Research Article Synthesis and Performance of an ...downloads.hindawi.com/journals/jchem/2013/437309.pdfResearch Article Synthesis and Performance of an Acrylamide Copolymer Containing

Hindawi Publishing CorporationJournal of ChemistryVolume 2013 Article ID 437309 10 pageshttpdxdoiorg1011552013437309

Research ArticleSynthesis and Performance of an Acrylamide CopolymerContaining Nano-SiO2 as Enhanced Oil Recovery Chemical

Zhongbin Ye12 Xiaoping Qin12 Nanjun Lai12 Qin Peng2 Xi Li2 and Cuixia Li3

1 State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu 610500 China2 College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu 610500 China3Department of Petroleum Chemical Engineering Karamay Vocational amp Technical College Karamay 833600 China

Correspondence should be addressed to Xiaoping Qin 948801727qqcom and Nanjun Lai 29511393qqcom

Received 4 April 2013 Revised 9 July 2013 Accepted 12 August 2013

Academic Editor Ibnelwaleed Ali Hussien

Copyright copy 2013 Zhongbin Ye et al This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution Licensewhich permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited

A novel copolymer containing nano-SiO2was synthesized by free radical polymerization using acrylamide (AM) acrylic acid

(AA) and nano-SiO2functional monomer (NSFM) as raw materials under mild conditions The AMAANSFM copolymer was

characterized by infrared (IR) spectroscopy 1HNMR spectroscopy elemental analysis and scanning electronmicroscope (SEM) Itwas found that theAMAANSFMcopolymer exhibited higher viscosity than theAMAAcopolymer at 500 sminus1 shear rate (186mPasdots versus 87mPasdots) It was also found thatAMAANSFMcould achieve up to 437 viscosity retention rate at 95∘CMobility controlresults indicated that AMAANSFM could establish much higher resistance factor (RF) and residual resistance factor (RRF) thanAMAA under the same conditions (RF 1652 versus 1217 RRF 363 versus 259) At last the enhanced oil recovery (EOR) ofAMAANSFM was up to 2010 by core flooding experiments at 65∘C

1 Introduction

Polymer flooding plays an important role in the field ofenhanced oil recovery (EOR) [1 2] However the currentwidely used polymers polyacrylamide (PAM) and partiallyhydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) cannot completelymeet the requirements due to the hydrolysis degradationand others under high temperature or high salinity [3ndash6]Furthermore PAMandHPAMhave poor shear resistance [2ndash7] Polymer molecular chains will be cut off when polymersolution passes through the pump pipeline perforation andporous medium at high speed so the viscosity of polymersolution will be greatly reduced [1 7 8]

Recently many studies have demonstrated that perfor-mance of composite material could be significantly improvedby combination or copolymerization with a functional mon-omer containing nano-SiO

2 The composite material con-

taining Nano-SiO2 such as polyethylene terephthalate [9]

styrene butadiene rubber [10] polyaniline [11] polyimide[12] and nylon 6 [13] may exhibit more satisfactory thermalstability toughness and strength owing to the effect ofphysical adsorption hydrogen bond SindashO bond and CndashSi

bond [10 12 14ndash16] However there are no papers about theapplication of nano-SiO

2in polymer for flooding to develop

temperature tolerance salt tolerance and shear resistance ofcopolymer

Keeping in mind these fundamental conditions herein anovel nano-SiO

2functional monomer (NSFM see Scheme 1)

was introduced into AMAA copolymer aiming to obtainsatisfying temperature tolerance salt tolerance and shearresistance [17ndash20]

2 Experimental

21 Chemicals and Reagents Ethanol (C2H5OH ge997)

ammonia (NH4OH 280) vinyltriethoxysilane (VTES

ge980) acrylic acid (AA ge995) acrylamide (AMge990) sodium hydrogen sulfite (NaHSO

3 ge585) am-

monium persulfate ((NH4)2S2O8 ge980) sodium hydrox-

ide (NaOH ge960) sodium chloride (NaCl ge995)magnesium chloride hexahydrate (MgCl

2sdot6H2O ge980)

calcium chloride anhydrous (CaCl2 ge960) potassium

chloride (KCl ge995) sodium sulfate (Na2SO4 ge990)

2 Journal of Chemistry

OH

OH

OH

HO

OH

HO OH

HO

OH

OHHO

HO

HO OH

HO

OH

VTESOH

O

OH

O

OH

O OH

OOH

OHHO

O

O O

O

OH

SiO

CHSi

CH

Si

SiO

O

CH

CH

AA AM

C C

C OONa

C C

CNH2

Ox y

H

H

HHH

H

=

NSFM

AMAANSFM

Si

Si

O

O

CH

CH

OH

O

OH

O

OH

O OH

OOH

OHHO

O

O O

O

OH

SiO

HC

H2C

Si

HC

H2C

Si

SiO

O

CHH2C

CHH2C

Si

SiO

O

HC

H2C

HC

H2C

a

b

c

e

f

d

( )( )

( )

( )

( )

( )

( ) ( )

Nano-SiO2

H2C

H2C

H2C

H2C

H2CH2C

Scheme 1 The synthesis of AMAANSFM

and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3 ge995) were purchased

from Chengdu Kelong Chemical Reagent Factory (SichuanChina) Nano-SiO

2(10ndash20 nm) was obtained from Aladdin

chemistry (Shanghai China) Co Ltd All chemicals andreagents were used as received without any further purifi-cation Water was deionized by passing through an ion-exchange column and doubly distilled

22 Preparation of Nano-SiO2Functional Monomer Firstly

836mL ethanol 15 g nano-SiO2 136mL distilled water and

13mL ammonia were added into a 250mL round-bottomflask and the mixture was dispersed with supersonic wavefor 30min Then 20mL VTES was added into the stirredsolution in the round-bottom flask and the reaction timewas18 h at 30∘CAfter reaction the product wasNSFMwhichwasseparated by centrifugation and washed with distilled water[21ndash23]

23 Synthesis of AMAANSFM 005 g NSFM 650 g AM345 g AA and a certain amount of distilled water wereadded into a 100mL three-necked flask respectively and

the pH value of the mixture was regulated to 70 usingsodium hydroxide solution then the solution with 20 totalmonomermass concentration was prepared 005 g NaHSO

