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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Ethnobotany, Systematic Review and Field Mapping on Folkloric Medicinal Plants in the Zamboanga Peninsula, Mindanao, PhilippinesGENELYN GABRINEZ MADJOS*
KAY PIOCNACIA RAMOS
Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Mathematics, Western Mindanao State University, Zamboanga City, Mindanao, Philippines
Author for correspondence: Genelyn G. Madjos, Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Mathematics, Western Mindanao State University, Zamboanga City, Mindanao, Philippines. Email: [email protected]
KEYWORDS:ethnobotany; snow-ball sampling; systematic review; Zamboanga Peninsula
ARTICLE HISTORY:Received 27 July, 2020 Accepted 03 January, 2021Published 27 April, 2021
DOI:10.5455/jcmr.2021.12.01.05
VOLUME: 12ISSUE: 1
ISSN: 2146-8397
ABSTRACTWith the recent resurgence towards phytotherapy, ethnobotany plays a crucial role. This study documents the ethnobotanical practices of the different ethnolinguistic groups in the Zamboanga Peninsula (ZamPen), Mindanao, Philippines, with a thorough systematic review and a defined field mapping. ZamPen is regarded as a center of floral diversity and is rich in ethnic diversity. Eight ethnolinguistic groups (Chavacano, Visayan, Tausug, Bajau, Sama, Yakan, Subanen, and Subanon) were purposively chosen as representatives from the five cities and three provinces of ZamPen. A total of 330 respondents were interviewed through a snowball sampling method, with at least 30 key informants per tribe. For the systematic review on ethnobotanical studies conducted in the Zamboanga Peninsula, four published articles were recorded. Results revealed 208 medicinal plant species belonging to 74 families utilized by the ethnolinguistic groups with 18 species from Family Fabaceae. Among the different ethnolinguistic groups based on ethnobotanical studies and systematic reviews, the Visayans of Ipil and Siay, Zamboanga Sibugay, and the Subanens of Lapuyan, Zamboanga del Sur obtained the highest number of medicinal plants utilized (50 species in 32 families and 89 species in 41 families, respectively). Among the 10 DOH-approved medicinal plants, Blumea balsamifera (sambong) of the Family Asteraceae is the most frequently utilized herbal plant used by all studied ethnic tribes. Leaves are the topmost utilized plant parts through the process of decoction. Physical relapse (bughat) is the commonly cited illness among locally termed diseases. Field samplings attested the availability of medicinal plants as the second topmost health-seeking behavior of the key informants to ethnobotanical practices after having experienced its effectiveness. Literature reviews of the plant’s bioactivities and bio isolates validate its medicinal use. However, there are some which need further studies supporting its claim. Documentation of this traditional knowledge and practices provides a framework for future drug discovery, promotes culture preservation, and offers opportunities for community biodiversity management.
Gabrinez Madjos and Piocnacia Ramos 22
INTRODUCTIONThe use of folkloric medicinal plants has been an integral part of history and culture throughout the globe.1–5 These folkloric practices are inherent in many indigenous communities like the Philippines and have formed the basis of most novel medicines by laying down the foundation for drug discovery through its natural products.1,2,6–11According to the World Health Organization,12 80% of some Asian and African countries depend on traditional herbal medicine as their primary health care due to economical and geographical constraints. Their effectiveness, diversity, relatively low cost, and low side effects versus modern synthetic drugs make it popular in both developed and developing countries.2,11,13–15
Philippines, considered as one of the 18 megadiverse countries,16–18 is home to many rare plants. With 45% to 60% flowering plant endemism, their contribution to phytotherapy and prevention is still enormous. Recently, 11/252 drugs of a flowering plant origin are considered essential.12,19 This makes the Philippines favorable for drug discovery initiatives.20,21Further, the country is also rich in cultural diversity,7,16,22 with 110 indigenous communities and more than 170 ethnolinguistic groups,23 including the Zamboanga Peninsula. Formerly known as Western Mindanao, ZamPen is politically divided into three provinces and five cities – the provinces of Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga Sibugay, and Zamboanga del Sur and as well as the cities of Zamboanga, Dapitan, Dipolog, Pagadian, and Isabela.17,24
The southernmost part of the Philippines that includes Subanen lumads; Tausug, Sama, and Yakan Muslim tribes; and the Chavacano and Cebuano natives are regarded as a center of floral diversity and possess rich ethnic diversity. Each of this indigenous community has a wealth of knowledge and practices on folkloric medicinal plants which are passed on from one generation to another.23
However, some undocumented issues on its safety, efficacy, quality, and rational use pose a challenging scientific task.15,25Further, many of their bioactive natural products are still unidentified.26 Therefore, a need to conduct a literature review on the folkloric usage of medicinal plants as it plays a role in the primary health care of local communities. With an ever-increasing plethora of studies being published in the health sciences,27 literature reviews will provide a strategic guide for scientific validation of the medicinal plants’ efficacy. A detailed and comprehensive search strategy in systematic reviews also aimed to synthesize all relevant ethnobotanical studies in ZamPen.28 Field mapping involve specifying the geographical location of these medicinal plants for substantiation of necessary conservation for sustainable utilization.
This current study generally aimed to conduct an ethnobotanical study, systematic review, and field mapping on folkloric medicinal plants in the Zamboanga Peninsula, Mindanao, Philippines as a framework for the “Tuklas Lunas” (Drug Discovery) Program of the government for further identification of bioactive natural products for drug discovery initiatives in the country (Fig. 1).
Figure 1 The Tuklas Lunas Program Framework of the DOST.
Ethnobotany, Systematic Review and Field Mapping on Folkloric Medicinal Plants23
METHODSSTUDY DESIGN
This study employed a descriptive survey research design, which includes documentation of the indigenous healing practices and ethnopharmacological knowledge of the folkloric groups in ZamPen. A thorough ethnohistorical background of the tribe in the form of the semi-structured interview was recorded following the tabular format by the Department of Science and Technology – Philippine Council for Health Research Development (DOST-PCHRD).
DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY POPULATION AND STUDY SITE
The purposive sampling design was employed in choosing the study population. Figure 2 shows the map of the study site.
Eight ethnolinguistic groups were purposively chosen as representatives from the five cities and three provinces of the Zamboanga Peninsula. According to Hapalla,29 the Zamboanga Peninsula is inhabited by a group of lumads called the Subanen, which comprise the following linguistic groups: (1) the Subanon of Malayal, Sibuco (Zamboanga del Norte), Labuan, and Patalon which are influenced by Chavacano language; (2) the Subanon of the Baliguian, Malayal, Sibuco and Siocon, being influenced by Cebuano language, (3) the Subanen of Sindangan, Tuboy, Salug, Manukan, and Siayan; (4) the Subanen in Tambulig and Dumingag, Zambonga del Sur Area; and (5) the Subanen of Dumalinao, Lakewood, Sibugay dialect, which is in use in the Lapuyan-Margosatubig-Dinas and the Buug-Kabasalan areas. Further, the area selected is comprised of Muslim indigenous cultural communities such as the Tausug, Yakan, Badjao, and Sama.23Visayans were also included in the study population since they are also rich in ethnobotanical knowledge as manifested in their practice known as “binisayang tambal”.30,31 Chavacanos in Zamboanga City are also known for their unique traditional practices.32 Each
of these indigenous or local communities possesses a unique body of traditional knowledge and practices which have been developed throughout centuries of use and passed down to succeeding generations.23
This study selected the following ethnolinguistic tribes to be part of ethnobotanical survey and field mapping:
Chavacanos of Zamboanga City
Zamboanga City is in the southernmost part of the Philippines and is the third-largest city in the country that is considered highly urbanized. The people speak one of the Spanish-based oldest creole languages in the world called Chavacano. Some of its barangays are in remote and mountainous areas, thus agriculture is the maximum shared land use. The barangays purposively chosen for this study include (a) La Paz of the West Coast (7.0201, 121.9707 GPS coordinates; 600mASL elevation), an urban barangay that is 18.5 km from the city proper with a population size of 7557 in 2015. It is considered the little Baguio of Zamboanga City since its temperature can drop up to 18°C. (b) Sibulao in the East Coast (7.3169, 122.2064 GPS coordinates; 185.5mASL elevation), a rural barangay with a population size of 4244 people in 2015. (c) Capisan (6.9815, 122.0416 GPS coordinates; 491.5mASL), located in the mountainous part around 15km from the city proper. It is also a rural barangay with a 1408 population size in 2015.
Bajaus of Ayuda Bajau village, Maasin, Zamboanga City
Ayuda Bajau Village (6.9751, 122.0071 GPS coordinates; 6mASL) in Maasin, Zamboanga City, is one of the indigenous cultural communities (ICCs) officially declared by the National Commission on Indigenous Peoples (NCIP). The population of this ICC is around 302 individuals in 144 Families. These people lived in lepa or houseboats and are replacing them with houses on stilts.33However, most of their occupation relies on fishing and fish vending.
Figure 2 Map of Zamboanga Peninsula, showing the administrative boundaries of the three provinces and five cities (modified from google.com images).
Gabrinez Madjos and Piocnacia Ramos 24
Visayans of Barangay, Cawa-cawa, Dapitan City
One of the coastal barangays in Dapitan City (8.6623, 123.4255 GPS; 4.1mASL elevation) is dominated by the Visayan ethnolinguistic tribe and has a population of 2746 people in 2015 census. The Bisaya or Visayans are Austronesian people who originated from the central and southern regions of the Philippines. The sole reason for their presence in Mindanao is migration looking for livelihood. Of late Bisaya, refer to the one who comes from Mindanao – not born or raised in the Visayas but speaks any of the Visayan languages like Ilonggo, Waray, or Cebuano.34
Visayans of Dipolog City
Dipolog City is geographically located at 8° 35' north and 123° 20' east with an estimated elevation of 10.8 mASL. It is the coastal component of the province Zamboanga del Norte that serves as the provincial capital. Its population determined by the 2015 Census was 130,759. The Visayan tribe dominates this city.
Tausugs of Isabela City, Basilan
Basilan is one of the island provinces that make up the Philippine archipelago located in the Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) across the southern tip of Zamboanga Peninsula (Region 9). It is bounded on the north by Basilan Strait, on the east by Moro Gulf, on the southeast by the Celebes Sea, and on the west by the Sulu Sea. The province is subdivided into 11 municipalities and two cities (Isabela City which is part of the ZamPen region and Lamitan City under ARMM).222 Isabela City (GPS 6° 42' North, 121° 58' East; 15.7 mASL elevation) is a coastal component of the island province of Basilan that also serves as the provincial capital. Its population determined by the 2015 Census was 112,788. It is also a home for several Tausugs. The area possesses several medicinal plants like coconut, rubber trees, mangroves, and other plants.35
Yakans of Isabela City, Basilan
Yakans in Isabela City are indigenous Muslim tribes concentrated in Tipo-Tipo, Lamitan, Sumisip, and Tuburan. Scattered populations are also present in some barangays of Isabela City.36
Sama of Isabela City, Basilan
Another indigenous people group of the Isabela City in Basilan is the Sama. The Sama was originally located in the islands and coastal areas separating southwestern Mindanao from the northeastern islands of Sulu. It is thought that they first began to disperse sometime in the first millennium A.D. because of expanding Chinese trade. This southward migration accelerated in the 15th century with the founding of a Sulu sultanate and increased maritime trade. From bases, particularly on Balangingi Island, Sama slave traders carried out annual raids on coastal settlements from Luzon to the central Moluccas.
Visayans of Ipil and Siay, Zamboanga Sibugay
Ipil and Siay are two municipalities located in the second district and eastern part of the Zamboanga Sibugay province in the Zamboanga Peninsula region in Mindanao, Philippines.
Its capital is Ipil. Siay is 38 kilometers away from Ipil. These municipalities are dominated by the Visayan tribe.
Subanens of Siay and Diplahan, Zamboanga Sibugay
Barangay Camanga (Longitude: 122.5920, Latitude: 7.8389) in Titay, Zamboanga Sibugay, Philippines is one of the inhabited barangays by several Subanen indigenous people. The municipality of Diplahan is a third-class municipality in Zamboanga Sibugay, Philippines. It is exactly located at 7°45'21.3"N, 122°57'04.4"E. In the 2015 census, it had a population of 32,428 people. Farming is the primary source of livelihood. Eighty-seven percent of the population relies on farming, 8% in mining, and 5% are government employees or others.223,224
Subanen tribe in the Philippines is one of the largest among the ethnic groups in the country.225 The term “Subanen” is derived from the word “suba” meaning river or mouth of the river, or upstream, and the Subanen people are referred to generally as the “gbansa Subanen,” meaning the Subanen nation.29 The Subanen group are dispersed all over Zamboanga Peninsula.216
Subanens of Margosatubig, Zamboanga del Sur
Margosatubig is a coastal municipality in the province of Zamboanga del Sur. Its GPS coordinates are 7° 35' North, 123° 10' East with elevation of 26.5 mASL. Its population based on 2015 Census is 37,873.
Subanon of Sibuco, Zamboanga del Norte
Sibuco is a coastal municipality in the province of Zamboanga del Norte. Its population as determined by the 2015 Census was 34,620. The municipal center of Sibuco is situated at approximately 7° 18' North, 122° 4' East, in the island of Mindanao. Elevation at these coordinates is estimated at 11mASL. According to an interview with the tribal chieftain (Timuay), the Subanon of Sibuco belongs to Western Subanon based on geographical division. They have almost the same culture and tradition like the Subanen, but the root word of their name is “subang” which means first born or first moon. They assert that they are the first people to populate Zamboanga Peninsula.
DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURES
Ethnobotanical survey
A snowball sampling method was used in choosing the respondents. The sample size for each folkloric group in each area was at least 30 representative key informants. The first key informant was the barangay captain, who later referred the other informants.
This ethnobotanical survey employed a semistructured questionnaire that involves three parts. About 10-15 min was allocated for each key informant:
Part I. General information – Includes the interview date, time, province, city or municipality, specific barangay, and description of the area (urban/rural, the major language
Ethnobotany, Systematic Review and Field Mapping on Folkloric Medicinal Plants25
used, tribe, population size, and land-use systems). This was filled by the interviewer before conducting the interview.
