Research Article Research on Fused Tapered Photonic ...downloads.hindawi.com/journals/js/2016/7353067.pdfJournal of Sensors (a) Fiber cross sec-tion Burning point 1 Burning point 2

Research ArticleResearch on Fused Tapered Photonic Crystal Fiber Sensor Basedon the Method of Intermittent Cooling

Guangwei Fu Xinghu Fu Peng Guo Yushen Ji and Weihong Bi

The Key Laboratory for Special Fiber and Fiber Sensor of Hebei Province School of Information Science and EngineeringYanshan University Qinhuangdao 066004 China

Correspondence should be addressed to Guangwei Fu earlysueducn and Weihong Bi bwhongysueducn

Received 24 August 2016 Accepted 21 September 2016

Academic Editor Lei Yuan

Copyright copy 2016 Guangwei Fu et al This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution Licensewhich permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited

Based on the intermittent cooling method a fused tapered Photonic Crystal Fiber (PCF) interferometer is proposed In the processof tapering stop heating and wait for cooling at different taper length Repeat heating and cooling until taper goes to the expectedlength Compared with the ordinary fused taperedmethod the fringe contrast of the transmission spectra of this sensor is 1506 dBThe transmission spectra in different concentrations of glycerol solution are obtained and the temperature cross-sensitivity of thesensor is studied The experimental results show that as the external refractive index increases the transmission spectra of thesensor shift to longer wavelength In the measuring glycerol solution the refractive index sensitivity of the sensor can achieve797674 nmRIU and the temperature sensitivity is only 000125 nm∘C

1 Introduction

Photonic Crystal Fiber (PCF) [1ndash3] is a new kind of opti-cal fiber with different structures and optical transmissioncharacteristics from single-mode fiber The cladding regionis composed of microholes arraying paralleled to the axialdirection of the fiber Therefore PCF has strong flexiblestructure design which would open up a new area of theproduction and application of optical fiber device such as nodeadline single-mode transmission large and effective fieldarea high nonlinearity and high birefringence

Taper technique of PCF can change the internal structureand optical properties of PCF with important potential valueto PCF device production and the exploration of applicationin the sensing field [4 5] Liu et al [6] for the first time taperedthe PCF and made research on optical soliton self-frequencyshift After that research about the theory fabrication andapplication of tapered PCF became the focus of scholars stud-ies Leon-Saval et al [7] proposed a ldquorapid low temperaturerdquomethod to taper PCF and then to maximally control air holescollapse Jasim et al [8] took the measure of flame heating tostretch two compact taper areas and the current sensitivityof Mach-Zehnder sensor could be up to 4026 pmA2 And

there was a report [9] about an M-Z interferometer usingSMF-PCF-SMF structure with conventional technique forrefractive index measurement and the maximum refractiveindex sensitivity as of 19877 nmRIU In addition the opticalproperties [10ndash12] the optical waveguide coupling [13] andthe generation of supercontinuum characteristics of taperedPCF [14 15] are widely studied by many scholars

Based on conventional tapering technique an intermit-tent cooling fused tapered is adopted to make a kind ofinterferometer sensor with larger fringe contrast and therefractive index sensing characteristics are analyzed therefraction index sensitivity of the glycerin aqueous solutionused in detection is up to 797674 nmRIU Compared toconventional taper technology its sensitivity has been greatlyimproved

2 The Theoretical Analysis

Fused tapering technology is to put the fiber without coatinginto high temperature flame and then stretch the fused fiberon both sides at the same time Finally a special waveguidewith tapered structure is formed in the heating area to

Hindawi Publishing CorporationJournal of SensorsVolume 2016 Article ID 7353067 7 pageshttpdxdoiorg10115520167353067