3-

(NH4)2S2O8initiator (mol ratio = 1 1) was taken along

with distilled water in the three-necked flask assembledwith a nitrogen (N

2) inlet Then the copolymerization was

carried out at 45∘C under N2atmosphere for 6 h Finally the

AMAANSFM copolymer was obtained after ethanol wash-ing drying and pulverizingThe synthesis of AMAANSFMis shown in Scheme 1 [20] The AMAA copolymer wassynthesized by using the same method

24 Characterization Infrared (IR) spectra of AMAA andAMAANSFM were measured with KBr pellets using aPerkin Elemer RX-1 spectrophotometer 1H NMR spectrumof AMAANSFM was recorded on a Bruker AC-E 200spectrometer by dissolving the copolymer in D

2O and oper-

ating at 400MHzThe elementary analysis of AMAANSFMwas carried out with a Vario EL-III elemental analyzerThe microstructures of AMAA and AMAANSFM wereobserved by a scanning electron microscope (SEM) The

Journal of Chemistry 3

Table 1 Composition and TDS of brine

Composition NaCl KCl CaCl2 MgCl2sdot6H2O Na2SO4 NaHCO3 TDSContent (wt) 08495 00149 00764 02154 00125 00428 10951

ISCO pump

Thermostat

Core Fraction collector

Backpressure regulator

Pressure transducer

Poly

mer

solu

tion

Crud

e oil

Brin

e

Figure 1 Flow chart of the core flooding experiments

4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500

AMAANSFM

1402

1402

AMAA

2942

2935

1660

1105

1100

3422

3419

780

1675

T(

)

Wavenumber (cmminus1)

Figure 2 IR spectra of AMAA and AMAANSFM

weight-average molecular weight (119872119908) of the copolymers

was obtained by using a BI-200SMwide angle dynamicstaticlaser light scattering apparatus

25 Intrinsic Viscosity The intrinsic viscosity of copolymerwas measured with an Ubbelohde viscometer at 25∘C Thetest temperature was controlled using a constant temperaturebath The flux time was reproducible to 005 s using astopwatch The copolymer solutions at five different con-centrations (01000 00667 00500 00333 and 00250wt)were prepared with distilled water The specific viscosity iscalculated via the following equation [6 24 25]

120578sp =119905 minus 119905

0

119905

0

(1)

where 120578sp is the specific viscosity of copolymer 1199050is flux time

of distilled water s and 119905 is flux time of copolymer solution s

Then the intrinsic viscosity is calculated with the Hugginsequation [6 26]

120578sp

119862

= [120578] + 119870

1015840[120578]

2

119862 (2)

where [120578] is intrinsic viscosity mLg 119862 is concentration ofcopolymer solution wt and1198701015840 is the Huggins constant

26 Rheological Property and Viscoelasticity Rheologicalproperty and viscoelasticitymeasurements of the copolymerswere conducted on a HAAKE RS 600 Rotational Rheometer(Germany) The shear rate was from 0007 sminus1 to 500 sminus1 andthe temperature was 65∘C with a heating rate of 15∘Cminwhile the test system was binocular tube and the rotor wasDG41Ti in rheological measurements The scanning rangeof frequency (119891) was 001ndash10Hz and the stress was 01 Paby using the same test system and rotor in viscoelasticitymeasurements

27 Mobility Control Ability The mobility control ability ofthe copolymer solutions is characterized by the resistancefactor (RF) and the residual resistance factor (RRF) [27ndash29]The RF is calculated with the following equation

RF =119870

119908120583

119908

119870

119901120583

119901

(3)

where119870119908is aqueous phase permeability mD119870

119901is polymer

phase permeability mD 120583119908is the viscosity of aqueous phase

mPasdots and 120583119901is the viscosity of polymer phase mPasdots

The RRF is calculated with the following equation

RRF =119870wb119870wa (4)

where 119870wb is aqueous phase permeability before polymerflooding mD 119870wa is aqueous phase permeability after poly-mer flooding mD


00051015202530354045505560

(ppm)

198

108

8

194

6

100

ad

d acbcbH HHHHH

C CCCCC

H SiCHC

ONa

O OO

OO

H

cb

= =

NH2

x y z

238

217

161

129

( ( ( )))

Figure 3 1H NMR spectrum of AMAANSFM in D2O

(a) (b)

Figure 4 SEM images of AMAA

28 Core Flooding Tests Two Berea sandstone cores wereused for core flooding experiments The cores were driedat 65∘C and then their length diameter porosity and gaspermeability were measured by using a SCMS-B2 core mul-tiparameter measurement system A Hassler core holder wasused with 35MPa confining pressure and 15MPa backpres-sureThe core after being saturated with brine was saturatedwith crude oil (525mPasdots at 65∘C) at 01-02mLmin untilirreducible water saturation (119878wi) was obtained After 72 h ofaging the core was flooded by the brine at 02mLmin untilwater cut was up to 95 and then the copolymer solution(02 wt) was injected at 02mLmin until water cut reached95 once more [6 29] All the core flooding procedures were

conducted at 65∘C Chemical composition and total dissolvedsolids (TDS) of the brine are listed in Table 1 The maximumwork pressure of the ISCO260D syringe pump is 50MPa andits minimum and maximum displacement velocity is 0001and 50000mLmin respectively The EOR is calculated withthe following equation

EOR = 119864 minus 119864119908 (5)

where EOR is enhanced oil recovery119864 is the oil recovery ofthe whole displacement process and 119864

119908is the oil recovery

of water flooding Flow chart of the core flooding experiments is shown in

Figure 1


(a) (b)

Figure 5 SEM images of AMAANSFM

Table 2 The relevant core properties and the results of core flooding experiments

Copolymer Cores Length (cm) Diameter (cm) Porosity () Permeability (mD) 119878wi () 119864 () 119864119908() EOR ()