Part II. Demographic profile – This includes the age bracket in the listed life stage, years of utilizing medicinal plants in treating some diseases, gender, civil status, educational attainment, livelihood, and ethnic tribe livelihood, and the gender of the key informant and the experience (in years) on folkloric usage on medicinal plant use.
Part III. Folkloric knowledge on medicinal plant use – This involves documentation of the various folkloric knowledge on medicinal plant use (including plant part used, mode of preparation, folkloric use, and user groups). It also included an open-ended question on the reasons for using medicinal plants to cure diseases.
ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS
An ethics clearance from the Western Mindanao State University – Research Ethics Oversight Committee (WMSU-REOC) was obtained. Since this study involved interviews of indigenous people, a corresponding ‘Clearance Pre-implementation’ from the NCIP was obtained. A memorandum of agreement was signed with every ICC leader. Needed permits were also taken into consideration through the directors, municipal/provincial LGU in charge, and barangay captains. A requirement related to clearance procurement from the National Commission on Muslim Filipinos (NCMF) was also accomplished.
DATA MINING (SYSTEMIC REVIEW)
Data mining in systematic reviews was employed as patterned in the study of Alebie et al.37 The search strategy included a web-based systematic research literature technique. Ethno-botanical/ethnomedicinal journal articles reporting on medicinal plants used for traditional practices were gathered through different search approaches, 1. search for published MSc/Ph.D. thesis research reports or funded studies using Google search engine and local university websites. 2. search for published journal articles using international scientific databases, including PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science, and Google scholar.
Screening of search outputs was performed in two stages: first, the title and abstract of identified journal articles/theses were overviewed. After that, suitable prospects were downloaded and critically inspected for inclusion.
FIELD MAPPING
The exact location of the medicinal plants was accomplished through actual field samplings. Field mapping projects are carried out as patterned by Njue.38 A short reconnaissance field trip was included with a local translator. Photographs, GPS coordinates, and elevation was recorded.
Sample medicinal plants were collected and preserved following herbarium techniques. These specimens later served as vouchers of the plants identified as medicinal plants and
were deposited at the Western Mindanao State University (WMSU)/CSM mini herbarium.
DATA PROCESSING AND ANALYSIS
SPSS software tools were used for the descriptive statistics. The results were synthesized in a tabular form by tribes in an area. This was systematically categorized by Family in alphabetical order containing a complete overview in terms of the medicinal plants’ scientific name (including authority), English name/Tagalog name and native vernacular term (as the common names), the parts used, folkloric use, preparation, and the mode of application. Institutions performing the published research or unpublished theses were emphasized. From the in-depth review of literature, bioactivities of the medicinal plants (including uses from other countries) as well as the bioactive isolated natural products and their associated purported applications were also reflected.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONThere are only four published researches on ethnobotanical studies in Zamboanga Peninsula based on systematic reviews – the Subanens of Dumingag, ZDS by Morilla et al.;39 Subanens of Lapuyan, and ZDS by Pizon et al.;40 Traditional practitioners of Ramon Magsaysay, ZDS by Morilla and Demayo;41 and Tribal healers of Pagadian City by Agapin.30 An additional of 11 ethnobotanical studies were taken in consideration, to include other unexplored ethnic tribes in Zamboanga Peninsula to look into possible variations and similarities of plants being used in treating diseases- Chavacanos and Bajaus of Zamboanga City; Tausugs, Yakan and Sama of Isabela City, Basilan; Subanen of Titay and Diplahan, Zamboanga Sibugay; Visayans of Ipil and Siay, Zamboanga Sibugay; Subanen of Margosatubig, Zamboanga del Sur; Subanon of Sibuco, Zamboanga del Norte, Visayans of Dipolog City; and Visayans of Dapitan City.
A total of 208 medicinal plant species belonging to 74 families were found to be used across all groups studied. Family Fabaceae comprised the highest number of species used (19), followed by Euphorbiaceae (11), and the Families of Lamiaceae, Malvaceae, and Asteraceae with 10 species. Table 1 shows the ethnobotanical practices and literature review on medicinal plants utilized by the different tribes in the Zamboanga Peninsula.
Almost all ethnic tribes utilized one or more of the 10 DOH-approved medicinal plants, as supported by the Philippine Institute of Traditional and Alternative Health Care (PITAHC; R.A. No. 8423). These include: Vitex negundo (lagundi), Mentha cordifelia (yerba buena), B. balsamifera (sambong), Carmona retusa (tsaang gubat), Quisqualis indica L. (niyug-niyogan), Psidium guajava L. (guava), Cassia alata (akapulko), Pepperoma pellucida (ulasimang bato), Allium sativum (garlic), and Momordica charantia (ampalaya). Among these, B. balsamifera (sambong) is the most frequently utilized herbal plant (100% in all ethnolinguistic groups) in treating common diseases such as cough and colds, stomachache, postpartum care, urinary tract infection, dysmenorhhea and amenorrhea. This
Gabrinez Madjos and Piocnacia Ramos 26Ta
ble
1. E
thno
bota
nica
l pra
ctic
es a
nd li
tera
ture
revi
ew o
n m
edic
inal
pla
nts
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zed
by t
he d
iffer
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trib
es in
the
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boan
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.
Fam
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Scie
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hor)
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loca
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ish)
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rt
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e of
pre
para
tion
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lori
c us
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ence
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io-a
ctiv
itie
sA
ctiv
e is
olat
es
Aca
ntha
ceae
Hem
igra
phis
col
orat
a–
Suba
nen:
Kuy
anap
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esCr
ushe
d an
d ap
plie
d di
rect
ly a
s po
ultic
e.In
flam
mat
ion
–
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icia
gen
daru
ssa
Burn
.f.Tu
hod
man
ok/
Wat
er w
illow
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dala
san
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nen:
Tuh
od
man
ok/
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dalu
sa
Leav
esPo
ultic
e D
ecoc
tion
Stom
ach-
ache
, blo
atin
g,
frac
ture
D
iarr
hea
Ant
ican
cer,
anti
bact
eria
l, he
pato
pro
tect
ive,
an
tioxi
dant
, ant
i hel
min
tic,
anti
angi
ogen
ic a
ctiv
ities
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onoi
ds, a
lkal
oids
, st
eroi
ds, t
erpe
noid
s,
sapo
nins
, phe
nolic
co
mpo
unds
Sri R
amac
hand
ra
Uni
vers
ity,
Indi
a42
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race
ae
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rus
veru
s (L
.) Ra
f.Sw
eetfl
ag/
Lubi
gan
Suba
nen:
Lab
igan
Le
aves
A
pply
dire
ctly
. To
otha
che
Ant
i spa
smod
ic, a
nti
helm
inth
ic
Gly
cosi
des,
flav
onoi
ds
Imam
et
al.43
Ana
card
iace
ae
Man
gife
ra in
dica
L.
Man
ga/M
ango
Vis:
Man
ga Y
akan
: M
ampa
lam
Leav
es
Dec
octio
n H
yper
ten-
sion
, sw
ellin
gA
ntic
ance
r, an
ti in
flam
ma-
tory
, ant
i dia
betic
, an
tioxi
dant
, ant
i bac
teria
l
Poly
phe
nols
, te
rpen
es, s
tero
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caro
te-n
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tam
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am
ino
acid
s
Ediri
wee
ra e
t al
.44
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dias
pur
pure
a Li
nn.
Sine
guel
as/
Span
ish
plum
Baja
u: S
irigw
elas
Le
aves
Ba
rk
Stem
Dec
octio
n St
eam
Sc
rape
and
app
lied
dire
ctly
.
Coug
h, fe
ver
Mou
th s
ore,
dia
rrhe
a G
um le
sion
s
Ant
i oxi
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, ant
iulc
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avon
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ffei
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id,
epig
allo
cate
chin
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idad
e Fe
dera
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Pern
ambu
co,
Reci
fe, B
razi
l45
Ann
onac
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Ann
ona
mur
icat
a L.
Guy
aban
o/So
urso
pCh
av: S
aban
a Ba
jau:
Lab
anos
Su
bane
n:
Laba
na/
Mal
aban
os/
Yaba
na
Leav
es
Leav
es
Leav
es
Youn
g le
aves
Frui
ts
Root
s
Dec
octio
n (B
oil 7
leav
es
in a
gla
ssfu
l of w
ater
, th
en d
rink)
.In
fusi
on
Stea
m, b
y he
atin
g th
e le
aves
the
n ap
ply
dire
ctly
to
fore
head
.Po
und
seve
n le
aves
an
d ap
ply
arou
nd t
he
wou
nd a
s po
ultic
e.D
irect
eat
ing.
D
ecoc
tion
Hep
atiti
s, d
iabe
tes,
flat
ulen
ce,
UTI
, can
cer,
hype
rten
sion
, ul
cer
Coug
hs, f
ever
, col
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head
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, ner
vous
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estiv
e pr
oble
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erte
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nus,
art
hriti
s
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er, o
vera
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alth
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ncer
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quili
-zin
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fect
, can
cer
cells
inhi
bito
r, an
ti in
flam
ma-
tory
, ant
i di
abet
ic
Alk
aloi
d, a
nnon
a-ce
ous
acet
ogen
in,
flavo
nol,
trig
lyco
side
phen
oli-
cycl
o pe
ptid
e
Uni
vers
ity o
f M
alay
a46
Frie
sodi
elsa
latif
olia
(H
ook
&Th
omso
n)
Stee
ris
–Su
bane
n: M
hem
ot
balu
Root
sW
ash
a sm
all r
oot
and
chew
.Pr
even
ts h
yper
tens
ion
–
Ethnobotany, Systematic Review and Field Mapping on Folkloric Medicinal Plants27A
mar
anth
acea
e
Am
aran
thus
sp
inos
us L
.Ko
litis
/Tho
rny
amar
anth
usKu
litis
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ecoc
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l 1g
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asse
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irabi
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icSe
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ary
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abol
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Praj
itha
and
Thop
pil47
Am
aran
thus
viri
dis
L.Ko
litis
/Gre
en
amar
anth
Suba
nen:
Kad
iapa
Root
s D
ecoc
tion
Feve
rPo
tent
ant
i infl
amm
ator
y,
anti
hepa
to t
oxic
, an
tiulc
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ntia
llerg
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antiv
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ctio
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nins
, tan
nins
ph
enol
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avon
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kalo
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car
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iterp
enoi
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dul-
Ferd
ous
et a
l.48
Am
aryl
lidac
eae
Alli
um c
epa
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buya
s/O
nion
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Sib
uyas
Chav
: Sib
olyo
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lb
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octio
nPo
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ng/p
oult
ice
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ti in
flam
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tory
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tican
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anti
mic
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al,
imm
uno-
mod
ulat
ory
Flav
onoi
ds,
orga
no s
ulph
ur
com
poun
ds
Bora
and
Sh
arm
a49
Alli
um s
ativ
um L
.A
hos/
Gar
licA
hos
Clov
esPo
und
and
appl
y di
rect
lyD
irect
che
win
g or
bl
anch
ed in
boi
led
wat
er fo
r 15m
in
Toot
hach
e, a
nti-
rabi
esH
yper
ten-
sion
A
nti b
acte
rial,
antiv
iral,
antif
unga
l, an
tican
cer
Alli
cin
Jaya
raj &
Lal
50
Alli
um
scho
enop
rasu
mKu
say/
Chiv
esG
anda
Who
le
plan
tH
yper
aci
dity
Poul
tice
Ant
ican
cer,
anti
oxid
ants
, an
ti m
icro
bial
, im
mun
o-lo
gica
l eff
ects
Org
ano
sulfu
r co
mpo
und,
qu
erce
tin,
flavo
noid
s, s
apon
ins
Yunn
an A
cade
my
of A
gric
ultu
ral
Scie
nces
, Ch
ina51
Alli
um t
uber
osum
Chin
ese
chiv
esG
anda
Who
le
plan
tPo
ultic
eFe
ver
Ant
i bac
teria
l, an
tioxi
dant
Phen
ol, 3
-met
hyl-
cycl
o pe
ntan
olLa
wth
ienc
hai e
t al
.52
Eury
cles
am
boin
ensi
s–
Abo
dLe
aves
, ro
ots
Poul
tice
(cru
shed
and
ap
plie
d di
rect
ly)
UTI
, infl
amm
a-tio
n–
Api
acea
e
Ang
elic
a ke
iske
iA
shita
baA
seta
baLe
aves
Dec
octio
nPo
undi
ngU
se fo
r ach
ing
of h
ips
and
urin
ary
trac
t in
fect
ion.
Toot
hach
e
Cyto
toxi
c, a
ntid
iabe
tic
antio
besi
ty, a
ntio
xida
nt,
anti
infla
mm
a-to
ry
Coum
arin
s,
flava
none
s U
nive
rsity
of
Nor
th C
arol
ina53
Cent
ella
asi
atic
aPe
nnyw
orth
Chav
: Yah
ong-
yaho
ngTa
usug
: Pan
ggag
ahSu
bane
n: J
aong
ja
ong
Leav
es
Leav
esW
hole
pl
ant
Infu
sion
Dec
octio
nD
ecoc
tion(
boil
plen
ty
of “
jaon
g ja
ong”
with
en
ough
wat
er)
Fatig
ue, s
un s
trok
e, c
olds
, an
d flu
Feve
r, co
ugh
Dia
bete
s
Hyp
o te
nsiv
e, w
ound
he
alin
g, v
ascu
lar e
ffec
ts
Colla
gen,
sap
onin
sG
ohil
et a
l.54
Dau
cas
caro
ta L
.Ca
rrot
Carr
otLe
aves
D
ecoc
tion
Tum
orA
nti o
xida
nt, a
nti i
nflam
ma-
tory
, pla
sma
lipid
m
odifi
ca-t
ion,
ant
itum
or
prop
ertie
s
Phen
olic
s,
caro
teno
ids
Ahm
ad e
t al
.55
Hyd
roco
tyle
vul
garis
–G
otu
kola
Who
le
plan
tD
ecoc
tion
Coug
h, k
idne
y st
ones
–
(Con
tinue
d)
Gabrinez Madjos and Piocnacia Ramos 28Ta
ble
1. (
Cont
inue
d)
Fam
ily/
Scie
ntif
ic
nam
e (I
ncl.