2 Journal of Sensors

(a) Fiber cross sec-tion

Burning point 2Burning point 1

Light leakage at burning point

(b) Light source free burning point

Input SMF Output SMF

Burning point 1 Burning point 4


(c) Schematic diagram of the sensing structure

Figure 1 Fused tapered PCF sensor

transmit light As beam transmitting through the taperedarea there are two processes that are beam splitting andbeam combining respectively And then the whole light pathforms as a Mach-Zehnder interferometer The technologyof intermittent cooling is to suspend the tapering processat different tapering length and continue tapering aftercooling By means of this method the ignition points areformed in tapered area Because the change of refractiveindex in ignition point area causes the mode-mismatchedphenomenon part of light in the core will leak into claddingagain This light-leaking phenomenon leads to the claddingmodersquos effective refractive index beingmore susceptible to theoutside refractive index So it can improve the refractive indexsensitivity

Through the method of intermittent cooling a section ofPCF is stretched as tapered structure The fused tapered PCFsensor is shown in Figure 1

The PCF used in the experiment has the advantage ofinfinite single-mode transmission And when PCF is con-nected with single-mode fiber by fiber fusion splicer try notto make the PCFrsquos air holes collapse by adjusting the fusionsplicing parameters So as beam passing through the firstignition point the light coupling into the PCF can still trans-mit in the PCFrsquos fiber core And only the fundamental modeis transmitted

It is supposed that there exist four ignition points Whenlight transmits to tapered area core mode transforms tocladding mode gradually with the diameter of tapered areadecreasing regularly Light energy transmitting as core modereduces slowly and cladding mode is stimulated correspond-ingly When light transmits through the first ignition pointpart of light will leak into cladding and the same situationwill occur as light transmits to the next three ignitionpoints With the diameter of tapered area at the output endincrease by degrees the light energy transmitting as claddingmode reduces gently and the fundamental mode enhancescorrespondingly When light transmits to nontapered areacladding mode couples into fiber core and interferes with

fundamental mode of fiber core The interference intensityand central wavelength can be expressed as

119868 = 1198681 + 1198682 + 2radic11986811198682 cos120593

120582119898 =Δ119899eff119871119898

(1)

In (1) I is the total output light intensity 1198681 and 1198682are light intensities of the fundamental mode and claddingmode respectively 120593 is phase displacement 120582119898 is thecentral wavelength of level m L is the interference lengthwhich is the distance between two fused points and Δ119899eff isthe difference between corersquos refractive index and claddingmodersquos effective refractive index

When environmental refractive index changes thecladdingmode effective refractive index changes correspond-ingly while the core refractive index remains constant Thewavelength shift caused by the change of outside refractiveindex is expressed as

Δ120582119898 =(Δ119899eff + Δ119899) 119871119898 minus Δ119899eff119871119898 =

Δ119899119871119898

(2)

In (2) Δ120582119898 is the central wavelength shift of level m Δ119899is the variation of refractive index difference caused by thechange of environmental refractive index

It can be seen from (2) that when interference length 119871 isa constant the interference fringersquos wavelength shift changeslinearly with the change of environmental refractive indexSo the environmental refractive index could be measured bydetecting the central wavelength shift of levelm

Because of the light leak at ignition points the energy ofcladding mode has been greatly enhanced and the interfer-ence is more obvious At the same time the light carryingoutside information enters into optical fiber and the couplingdegree between sensing area and outside environment isenhanced further So the sensitivity of sensor is improved

Journal of Sensors 3

(a) Diameter of 125120583m (b) Diameter of 9872120583m

(c) Diameter of 5537120583m (d) Diameter of 3286120583m

Figure 2 Cross sections of different diameters

3 Experimental and Results

31 Sensor Production The used PCF in the lab is SM-7 solidcore PCF the outer cladding layer diameter is 125120583m the corediameter is 70 120583m with 5 layers of air hole and a hexagonstructure arrangement the air hole diameter is about 263120583mand the hole spacing is about 422 120583m

The used splicing machine is FITEL S178 optical fiberfusion splicer optical taper machine is SCS-4000 opticalfused taper system light source isASEbroadband light source(1520 nmndash1610 nm) and AQ6317B spectrometer is used todetect the sensor spectrum