AMAA 1 884 377 2311 93703 1918 4573 3151 1422AMAANSFM 2 892 378 2305 92628 1937 5285 3175 2010

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

AMAANSFMAMAA

Concentration (wt) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12

(120578spC

) (m

Lg)

times102

times10minus2

EquationAdj R-square 099419 099943

Value Standard errorAMAANSFM Intercept

Intercept

789576 01611AMAANSFM Slope 069003 00264AMAAAMAA Slope 049236 00058

733967 00036

y = a + b middot x

Figure 6The 120578sp119862 versus119862 relationships of AMAA and AMAANSFM

3 Results and Discussion

31 IR Spectra Analysis The structures of AMAA and AMAANSFM were confirmed by IR spectra as illustrated inFigure 2 The AMAANSFM which was prepared usingacrylic acid acrylamide and NSFM by free radical polymer-ization was confirmed by strong absorptions at 3419 cmminus1(ndashNH stretching vibration and ndashOH stretching vibration)2942 cmminus1 (ndashCH

2stretching vibration) 1675 cmminus1 (C=O

stretching vibration) 1402 cmminus1 (CndashN stretching vibration)1100 cmminus1 (SindashOndashSi asymmetric stretching vibration) and780 cmminus1 (SindashOndashSi symmetric stretching vibration) in thespectrum of AMAANSFM [18 20] The peak at 3419 cmminus1was broad in the IR spectrum of AMAANSFM partly dueto the hydroxyl on nano-SiO

2surface [20] As expected the

IR spectra confirmed the presence of different monomers inAMAANSFM

32 1H NMR Analysis The 1H NMR spectrum of AMAANSFM is shown in Figure 3 The chemical shift value at129 ppm is due to the protons of [ndashCH

2ndashCH (Si(Ondash)

3)ndash]The

chemical shift value at 161 ppm is assigned to the protonsof [ndashCH

2ndashCH (CONH

2)ndash] and [ndashCH

2ndashCH (COONa)ndash]

The protons of [ndashCH2ndashCH (CONH


2ndashCH

(COONa)ndash] appear at 217 ppm The characteristic peak dueto the protons of [ndashCH


3)ndash] is observed at

238 ppm

33 Elementary Analysis of AMAANSFM The elementaryanalysis of the AMAANSFM copolymer was carried outusing a Vario EL-III elemental analyzer The content ofdifferent element in the copolymer can be obtained bydetecting the gases which are the decomposition products ofthe copolymer at high temperature Theoretical value 021(Si ) 454 (C ) and 54 (H ) found value 017 (Si) 401 (C ) and 48 (H )

34 Microscopic Structure The microscopic structures ofAMAA and AMAANSFM were observed through SEMat room temperature The copolymers solution samples


1

10

100

1000

10000

AMAANSFM AMAA

1Eminus3 001 01 1 10 100 1000

Shear rate (sminus1)

Visc

osity

(mPamiddots)

(a)

8

10

12

14

16

18

Viscosity Shear rate

Time (min)

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

Shea

r rat

e (sminus

1)

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Visc

osity

(mPamiddots)

(b)


20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Time (min)

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

Shea

r rat

e (sminus

1)

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Visc

osity

(mPamiddots)

(c)

Figure 7 (a) Effect of shear rate on viscosity (b) shear resistance of AMAA (c) shear resistance of AMAANSFMThe copolymers solutions(02 wt) were prepared with distilled water

(005wt) were prepared with distilled water and cooledwith liquid nitrogen and then these samples were evacuatedin order to keep original appearance of the copolymers asfar as possible As shown in Figures 4 and 5 the molecularchains of copolymer were obviously changed when NSFMwas introduced into the AMAA copolymer Compared withthe images of AMAA the molecular coils of AMAANSFMwere composed of many micro-nano structure units andthe force between these units could be heightened dueto SindashO and CndashSi bonds In addition this structure mayincrease retention of AMAANSFM on the rock face whichis favorable to mobility control and EOR

35Weight-AverageMolecularWeight Five different concen-trations (0001 0002 0004 0006 and 0008wt) copoly-mer solutions were prepared with distilled water and filteredusing a 05120583mMillipore Millex-LCR filter before static laserlight scattering (SLLS) experiments The119872

119908of AMAA and

AMAANSFMcan be calculatedwith the following equation[30]

119870119862

119877vv (119902)cong

1

119872

119908

(1 +

1

3

⟨119877

119892⟩

2

119902

2) (6)

where 119870 is a constant 119862 is the concentration of copolymersolution gmL 119877vv(119902) is the Rayleigh ratio ⟨119877

119892⟩ is the

average radius of gyration nm and 119902 = (4120587119899120582119900) sin(1205792)

with 120579 120582119900 and 119899 being the scattering angle the wavelength of

light in vacuo and the solvent refractive index respectivelyThe119872

119908of AMAA and AMAANSFM is (133 plusmn 030)

times 107 gmol and (132 plusmn 045) times 107 gmol respectively (fordetails see Supporting Material available online at httpdxdoiorg1011552013437309)

36 Intrinsic Viscosity The 120578sp119862 versus 119862 relationship isshown in Figure 6 The fitted line of 120578sp119862 versus 119862 was


001

01

1

10

001 01 1 10 100f (Hz)

G998400 G998400998400

(Pa)

G998400 AMAANSFMG998400 AMAA

G998400998400 AMAANSFMG998400998400 AMAA

Figure 8 Viscoelasticity of AMAA and AMAANSFM at 65∘CThe copolymers solutions (02 wt) were prepared with distilledwater

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

AMAANSFM AMAA

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100Temperature (∘C)

Visc

osity

(mPamiddots)

Figure 9 Viscosity versus temperature for AMAA and AMAANSFM solution The viscosity of copolymer solution (05 wt) wasmeasured by Brookfiled DV-3 viscometer at 734 sminus1 using number62 rotor (rotation speed 188 rmin)

extrapolated to zero concentration According to theHugginsequation the 119910-intercept is the intrinsic viscosity of thecopolymers The results revealed that the intrinsic viscosityof AMAA and AMAANSFM was 7339 and 7895mLgrespectively

37 Shear Resistance Theviscosity versus shear rate curves ofAMAA and AMAANSFM (02 wt) are shown inFigure 7(a) It was clearly found that AMAA and AMAANSFM revealed non-Newtonian shear-thinning behaviorHence with the increase of the shear rate (from 0007to 500 sminus1) the viscosity of copolymer solutions dropped

obviously The results indicated that AMAANSFM hadbetter viscosifying property than AMAA and the viscosityof AMAANSFM was higher than that of AMAA at 500 sminus1shear rate (186mPasdots versus 87mPasdots) FurthermoreAMAA and AMAANSFM were investigated by changingthe shear rate from 124 sminus1 to 500 sminus1 and from 500 sminus1 to124 sminus1 around (Figures 7(b) and 7(c)) Compared withAMAA AMAANSFM had higher retention rate ofviscosity (85 versus 68) when one cycle was completedThis phenomenon may support the SindashO and CndashSi bondsin AMAA NSFM which can improve the shear toleranceof the copolymer The structures of AMAANSFM may berestored after being sheared