Aut
hor)
Com
mon
na
me(
loca
l +
Engl
ish)
Indi
geno
us n
ame
Plan
t pa
rt
used
Mod
e of
pre
para
tion
Folk
lori
c us
e
Lite
ratu
re r
evie
wR
esea
rch
done
by
Ins
titu
tion
(R
efer
ence
s)B
io-a
ctiv
itie
sA
ctiv
e is
olat
es
Apo
cyna
ceae
Als
toni
a sc
hola
ris L
.D
ita/W
hite
ch
eese
woo
dSu
bane
n:
Mal
ogat
asBa
rkTr
unk
Dec
octio
nIn
fusi
on (S
crap
e th
e ou
ter l
ayer
(7x)
. Add
1/
2 gl
ass
of w
ater
. D
rink
twic
e a
day
for
3 da
ys)
Dec
octio
n (S
crap
e th
e ou
ter l
ayer
(7x)
. Boi
l th
e sc
rape
d pi
eces
w
ith 3
gla
sses
of w
ater
. D
rink
thric
e a
day
for
3 da
ys)
Kidn
ey d
isea
ses
Hyp
er t
ensi
onA
nti i
nflam
mat
ory,
an
alge
sic
bioa
ctiv
ityN
ovel
alk
aloi
dsCh
ines
e A
cade
my
of S
cien
ces,
Ch
ina56
Asc
lepi
as c
uras
savi
ca
L.Tr
opic
al
milk
wee
dSu
bane
n: G
apas
ga
pas
Bark
, roo
tsRo
ots
Extr
actio
nD
ecoc
tion
(Boi
l eno
ugh
root
s w
ith a
mpl
e am
ount
of w
ater
. Drin
k as
oft
en a
s ne
eded
.
Diffi
cult
y in
chi
ld la
bor
Am
oebi
asis
Ant
i bac
teria
lSe
cond
ary
met
abol
ites
Wol
lega
U
nive
rsity
, Et
hiop
ia57
Cath
aran
tus
rose
us
(L.)
G. D
onTs
itsiri
ka/
Periw
inkl
eVi
s: K
umin
tang
Leav
es
Dec
octio
n D
iabe
tes
Ant
i dia
betic
, ba
cter
icid
e,an
tihyp
er
tens
ive
Terp
enoi
d in
dole
al
kalo
ids
(TIA
s)A
lmag
ro e
t al
.58
Rauv
olfia
ser
pent
ina
(L.)
Kurz
Serp
entin
a/Sn
aker
oot
Baja
u: P
ait-
pait
Suba
nen:
A
mpi
on
Leav
esD
ecoc
tion
Infu
sion
Hyp
er t
ensi
on, “
kabu
hi”
Stom
ach
ache
, dia
rrhe
a
Ant
i Hyp
er t
ensi
ve,
tran
quili
zer
Flav
onoi
dsU
nive
rsity
Sch
ool
of E
nviro
nmen
t M
anag
emen
t,
New
Del
hi,
Indi
a59
Voac
anga
m
egac
arpa
Mer
r.-
Suba
nen:
The
pala
k M
ebag
alRo
ots
Juic
e (P
ound
eno
ugh
root
s an
d sq
ueez
e an
d ap
ply
the
sque
ezed
pl
ant
mat
eria
l)
To a
bate
ble
edin
g of
a fr
esh
wou
ndA
nalg
esic
, ant
i mic
robi
al,
antiu
lcer
, cyt
otox
ic,
antio
xida
nt, a
ntim
alar
ial
Indo
le a
lkal
oids
Uni
vers
ity o
f Sa
nto
Tom
as,
Man
ila,
Phili
ppin
es60
Ara
ceae
Alo
casi
a m
acro
rrhi
zos
(L.)
G.D
on
Elep
hant
ear
Suba
nen:
Big
aRh
i-zo
me
Slic
e, p
ound
and
app
ly
on t
he a
ffec
ted
part
.Ea
rly s
tage
of i
nflam
-mat
ion
Ant
ihyp
er g
lyce
mic
, an
tioxi
dant
, cyt
otox
icFl
avon
oids
, cy
noge
netic
gl
ycos
ides
Inte
rnat
iona
l Is
lam
ic
Uni
vers
ity
Bang
lade
sh61
Colo
casi
a es
cule
nta
L.G
abi/T
aro
Chav
: Gab
iVi
s: B
adya
ngLe
aves
Rub
the
fres
h le
aves
to
the
affe
cted
are
a.D
ecoc
tion
Poul
tice
Scab
ies
Bron
chiti
sA
thle
te’s
foot
Ant
i infl
amm
ator
y,
anal
gesi
c O
rient
in &
vite
xin
Paw
ar e
t al
.62
Ethnobotany, Systematic Review and Field Mapping on Folkloric Medicinal Plants29H
omal
omen
a ru
besc
ens
(Rox
b.)
Kunt
h
Alip
ayo
Suba
nen:
Pha
yaw
Stem
Slic
e in
to p
iece
s, p
ound
, an
d sm
ell o
ften
.Co
lds
–
Ara
liace
ae
Osm
oxyl
on
dive
rsifo
lium
–Su
bane
n: G
ulo-
ulo
Stem
Dec
octio
n (S
crap
e st
em
(7x)
dow
n w
ard.
Boi
l w
ith e
noug
h w
ater
. D
rink
1/2
glas
s th
rice
a da
y fo
r 3 d
ays
Dys
me-
norr
hea,
men
no-
rhag
ia–
Pana
x gi
nsen
gG
inse
ng/
Kore
an
gins
eng
Baja
u: L
angk
awas
Frui
tsD
ecoc
tion
Mus
cle
pain
Ant
iagi
ng, a
nti d
iabe
tic,
antic
ance
r, w
ound
and
ul
cer h
ealin
g
Gin
se n
osid
es,
pept
ides
, pol
y ac
etyl
enic
alc
ohol
s,
fatt
y ac
ids
Ru e
t al
.63
Are
cace
ae/P
alm
ae
Cala
mus
sp.
–Su
bane
n: D
lebi
eSt
em
Juic
eCu
t st
em, g
athe
r jui
ce,
and
appl
y on
the
w
ound
oft
en.
Shin
gles
cau
sed
by H
erpe
s zo
ster
–
Coco
s nu
cife
ra L
.N
iyog
/ Co
conu
tBa
jau:
Coco
Taus
ug: L
ahin
gVi
s:Bu
tong
Frui
t O
il
Flow
er
(whi
te)
Bark
Flow
er,
leav
esFl
esh
and
the
juic
eRo
ot, b
ark
Oil
Extr
act
Infu
sion
for b
ath
Dec
octio
nSt
eam
Dire
ct e
atin
g an
d dr
inki
ng
Dec
octio
n
Mus
cle
Pain
, wou
nds
in t
he
head
Mea
sles
Abd
omin
al p
ain
Mea
sles
Det
oxify
ing
for u
rinar
y tr
act
infe
ctio
n.
Kidn
ey s
tone
s
Ant
i oxi
dant
, ant
i in
flam
mat
ory
Phen
ols,
flav
onoi
ds,
glyc
osid
es, t
anni
ns,
alka
loid
s, s
apon
ins
Jaip
ur N
atio
nal
Uni
vers
ity,
Jaip
ur,
Raja
stha
n,
Indi
a64,6
5
Cory
pha
elat
a Ro
xb.
Talip
ot p
alm
Vis:
Buli
Root
s D
ecoc
tion
Phys
ical
rela
pse
–
Ari
stol
ochi
acea
e
Aris
tolo
chia
ph
ilipp
inen
sis
War
b.
Puso
-pus
oan
Suba
nen:
Bar
ubo
Leav
es
Dec
octio
n “B
ugha
t”, b
ody
pain
s–
Asp
arag
acea
e
Cord
ylin
e fr
utic
osa
(L.)
A. C
hev.
Bast
on d
e Sa
n Jo
seVi
s: M
akila
laYa
kan:
Kila
leSu
bane
n: G
uila
la
Leav
es
Youn
g le
af
Dec
octio
n
Eat
the
leav
es o
ften
unt
il ne
eded
.
Bloo
dy s
tool
s, m
enst
rual
cr
amps
, dys
me-
norr
hea
Hyp
er t
ensi
on
Ant
ioxi
dant
Phen
olic
com
poun
dsFo
uedj
ou e
t al
.66
(Con
tinue
d)
Gabrinez Madjos and Piocnacia Ramos 30Ta
ble
1. (
Cont
inue
d)
Fam
ily/
Scie
ntif
ic
nam
e (I
ncl.
Aut
hor)
Com
mon
na
me(
loca
l +
Engl
ish)
Indi
geno
us n
ame
Plan
t pa
rt
used
Mod
e of
pre
para
tion
Folk
lori
c us
e
Lite
ratu
re r
evie
wR
esea
rch
done
by
Ins
titu
tion
(R
efer
ence
s)B
io-a
ctiv
itie
sA
ctiv
e is
olat
es
Dra
caen
a tr
ifasc
iata
Cylin
dric
al s
nake
pl
ant
Spad
a Le
aves
D
irect
che
win
gTe
tanu
s A
ntio
xida
ntTa
nnin
s, s
apon
ins,
te
rpen
oids
, ca
rdia
c gl
ycos
ides
, qu
inon
es
Uni
vers
iti S
ains
M
alay
sia67
Sans
evie
ria s
pp.
–Es
pada
-esp
ada
Who
le
plan
t Cr
ushe
d an
d ap
plie
d di
rect
lyW
ound
–
Sans
evie
ria
trifa
scia
ta P
rain
–Ti
gre-
tigre
Leav
es
Infu
sion
(in
effi
cas-
cent
oil)
Feve
r–
Asp
hode
lace
ae
Alo
e ba
rbad
ensi
s M
. (S
yn. A
loe
vera
(L.)
Burm
.f)
Alo
e ve
raCh
av: A
loe
vera
Le
aves
Extr
actio
n
Scra
ping
Dec
octio
n
Wou
nds,
dry
hai
r, in
flam
ma-
tion,
bur
nsBl
eedi
ng, u
lcer
Canc
er, p
aras
itic
wor
ms
Ant
ifung
al, a
ntio
xida
ntLi
gnin
and
sap
onin
sRa
ksha
et.
al.68
Ast
erac
eae/
Com
posi
tae
Art
emis
ia s
p.–
Baro
gbar
ogLe
aves
D
ecoc
tion
Stom
ach
ache
–
Art
emis
ia v
ulga
ris L
. D
amon
g m
aria
/M
aide
n w
ort
Chav
:Yer
ba S
ta.
Mar
iaVi
s:H
erba
Bue
naYa
kan:
Sta.
Mar
iaSu
bane
n:H
ilbas
Leav
es
Leav
es
Who
le
Plan
t
Infu
sion
Dec
octio
n
Infu
sion
Coug
hs a
nd c
olds
, ast
hma,
fe
ver,
pain
relie
f, ul
cer,
hype
r ten
sion
, hyp
er
acid
ityM
enst
rual
abn
orm
a-lit
ies,
st
omac
h ac
he, “
panu
hot”
, co
ugh
Infu
sion
Ana
lges
ic, h
yper
lipi
dem
ic
activ
ityTe
rpen
oids
, fla
vono
ids,
co
umar
ins
Aba
d et
al.69
B. b
alsa
mife
ra (L
.) D
CSa
mbo
ng/B
. ca
mph
orCh
av: L
engu
a de
ba
kaBa
jau:
Sam
bon
Vis:
Gab
onTa
usug
: Dak
lan-
bu
lan
Yaka
n: L
akad
-bul
anSu
bane
n: B
ubul
an
Leav
es
Leav
esLe
aves
Leav
es
Leav
es
Leav
esRo
ots
Dec
octio
n (d
rink)
Dec
octio
n (b
ath)
Poun
d th
e le
aves
and
put
in
the
fore
head
.Po
und
the
leav
es t
hen
drin
k th
e ex
trac
t.
Poul
tice
Infu
sion
Dec
octio
n
Coug
hs a
nd c
olds
, “pa
smo
sa k
usog
”, U
TI a
nd k
idne
y st
ones
, phy
sica
l rel
apse
, hy
per t
ensi
on, m
easl
es
stom
ach
ache
, dys
men
or-
rhea
& a
men
or-r
hea
Post
-par
tum
car
eFe
ver
Hig
h fe
ver,
coug
h, u
rinar
y tr
act
infe
ctio
n, s
tom
ach-
ac
heBo
dy p
ain,
“pa
nuho
t”, a
chin
g du
e to
“pi
ang”
Coug
hBl
eedi
ng
Ant
i mic
robi
al, a
nti
infla
mm
a-to
ry, a
nti
spas
mod
ic
Flav
onoi
dsCh
ines
e A
cade
my
of T
ropi
cal
Agr
icul
ture
Sc
ienc
es 70
Ethnobotany, Systematic Review and Field Mapping on Folkloric Medicinal Plants31Ch
rom
olae
na
odor
ata
(L.)
R.M
Ki
ng &
H.R
ob
Hag
onoy
/Dev
il W
eed
Vis:
Hag
onoy
Taus
ug: L
ahun
ayYa
kan:
Lah
uney
Suba
nen:
Gun
oySu
bano
n:
Sung
gono
y
Leav
es
Crus
h an
d ap
ply
dire
ctly
. W
ound
Ke
rati
nocy
te p
rolif
era-
tion
Flav
onoi
d, p
hyto
pr
osta
ne
com
poun
d in
clud
ing
chro
mo-
mor
ic a
cid
Sirin
thip
apor
n an
d Ji
raun
gkoo
r-sk
ul71
Chry
sant
hem
um s
p.M
ums
or
chry
sant
hsCh
rysa
n-th
emum
Root
s D
irect
app
lica-
tion
Toot
hach
e Cy
toto
xic,
ant
i bac
teria
l, in
hibi
tory
Seco
ndar
y m
etab
olite
sCe
ntra
l Ins
titut
e of
Med
icin
al
and
Aro
mat
ic
Plan
ts, I
ndia
72
Emel
lia s
onch
iflol
iaRe
d Ta
ssel
Flow
erPi
saw
-pis
awLe
aves
Leav
esLe
aves
Dec
octio
nPo
undi
ngEx
trac
tion
(Drin
k th
e ex
trac
t)
Feve
r, co
ugh
Cons
tipat
ion,
“ka
bag”
Coug
h, c
olds
, and
kid
’s fe
ver
Ant
imic
robi
al
Seco
ndar
y m
etab
olite
sCo
uto
et a
l.73
2011
Pseu
dele
phan
topu
s sp
icat
us (B
. Jus
s.
ex A
ubl.)