In the process of fabrication first of all it should adjustthe parameter of fusion splicer and make a sensor with SMF-PCF-SMF structure where length of PCF is 26mm Thenthe optical taper machine is used to fusedly taper the PCFwhen the length is 1mm 3mm and 7mm in turn breakoff heating and tapering till it is cool and then start heatingand tapering In the overall taper process fiber is fixed inthe tensile platform so that the fiber cannot move at all toensure the heating zone does not change When the taper

length reaches 12mm tapering process will be over PCFtaper region length is 12mm the taper additional loss is1256 dBDifferent diameters of taper region result in differentcross sections of fiber as shown in Figure 2

32 Glycerin Aqueous Solution Sensing Experiment The con-figuration concentration of glycerin aqueous solution is 5sim25 andAbbe refractometer is used tomeasure the refractiveindex of solution the refractive index changes in the range of1342sim1379

Put taperedPCF sensor into the sample poolmix glycerinaqueous solution with different concentrations until thetapered PCF sensor completely immersed into the solutionand then measure transmission spectra Before measuringPCF taper region must be cleaned with distilled waterevery time ASE light source output power is 16 dBm Theexperimental system is shown in Figure 3

The experimental measurement results of transmissionspectra corresponding with different concentrations of glyc-erol aqueous solution are shown in Figure 4


Broadband light source

Sensor

Optical spectraanalyzer

Figure 3 Schematic of the fused tapered PCF sensor system

1520 1540 1560 1580 1600

5 25

Tran

smiss

ion

loss

(dB)

Wavelength (nm)

51015

2025

minus18

minus21

minus24

minus27

minus30

minus33

Figure 4 Transmission spectrum of the fused tapered PCF sensor

In Figure 4 it can be seen that the transmission spectrahave significant shifts to the long wave direction with theincreasing of concentration of glycerol solution The peakschange within the vicinity of 1590 nmwavelengthThe detailsof the spectrum are as shown in Figure 5

As shown in Figure 5 it can be found that with theincreasing of the concentration of the transmission thespectrum is shifted to longer wavelength As the solutionconcentration ranges from 5 to 25 wavelength drifts over20 nm When repeating the experiment and making datafitting the relationship between wavelength shift and therefractive index of solution can be obtained as shown inFigure 6

In Figure 6 with the increase of the refractive indexof solution the interference fringe center wavelength driftsto long wavelength direction a lot and there is a goodlinear relationship the sensitivity of the refractive index is797674 nmRIU

1575 1580 1585 1590 1595 1600 1605

5 25

Tran

smiss

ion

loss

(dB)

Wavelength (nm)

51015

2025

minus18

minus22

minus20

minus24

minus26

minus28

minus30

minus32

Figure 5 Transmission spectra of the tapered PCF sensor indifferent liquids at wavelength of 1590 nm

33 Temperature Sensing Experiment Put the PCF sensorinto the temperature controlled oven and connect both endsto ASE light source (1520sim1610 nm) and the spectrometerrespectively ASE light source output power is 16 dBmSchematic diagram of the temperature sensing experimentalsystem is as shown in Figure 7

Heat the temperature controlled oven from 20∘C to70∘C and measure it every 10∘C Detect the transmissionspectrum with OSA when the temperature is stable Thesame measurement is done in the opposite temperaturechanging as it declines from 70∘C to 20∘C The result of themeasurement is shown in Figure 8

It can be seen from Figure 8 that the overall trend of thetransmission spectra remains unchanged at different temper-ature Study the wave crest at the region about 159790 nmand make the data linear fitting a relationship between the


1344 1351 1358 1365 1372

0

5

10

15

20

25

Wav

eleng

th sh

ift (n

m)

Refractive index

y = 797674x minus 1072

Figure 6 Relationship between wavelength shift and refractive index

ASE OSA

Temperature control cabinet

Figure 7 The temperature sensing system

transmission spectrum wavelength shift of the tapered PCFand the outside temperature can be obtained as shown inFigure 9