38 Viscoelasticity Measurements The viscoelasticity curvesof AMAA and AMAANSFM solutions (02 wt) areshown in Figure 8 When the frequency was lower than 1Hzthe viscous modulus (G10158401015840) of AMAANSFMwas higher thanthe elastic modulus (G1015840) when the frequency was higherthan 1Hz the situation was just the opposite However theG10158401015840 of AMAA was higher than G1015840 in the entire frequencyscan range Compared with AMAA AMAANSFM exhib-ited higher G1015840 and G10158401015840 under the same conditions Thisphenomenon may support the micro-nano structure unitsin AMAANSFM can enhance the acting force of polymermolecular coils

39 Temperature Tolerance AMAA and AMAANSFMsolutions were prepared with distilled water And the viscos-ity of copolymer solutions was measured by the BrookfiledDV-3 viscometer at different temperatures The viscosityversus temperature curves of AMAA and AMAANSFMsolutions are shown in Figure 9 The test results showed thatthe AMAANSFM solution had higher viscosity at the sametemperature Additionally the viscosity of AMAANSFMsolution decreased less than that of AMAA when tempera-turewas above 80∘CThismay support the stable SindashO andCndashSi bonds which can obviously improve temperature toleranceof AMAANSFM

310 Salt Tolerance As shown in Figures 10(a) 10(b) and10(c) with the increase of salt concentration (NaCl CaCl

2

and MgCl2sdot6H2O) the viscosity of copolymers decreases

rapidly and then kept at a low value It was found that AMAAandAMAANSFMhad less satisfactory salt tolerance toNa+or Ca2+ than to Mg2+ under the same conditions Comparedwith AMAA AMAANSFM exhibited no obvious advan-tage in salt tolerance due to the shrinking of copolymer chainwith the increase of salt concentration

311Mobility Control Ability Thecore barrel was packedwithquartz sand which was washed by hydrochloric acid anddistilled water for several times The injection rate of brine(sodium chloride concentration was 05 wt) and polymersolution prepared with the brine was 20mLmin with theISCO 260D syringe pump Experiments were carried out at65∘C in an incubator with precision of 01∘C The injection


0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

NaCl concentration (wt) AMAANSFM AMAA

00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20

Visc

osity

(mPamiddots)

(a)

AMAANSFM AMAA

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

000 002 004 006 008 010 012 014 016 018 020CaCl2 concentration (wt)

Visc

osity

(mPamiddots)

(b)

AMAANSFM AMAA

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

000 002 004 006 008 010 012 014 016 018 020

Visc

osity

(mPamiddots)

MgCl2middot6H2O concentration (wt)

(c)

Figure 10 Salt tolerance ((a) NaCl (b) CaCl2 and (c)MgCl

2sdot6H2O) of AMAA andAMAANSFM solutions (05 wt) at 20∘CThe viscosity

of copolymer solution was measured by Brookfiled DV-3 viscometer at 734 sminus1 using number 62 rotor (rotation speed 188 rmin) or number61 rotor (rotation speed 185 rmin)

pressure was collected by a pressure sensor with precision of00001MPa The flow characteristic curves of AMAA andAMAANSFM in porous media are shown in Figure 11

As shown in Figure 11 the AMAANSFM solution couldestablish much higher RF and RRF than that of the AMAAsolution under the same conditions (RF 1652 versus 1217RRF 363 versus 259) This is to say that the AMAANSFMsolution has stronger mobility control ability which is favor-able to enhance oil recovery due to the higher viscosityretention rate and microstructure In addition it was foundthat AMAANSFM revealed higher retention than AMAA(83mg versus 55mg) by material balance calculations (fordetails see Supporting Materials) This may support thatthe huge surface area of micro-nano structure units of

AMAANSFM can enhance the adsorption which may playan important role in improving mobility control

312 Enhanced Oil Recovery As shown in Table 2 the EORof AMAANSFM solution (02 wt) was 2010 comparedwith water flooding at 65∘C However the EOR of AMAAsolution (02 wt) was 1422 under the same conditionsThe EOR results showed that AMAANSFM revealed moresuperior ability of oil displacement As shown in Figure 12compared with AMAA AMAANSFM exhibited strongerability of reducing water cut and establishing flow resis-tance in polymer flooding process This phenomenon maysupport that the sweep efficiency is obviously improved


000

005

010

015

020

025

030

Injection polymer

Water flooding

Water saturation

Pres

sure

dro

p (M

Pa)

Cumulative injection volume (PV)

AMAANSFM AMAA

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26

Figure 11 Flow characteristic curves of AMAA and AMAANSFM solution (02 wt) The length and internal diameter of thecore barrel were 250 cm and 25 cm respectively

0

20

40

60

80

100

Polymer floodingWater flooding

Water cut (AMAANSFM) Water cut (AMAA) Pressure drop (MAANSFM) Pressure drop (AMAA)


Wat

er cu

t (

)

Pres

sure

dro

p (M

Pa)

00 05 10 15 2000

05

10

15

20

25 30 35 40

Figure 12 Core flooding experiments results of AMAANSFMandAMAA (02 wt) at 65∘C

by AMAANSFM due to the excellent mobility controlcapability in porous media

4 Conclusions

A novel copolymer containing nano-SiO2was synthesized by

free radical polymerization using AM AA and NSFM as rawmaterials The AMAANSFM copolymer was characterizedby IR spectrum 1H NMR spectrum elemental analysisand scanning electron microscope The solution propertiessuch as rheological property viscoelasticity temperaturetolerance salt tolerance mobility control ability and oil

displacement efficiency of the copolymer were investigatedunder different conditions The results indicated that thecopolymer containing nano-SiO

2possessed moderate or

good shear resistance temperature tolerance and mobilitycontrol ability as EOR chemical