Roh
r. ex
C/
F. B
aker
Dila
ng-a
so/D
og’s
to
ngue
Vis:
Dila
-dila
sa
iroVi
s: K
ukug
-ban
ogSu
bane
n: K
okog
ba
nog
Root
s,
stem
, an
d le
aves
Dec
octio
nH
yper
aci
dity
, phy
sica
l re
laps
eA
ntia
cne,
ant
ioxi
dant
, cy
toto
xic
Hyd
roxy
l gro
ups,
ph
enol
ic
com
poun
d,
flavo
noid
s an
d ta
nnin
s
Lalis
an e
t al
.74
Spha
gnet
icol
a tr
iloba
ta (
L.)
Prus
ki
Trai
ling
dais
y–
Leav
esEx
trac
t To
otha
che
Ana
lges
ic, a
nti m
icro
bial
, an
ti in
flam
ma-
tory
pr
oper
ties
Tann
in, s
apon
ins,
fla
vono
ids,
phe
nol,
terp
enoi
ds
SV U
nive
rsity
, In
dia75
Spila
nthe
s ac
mel
la–
Suba
nen:
Dila
g-di
lag
Flow
er
App
lied
dire
ctly
Toot
hach
e A
nti m
icro
bial
Phyt
oche
mic
als
Prac
haya
sitt
i-
kul e
t al
.76
Trid
ax p
rocu
mbe
ns
Linn
.–
Suba
nen:
Kan
ding
-ka
ndin
gLe
aves
Cr
ushe
d an
d ap
plie
d di
rect
ly.
Wou
nd
Wou
nd h
ealin
g, a
nti
coag
ulan
t, a
ntifu
ngal
Se
cond
ary
met
abol
ites
Mir
et a
l.77
Bals
amin
acea
e
Impa
tiens
bal
sam
ina
Kam
antig
ue/
Rose
bal
sam
Chav
: Kam
anti-
gue
Taus
ug: S
aung
gah
Leav
es,
stem
sLe
aves
an
d st
em
Extr
actio
nD
ecoc
tion
Infla
mm
a-tio
n, jo
int
pain
sU
rinar
y tr
act
infe
ctio
n A
nti m
icro
bial
, ant
idia
betic
Gly
cosi
des
Su e
t al
.78 2
012
Base
llace
ae
Base
lla a
lba
Mal
abar
spi
nach
/ M
alab
ar
nigh
tsha
de
Chav
: Alu
gbat
iLe
aves
Leav
esPo
und
and
appl
y di
rect
ly.
Dec
octio
nW
ound
s an
d bo
ils, f
ever
Hyp
er t
ensi
onA
ntic
ance
r, an
tioxi
dant
Sa
poni
n, x
anth
ones
Kum
ar e
t al
.79
(Con
tinue
d)
Gabrinez Madjos and Piocnacia Ramos 32Ta
ble
1. (
Cont
inue
d)
Fam
ily/
Scie
ntif
ic
nam
e (I
ncl.
Aut
hor)
Com
mon
na
me(
loca
l +
Engl
ish)
Indi
geno
us n
ame
Plan
t pa
rt
used
Mod
e of
pre
para
tion
Folk
lori
c us
e
Lite
ratu
re r
evie
wR
esea
rch
done
by
Ins
titu
tion
(R
efer
ence
s)B
io-a
ctiv
itie
sA
ctiv
e is
olat
es
Bras
sica
ceae
Bras
sica
rapa
sub
sp.
chin
ensi
sPe
chay
Pech
ayLe
aves
Cook
dire
ctly
Ove
rall
heal
thA
nti h
yper
ten
sive
Seco
ndar
y m
etab
olite
sRa
iola
et
al.80
Bego
niac
eae
(1)
Bego
nia
sp.
Ang
el-w
ing
bego
nia
Bego
nia
Flow
erPo
ultic
eBu
rns,
sor
esA
nti p
rolif
era-
tive
activ
ity
tow
ards
tum
orCu
curb
itaci
nsSw
iss
Fede
ral
Inst
itute
of
Tech
nolo
gy
(ETH
) Zur
ich,
Sw
itzer
land
81
Bign
onia
ceae
Cres
cent
ia c
ujet
e Co
mm
on
cala
bash
tre
eCa
laba
sh t
ree
Frui
tFr
uit
Frui
tLe
aves
Dire
ct e
atin
gD
ecoc
tion
Juic
e Ex
trac
tion
Dec
octio
n
Dia
rrhe
a, c
olds
,Br
onch
itis
Coug
h, a
sthm
a, u
reth
ritis
Hyp
er t
ensi
on
Ant
i bac
teria
l, an
tidia
betic
Alk
aloi
ds, c
ardi
ac
glyc
osid
es,
flavo
noid
s,
phyt
oste
rol,
redu
cing
sug
ars,
sa
poni
ns, t
anni
ns,
trite
rpen
es
Billa
cura
and
La
ciap
ag
2017
82
Oro
xylu
m in
dicu
m
(L.)
Bent
h. e
x Ku
rzIn
dian
tru
mpe
t flo
wer
Suba
nen:
Bne
nloy
Youn
g le
aves
Poun
d en
ough
leav
es
and
add
littl
e am
ount
of
wat
er. P
ut o
n th
e he
ad o
r aff
ecte
d ar
ea
Body
pai
n, fe
ver
Ant
i mic
robi
al, a
nti d
iabe
tic,
hepa
topr
otec
tive,
ant
i in
flam
ma-
tory
Flav
onoi
ds (c
hrys
in,
orox
ylin
-A,
scut
ella
rin,
baic
alei
n, q
uerc
itin)
Jam
ia H
amda
rd,
Indi
a 83
Rade
rmac
hera
sp.
–Su
bane
n: P
hele
bo-
naya
nTr
unk
Dec
octio
n (B
oil e
noug
h si
ze w
ith a
mpl
e am
ount
of
wat
er. D
rink
ofte
n.)
Dia
bete
s, h
yper
ten
sion
, co
ugh
–
Bixa
ceae
Bixa
ore
llana
Ach
iote
Chav
: Ats
uete
sYa
kan:
Ach
uete
Leav
esLe
aves
&
root
s
Infu
sion
Dec
octio
nN
ause
a, v
omiti
ng, f
ever
“Uga
m”
(thr
ush)
, cou
gh a
nd
cold
s, le
an b
ody
mas
s (L
BM)
Phyt
o th
erap
eutic
Phyt
o ch
emic
als
Vila
r et
al.84
Bom
baca
ceae
Dur
io z
ibet
hinu
s M
urr.
Dur
ian/
Cive
t fr
uit
Dur
ian
Bark
D
ecoc
tion
Itch
y ge
nita
lsA
ntip
rolif
erat
ive
effe
ctFl
avon
oids
(flav
anol
s,
anth
o cy
anin
s),
asco
rbic
aci
d,
caro
teno
ids
Uni
vers
iti S
ulta
n Za
inal
Abi
din,
M
alay
sia85
Bora
gina
ceae
Carm
ona
retu
sa
(Vah
l.) M
asam
. Ts
aang
gub
at/
Scor
pion
bus
hTs
aang
gub
atLe
aves
D
ecoc
tion
Dia
rrhe
a, s
tom
ach
ache
Ant
iIn
flam
ma-
tory
, ant
i ba
cter
ial,
anal
gesi
c
Seco
ndar
y m
etab
olite
sSh
ridev
i Ins
titut
e of
Eng
inee
ring
and
Tech
nolo
gy,
Tum
kur,
Indi
a86
Ethnobotany, Systematic Review and Field Mapping on Folkloric Medicinal Plants33Co
rdia
dic
hoto
ma
Ano
nang
/Soa
p be
rry
Ano
nang
Ba
rkSu
bmer
ge in
hot
wat
er
and
drin
k“B
ugha
t”A
nti b
acte
rial,
antiv
iral,
antit
ussi
ve
Betu
lin, o
ctac
osan
ol
Jam
khan
de e
t al
.87
Hel
iotr
opiu
m
indi
cum
L.
Trom
pang
el
epan
te/
Indi
an h
elio
trop
e
Elep
ante
Le
aves
Stem
and
ro
ots
Dec
octio
n
Dec
octio
n
Phys
ical
rela
pse,
wou
nd
heal
ing
Wou
nd h
ealin
gCo
llage
nIn
stitu
te o
f Ph
arm
acy
and
Tech
nolo
gy,
Indi
a88
Brom
elia
ceae
Ana
nas
com
osus
Pine
appl
ePi
nya
Frui
tSh
oot
Juic
e Ex
trac
tion
Extr
actio
n (M
ix w
ith o
il th
en a
pply
as
poul
tice)
Hyp
er t
ensi
onSp
rain
Ant
i oxi
dant
, ant
i bac
teria
lPh
enol
ic c
ompo
unds
Putr
i et
al.89
Cact
acea
e
Opu
ntia
co
chen
illife
raCa
ctus
/Coc
hine
al
nopa
l cac
tus)
Busa
y-bu
say
Leav
esG
rille
dTe
tanu
s–
Card
iopt
erid
acea
e
Citr
onel
la m
ucro
nata
Citr
onel
laCi
tron
ella
Leav
esG
et t
he e
xtra
ct a
nd m
ix
it w
ith c
ocon
ut o
il th
en
appl
y it
to a
ffec
ted
area
s
Dan
druf
f, rin
gwor
mA
nti i
nflam
mat
ory,
an
tican
cer,
antio
xida
nt,
anti
prol
ifera
tive,
ant
i m
icro
bial
Citr
al, v
itro
on
5-lip
oxy-
gena
se,
casp
ase-
3, a
- an
d b-
uns
atur
ated
al
dehy
de g
roup
s
Bhav
anira
m-y
a et
al.90
Cari
cace
ae
Caric
a pa
paya
L.
Papa
yaCh
av: P
apay
aBa
jau:
Kap
aya
Vis:
Kap
ayas
Leav
esFr
uit
Flow
er
Juic
e Ex
trac
tion
Dire
ct e
atin
gD
ecoc
tion
Den
gue
feve
r, m
alar
iaLB
M, c
onst
ipat
ion
Den
gue
feve
r
Ant
i bac
teria
l, cy
toto
xic
Chym
o pa
pain
, qu
erci
tinM
adjo
s an
d Lu
ceno
91
Chen
opod
iace
ae
Dys
phan
ia
ambr
osia
ides
(L.)
Mos
yaki
n an
d Cl
eman
ts
Wor
mse
ed/
Epaz
ote
Chav
: Apa
sote
Leav
esD
ecoc
tion
“Kab
ag”
(Gas
pai
n)La
xativ
e pr
oper
ties
Asc
arid
ole,
cym
ene,
ge
rani
ol
Koba
et
al.92
Com
bret
acea
e
Qui
squa
lis in
dica
L.
Niy
ug-n
iyog
anN
iyug
-niy
ogan
Seed
s D
irect
eat
ing
two
hour
s af
ter s
uppe
rPa
rasi
tic w
orm
sA
nti o
xida
nt, a
nti h
elm
inth
icFl
avon
oids
, phe
nolic
co
mpo
nent
sSh
ah e
t al
.93
Term
inal
ia c
atta
paIn
dian
alm
ond
Talis
ayD
ead
leav
esD
ecoc
tion
Seps
is
Ant
i mic
robi
alSe
cond
ary
met
abol
ites
Nai
r and
Cha
nda
94
Conv
olvu
lace
ae
Ipom
ea a
quat
ica
Fors
k.Ka
ngko
ng/W
ater
sp
inac
hKa
ngko
ng
Leav
esD
ecoc
tion
and
mix
ed
with
“ka
yum
a-ni
s” a
nd
“kam
bal-
sim
ang-
ko”
Feve
r, ov
eral
l hea
lth
Carm
ina-
tive
agen
t, a
nti
infla
mm
a-to
ryFl
avon
oids
Man
var a
nd
Des
ai95 (C
ontin
ued)
Gabrinez Madjos and Piocnacia Ramos 34Ta
ble
1. (
Cont
inue
d)
Fam
ily/
Scie
ntif
ic
nam
e (I
ncl.
Aut
hor)
Com
mon
na
me(
loca
l +
Engl
ish)
Indi
geno
us n
ame
Plan
t pa
rt
used
Mod
e of
pre
para
tion
Folk
lori
c us
e
Lite
ratu
re r
evie
wR
esea
rch
done
by
Ins
titu
tion
(R
efer
ence
s)B
io-a
ctiv
itie
sA
ctiv
e is
olat
es
Ipom
oea
bata
tas
L.Ka
mot
e/Sw
eet
pota
toCh
av: K
amot
e Le
aves
Dec
octio
nCo
okin
gFe
ver,
anem
iaH
ypo
tens
ive,
hyp
o lip
idem
icIs
oflav
ones
Dew
ijant
i et
al.96
Jacq
uem
ontia
pa
nicu
lata
–H
imag
Ro
ots
Poun
ding
, mix
ing
Wou
nds
Laxa
tive,
ant
ioxi
dant
Alk
aloi
ds, fl
avon
oids
, sa
poni
ns, s
tero
ids,
ta
nnin
s, a
nthr
ax-
quin
ones
Clem
eña
and
Gal
arpe
97
Com
mel
inac
eae
Rhoe
o sp
atha
cea
(Sw
artz
) Ste
arn
Klap
a-kl
apa/
Bang
ka-
bang
kaan
Kapa
l-ka
pal
Leav
es
and
root
s
Extr
act
Toot
hach
e, h
eada
che
Ant
i oxi
dant
, ant
i bac
teria
lPh
enol
ic c
onte
nt,
flavo
noid
co
mpo
nent
s
Tan
et a
l.98
Cost
acea
e
Cham
aeco
stus
cu
spid
atus
Cost
us o
r spi
ral
flag
Insu
lin p
lant
Leav
es
Dec
octio
n D
iabe
tes,
hyp
er t
ensi
onA
nti d
iabe
tic p
rope
rtie
sSe
cond
ary
met
abol
ites
Chal
apat
hi
Inst
itute
of
Phar
mac
eu-
tical
Sci
ence
s,
Gun
tur99
Cost
us ig
neus
In
sulin
pla
ntIn
sulin
Plan
tLe
aves
an
d sh
oots
Was
h th
e le
aves
and
sh
oots
the
n di
rect
ly
cons
ume
it
Dia
bete
s, a
nem
ia, s
trok
e,
hype
r ten
sion
Ant
i oxi
dant
, ant
i dia
betic
, hy
po li
pide
mic
, diu
retic
, an
ti m
icro
bial
Trite
rpe-
noid
, al
kalo
ids,
tan
nins
, sa
poni
ns,
flavo
noid
s, s
tero
id,
appr
ecia
ble
amou
nts
of t
race
el
emen
ts
Hed
ge e
t al
.100
Clus
iace
ae/G
utti
fera
e
Gar
cini
a m
ango
stan
a L.