It can be viewed that the transmission spectrum of thePCF sensor shifts gently towards long wavelength directionwhen the outside temperature is changed according toFigure 9The temperature sensitivity ismerely 000125 nm∘Cindicating that the intermittent cooling fused tapered PCF isnot sensitive to temperature Considering that temperaturecan induce the central wavelength shift of level 119898 fortransmission spectrum of interferometer it can be knownaccording to [16] that the relationship between interferencecentral wavelength and temperature can be expressed asΔ1205821015840119898 = (120572+119875119905)120582119898Δ119879 in which 120572 is the coefficient of thermalexpansion about the materials of interferometer for pureSiO2 it is 5 times 10minus7∘C 119875119905 is the variation of effective refractiveindex difference between two interference patterns causedby temperature change 119875119905 = (1Δ119899)120597(Δ119899)120597119879 where Δ119879

represents temperature change Because both of the fiber coremode and the cladding mode in tapered PCF can transfer inundoped PCF intervening with temperature on the influenceof the fiber core and cladding mode is the same thus 119875119905 = 0And the thermal expansion coefficient 120572 = 5 times 10minus7∘C ownsa really small numerical value Therefore Δ1205821015840119898 asymp 0 which isidentical to the experiment results obtained from Figures 8and 9 To sum up it can be concluded that the intermittentcooling fused tapered sensor interferometer is not sensitiveto temperature

4 Conclusion

This paper presents using an intermittent cooling fused tapermethod to produce an interferential Photonic Crystal Fiber(PCF) sensor To fulfill PCF fused tapering in the processintermittent cooling in the melting process is introducedCompared with the ordinary fused taper multiple times of


1520 1540 1560 1580 1600

Tran

smiss

ion

loss

(dB)

Wavelength (nm)

minus8

minus10

minus12

minus14

minus16

minus18

minus20

minus22

minus24

20∘C 50∘C30∘C 60∘C40∘C 70∘C

Figure 8 Transmission spectrum of the fused tapered PCF sensorwith different temperature

20 30 40 50 60 70

159786

159788

159790

159792

159794

159796

Wav

eleng

th (n

m)

Temperature (∘C)

RisingCooling

Figure 9 Relationship between wavelength shift and temperature

manufacturing taper PCF sensor have larger fringe visibilityFurther research is done to study the sensor response to exter-nal environment with different refractive index The exper-imental results show that when immersed the taper PCFsensor in the different concentration solution environmentalong with the increasing external refractive index the centerwavelength significantly drifts to long wavelength directionThe refractive index sensitivity measured in aqueous glycerolsolution is up to 797674 nmRIU Compared with taper PCFproduced by ordinary fused taper method the sensitivity is

greatly improved At the same time the temperature sen-sitivity of the sensor is only 000125 nm∘C which can beconsidered to be insensitive to temperature and it canovercome the cross-sensitivity problem of the simultaneousmeasurement for refractive index and temperature

Competing Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

This project is supported by the National Natural ScienceFoundation of China (nos 61575170 61475133 and 61675176)the Key Applied Basic Research Program of Hebei Province(nos 16961701D and QN2016078) Hebei Provincial NaturalScience Foundation (nos F2015203270 and F2016203392)Qinhuangdao Science and Technology Support Program (no201601B050) College Youth Talent Project of Hebei Province(no BJ2014057) and ldquoXinRuiGongChengrdquo Talent Project ofYanshan University

References

[1] J C Knight T A Birks P S J Russell and D M Atkin ldquoAll-silica single-mode optical fiber with photonic crystal claddingrdquoOptics Letters vol 21 no 19 pp 1547ndash1549 1996

[2] T A Birks J C Knight and P S J Russell ldquoEndlessly single-mode photonic crystal fiberrdquo Optics Letters vol 22 no 13 pp961ndash963 1997

[3] P S J Russell ldquoPhotonic-crystal fibersrdquo Journal of LightwaveTechnology vol 24 no 12 pp 4729ndash4749 2006

[4] E C Magi P Steinvurzel and B J Eggleton ldquoTapered photoniccrystal fibersrdquo Optics Express vol 12 no 5 pp 776ndash784 2004