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare no possible conflict of interests

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the Open Fund (PLN1212) ofState Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geologyand Exploitation (Southwest Petroleum University) and theSpecialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program ofHigher Education (20125121120011)

References

[1] N Mungan F W Smith J L Thompson O Sinclair and CGas ldquoSome aspects of polymer floodsrdquo Journal of PetroleumTechnology vol 18 no 9 pp 1143ndash1150 1966

[2] B S Shiran and A Skauge ldquoEnhanced oil recovery (EOR) bycombined low salinity waterpolymer floodingrdquo Energy Fuelsvol 27 no 3 pp 1223ndash1235 2013

[3] C Zhong R Huang X Zhang and H Dai ldquoSynthesis char-acterization and solution properties or an acrylamide-basedterpolymer with butyl styrenerdquo Journal of Applied PolymerScience vol 103 no 6 pp 4027ndash4038 2007

[4] T Rho J Park C Kim H Yoon and H Suh ldquoDegradationof polyacrylamide in dilute solutionrdquo Polymer Degradation andStability vol 51 no 3 pp 287ndash293 1996

[5] D A Z Wever F Picchioni and A A Broekhuis ldquoPolymersfor enhanced oil recovery a paradigm for structure-propertyrelationship in aqueous solutionrdquo Progress in Polymer Sciencevol 36 no 11 pp 1558ndash1628 2011

[6] Z B Ye G J Gou S H Gou W C Jiang and T Y LiuldquoSynthesis and characterization of a water-soluble sulfonatescopolymer of acrylamide and N-Allylbenzamide as enhancedoil recovery chemicalrdquo Journal of Applied Polymer Science vol128 no 3 pp 2003ndash2011 2013

[7] S H Chang and I J Chung ldquoEffect of shear flow on polymerdesorption and latex dispersion stability in the presence ofadsorbed polymerrdquoMacromolecules vol 24 no 2 pp 567ndash5711991

[8] L Xue U S Agarwal and P J Lemstra ldquoShear degradationresistance of star polymers during elongational flowrdquo Macro-molecules vol 38 no 21 pp 8825ndash8832 2005

[9] J Zheng P Cui X Tian and K Zheng ldquoPyrolysis studies ofpolyethylene terephthalatesilica nanocompositesrdquo Journal ofApplied Polymer Science vol 104 no 1 pp 9ndash14 2007

[10] L I Rueda L G Hernandez and C C Anton ldquoEffect ofthe textural characteristics of the new silicas on the dynamicproperties of Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (SBR) vulcanizatesrdquoPolymer Composites vol 9 no 3 pp 204ndash208 1988

[11] H Xia and Q Wang ldquoPreparation of conductive polyani-linenanosilica particle composites through ultrasonic irradia-tionrdquo Journal of Applied Polymer Science vol 87 no 11 pp 1811ndash1817 2003


[12] XWang X ZhaoMWang and Z Shen ldquoThe effects of atomicoxygen on polyimide resin matrix composite containing nano-silicon dioxiderdquo Nuclear Instruments and Methods in PhysicsResearch B vol 243 no 2 pp 320ndash324 2006

[13] Y Li J Yu and Z Guo ldquoThe influence of interphase onnylon-6nano-SiO

2composite materials obtained from in situ

polymerizationrdquo Polymer International vol 52 no 6 pp 981ndash986 2003

[14] V A Bershtein L M Egorova P N Yakushev P Pissis PSysel and L Brozova ldquoMolecular dynamics in nanostructuredpolyimide-silica hybrid materials and their thermal stabilityrdquoJournal of Polymer Science B vol 40 no 10 pp 1056ndash1069 2002

[15] N D Alberola K Benzarti C Bas and Y Bomal ldquoInterfaceeffects in elastomers reinforced by modified precipitated silicardquoPolymer Composites vol 22 no 2 pp 312ndash325 2001

[16] A Voronov A Kohut A Synytska and W PeukertldquoMechanochemical modification of silica with poly(1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) by grinding in a stirred media millrdquo Journal ofApplied Polymer Science vol 104 no 6 pp 3708ndash3714 2007

[17] H Zou S Wu and J Shen ldquoPolymersilica nanocompositespreparation characterization propertles and applicationsrdquoChemical Reviews vol 108 no 9 pp 3893ndash3957 2008

[18] G Hsiue W Kuo Y Huang and R Jeng ldquoMicrostructuralandmorphological characteristics of PS-SiO

2nanocompositesrdquo

Polymer vol 41 no 8 pp 2813ndash2825 2000[19] W Wang and B Gu ldquoSelf-assembly of two- and three-

dimensional particle arrays bymanipulating the hydrophobicityof silica nanospheresrdquo Journal of Physical Chemistry B vol 109no 47 pp 22175ndash22180 2005

[20] B J Kim and K S Kang ldquoFabrication of a crack-free largearea photonic crystal with colloidal silica spheres modified withvinyltriethoxysilanerdquoCrystal GrowthampDesign vol 12 no 8 pp4039ndash4042 2012

[21] A V Biradar A A Biradar and T Asefa ldquoSilica-dendrimercore-shell microspheres with encapsulated ultrasmall palla-dium nanoparticles efficient and easily recyclable heteroge-neous nanocatalystsrdquo Langmuir vol 27 no 23 pp 14408ndash144182011

[22] ZMeng C Xue Q Zhang X Yu K Xi andX Jia ldquoPreparationof highly monodisperse hybrid silica nanospheres using a one-step emulsion reaction in aqueous solutionrdquo Langmuir vol 25no 14 pp 7879ndash7883 2009

[23] Z Wu H Han W Han B Kim K H Ahn and K Lee ldquoCon-trolling the hydrophobicity of submicrometer silica spheres viasurface modification for nanocomposite applicationsrdquo Lang-muir vol 23 no 14 pp 7799ndash7803 2007

[24] A Mehrdad and R Akbarzadeh ldquoEffect of temperature andsolvent composition on the intrinsic viscosity of poly(vinylpyrrolidone) in water-ethanol solutionsrdquo Journal of Chemicaland Engineering Data vol 55 no 9 pp 3720ndash3724 2010

[25] J Lee and A Tripathi ldquoIntrinsic viscosity of polymers andbiopolymers measured by microchiprdquo Analytical Chemistryvol 77 no 22 pp 7137ndash7147 2005