Man
gost
an/
Man
gost
een
Baja
u: M
angi
sYa
kan:
Man
gost
anFr
uit
peel
s,
bark
Dec
octio
nTu
berc
u-lo
sis,
dia
bete
s,
diar
rhea
, sto
mac
h ac
he,
anem
ia
Ant
i oxi
dant
, ant
i pro
lifer
a-tiv
e, p
ro a
popt
otic
, ant
i in
flam
mat
ory,
ant
i car
cino
ge
nic,
ant
i mic
robi
al
Xant
hone
s, fl
avon
oids
, tr
iterp
enoi
-dan
d-be
nzo
phen
ones
Faill
a an
d G
utie
rrez
–O
rozc
o101
Cras
sula
ceae
Bryo
phyl
lum
pi
nnna
tum
Lam
. (S
yn. K
alan
choe
pi
nnat
a)
Kata
ka-t
aka/
Mira
cle
plan
tCh
av: H
anda
lika/
Siem
pre
viva
Vis:
Kat
aka-
taka
Yaka
n: K
arita
naSu
bane
n: H
anlil
ika
Leav
es
Leav
esLe
aves
Smas
h th
e le
aves
and
ap
ply
on t
he a
ffec
ted
area
.In
fusi
onD
ecoc
tion
Wou
nds
and
infla
mm
a-tio
n,
boils
Toot
hach
ePh
ysic
al re
laps
e
Strin
gent
, ant
isep
tic,
hem
osta
tic, a
nti
Infla
mm
ator
y
Alk
aloi
ds, t
riter
pene
s,
glyc
osid
es,
flavo
noid
s, s
tero
ids
Gup
ta e
t al
102 ;
Fern
ande
s et
al
.103
Cucu
rbit
acea
e
Mom
ordi
ca c
hara
ntia
L.
Am
pala
ya/B
itter
go
urd
Baja
u: P
aliy
aSu
bane
n: P
alya
Leav
esLe
aves
Frui
ts
Dec
octio
n an
d dr
ink
Was
h in
hyg
ieni
c pa
rtCo
okin
g (v
iand
)
Dia
bete
s, F
ever
, LBM
Post
part
um c
are
Ane
mia
, dia
bete
s
Ant
i dia
betic
, hyp
ogly
-ca
emic
eff
ect
Trite
rpen
e, p
rote
id,
ster
oid,
alk
aloi
d,
phen
olic
com
poun
ds
Budr
at a
nd
Shot
ipru
k104
Ethnobotany, Systematic Review and Field Mapping on Folkloric Medicinal Plants35La
gena
ria s
icer
aria
(M
olin
a) S
tand
l.–
Mira
cle
Plan
t Le
aves
Frui
tsD
ecoc
tion
Dire
ct e
atin
g Ca
ncer
, kid
ney
ston
eH
yper
ten
sion
Emet
ic, p
urga
tive,
diu
retic
Ster
ols,
ter
peno
ids,
fla
vono
ids,
sa
poni
ns
Praj
apat
i et
al.10
5
Luff
a ac
utan
gula
Ro
xb.
Pato
la/S
pong
e go
urd
Suba
nen:
Tik
wa
Leav
esH
eat
enou
gh le
aves
un
til b
urnt
. App
ly a
nd
chan
ge w
hen
dry.
Early
sta
ge o
f infl
amm
a-tio
nA
nti d
iabe
tic, h
epat
o pr
otec
tive,
ant
iulc
er,
antic
ance
r, an
ti m
icro
bial
, an
alge
sic,
ant
i infl
amm
a-to
ry
Flav
onoi
ds, a
nthr
ax-
quin
ones
, pro
tein
s,
fatt
y ac
ids,
sap
onin
, tr
iterp
ene,
vol
atile
co
mpo
nent
s
Scho
ol o
f Ph
arm
acy
and
Tech
nolo
gy
Man
agem
ent,
In
dia10
6
Sech
ium
edu
le
(Jac
q.) S
w.
Chay
ote
Vis:
Say
ote
Leav
es
Dec
octio
n H
yper
ten
sion
Ant
ioxi
dant
Poly
phe
nols
, ca
rote
noid
sVi
eira
et
al.10
7
Cype
race
ae
Cype
rus
kylli
ngia
M
utha
/Nut
gra
ss
Suba
nen:
Kuk
emot
W
hole
pl
ant
Infu
sion
D
iarr
hea,
feve
r A
nti i
nflam
ma-
tory
, ant
i di
abet
ic, a
nalg
esic
St
arch
, alk
aloi
ds,
flavo
noid
s Ba
jpay
et
al.10
8
Kylli
nga
mon
ocep
hala
Bosi
kad
Bosi
kad
Stem
and
le
aves
So
akin
g in
wat
er d
urin
g ni
ght-
time
and
drin
k th
e w
ater
in t
he
mor
ning
Hea
dach
e, m
uscl
e pa
in, f
ever
Ana
lges
icFl
avon
oids
, tan
nins
, ph
enol
ic
com
poun
ds
Am
or e
t al
.109
Dill
enea
ceae
Dill
enia
phi
lippi
nens
is
Rolfe
Katm
on/
Elep
hant
ap
ple
Suba
nen:
D
lhem
bog
Leav
esD
ecoc
tion
(boi
l sev
en
leav
es w
ith 1
.5 g
lass
of
wat
er. O
nce
luke
war
m,
drin
k a
half-
glas
s on
ce)
Dia
rrhe
a an
d vo
miti
ngA
nti m
icro
bial
Tr
iterp
enes
De
La S
alle
U
nive
rsity
110
Dip
tero
carp
acea
e
Shor
ea a
styl
osa
Yaka
lYa
kal
Bark
deco
ctio
nPh
ysic
al re
laps
e (“
bugh
at”)
–
Euph
orbi
acea
e
Brey
nia
cern
ua (P
oir.)
M
ull.
Arg
.–
Suba
nen:
The
tulo
gSt
em
Leav
es
Use
a t
hin
sect
ion
of t
he
stem
as
a to
othp
ick.
Poun
d ha
ndfu
l of l
eave
s.
Sque
eze
the
juic
e on
th
e af
fect
ed a
rea.
Toot
hach
e pr
even
tion
Ope
n w
ound
–
Euph
orbi
a hi
rta
L.Ta
wa-
taw
a/A
sthm
a pl
ant
Chav
: Taw
a-ta
wa
Baja
u: P
atik
-pat
ikYa
kan:
Pat
ik-p
atik
Vis:
Man
gaw
-nga
wSu
bane
n: T
emat
ik
Who
le
plan
t
Leav
esSa
p
Dec
octio
n
Juic
e ex
trac
tion
Dire
ct a
pplic
a-tio
n
Den
gue
feve
r, co
ugh,
st
omac
h ac
he, p
hysi
cal
rela
pse
(“bu
ghat
”), m
alar
ia,
mea
sles
Wou
nds,
tum
or, p
usSo
re e
yes
Ant
i bac
teria
l, an
tifun
gal,
anti
mal
aria
l, an
ti sp
asm
odic
, hem
osta
tic
Gal
lic a
cid,
que
rcet
in,
alka
loid
s, e
ssen
tial
oils
, phe
nols
, ste
rol,
flavo
nes
and
fatt
y ac
ids
Gho
sh e
t al
.111
(Con
tinue
d)
Gabrinez Madjos and Piocnacia Ramos 36Ta
ble
1. (
Cont
inue
d)
Fam
ily/
Scie
ntif
ic
nam
e (I
ncl.
Aut
hor)
Com
mon
na
me(
loca
l +
Engl
ish)
Indi
geno
us n
ame
Plan
t pa
rt
used
Mod
e of
pre
para
tion
Folk
lori
c us
e
Lite
ratu
re r
evie
wR
esea
rch
done
by
Ins
titu
tion
(R
efer
ence
s)B
io-a
ctiv
itie
sA
ctiv
e is
olat
es
Euph
orbi
a pu
lche
rrim
a W
illd.
Chris
tmas
flow
erPo
inse
ttia
Leav
esEx
trac
tion
Feve
r A
nti b
acte
rial
Terp
enoi
ds,
flavo
noid
s,
alka
loid
s, s
apon
in,
ster
oids
Baye
ro U
nive
rsity
, Ka
no, N
iger
ia
112
Codi
aeum
va
riega
tum
(L.)
Rum
ph.e
x. A
. Jus
s
San
Fran
cisc
oSa
n Fr
anci
sco
Leav
es
Poul
tice
Swel
ling
Ant
i infl
amm
a-to
ryA
lkal
oids
, gly
cosi
des,
st
eroi
ds, fl
avon
oids
Bije
kar a
nd
Gay
atri
113
Jatr
opa
curc
asTu
ba-t
uba/
Phys
ic
nut
tree
Tuba
-tub
aLe
aves
Root
s an
d le
aves
Leav
es
Poul
tice/
Smok
ing
(“ha
mpo
l “or
app
lied
as p
oult
ice)
Dec
octio
n
Poun
d an
d us
e lik
e a
band
age
or a
re d
irect
ly
appl
ied
on s
kin
like
a lin
imen
t;St
eam
and
pou
ltic
e
Flat
ulen
ce, s
prai
n, s
tom
ach
ache
, “ka
bag”
, fev
er
Dia
rrhe
a, in
sect
repe
llent
, “p
anuh
ot”
Frac
ture
d bo
ne, b
ody
ache
s,
spra
in
Ant
i mic
robi
al, a
ntic
ance
rA
lkal
oids
Patil
et
al.11
4
Jatr
opha
pod
agric
a–
Gin
seng
Ro
ots
Crus
hed
and
appl
ied
dire
ctly
Wou
nd
–
Mac
aran
ga t
anar
ius
(L
.) M
uell.
-Arg
Binu
nga/
El
epha
nt’s
ear
Su
bane
n: B
inun
gaLe
aves
Ex
trac
tion
Wou
nds
Ant
i oxi
dant
, ant
i mic
robi
al,
anti
infla
mm
a-to
ryFl
avon
oids
Mag
adul
a115
Mal
lotu
s flo
ribun
dus
(Blu
me)
Mue
ll.-A
rg.
Tula
-tul
a/Bl
ue
blad
eSu
bane
n: T
ula-
tula
Root
s D
ecoc
tion
Kidn
ey d
isea
ses
–
Man
ihot
esc
ulen
ta
Cran
tzKa
mot
eng
kaho
y/Ca
ssav
a
Chav
: Kam
antin
gSu
bane
n:
Bala
ngho
y
Leav
esTu
bers
Dec
octio
nD
ecoc
tion
Swel
ling
Furu
ncle
A
nti-
infla
mm
a-to
ry, a
nti
mic
robi
al
Flav
onoi
ds, s
apon
ins
and
vita
min
CTa
o et
al.11
6
Mel
anol
epis
m
ultig
land
ulos
a Re
inw
. Ex
Blum
e
Alim
Vis:
Alo
mSu
bane
n: G
hale
mLe
aves
Leav
esBa
rk
Dec
octio
nPo
ultic
ePo
ultic
e
Para
sitic
wor
ms
Flat
ulen
ceSo
re t
hroa
t
Ant
i hel
min
thic
Tara
xery
l fat
ty a
cid
este
rs, s
qual
ene
Apo
stol
et
al.11
7
Rici
nus
com
mun
is L
.Ta
ngan
-ta
ngan
/Cas
tor
bean
Tang
an-t
anga
nLe
aves
Stea
mIn
jurie
sA
nti i
nflam
mat
ion,
an
tican
cer
Alk
aloi
dsPa
til e
t al
.114
Ethnobotany, Systematic Review and Field Mapping on Folkloric Medicinal Plants37
Faba
ceae
/Leg
umin
osae
Afz
elia
rhom
boid
ea
(Bla
nco)
Vid
alM
alac
ca t
eak
Suba
nen:
Glo
nghi
giTr
unk
Juic
e ex
trac
tion
(Scr
ape
trun
k (3
x) a
nd s
quee
ze
the
juic
e. A
pply
on
the
head
aft
er s
ham
poo.
Le
ave
for h
alf a
n ho
ur.
Rins
e.)
To g
et ri
d of
lice
–
Ara
chis
hyp
ogae
a M
ani/P
eanu
tM
ani
Seed
s Cr
ushe
d an
d ap
plie
d di
rect
lySo
re
Ant
i bac
teria
lFl
avon
oids
, phe
nols
, al
kalo
ids,
tan
nins
Al-
Aza
wil
and
Has
san11
8
Caes
alpi
nia
sapp
an L
.Sa
ppan
woo
dSi
buka
wBa
rk
Root
s
Bark
Leav
es
Dec
octio
n
Dec
octio
n (d
rink
as
need
ed)
Infu
sion
with
coc
onut
oil
Dec
octio
n
Dia
rrhe
a, fe
ver,
rheu
mat
ism
ar
thrit
is, a
nem
iaPh
ysic
al re
laps
e, c
ough
, tu
berc
ulos
isFr
actu
res,
mus
cle
pain
, ph
ysic
al re
laps
e, fl
uTu
berc
u-lo
sis
Ant
i infl
amm
a-to
ryH
aem
atei
n,
flavo
noid
sJe
ong
et a
l.119
Cass
ia a
lata
L.