[5] H C Nguyen B T Kuhlmey E C Magi et al ldquoTaperedphotonic crystal fibres properties characterization and appli-cationsrdquo in Proceedings of the Micro-Technologies for the NewMillennium International Society for Optics and Photonics Con-ference vol 5840 pp 29ndash43 Sevilla Spain May 2005

[6] X Liu C XuWH Knox et al ldquoSoliton self-frequency shift in ashort tapered air-silica microstructure fiberrdquoOptics Letters vol26 no 6 pp 358ndash360 2001

[7] S G Leon-Saval T A Birks W J Wadsworth P S J Russelland M W Mason ldquoSupercontinuum generation in submicronfibre waveguidesrdquo Optics Express vol 12 no 13 pp 2864ndash28692004

[8] A A Jasim S W Harun M Z Muhammad H Arof andH Ahmad ldquoCurrent sensor based on inline microfiber Mach-Zehnder interferometerrdquo Sensors andActuators A Physical vol192 no 7 pp 9ndash12 2013

[9] C-P Tang M Deng T Zhu and Y-J Rao ldquoPhotonic crystalfiber based M-Z interferometer for refractive index measure-mentrdquo Journal of Optoelectronics Laser vol 22 no 9 pp 1304ndash1308 2011

[10] H C Nguyen B T Kuhlmey M J Steel et al ldquoLeakage of thefundamental mode in photonic crystal fiber tapersrdquo OpticsLetters vol 30 no 10 pp 1123ndash1125 2005

[11] B T Kuhlmey H C Nguyen M J Steel and B J EglletonldquoConfinement loss in adiabatic photonic crystal fiber tapersrdquo


Journal of the Optical Society of America B Optical Physics vol23 no 9 pp 1965ndash1974 2006

[12] X Xi Z Chen G Sun and J Hou ldquoMode-field expansion inphotonic crystal fibersrdquo Applied Optics vol 50 no 25 pp E50ndashE54 2011

[13] J G Liu T-H Cheng Y-K Yeo et al ldquoLight beam couplingbetween standard single mode fibers and highly nonlinearphotonic crystal fibers based on the fused biconical taperingtechniquerdquo Optics Express vol 17 no 5 pp 3115ndash3123 2009

[14] J M Dudley and S Coen ldquoCoherence properties of super-continuum spectra generated in photonic crystal and taperedoptical fibersrdquoOptics Letters vol 27 no 13 pp 1180ndash1182 2002

[15] G Humbert W J Wadsworth S G Leon-Saval et al ldquoSuper-continuum generation system for optical coherence tomogra-phy based on tapered photonic crystal fibrerdquoOptics Express vol14 no 4 pp 1596ndash1603 2006

[16] UMoslashller S T Soslashrensen C Larsen et al ldquoOptimumPCF tapersfor blue-enhanced supercontinuum sourcesrdquo Optical FiberTechnology vol 18 no 5 pp 304ndash314 2012

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Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

VLSI Design



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Modelling amp Simulation in EngineeringHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014


Chemical EngineeringInternational Journal of Antennas and

Propagation




Navigation and Observation



DistributedSensor Networks



(a) Fiber cross sec-tion

Burning point 2Burning point 1

Light leakage at burning point

(b) Light source free burning point

Input SMF Output SMF



(c) Schematic diagram of the sensing structure

Figure 1 Fused tapered PCF sensor

transmit light As beam transmitting through the taperedarea there are two processes that are beam splitting andbeam combining respectively And then the whole light pathforms as a Mach-Zehnder interferometer The technologyof intermittent cooling is to suspend the tapering processat different tapering length and continue tapering aftercooling By means of this method the ignition points areformed in tapered area Because the change of refractiveindex in ignition point area causes the mode-mismatchedphenomenon part of light in the core will leak into claddingagain This light-leaking phenomenon leads to the claddingmodersquos effective refractive index beingmore susceptible to theoutside refractive index So it can improve the refractive indexsensitivity