[26] L Alagha SWang Z Xu and J Masliyah ldquoAdsorption kineticsof a novel organic-inorganic hybrid polymer on silica andalumina studied by quartz crystal microbalancerdquo Journal ofPhysical Chemistry C vol 115 no 31 pp 15390ndash15402 2011

[27] R Ponnapati O Karazincir E Dao R Ng K K Mohantyand R Krishnamoorti ldquoPolymer-functionalized nanoparticlesfor improving waterflood sweep efficiency characterizationand transport propertiesrdquo Industrial and Engineering ChemistryResearch vol 50 no 23 pp 13030ndash13036 2011

[28] C Zhong L Ye H Dai and R Huang ldquoFlourescent probeand ESEM morphologies of a acrylamide-based terpolymer inaqueous solutionrdquo Journal of Applied Polymer Science vol 103no 1 pp 277ndash286 2007

[29] L Shi Z Ye Z Zhang C Zhou S Zhu and Z Guo ldquoNecessityand feasibility of improving the residual resistance factor ofpolymer flooding in heavy oil reservoirsrdquo Petroleum Sciencevol 7 no 2 pp 251ndash256 2010

[30] X Wang X Qiu and C Wu ldquoComparison of the coil-to-globule and the globule-to-coil transitions of a single poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) homopolymer chain in waterrdquo Macro-molecules vol 31 no 9 pp 2972ndash2976 1998

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Inorganic ChemistryInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal ofPhotoenergy


Carbohydrate Chemistry

International Journal of


Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Analytical Methods in Chemistry

Journal of

Volume 2014

Bioinorganic Chemistry and ApplicationsHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

SpectroscopyInternational Journal of


The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Medicinal ChemistryInternational Journal of


Chromatography Research International


Applied ChemistryJournal of



Theoretical ChemistryJournal of


Journal of

Spectroscopy

Analytical ChemistryInternational Journal of


Journal of


Quantum Chemistry


Organic Chemistry International

ElectrochemistryInternational Journal of



CatalystsJournal of


OH

OH

OH

HO

OH

HO OH

HO

OH

OHHO

HO

HO OH

HO

OH

VTESOH

O

OH

O

OH

O OH

OOH

OHHO

O

O O

O

OH

SiO

CHSi

CH

Si

SiO

O

CH

CH

AA AM

C C

C OONa

C C

CNH2

Ox y

H

H

HHH

H

=

NSFM

AMAANSFM

Si

Si

O

O

CH

CH

OH

O

OH

O

OH

O OH

OOH

OHHO

O

O O

O

OH

SiO

HC

H2C

Si

HC

H2C

Si

SiO

O

CHH2C

CHH2C

Si

SiO

O

HC

H2C

HC

H2C

a

b

c

e

f

d

( )( )

( )

( )

( )

( )

( ) ( )

Nano-SiO2

H2C

H2C

H2C

H2C

H2CH2C

Scheme 1 The synthesis of AMAANSFM

and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3 ge995) were purchased

from Chengdu Kelong Chemical Reagent Factory (SichuanChina) Nano-SiO

2(10ndash20 nm) was obtained from Aladdin

chemistry (Shanghai China) Co Ltd All chemicals andreagents were used as received without any further purifi-cation Water was deionized by passing through an ion-exchange column and doubly distilled

22 Preparation of Nano-SiO2Functional Monomer Firstly

836mL ethanol 15 g nano-SiO2 136mL distilled water and

13mL ammonia were added into a 250mL round-bottomflask and the mixture was dispersed with supersonic wavefor 30min Then 20mL VTES was added into the stirredsolution in the round-bottom flask and the reaction timewas18 h at 30∘CAfter reaction the product wasNSFMwhichwasseparated by centrifugation and washed with distilled water[21ndash23]

23 Synthesis of AMAANSFM 005 g NSFM 650 g AM345 g AA and a certain amount of distilled water wereadded into a 100mL three-necked flask respectively and

the pH value of the mixture was regulated to 70 usingsodium hydroxide solution then the solution with 20 totalmonomermass concentration was prepared 005 g NaHSO

3-

(NH4)2S2O8initiator (mol ratio = 1 1) was taken along

with distilled water in the three-necked flask assembledwith a nitrogen (N

2) inlet Then the copolymerization was

carried out at 45∘C under N2atmosphere for 6 h Finally the

AMAANSFM copolymer was obtained after ethanol wash-ing drying and pulverizingThe synthesis of AMAANSFMis shown in Scheme 1 [20] The AMAA copolymer wassynthesized by using the same method

24 Characterization Infrared (IR) spectra of AMAA andAMAANSFM were measured with KBr pellets using aPerkin Elemer RX-1 spectrophotometer 1H NMR spectrumof AMAANSFM was recorded on a Bruker AC-E 200spectrometer by dissolving the copolymer in D

2O and oper-

ating at 400MHzThe elementary analysis of AMAANSFMwas carried out with a Vario EL-III elemental analyzerThe microstructures of AMAA and AMAANSFM wereobserved by a scanning electron microscope (SEM) The




ISCO pump

Thermostat



Pressure transducer

Poly

mer

solu

tion

Crud

e oil

Brin

e


4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500

AMAANSFM

1402

1402

AMAA

2942

2935

1660

1105

1100

3422

3419

780

1675

T(

)






120578sp =119905 minus 119905

0

119905

0

(1)




120578sp

119862

= [120578] + 119870

1015840[120578]

2

119862 (2)




RF =119870

119908120583

119908

119870

119901120583

119901

(3)


119901is polymer




RRF =119870wb119870wa (4)



00051015202530354045505560

(ppm)

198

108

8

194

6

100

ad

d acbcbH HHHHH

C CCCCC

H SiCHC

ONa

O OO

OO

H

cb

= =

NH2

x y z

238

217

161

129

( ( ( )))


(a) (b)




EOR = 119864 minus 119864119908 (5)




Figure 1


(a) (b)