Aca
pulc
o Ta
usug
: And
alan
Yaka
n: K
wit
subo
ng/p
itsub
oSu
bane
n: A
sunt
ing
Leav
esRo
ots,
le
aves
Poun
ding
Dec
octio
nSc
abie
s, fu
ngal
infe
ctio
n,
athl
ete’
s fo
ot, T
inea
flav
a,
ringw
orm
Cyst
, fun
gal i
nfec
tions
Ant
i mut
agen
ic, a
ntifu
ngal
, an
alge
sic,
ant
i infl
amm
a-to
ry, h
ypog
ly-c
emic
Seco
ndar
y m
etab
olite
sVi
llase
ñor e
t al
.120
Clito
ria t
erna
tea
L.Pu
king
an/
Butt
erfly
pea
flo
wer
Yaka
n: B
alog
balo
gLe
aves
Root
s an
d Ba
rkFl
ower
Poul
tice
Infu
sion
Extr
actio
n
Swol
len
join
tsKi
dney
dis
ease
Hyp
er t
ensi
on
Ant
i mic
robi
al, a
ntip
yret
ic,
anti
infla
mm
a-to
ry,
anal
gesi
c, d
iure
tic,
anes
thet
ic, a
nti h
yper
gl
ycem
ic, a
nti h
yper
lip
idem
ic
Alk
aloi
ds, fl
avon
oids
, fr
ee a
min
o ac
ids,
gl
ycos
ides
, phe
nols
, pr
otei
ns, r
educ
ing
suga
rs, s
tero
ids,
an
d ta
nnin
s
Al-
Snafi
121
Der
ris e
llipt
ica
(Wal
l.)
Bent
h.Tu
bli/T
uba
root
Su
bane
n: T
hoba
Leav
esPo
und
plen
ty le
aves
and
ap
ply
until
itch
ines
s su
bsid
es.
Itch
ines
sCy
toto
xic
Rote
none
Zuba
iri e
t al
.122
Des
mod
ium
ca
pita
tum
–M
ani-
man
iLe
aves
A
pply
dire
ctly
in t
he
stom
ach
For p
regn
ant
wom
en–
Des
mod
ium
pu
lche
llum
–G
aan-
gaan
Leav
es
Dec
octio
n Ph
ysic
al re
laps
eCy
toto
xic
Alk
aloi
dsIn
stitu
te o
f N
atio
nalit
y M
edic
ine,
Ch
ina12
3 (Con
tinue
d)
Gabrinez Madjos and Piocnacia Ramos 38Ta
ble
1. (
Cont
inue
d)
Fam
ily/
Scie
ntif
ic
nam
e (I
ncl.
Aut
hor)
Com
mon
na
me(
loca
l +
Engl
ish)
Indi
geno
us n
ame
Plan
t pa
rt
used
Mod
e of
pre
para
tion
Folk
lori
c us
e
Lite
ratu
re r
evie
wR
esea
rch
done
by
Ins
titu
tion
(R
efer
ence
s)B
io-a
ctiv
itie
sA
ctiv
e is
olat
es
Flem
ingi
a st
robi
lifer
a (L
.) W
. F. A
lton
Pana
pana
-ra
han/
Wild
ho
ps
Suba
nen:
Kol
ipes
Root
s
Root
s
Leav
es
Dec
octio
n(bo
il w
ith w
ater
an
d Ta
ke re
gula
rly.
Taki
ng fr
esh
wat
er is
pr
ohi-
bite
d).
Dec
octio
n (p
ound
en
ough
root
s an
d bo
il w
ith h
alf g
lass
of
wat
er. D
rink
thric
e a
day
for 3
day
s.)
Poun
d 7
leav
es a
nd a
pply
on
the
infla
med
are
a.
Tube
rcul
osis
Dia
bete
s
Infla
mm
atio
n
Ant
i mic
robi
alN
ew fl
avan
one
Ham
dard
U
nive
rsity
, In
dia12
4
Glir
icid
ia s
epiu
m
(Jac
q.) W
alp.
Mad
re d
e ca
cao/
St. V
ince
nt
Plum
Chav
: Mad
re d
e ca
cao
Taus
ug: M
adri
kaka
oVi
s: K
akaw
ate
Stem
Leav
es
Leav
es
Leav
es
Extr
actio
nPo
undi
ng
Dec
octio
n
Poul
tice
(pou
nd t
he
leav
es, a
dd v
ineg
ar
then
rub
all o
ver t
he
body
)
Swol
len
wou
nd, “
panu
hot”
Scab
ies,
fung
al in
fect
ion,
ra
shes
Skin
alle
rgy,
“pa
nuho
t”,
swel
ling
Conv
ulsi
on d
ue t
o hi
gh fe
ver
Ant
i mic
robi
al, a
ntis
cabi
es,
antiv
iral
Form
osin
, for
mon
o-ne
tinKu
mar
and
Si
mon
125
Leuc
aena
le
ucoc
epha
la
(Lam
.) de
Wit
–Ip
il-ip
il Le
aves
Ch
ewin
gPa
rasi
tic w
orm
sA
nti h
elm
inth
icFl
avon
oids
King
Sau
d U
nive
rsity
, Ri
yadh
, Sau
di
Ara
bia12
6
Mim
osa
pudi
ca L
.M
akah
iya/
Se
nsiti
ve p
lant
Taus
ug: S
ipug
-sip
ugSu
bane
n: S
elom
-pa
tay/
Mah
arlik
a
Root
s
Leav
es
and
root
sRo
ots
Dec
octio
n
Dec
octio
n
Dire
ct a
pplic
atio
n
Fert
ility
, myo
ma,
abd
omin
al
pain
UTI
, phy
sica
l rel
apse
, “pa
smo”
. Toot
hach
e
Ana
lges
ic, a
nti
depr
essa
nt,a
nti a
sthm
atic
, ap
hrod
isia
c
Flav
onoi
ds, a
lkal
oids
, no
n-pr
otei
n am
ino
acid
(mim
osin
e)
Ahm
ad e
t al
. 20
12 12
7
Prem
na
odor
ata
Blan
coA
laga
w/F
ragr
ant
Prem
naA
bgau
Leav
esRo
ots
Bath
ing
Dec
octio
n“P
anuh
ot”
Myo
ma,
tum
orA
nti m
icro
bial
, ant
ioxi
dant
, an
ti in
flam
ma-
tory
, cy
toto
xic
Flav
onoi
ds, i
ridoi
d gl
ycos
ides
, di
terp
enoi
d
Uni
vers
iti
Keba
ngsa
an
Mal
aysi
a,
Kual
a Lu
mpu
r, M
alay
sia12
8
Pter
ocar
pus
indi
cus
Nar
ra/B
urm
ese
rose
-woo
dN
arra
Ba
rk
Dec
octio
n (d
rink
on a
n em
pty
stom
ach)
Post
-par
tum
car
e, L
BM,
hem
orrh
age
Ant
i mic
robi
alTe
rpen
oids
De
La S
alle
U
nive
rsity
, Ph
ilipp
ines
129
Phyl
lodi
um
pulc
hellu
mPa
yang
-pay
ang/
Ang
el lo
cks
Suba
nen:
Gaa
n-ga
anRo
ots
Dec
octio
n Ph
ysic
al re
laps
e A
nti h
elm
intic
, ant
i dia
rrhe
a A
lkal
oids
, buf
oten
in
Cai e
t al
.123
Ethnobotany, Systematic Review and Field Mapping on Folkloric Medicinal Plants39Se
nna
alat
a (L
.) Ro
xb.
–A
sunt
ing
Leav
esLe
aves
D
ecoc
tion
Stea
mKi
dney
pro
blem
sTi
nea
vers
icol
orA
nti b
acte
rial,
antio
xida
nt,
antif
unga
l, an
tican
cer,
antiv
iral
Seco
ndar
y m
etab
olite
s (t
anni
ns, a
lkal
oids
, fla
vono
ids,
an
thra
x-qu
inon
e,
sapo
nins
, phe
nolic
s
Ola
deji
et a
l.130
Sesb
ania
gra
ndifl
ora
(L.)
Pers
.Ka
tura
y/W
est
indi
an p
eaSu
bane
n: T
hori
Trun
kIn
fusi
on (S
crap
e th
e tr
unk
(7x)
and
boi
l w
ith e
noug
h w
ater
.D
rink
the
infu
sion
oft
en
until
wel
l)
Dia
rrhe
aTh
rom
bo-l
ytic
and
m
embr
ane
stab
ilizi
ng
activ
ities
Seco
ndar
y m
etab
olite
sLa
boni
et
al.13
1
Tam
arin
dus
indi
caSa
mpa
lok/
Tam
arin
dVi
s: S
amba
gLe
aves
Frui
t an
d le
aves
Dec
octio
n of
the
leav
es
for t
akin
g a
bath
.D
irect
eat
ing/
Extr
actio
n
Mea
sles
Gas
tro
inte
stin
al s
yste
m a
nd
rela
ted
diso
rder
s
Ant
i dia
betic
, ant
i mic
robi
al,
anti
veno
mic
, ant
ioxi
dant
, la
xativ
e, a
mel
io ra
tive
Esse
ntia
l am
ino
acid
s,
pota
ssiu
m, m
alic
ac
id, t
arta
ric a
cid
Kuru
132
Vign
a ra
diat
a (L
.) R.
Wilc
zek
Mon
ggo/
Mon
go
bean
Mon
ggo
Frui
tsCo
okin
gA
nem
iaA
nti h
yper
ten-
sive
, ant
i ca
ncer
, im
mun
o m
odul
ator
y ac
tiviti
es
Poly
phen
ol (v
itexi
n an
d is
ovite
xin)
Hou
et
al.13
3
Lam
iace
ae
Calli
carp
a to
men
tosa
Mal
abar
ho
ary/
Tiga
wSu
bane
n: T
igau
Youn
g le
aves
A
pply
dire
ctly
. To
otha
che
Ana
lges
ic, d
iure
tic
Gly
cosi
des,
flav
onoi
ds,
tann
ins
Shan
kar e
t al
.134
Cole
us b
lum
ei (S
yn.
Plec
tran
thus
sc
utel
lario
ides
(L.)
R.Br
.)
May
ana/
Cole
usCh
av: L
ampu
yaLe
aves
Leav
es
Leav
esLe
aves
Poun
ding
and
dire
ct
appl
icat
ion
Dec
octio
nSt
eam
and
app
lied
as
poul
tice.
Extr
actio
n
Swel
ling,
boi
ls
Feve
r, co
ugh
Feve
r
Wou
nds,
pos
t-pa
rtum
cl
eans
ing,
boi
ls
Ana
lges
ic, a
nti i
nflam
ma-
tory
, ant
i mic
robi
alA
lkal
oids
O
bena
135
Gm
elin
a ar
bore
a Ro
xb.
Gm
elin
aG
mel
ina
Taus
ug: J
ibili
naLe
aves
Leav
es
Leav
es
Youn
gle
aves
Dire
ct a
pplic
atio
n.Po
ultic
e
Hea
t le
aves
the
n ap
ply
dire
ctly
to
the
affe
cted
ar
ea.
Put
3 le
aves
on
the
area
.A
lway
s ch
ange
whe
n dr
ied.
Feve
r, co
lds
Art
hriti
s, in
flam
mat
ion,
fla
tule
nce
Hea
dach
e, fr
actu
re,
“pan
uhot
”
Back
pai
n
Ant
i bac
teria
l, an
tioxi
dant
, an
tidia
betic
Et
hano
l, n-
buta
nol,
ethy
l ace
tate
N
ayak
et
al.13
6
Men
tha
cord
ifelia
Yerb
a bu
ena
Yerb
a bu
ena
Leav
es
Sap
extr
actio
n, t
hen
mas
sage
to
affe
cted
pa
rt w
ith e
ucal
yptu
s.
Hea
dach
e, m
uscl
e pa
in,
arth
ritis
, rhe
umat
ism
Ana
lges
icM
enth
a-la
cton
eU
P-D
ilim
an,
Phili
ppin
es13
7
(Con
tinue
d)
Gabrinez Madjos and Piocnacia Ramos 40Ta
ble
1. (
Cont
inue
d)
Fam
ily/
Scie
ntif
ic
nam
e (I
ncl.
Aut
hor)
Com
mon
na
me(
loca
l +
Engl
ish)
Indi
geno
us n
ame
Plan
t pa
rt
used
Mod
e of
pre
para
tion
Folk
lori
c us
e
Lite
ratu
re r
evie
wR
esea
rch
done
by
Ins
titu
tion
(R
efer
ence
s)B
io-a
ctiv
itie
sA
ctiv
e is
olat
es
Oci
mum
afr
ican
umBa
lano
y/Sw
eet
Basi
lCh
av: A
lbah
aca
Baja
u: S
ulas
e/M
amba
-win
gSu
bane
n: S
angi
g
Leav
esLe
aves
Root
sRo
ots
and
leav
es
Dec
octio
nEx
trac
tion
Dec
octio
nD
ecoc
tion
Skin
dis
ease
sFe
ver,
polio
, new
born
car
eA
sthm
aPo
st-p
artu
m c
are
Ana
lges
ic, a
nti i
nflam
ma-
tory
, ant
i mic
robi
alA
lkal
oids
, phe
nols
, ta
nnin
s, s
apon
ins,
fla
vono
ids,
ste
roid
s,
terp
enoi
ds
Pand
ey e
t al
.138
Orig
anum
vul
gare
L.
(Syn
. Col
eus
arom
atic
us B
enth
.)
Ore
gano
Chav
: Mar
jora
mVi
s: K
alab
oTa
usug
: Orig
ano
Suba
nen:
Glig
anu
Leav
esLe
aves
Youn
g le
aves
Dec
octio
nEx
trac
tionS
team
Po
und
enou
gh le
aves
an
d ex
trac
t th
e ju
ice.
G
ive
half
tsp
to a
chi
ld
twic
e a
day.