Through the method of intermittent cooling a section ofPCF is stretched as tapered structure The fused tapered PCFsensor is shown in Figure 1

The PCF used in the experiment has the advantage ofinfinite single-mode transmission And when PCF is con-nected with single-mode fiber by fiber fusion splicer try notto make the PCFrsquos air holes collapse by adjusting the fusionsplicing parameters So as beam passing through the firstignition point the light coupling into the PCF can still trans-mit in the PCFrsquos fiber core And only the fundamental modeis transmitted

It is supposed that there exist four ignition points Whenlight transmits to tapered area core mode transforms tocladding mode gradually with the diameter of tapered areadecreasing regularly Light energy transmitting as core modereduces slowly and cladding mode is stimulated correspond-ingly When light transmits through the first ignition pointpart of light will leak into cladding and the same situationwill occur as light transmits to the next three ignitionpoints With the diameter of tapered area at the output endincrease by degrees the light energy transmitting as claddingmode reduces gently and the fundamental mode enhancescorrespondingly When light transmits to nontapered areacladding mode couples into fiber core and interferes with

fundamental mode of fiber core The interference intensityand central wavelength can be expressed as

119868 = 1198681 + 1198682 + 2radic11986811198682 cos120593

120582119898 =Δ119899eff119871119898

(1)

In (1) I is the total output light intensity 1198681 and 1198682are light intensities of the fundamental mode and claddingmode respectively 120593 is phase displacement 120582119898 is thecentral wavelength of level m L is the interference lengthwhich is the distance between two fused points and Δ119899eff isthe difference between corersquos refractive index and claddingmodersquos effective refractive index

When environmental refractive index changes thecladdingmode effective refractive index changes correspond-ingly while the core refractive index remains constant Thewavelength shift caused by the change of outside refractiveindex is expressed as

Δ120582119898 =(Δ119899eff + Δ119899) 119871119898 minus Δ119899eff119871119898 =

Δ119899119871119898

(2)

In (2) Δ120582119898 is the central wavelength shift of level m Δ119899is the variation of refractive index difference caused by thechange of environmental refractive index

It can be seen from (2) that when interference length 119871 isa constant the interference fringersquos wavelength shift changeslinearly with the change of environmental refractive indexSo the environmental refractive index could be measured bydetecting the central wavelength shift of levelm

Because of the light leak at ignition points the energy ofcladding mode has been greatly enhanced and the interfer-ence is more obvious At the same time the light carryingoutside information enters into optical fiber and the couplingdegree between sensing area and outside environment isenhanced further So the sensitivity of sensor is improved















Sensor



1520 1540 1560 1580 1600

5 25

Tran

smiss

ion

loss

(dB)

Wavelength (nm)

51015

2025

minus18

minus21

minus24

minus27

minus30

minus33





1575 1580 1585 1590 1595 1600 1605

5 25

Tran

smiss

ion

loss

(dB)

Wavelength (nm)

51015

2025

minus18

minus22

minus20

minus24

minus26

minus28

minus30

minus32






1344 1351 1358 1365 1372

0

5

10

15

20

25

Wav

eleng

th sh

ift (n

m)

Refractive index

y = 797674x minus 1072


ASE OSA






4 Conclusion



1520 1540 1560 1580 1600

Tran

smiss

ion

loss

(dB)

Wavelength (nm)

minus8

minus10

minus12

minus14

minus16

minus18

minus20

minus22

minus24

20∘C 50∘C30∘C 60∘C40∘C 70∘C


20 30 40 50 60 70

159786

159788

159790

159792

159794

159796

Wav

eleng

th (n

m)

Temperature (∘C)

RisingCooling




Competing Interests


Acknowledgments


References





















RoboticsJournal of





Journal of



RotatingMachinery





VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2014


SensorsJournal of





Propagation























Sensor



1520 1540 1560 1580 1600

5 25

Tran

smiss

ion

loss

(dB)

Wavelength (nm)

51015

2025

minus18

minus21

minus24

minus27

minus30

minus33





1575 1580 1585 1590 1595 1600 1605

5 25

Tran

smiss

ion

loss

(dB)