AMAA 1 884 377 2311 93703 1918 4573 3151 1422AMAANSFM 2 892 378 2305 92628 1937 5285 3175 2010

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

AMAANSFMAMAA


(120578spC

) (m

Lg)

times102

times10minus2



Intercept


733967 00036

y = a + b middot x










3)ndash]The


2ndashCH (CONH





2ndashCH




238 ppm




1

10

100

1000

10000

AMAANSFM AMAA

1Eminus3 001 01 1 10 100 1000


Visc

osity

(mPamiddots)

(a)

8

10

12

14

16

18


Time (min)

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

Shea

r rat

e (sminus

1)

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Visc

osity

(mPamiddots)

(b)


20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Time (min)

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

Shea

r rat

e (sminus

1)

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Visc

osity

(mPamiddots)

(c)




119908of AMAA and


119870119862

119877vv (119902)cong

1

119872

119908

(1 +

1

3

⟨119877

119892⟩

2

119902

2) (6)


119892⟩ is the








001

01

1

10

001 01 1 10 100f (Hz)

G998400 G998400998400

(Pa)


G998400998400 AMAANSFMG998400998400 AMAA


0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

AMAANSFM AMAA

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100Temperature (∘C)

Visc

osity

(mPamiddots)








2





0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400


00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20

Visc

osity

(mPamiddots)

(a)

AMAANSFM AMAA

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400


Visc

osity

(mPamiddots)

(b)

AMAANSFM AMAA

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

000 002 004 006 008 010 012 014 016 018 020

Visc

osity

(mPamiddots)


(c)









000

005

010

015

020

025

030

Injection polymer

Water flooding

Water saturation

Pres

sure

dro

p (M

Pa)


AMAANSFM AMAA

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26


0

20

40

60

80

100




Wat

er cu

t (

)

Pres

sure

dro

p (M

Pa)

00 05 10 15 2000

05

10

15

20

25 30 35 40



4 Conclusions








Acknowledgments


References













































Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of




ISCO pump

Thermostat



Pressure transducer

Poly

mer

solu

tion

Crud

e oil

Brin

e


4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500

AMAANSFM

1402

1402

AMAA

2942

2935

1660

1105

1100

3422

3419

780

1675

T(

)






120578sp =119905 minus 119905

0

119905

0

(1)




120578sp

119862

= [120578] + 119870

1015840[120578]

2

119862 (2)




RF =119870

119908120583

119908

119870

119901120583

119901

(3)


119901is polymer




RRF =119870wb119870wa (4)



00051015202530354045505560

(ppm)

198

108

8

194

6

100

ad

d acbcbH HHHHH

C CCCCC

H SiCHC

ONa

O OO

OO

H

cb

= =

NH2

x y z

238

217

161

129

( ( ( )))


(a) (b)




EOR = 119864 minus 119864119908 (5)




Figure 1


(a) (b)




AMAA 1 884 377 2311 93703 1918 4573 3151 1422AMAANSFM 2 892 378 2305 92628 1937 5285 3175 2010

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

AMAANSFMAMAA


(120578spC

) (m

Lg)

times102

times10minus2



Intercept


733967 00036

y = a + b middot x










3)ndash]The


2ndashCH (CONH





2ndashCH




238 ppm




1

10

100

1000

10000

AMAANSFM AMAA

1Eminus3 001 01 1 10 100 1000


Visc

osity

(mPamiddots)

(a)

8

10

12

14

16

18


Time (min)

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

Shea

r rat

e (sminus

1)

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Visc

osity

(mPamiddots)

(b)


20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Time (min)

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

Shea

r rat

e (sminus

1)

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Visc

osity

(mPamiddots)

(c)




119908of AMAA and


119870119862

119877vv (119902)cong

1

119872

119908

(1 +

1

3

⟨119877

119892⟩

2

119902

2) (6)


119892⟩ is the








001

01

1

10

001 01 1 10 100f (Hz)

G998400 G998400998400

(Pa)


G998400998400 AMAANSFMG998400998400 AMAA


0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

AMAANSFM AMAA

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100Temperature (∘C)

Visc

osity

(mPamiddots)








2





0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400


00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20

Visc

osity

(mPamiddots)

(a)

AMAANSFM AMAA

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400


Visc

osity

(mPamiddots)

(b)

AMAANSFM AMAA

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

000 002 004 006 008 010 012 014 016 018 020

Visc

osity

(mPamiddots)


(c)









000

005

010

015

020

025

030

Injection polymer

Water flooding

Water saturation

Pres

sure

dro

p (M

Pa)


AMAANSFM AMAA

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26


0

20

40

60

80

100




Wat

er cu

t (

)

Pres

sure

dro

p (M

Pa)

00 05 10 15 2000

05

10

15

20

25 30 35 40



4 Conclusions








Acknowledgments


References













































Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of


00051015202530354045505560

(ppm)

198

108

8

194

6

100

ad

d acbcbH HHHHH

C CCCCC

H SiCHC

ONa

O OO

OO

H

cb

= =

NH2

x y z

238

217

161

129

( ( ( )))


(a) (b)




EOR = 119864 minus 119864119908 (5)




Figure 1


(a) (b)




AMAA 1 884 377 2311 93703 1918 4573 3151 1422AMAANSFM 2 892 378 2305 92628 1937 5285 3175 2010

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

AMAANSFMAMAA


(120578spC

) (m

Lg)

times102

times10minus2



Intercept


733967 00036

y = a + b middot x










3)ndash]The


2ndashCH (CONH





2ndashCH




238 ppm




1

10

100

1000

10000

AMAANSFM AMAA

1Eminus3 001 01 1 10 100 1000


Visc

osity

(mPamiddots)

(a)

8

10

12

14

16

18


Time (min)

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

Shea

r rat

e (sminus

1)

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Visc

osity

(mPamiddots)

(b)


20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Time (min)

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

Shea

r rat

e (sminus

1)

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Visc

osity

(mPamiddots)

(c)




119908of AMAA and


119870119862

119877vv (119902)cong

1

119872

119908

(1 +

1

3

⟨119877

119892⟩

2

119902

2) (6)


119892⟩ is the








001

01

1

10

001 01 1 10 100f (Hz)

G998400 G998400998400

(Pa)


G998400998400 AMAANSFMG998400998400 AMAA


0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

AMAANSFM AMAA

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100Temperature (∘C)

Visc

osity

(mPamiddots)








2





0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400


00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20

Visc

osity

(mPamiddots)

(a)