Ast
hma,
cou
gh, c
olds
Pneu
mon
iaKi
d’s
coug
h
Ant
i mic
robi
al a
ctiv
ityM
etha
nol,
dich
loro
m
etha
ne a
nd c
yclo
he
xane
, phe
nolic
co
mpo
unds
Sing
leta
ry13
9
Ort
hosi
phon
ar
ista
tus
Cat’s
whi
sker
sCh
av: B
arba
s de
gat
oVi
s:Ba
lbas
pus
aSu
bane
n:
Wac
hich
ao
Leav
es
Leav
es
Infu
sion
Dec
octio
n
Pain
s, d
iabe
tes,
urin
ary
trac
t in
fect
ion,
kid
ney
ston
esCo
ugh
Ant
i infl
amm
ator
yU
rsol
ic a
cid
Hsu
et
al.14
0
Pogo
stem
on
auric
ular
isCa
t’s t
ail
Bunt
ot p
usa
Suba
nen:
Bun
tot
sa
iring
Leav
es
and
flow
ers
Dec
octio
n U
TICy
toto
xic
Alk
aloi
ds, t
anni
n,
glyc
osid
es,
sapo
nins
, phe
nolic
, fla
vono
ids,
flav
on
glyc
osid
es
PG a
ndRe
sear
ch D
ept
of B
otan
y,
Tiru
chira
p-pa
lli-1
, Tam
il na
du, S
outh
In
dia14
1
Prem
na o
dora
ta
Blan
co–
Ala
gaw
Root
sLe
aves
D
ecoc
tion
Bath
ing
Myo
ma,
tum
or“P
anuh
ot”
Cyto
toxi
c, a
ntih
yper
gl
ycem
ia, a
nti m
icro
bial
, an
tioxi
dant
, ant
i in
flam
mat
ory,
imm
une
mod
ulat
ory
Flav
onoi
ds,
dite
rpen
oid
Dia
nita
and
Ja
ntan
, 201
7128
Vite
x ne
gund
o L.
Lagu
ndi/F
ive-
leav
ed c
hast
e tr
ee
Lagu
ndi
Leav
es
Youn
g le
aves
Dec
octio
n (B
oil 7
leav
es
with
one
gla
ss o
f w
ater
)Po
und
and
extr
act
the
juic
e. D
rink
1 tb
sp.
ofte
n.
Coug
h, a
sthm
a, fe
ver,
stom
ach
ache
, hea
dach
e,
feve
rCo
ugh
Ant
i infl
amm
a-to
ry,
anal
gesi
c, c
ytot
oxic
ef
fect
s
Phyt
o ch
emic
al
seco
ndar
y m
etab
olite
s
Sri S
athy
a Sa
i U
nive
rsity
, In
dia14
2
Laur
acea
e
Cinn
amom
um
mer
cado
i Ci
nnam
onLi
tik-l
itik
Shoo
ts
Get
the
ext
ract
and
filt
er
it, t
hen
drin
k.Co
ver t
he le
aves
with
ba
nana
leav
es, p
lace
it
in a
mild
fire
the
n ge
t th
e ex
trac
t fr
om it
.
Coug
h fo
r kid
s A
nti b
acte
rial,
antio
xida
nt1,
1-di
phen
yl-2
-pi
cryl
hydr
azyl
(D
PPH
)-ra
dica
l sc
aven
ging
phe
nols
Kum
ar e
t al
.143
Ethnobotany, Systematic Review and Field Mapping on Folkloric Medicinal Plants41Li
tsea
glu
tinos
a (L
our.)
C. B
. Rob
.Pu
so-
puso
/Ind
ian
laur
el
Yaka
n: P
usoh
bai
hSa
ma:
Lak
dan
bula
n
Leav
es,
stem
Dec
octio
nLB
M, p
ost-
part
um c
are
Cyto
toxi
c, a
nti
Hel
min
thic
, ant
ioxi
dant
Ph
enol
ic,
flavo
noid
s,
tann
in
Khw
aja
Yunu
s A
li U
nive
rsity
, Ba
ngla
desh
144
Pers
ea a
mer
ican
a M
ill.
Abo
kado
/ A
lliga
tor
Pear
Abo
kado
Leav
es
Frui
tsLe
aves
Dec
octio
n
Shak
e (b
lend
)Po
ultic
e
LBM
, sto
mac
h ac
he, c
ough
, U
TIH
yper
ten
sion
, dia
bete
sFe
ver
Ant
i-ox
idan
t, a
nti-
infla
m-
mat
ory
Etha
nol,
phen
olic
co
m-p
ound
sO
wol
abi e
t al
.145
Lecy
thid
acea
e
Barr
ingt
onia
Asi
atic
aFi
sh p
oiso
n tr
eeBi
toon
-bito
onLe
aves
Hea
ted
and
exte
rnal
ly
appl
ied
as p
oult
ice
Wou
nds,
sto
mac
h ac
he,
rheu
mat
ism
Ant
i mic
robi
al, a
nalg
esic
Am
ides
, alk
aloi
ds,
ligna
ns, fl
avon
es
Um
aru
et a
l.146
Lilia
ceae
Alli
um a
scal
onic
um
–Si
bujin
gW
hole
pl
ant
Dec
octio
n Fe
ver
–
Liliu
m s
p.–
Suba
nen:
Niy
og-
niyo
gBu
lbD
ecoc
tion(
Slic
e in
to 7
pi
eces
and
boi
l with
3
glas
ses
of w
ater
.D
rink
the
deco
ctio
n of
ten
until
nee
ded.
)
Kidn
ey t
roub
le, i
nter
nal
illne
ss, t
uber
-cul
osis
, vo
mits
blo
od
–
Lyth
race
ae
Lage
rstr
oem
ia
spec
iosa
Bana
ba/Q
ueen
’s
Flow
erBa
naba
Leav
esTr
unk
&
root
sLe
aves
&
bark
Infu
sion
, Dec
octio
nD
ecoc
tion
Mix
ing
of e
xtra
cts
Dia
bete
s an
d ki
dney
dis
orde
rBo
dy a
ches
, UTI
Ove
rall
heal
th
Ant
i Hyp
er li
pide
mic
, an
tioxi
dant
, ant
ivira
l ac
tivity
Coro
solic
aci
d, g
allic
ac
id, e
llagi
c ac
id
Dep
t. o
f Ph
arm
aceu
-tic
al C
hem
istr
y,
Vign
an
Phar
mac
y Co
llege
, In
dia14
7,14
8 Cha
n et
al.,
201
8)
Mal
vace
ae
Abe
lmos
chus
es
cule
ntus
(L.)
Moe
nch.
Okr
a/La
dy’s
fin
gers
Okr
aFr
uits
Leav
esD
ecoc
tion
Dec
octio
nSt
omac
hac
he L
BMCa
rdio
pro
tect
ive,
rena
l pr
otec
tive,
neu
ro
prot
ectiv
e, a
ntic
ance
r, an
alge
sic,
ant
i ulc
er, a
nti
bact
eria
l, an
ti fa
tigue
Flav
onoi
ds, p
olys
ac-
char
ides
, vita
min
sD
uraz
zo e
t al
.149
Bide
ns p
ilosa
L.
Begg
ar-
ticks
/Spa
nish
ne
edle
Vis:
Tuw
ay-t
uway
Suba
nen:
Tul
ay-
tula
y
Root
s D
ecoc
tion
Hig
h fe
ver,
over
fatig
ue,
phys
ical
rela
pse
Ant
i mic
robi
al, c
ytot
oxic
, an
tioxi
dant
Phen
olic
com
poun
dsSi
ngh
et a
l.150
Cam
ptos
tem
on
phili
ppin
ense
(V
idal
) Bec
c.
-G
apas
-gap
as
Leav
es
Dec
octio
n D
iabe
tes
-
(Con
tinue
d)
Gabrinez Madjos and Piocnacia Ramos 42Ta
ble
1. (
Cont
inue
d)
Fam
ily/
Scie
ntif
ic
nam
e (I
ncl.
Aut
hor)
Com
mon
na
me(
loca
l +
Engl
ish)
Indi
geno
us n
ame
Plan
t pa
rt
used
Mod
e of
pre
para
tion
Folk
lori
c us
e
Lite
ratu
re r
evie
wR
esea
rch
done
by
Ins
titu
tion
(R
efer
ence
s)B
io-a
ctiv
itie
sA
ctiv
e is
olat
es
Ceib
a pe
ntan
dra
(L.)
Gae
rtn.
Kapo
kTa
usug
: Kap
ukYa
kan:
Kay
oBa
rkLe
aves
Leav
es
Infu
sion
Dec
octio
nPo
und
7 le
aves
and
app
ly
on t
he in
flam
ed a
rea.
Feve
rA
rthr
itis,
hyp
er t
ensi
onIn
flam
mat
ion
Ana
lges
ic, a
nti m
icro
bial
, di
uret
ic, a
phro
disi
acFl
avon
oids
, is
oflav
ones
Osu
ntok
un e
t al
.151
Corc
horu
s ol
itoriu
s Ju
te m
allo
w
Salu
yot
Leav
es
Leav
esLe
aves
Get
the
leav
es a
nd d
ry
it. A
fter
dry
ing,
pou
r ho
t w
ater
to
the
drie
d le
aves
like
a t
eaD
ecoc
tion
Cook
ing
Hyp
er t
ensi
on
Hyp
er t
ensi
on, d
iabe
tes
Feve
r
Ant
ican
cer,
antio
xida
nt, a
nti
infla
mm
a-to
ry, a
nalg
esic
, an
tipyr
etic
, ant
i mic
robi
al
Poly
phen
ol, b
utan
ol
extr
act,
eth
yl
acet
ate,
cou
mar
ic
acid
, fer
ulic
, van
illic
, hy
drox
yl-b
enzo
ic,
vani
llic
acid
s
Has
an a
nd
Kadh
im15
2
Hib
iscu
s ro
sa-
sine
nsis
G
umam
ela/
Hib
iscu
sG
umam
ela
Flow
erEx
trac
tion
thro
ugh
poun
ding
(App
ly a
s po
ultic
e)
Hea
dach
e, b
oils
, sw
ellin
g an
d co
ughs
, wou
nds
Ant
i bac
teria
l, an
tioxi
dant
, an
tipyr
etic
Flav
onoi
ds, p
ro
anth
ocya
-nid
ins
Sing
h et
al.15
3
Pach
ira a
quat
ica
Mal
abar
ch
estn
utM
oney
tre
e pl
ant
Leav
esD
ecoc
tion
“Pas
mo”
–(on
ly t
o se
eds)
Pter
ocym
bium
tin
ctor
ium
Mer
r.Ta
loto
Suba
nen:
The
lloto
Trun
kPo
ultic
e (S
crap
e th
e tr
unk
thric
e, p
ut o
n th
e w
ound
and
sec
ure
with
a b
anda
ge o
r cl
oth)
Fres
h w
ound
–
Sida
acu
ta B
urm
. f.
Esco
bang
hab
a/br
oom
wee
dVi
s:Si
ligon
Suba
nen:
Esk
uban
g m
ayaw
is
Leav
esRo
ots
Poul
tice
Dec
octio
n St
omac
h ac
hePh
ysic
al re
laps
eA
nti a
sthm
a, a
nti i
nflam
ma-
tion,
ant
iulc
erA
lkal
oids
and
st
eroi
dal
com
poun
ds
Karo
u et
al.15
4
Theo
brom
a ca
cao
L.Ca
cao
Caca
oLe
aves
Youn
g fr
uit
Poul
tice
Crus
hed
and
appl
ied
dire
ctly
Boils
Infla
mm
atio
nA
nti i
nflam
ma-
tory
, an
tican
cer
Seco
ndar
y m
etab
olite
sBa
haru
m e
t al
.155
Mel
iace
ae
Lans
ium
do
mes
ticum
Corr
ea
Lans
ones
Yaka
n: B
ulah
anSu
bane
n: B
uwah
anFr
uit
peel
sBa
rkTr
unk
Dec
octio
nD
ecoc
tion
Infu
sion
(Scr
ape
the
trun
k 3x
and
put
¾
glas
s w
ater
and
let
it st
ay fo
r hal
f an
hour
. D
rink
3x a
day
with
or
with
out
mea
l. D
o th
is
as n
eede
d.)
UTI
Mal
aria
Hyp
er t
ensi
on
Ant
ican
cer,
cyto
toxi
c,
apop
totic
Se
cond
ary
met
abo-
lites
Chia
ng M
ai
Uni
vers
ity,
Chia
ng M
ai,
Thai
land
156
Sand
oric
um k
oetj
ape
(Bur
m.f.
) Mer
r.Sa
ntol
Vis:
Sant
olTa
usug
: San
tul
Bark
&
leav
esFr
uit
peel
sLe
aves
Dec
octio
n
Dec
octio
nD
ecoc
tion
Dia
rrhe
a, w
ashi
ng g
enita
ls
durin
g po
st-p
artu
m c
are
LBM
Swel
ling
Ant
i infl
amm
a-tio
nLi
mon
oids
Pa
ncha
roen
et
al.15
7
Ethnobotany, Systematic Review and Field Mapping on Folkloric Medicinal Plants43Sw
iete
nia
mac
roph
ylla
Kin
gM
ahog
any
Taus
ug: M
ahug
ani
Seed
s D
ecoc
tion
& t
aken
ora
llyCo
ugh,
sto
mac
h ac
heA
nti m
icro
bial
, ant
i in
flam
ma-
tory
, an
tioxi
dant
, ant
i m
utag
enic
, ant
ican
cer,
antit
umor
, ant
idia
betic
Lim
onoi
ds a
nd it
s de
rivat
ives
Uni
vers
ity o
f M
alay
a, K
uala
Lu
mpu
r M
alay
sia15
8
Men
ispe
rmac
eae
Tino
spor
a ru
mph
ii Bo
erl
Mak
abuh
ay/
Hea
venl
y el
ixir
Baja
u: P
itaw
ali
Yaka
n: P
ait-
pait
Vis:
Pan
yaw
anSu
bane
n: P
ataw
ali
Stem
/ Vi
nes
Dec
octio
n
Get
the
ext
ract
the
n m
ix it
with
can
dle
wax
to
mak
e it
like
an o
intm
ent,
the
n m
assa
ge t
he b
ody
usin
g it.