Wavelength (nm)

51015

2025

minus18

minus22

minus20

minus24

minus26

minus28

minus30

minus32






1344 1351 1358 1365 1372

0

5

10

15

20

25

Wav

eleng

th sh

ift (n

m)

Refractive index

y = 797674x minus 1072


ASE OSA






4 Conclusion



1520 1540 1560 1580 1600

Tran

smiss

ion

loss

(dB)

Wavelength (nm)

minus8

minus10

minus12

minus14

minus16

minus18

minus20

minus22

minus24

20∘C 50∘C30∘C 60∘C40∘C 70∘C


20 30 40 50 60 70

159786

159788

159790

159792

159794

159796

Wav

eleng

th (n

m)

Temperature (∘C)

RisingCooling




Competing Interests


Acknowledgments


References





















RoboticsJournal of





Journal of



RotatingMachinery





VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2014


SensorsJournal of





Propagation











Sensor



1520 1540 1560 1580 1600

5 25

Tran

smiss

ion

loss

(dB)

Wavelength (nm)

51015

2025

minus18

minus21

minus24

minus27

minus30

minus33





1575 1580 1585 1590 1595 1600 1605

5 25

Tran

smiss

ion

loss

(dB)

Wavelength (nm)

51015

2025

minus18

minus22

minus20

minus24

minus26

minus28

minus30

minus32






1344 1351 1358 1365 1372

0

5

10

15

20

25

Wav

eleng

th sh

ift (n

m)

Refractive index

y = 797674x minus 1072


ASE OSA






4 Conclusion



1520 1540 1560 1580 1600

Tran

smiss

ion

loss

(dB)

Wavelength (nm)

minus8

minus10

minus12

minus14

minus16

minus18

minus20

minus22

minus24

20∘C 50∘C30∘C 60∘C40∘C 70∘C


20 30 40 50 60 70

159786

159788

159790

159792

159794

159796

Wav

eleng

th (n

m)

Temperature (∘C)

RisingCooling




Competing Interests


Acknowledgments


References





















RoboticsJournal of





Journal of



RotatingMachinery





VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2014


SensorsJournal of





Propagation










1344 1351 1358 1365 1372

0

5

10

15

20

25

Wav

eleng

th sh

ift (n

m)

Refractive index

y = 797674x minus 1072


ASE OSA






4 Conclusion



1520 1540 1560 1580 1600

Tran

smiss

ion

loss

(dB)

Wavelength (nm)

minus8

minus10

minus12

minus14

minus16

minus18

minus20

minus22

minus24

20∘C 50∘C30∘C 60∘C40∘C 70∘C


20 30 40 50 60 70

159786

159788

159790

159792

159794

159796

Wav

eleng

th (n

m)

Temperature (∘C)

RisingCooling




Competing Interests


Acknowledgments


References





















RoboticsJournal of





Journal of



RotatingMachinery





VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2014


SensorsJournal of





Propagation










1520 1540 1560 1580 1600

Tran

smiss

ion

loss

(dB)

Wavelength (nm)

minus8

minus10

minus12

minus14

minus16

minus18

minus20

minus22

minus24

20∘C 50∘C30∘C 60∘C40∘C 70∘C


20 30 40 50 60 70

159786

159788

159790

159792

159794

159796

Wav

eleng

th (n

m)

Temperature (∘C)

RisingCooling




Competing Interests


Acknowledgments


References





















RoboticsJournal of





Journal of



RotatingMachinery





VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2014


SensorsJournal of





Propagation


















RoboticsJournal of





Journal of



RotatingMachinery





VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2014


SensorsJournal of





Propagation











RoboticsJournal of





Journal of



RotatingMachinery





VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2014


SensorsJournal of





Propagation









Documents

Research Article Research on Fused Tapered Photonic ...downloads.hindawi.com/journals/js/2016/7353067.pdfJournal of Sensors (a) Fiber cross sec-tion Burning point 1 Burning point 2