AMAANSFM AMAA

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400


Visc

osity

(mPamiddots)

(b)

AMAANSFM AMAA

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

000 002 004 006 008 010 012 014 016 018 020

Visc

osity

(mPamiddots)


(c)









000

005

010

015

020

025

030

Injection polymer

Water flooding

Water saturation

Pres

sure

dro

p (M

Pa)


AMAANSFM AMAA

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26


0

20

40

60

80

100




Wat

er cu

t (

)

Pres

sure

dro

p (M

Pa)

00 05 10 15 2000

05

10

15

20

25 30 35 40



4 Conclusions








Acknowledgments


References













































Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of


(a) (b)




AMAA 1 884 377 2311 93703 1918 4573 3151 1422AMAANSFM 2 892 378 2305 92628 1937 5285 3175 2010

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

AMAANSFMAMAA


(120578spC

) (m

Lg)

times102

times10minus2



Intercept


733967 00036

y = a + b middot x










3)ndash]The


2ndashCH (CONH





2ndashCH




238 ppm




1

10

100

1000

10000

AMAANSFM AMAA

1Eminus3 001 01 1 10 100 1000


Visc

osity

(mPamiddots)

(a)

8

10

12

14

16

18


Time (min)

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

Shea

r rat

e (sminus

1)

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Visc

osity

(mPamiddots)

(b)


20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Time (min)

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

Shea

r rat

e (sminus

1)

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Visc

osity

(mPamiddots)

(c)




119908of AMAA and


119870119862

119877vv (119902)cong

1

119872

119908

(1 +

1

3

⟨119877

119892⟩

2

119902

2) (6)


119892⟩ is the








001

01

1

10

001 01 1 10 100f (Hz)

G998400 G998400998400

(Pa)


G998400998400 AMAANSFMG998400998400 AMAA


0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

AMAANSFM AMAA

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100Temperature (∘C)

Visc

osity

(mPamiddots)








2





0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400


00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20

Visc

osity

(mPamiddots)

(a)

AMAANSFM AMAA

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400


Visc

osity

(mPamiddots)

(b)

AMAANSFM AMAA

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

000 002 004 006 008 010 012 014 016 018 020

Visc

osity

(mPamiddots)


(c)









000

005

010

015

020

025

030

Injection polymer

Water flooding

Water saturation

Pres

sure

dro

p (M

Pa)


AMAANSFM AMAA

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26


0

20

40

60

80

100




Wat

er cu

t (

)

Pres

sure

dro

p (M

Pa)

00 05 10 15 2000

05

10

15

20

25 30 35 40



4 Conclusions








Acknowledgments


References













































Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of


1

10

100

1000

10000

AMAANSFM AMAA

1Eminus3 001 01 1 10 100 1000


Visc

osity

(mPamiddots)

(a)

8

10

12

14

16

18


Time (min)

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

Shea

r rat

e (sminus

1)

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Visc

osity

(mPamiddots)

(b)


20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Time (min)

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

Shea

r rat

e (sminus

1)

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Visc

osity

(mPamiddots)

(c)




119908of AMAA and


119870119862

119877vv (119902)cong

1

119872

119908

(1 +

1

3

⟨119877

119892⟩

2

119902

2) (6)


119892⟩ is the








001

01

1

10

001 01 1 10 100f (Hz)

G998400 G998400998400

(Pa)


G998400998400 AMAANSFMG998400998400 AMAA


0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

AMAANSFM AMAA

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100Temperature (∘C)

Visc

osity

(mPamiddots)








2





0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400


00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20

Visc

osity

(mPamiddots)

(a)

AMAANSFM AMAA

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400


Visc

osity

(mPamiddots)

(b)

AMAANSFM AMAA

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

000 002 004 006 008 010 012 014 016 018 020

Visc

osity

(mPamiddots)


(c)









000

005

010

015

020

025

030

Injection polymer

Water flooding

Water saturation

Pres

sure

dro

p (M

Pa)


AMAANSFM AMAA

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26


0

20

40

60

80

100




Wat

er cu

t (

)

Pres

sure

dro

p (M

Pa)

00 05 10 15 2000

05

10

15

20

25 30 35 40



4 Conclusions








Acknowledgments


References













































Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of


001

01

1

10

001 01 1 10 100f (Hz)

G998400 G998400998400

(Pa)


G998400998400 AMAANSFMG998400998400 AMAA


0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

AMAANSFM AMAA

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100Temperature (∘C)

Visc

osity

(mPamiddots)








2





0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400


00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20

Visc

osity

(mPamiddots)

(a)

AMAANSFM AMAA

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400


Visc

osity

(mPamiddots)

(b)

AMAANSFM AMAA

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

000 002 004 006 008 010 012 014 016 018 020

Visc

osity

(mPamiddots)


(c)









000

005

010

015

020

025

030

Injection polymer

Water flooding

Water saturation

Pres

sure

dro

p (M

Pa)


AMAANSFM AMAA

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26


0

20

40

60

80

100




Wat

er cu

t (

)

Pres

sure

dro

p (M

Pa)

00 05 10 15 2000

05

10

15

20

25 30 35 40



4 Conclusions








Acknowledgments


References













































Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of


0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400


00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20

Visc

osity

(mPamiddots)

(a)

AMAANSFM AMAA

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400


Visc

osity

(mPamiddots)

(b)

AMAANSFM AMAA

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

000 002 004 006 008 010 012 014 016 018 020

Visc

osity

(mPamiddots)


(c)









000

005

010

015

020

025

030

Injection polymer

Water flooding

Water saturation

Pres

sure

dro

p (M

Pa)


AMAANSFM AMAA

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26


0

20

40

60

80

100




Wat

er cu

t (

)

Pres

sure

dro

p (M

Pa)

00 05 10 15 2000

05

10

15

20

25 30 35 40



4 Conclusions








Acknowledgments


References













































Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of


000

005

010

015

020

025

030

Injection polymer

Water flooding

Water saturation

Pres

sure

dro

p (M

Pa)


AMAANSFM AMAA

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26


0

20

40

60

80

100




Wat

er cu

t (

)

Pres

sure

dro

p (M

Pa)

00 05 10 15 2000

05

10

15

20

25 30 35 40



4 Conclusions








Acknowledgments


References













































Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of


































Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of










Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of

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