals of community that
negatively affects the growth of a child to learn particular language skills. Therefore, it isconsidered as the responsibility of parents to enhance their relations with members that help
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children in their learning and growth '
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education is considered as important because it positively contributes in achievements of
children. The education is important because it helps to enhance confidence among
individuals. The education has become like basic necessity to survive and live in a society.
Furthermore, it is discussed in literature that English language has also become an
indispensible part of a particular individual or society. The significance of English languageis analyzed in a way that, it is used as a common language over the world. It is evaluated that
both parents and communities can encourage or discourage children to learn a particular
during the stages of primary and secondary schools. The third chapter will determine the
research methodology adopted for the completion of present study.
Chapter 3: Research %ethodo&o!y
3.1 Introduction
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The third chapter of the research encompasses the process and procedures utilized by the
researcher while accomplishing the particular study. This chapter undertakes the philosophy,
approach and strategy along with data analysis procedures employed by the researcher in
order to satisfy the predefined ob&ectives of the study. s the present study aspires to evaluate
the perceptions possessed by parents and the society regarding the adoption of Englishlanguage in primary and middle schools within the vicinity of Faisalabad the methodology of
the current research is mentioned as under
3.2 Research +hi&osophy
In context of the present study the researcher has utilized positivism as the research
paradigm. The reason behind using this philosophy for the study refers to the nature of the
study which reflects the study being "uantitative. In addition to this, the positivism enabled
the researcher to relay the analysis of the gathered "uantitative data on the basis of
mathematical findings. Therefore, the utilization of this philosophy empowers the researcher
to develop such fruitful study and satisfy the predefined ob&ectives of the study. 9aunders,
9aunders, $ewis and Thornhill '()** pp. 1- stated that selection of an appropriate research
philosophy represents the mindset of the researcher while analyzing the gathered data.
Thereby, using positivism philosophy permits the researcher to analyze the data without any
personal pre&udices and biasness
3.3 Research Approach
s the present study aspires to evaluate the perceptions of parents and society regarding the
adoption of English language in primary and middle schools, the researcher has chosen
inductive approach as research approach for the present study. The inductive research
approach facilitates the researcher to focus upon the areas of core importance in reference to
predefined research ob&ectives and "uestions. The theory formulated in this approach is based
upon the analysis and evaluations carried forward with the help of primary and secondary
data. 9aunders, 9aunders, $ewis and Thornhill '()** pp. 1- &ustified that the adoption of the
inductive research approach enables the researcher to test the gathered data after the
formulation of theory.
3.' Research (esi!n
In context of present study, the explanatory and descriptive research designs have been
adopted by the researcher, this is because both the research designs enabled the researcher to
investigate regarding the identified research problem in detail. Furthermore, the chosen
research design also facilitates the researcher by providing a multi dimensional picture
relating to the issue as it also undertakes the usage of secondary information. The study of
4air ;r,
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s far as the present research is concerned, survey strategy is used by the researcher in order
to gather the re"uired data. s the present study aspires to investigate the perceptions
possessed by parents and society regarding the adoption of English language in primary and
middle schools the survey strategy re"uires the circulation of the "uestionnaires amongst the
respondents of the study. In addition to this, the survey strategy also empowered theresearcher to analyze the gathered data with an ease, as this strategy "uantifies the responses
gathered from the respondents upon the established ranking scale. :n the other hand, the
adoption of other research strategies would have made the present study more complex and
time consuming. s expressed by 3ryman and 3ell '()*1 pp. 12- survey strategy refers to the
time effective approach deployed by the researcher in order to collect the data.
3.6 Sources of (ata Co&&ection
The source of data collection refers to all the resources through which the data has been
extracted by the researcher in order to satisfy the predefined goals and ob&ectives of the study.
In context of present research development of this research undertook the data from the
primary sources and well as from the secondary sources. The secondary sources of data
include all the information collected from the books, &ournal articles and certain online
sources. The secondary sources of data entail the refined information processed by the prior
researcher in the common domain. :n the other hand, the primary data utilized in this
research is accumulated with the help of the respondents of the study. The adoption of both
the data sources enabled the researcher to get the multi dimensional picture of the issue as the
secondary data reflects the point of view possessed by the prior researchers, whereas the
primary data portrays the perceptions of the respondents. ccording to 4air ;r,
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Faisalabad akistan. In addition to this, the sample constitutes of such individuals whose
children are studying in the chosen primary and middle schools. Those respondents involve
the parents and communities as they will give their perceptions regarding the current research
issue. The estimated sample is chosen with the help of non!probability sampling techni"ue
called convenience sampling as it has enabled the researcher to collect data with an easyapproach. Therefore, the names of the schools and the area from where the population and by
extension the sample is randomly derived as follows.
*. Aovernment Airls rimary 9chool in / Around
(. Aovernment 3oys rimary 9chool motorway colony
+. Aovernment 3oys Elementary 9chool, %illat Town
0. Aovernment Airls Elementary 9chool, Bishatabad
thica& Considerations
Ethical considerations refer to the essential part of the study. It is mandatory for the
researchers to consider all the ethical concerns while accomplishing the research. There are
three types of ethical considerations which include autonomy, anonymity and confidentiality
'9aunders, 9aunders, $ewis and Thornhill, ()** pp. 1-. eeping their importance in mind,
the researcher has assured that none of the ethical values are desecrated. Therefore the
secrecy of the private information of the respondents along with the freedom of speech refers
to the one of the concerns assured by the researcher.
3. (ata Ana&ysis
fter the collection of data, data analysis is carried forward by the researcher. In context of
present study, the researcher has utilized the statistical software called 999 in order to
evaluate the responses gathered from the respondents. The adoption of the statistical
instrument enabled the researcher to pursue sound analysis of the accumulated results. It has
involved the reliability statistics and graphical representation of the data with the help of
descriptive statistics. 4air ;r,
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carried forward with the help of 999. The upcoming section is named as data analysis
chapter in which collected information and data is analyzed and findings are interpreted. The
next chapter will explore the research results and findings.