Dec
octio
nPo
undi
ng
Poul
tice
Birt
h co
ntro
l, he
patit
is,
diab
etes
, fev
er, “
bugh
at”,
“p
asm
o” m
alar
ia,
coug
h, p
rost
ate
canc
er,
tube
rcul
osis
Art
hriti
s, s
kin
alle
rgie
s, h
yper
te
nsio
n, s
trok
e
LBM
, dia
bete
sSt
omac
h ac
he, h
eada
che,
do
g bi
tes
Ecze
ma
–
Tilia
cora
tia
ndra
Yana
ngTa
usug
: Jan
nang
Root
sD
ecoc
tion
Mou
th u
lcer
, fev
erA
ntio
xida
ntCa
rote
noid
, phe
nolic
co
mpo
unds
Ubo
n Ra
tcha
than
i U
nive
rsity
, Th
aila
nd15
9
Mor
acea
e
Art
ocar
pus
hete
roph
yllu
s La
m.
Jack
frui
tN
angk
aLe
aves
Leav
esBa
rk
Dec
octio
nPo
ultic
eSa
p ex
trac
tion
Hyp
er a
cidi
ty, a
sthm
aSo
reW
ound
s
Ant
iIn
flam
ma-
tory
Flav
onoi
dsU
nive
rsiti
Te
knol
ogi
Mal
aysi
a,
Mal
aysi
a160
Ficu
s el
astic
a Ro
xb.
ex H
orne
m.
–Ba
lite
na d
ako
Yaka
n: G
oma
Leav
es,
root
sPo
ultic
e, d
ecoc
tion
Coug
h, ra
shes
, can
cer
Ant
itum
or, a
ntio
xida
nt,
cyto
toxi
cFl
avon
oids
Haw
ary
et a
l.161
Ficu
s be
njam
ina
L.Ba
lete
/wee
ping
fig
Balit
e na
gam
aySu
bane
n: N
unok
Root
sPo
ultic
e/po
undi
ng/
crus
hing
/pul
veri-
zing
Br
oken
bon
esA
nti m
icro
bial
, ant
ioxi
dant
Ph
enol
ic c
ompo
unds
Imra
n et
al.16
2
Ficu
s he
tero
poda
Miq
–Su
bane
n: T
heta
nek
Trun
kIn
fusi
on (S
crap
e th
e tr
unk
man
y tim
es a
nd p
ut in
a
glas
s of
wat
er. T
ake
the
infu
sion
regu
larly
.)In
fusi
on (S
oak
smal
l sl
ices
in a
gla
ss o
f w
ater
for s
ever
al
min
utes
. Drin
k on
ly
once
.)
Tube
rcu-
losi
s
Ant
ibio
tic a
fter
ble
edin
g
–
(Con
tinue
d)
Gabrinez Madjos and Piocnacia Ramos 44Ta
ble
1. (
Cont
inue
d)
Fam
ily/
Scie
ntif
ic
nam
e (I
ncl.
Aut
hor)
Com
mon
na
me(
loca
l +
Engl
ish)
Indi
geno
us n
ame
Plan
t pa
rt
used
Mod
e of
pre
para
tion
Folk
lori
c us
e
Lite
ratu
re r
evie
wR
esea
rch
done
by
Ins
titu
tion
(R
efer
ence
s)B
io-a
ctiv
itie
sA
ctiv
e is
olat
es
Ficu
s pu
mila
L.
–Ba
lite
na s
anga
Root
sD
ecoc
tion
Impo
tenc
e, m
enst
rual
di
sord
ers
- (le
aves
onl
y)
Ficu
s se
ptic
a Bu
rm.f.
Hau
iliLa
gnob
Leav
es
Dec
octio
n Ph
ysic
al re
laps
e, s
trok
eCy
toto
xic,
ana
lges
icSe
cond
ary
met
abol
ites
De
La S
alle
U
nive
rsity
163
Ficu
s sp
.–
Suba
nen:
Men
aol
Leav
es
Poul
tice
Mild
frac
ture
s, fl
atul
ence
–
Mor
inga
ceae
Mor
inga
ole
ifera
Lam
.M
alun
ggay
/H
orse
radd
ish
Vis:
Kam
ung-
gay
Leav
es
Leav
esLe
aves
Bark
Frui
tsSe
eds
Poun
ding
/cru
shin
g/
pulv
eri-
zing
whe
n dr
ied
Lum
ps, b
ruis
es, c
ontu
sion
, an
tifun
gal
Wou
ndFe
ver,
hype
r ten
sion
, art
hriti
s,
hype
r cho
lest
e-ro
lem
ia,
diab
etes
, can
cer
Dog
bite
s, w
ound
sD
iabe
tes
Hea
dach
e, t
ooth
ache
Ant
i infl
amm
atio
n, c
ytot
oxic
Vita
min
s, p
heno
lic
acid
s, fl
avon
oids
, is
othi
o cy
anat
es,
tann
ins,
sap
onin
s
Verg
ara-
Jim
enez
et
al.16
4
Mun
ting
iace
ae
Mun
tingi
a ca
labu
ra L
.A
ratil
es/C
herr
y tr
eeD
atile
sSu
bane
n:
Man
sani
tas
Leav
es
Frui
ts
Dec
octio
n
Dire
ct E
atin
g
Blee
ding
, kid
ney
infe
ctio
n,
ulce
r, m
yom
a, U
TI, h
yper
te
nsio
n tu
berc
ulos
isD
iabe
tes
Cyto
toxi
c, a
ntio
xida
nt, a
nti
infla
mm
a-to
ry, a
ntip
yret
icFl
avon
oids
, phe
nolic
co
mpo
unds
De
La S
alle
U
nive
rsity
, Ph
ilipp
ines
(R
agas
a et
al
.165 )
Mus
acea
e
Mus
a sp
p.Sa
ging
/Ban
ana
Sagi
ngTa
usug
: Say
ing
Leav
es
Chew
ing,
pou
ltic
eO
pen
wou
nds
–(on
ly t
o flo
wer
s, p
eels
, and
tru
nk)
Mus
a ac
umin
ata
Bana
naSa
ying
Sap,
bra
ctEx
trac
tion
Feve
r –
Mus
a sa
pien
tum
Sagi
ng/B
anan
aSa
ging
Youn
g le
aves
Wra
p ar
ound
the
chi
ld’s
bo
dy. C
hang
e w
hen
dry.
Hig
h gr
ade
feve
r in
child
ren
–(on
ly t
o flo
wer
s, p
eels
& t
runk
)
Mus
a sa
pien
tum
L.
var.
cine
rea
(Blc
o.)
Teod
.
Latu
ndan
/ Ba
nana
Suba
nen:
Sol
ibad
yuFr
uit
Leav
esEa
t in
clud
ing
the
fiber
Poun
d pl
enty
leav
es a
nd
appl
y on
the
aff
ecte
d pa
rt o
ften
.
Hea
rt fa
ilure
Shin
gles
–
Mus
a te
xtili
s N
eeA
baka
/Man
ila
hem
pA
baka
Trun
kSt
emW
ater
y sa
p ex
trac
tion
Hea
t a
smal
l por
tion
of
the
stem
and
roll
over
on
the
par
alyz
ed p
art.
Wou
nds
Para
lysi
s–
Ethnobotany, Systematic Review and Field Mapping on Folkloric Medicinal Plants45M
yrta
ceae
Psid
ium
gua
java
L.
Baya
bas/
Gua
vaBa
yaba
sLe
aves
Leav
es
Leav
es
Frui
ts
Poun
d an
d ap
ply
dire
ctly
, de
coct
ion
Prep
ared
as
quid
thr
ough
or
al m
astic
atio
nD
ecoc
tion
& d
irect
dr
inki
ngD
irect
eat
ing
Wou
nds,
Ras
hes,
too
thac
he
Indu
ce p
rope
r dig
estio
n
Dia
rrhe
a, p
ost-
part
um c
are,
LB
M, f
ever
, cou
gh, r
ashe
sLB
M
Ant
i dia
rrhe
al, a
ntis
eptic
, an
ti sp
asm
odic
, an
tioxi
dant
, ant
i mic
robi
al,
anti
infla
mm
a-to
ry
Alk
aloi
ds, fl
avon
oids
, gl
ycos
ides
, sa
poni
ns a
nd
tann
ins
Uni
vers
ity o
f G
rana
da,
Spai
n166
Syzy
gium
cum
ini (
L.)
Skee
lsIn
dian
ber
ries
Lom
boy
Youn
g le
aves
Seed
s
Dire
ct e
atin
g
Dec
octio
n
Type
II
Dia
bete
s
Gas
tro
ente
ritis
Dia
stat
ic c
onve
rsio
n of
st
arch
into
sug
arA
ntho
cya
nins
, gl
ucos
ide,
alk
aloi
d,
jam
bosi
ne,
glyc
osid
e, ja
mbo
lin,
antim
ellin
Ayy
anar
&
Suba
sh-B
abu16
7
Syzg
ium
mal
acce
nse
(L.)
Mak
opa/
Mal
ay
appl
eSu
bane
n: T
ual
Trun
kW
ash
the
inne
r par
t an
d ea
t un
til n
eede
d.Ch
ew a
ort
ion
of t
he
inne
r par
t of
the
tru
nk.
Swal
low
the
juic
e.
Coug
hA
ntio
xida
nt
Phen
olic
s, a
ntho
cy
anin
s (c
yani
din
3-gl
ucos
ide)
Nun
es e
t al
.168
Och
nace
ae
Och
na s
erru
lata
Mic
key
mou
se
bush
Ta
usug
: San
ting
Leav
esD
ecoc
tion
Phys
ical
rela
pse
Ant
i mic
robi
alBi
flavo
noid
Don
gguk
U
nive
rsity
, Ko
rea16
9
Ole
acea
e
Jasm
inum
sam
bac
L.Sa
mpa
guita
/A
rabi
an
jasm
ine
Sam
pagu
itaSt
emD
ecoc
tion
Birt
h co
ntro
lA
nti i
nflam
ma-
tory
, an
tican
cer,
antio
xida
nt,
antid
iabe
tican
ti m
icro
bial
Seco
ndar
y m
etab
olite
sJa
ya P
rakk
ash
et
al.17
0
Oxa
lidac
eae
Aver
rhoa
bili
mbi
L.
Kam
ias/
Cu
cum
ber
tree
Iba
Vis:
Bal
imbi
ngFr
uits
Frui
ts
Dec
octio
nD
irect
eat
ing/
Juic
e ex
trac
tion
Art
hriti
sCh
roni
c he
adac
he, f
ever
, co
ugh,
gas
tro
ente
ritis
Ant
i mic
robi
alA
lipha
tic a
cids
, oxa
lic
acid
, vita
min
C
Alh
assa
n an
d A
hmed
171
Biop
hytu
m
sens
itivu
m (L
.) D
C-
Suba
nen:
Guy
eng-
ham
Leav
esSp
read
and
mix
leav
es
with
the
see
dlin
gs p
rior
to p
lant
ing.
Spre
ad t
he le
aves
all
over
th
e fie
ld a
nd c
rops
pr
ior t
o ha
rves
t.
Ritu
al o
n pl
antin
g an
d ha
rves
ting
rice
Ant
i ulc
er, a
nti b
acte
rial,
antio
xida
nt a
ntitu
mor
, an
tipyr
etic
, im
mun
o-m
odul
ator
yant
idia
betic
Seco
ndar
y m
etab
olite
sBh
arat
i and
Sa
hu17
2 (Con
tinue
d)
Gabrinez Madjos and Piocnacia Ramos 46Ta
ble
1. (
Cont
inue
d)
Fam
ily/
Scie
ntif
ic
nam
e (I
ncl.
Aut
hor)
Com
mon
na
me(
loca
l +
Engl
ish)
Indi
geno
us n
ame
Plan
t pa
rt
used
Mod
e of
pre
para
tion
Folk
lori
c us
e
Lite
ratu
re r
evie
wR
esea
rch
done
by
Ins
titu
tion
(R
efer
ence
s)B
io-a
ctiv
itie
sA
ctiv
e is
olat
es
Pand
anac
eae
Pand
anus
am
aryl
lifol
usPa
ndan
Pand
anTa
usug
: Pan
gdan
m
agih
Leav
es
and
root
s
Dec
octio
n ca
n be
use
d fo
r bat
hRh
eum
a-tis
m, h
yper
ten
sion
, pa
in re
lieve
rA
nti i
nflam
ma-
tory
, an
tioxi
dant
Pa
nda
mar
ine
B an
d pa
ndal
izin
e C
and
D
Chen
g173
Pand
anus
sp.
Frag
rant
scr
ew
pine
Rom
lon
Leav
es
Dec
octio
n Fe
ver
Ant
i oxi
dant
Ph
enol
ic c
onte
ntJi
mta
ison
g an
d Kr
isda
phon
g174
Peda
liace
ae
Sesa
mum
indi
cum
L.
Ling
a/Se
sam
eBa
jau:
Lun
gaSe
eds
Extr
actio
n an
d ap
plie
d as
po
ultic
eSk
in it
ch, w
ound
sA
nti-
oxid
ant,
che
latin
g ca
paci
ty
Prot
eins
(lys
ine,
tr
ypto
phan
&
met
hion
ine)
Mira
j and
Kia
ni17
5
Phyl
lant
hace
ae
Phyl
lant
hus
niru
ri L.
Sam
pa-
sam
palu
kan/
Gal
e of
the
w
ind
Sam
bag-
sam
bag
Suba
nen:
Tul
og-
tulo
g
Leav
esRo
ots
Extr
actio
nD
ecoc
tion
Burn
sH
igh
feve
r –
Pipe
race
ae
Pipe
r adu
ncum
L.
Spik
ed p
eppe
rSu
bane
n: T
halo
n-th
alon
Root
s
Youn
g le
aves
Dec
octio
n(Bo
il 3
piec
es
of 7
inch
es ro
ots
with
en
ough
wat
er. G
argl
e so
me
and
drin
k th
e re
mai
ning
Poun
d an
d sq
ueez
e th
e ju
ice
on t
he w
ound
on
ly o
nce.
Toot
hach
e
Fres
h w
ound
Ant
i mic
robi
alEs
sent
ial o
ilsM
onzo
te e
t al
.176
Pipe
r bet
le L
. (Sy
n.
with
Pip
er b
etel
Bl
anco
)
Bete
lBu
yoYa
kan:
Tek
key
Suba
nen:
Tha
lon
Leav
esLe
aves
Leav
es
Chew
ing
Poul
tice
Extr
actio
n an
d m
ix
with
rubb
ing
alco
hol,
appl
ied
dire
ctly
Den
tal c
arie
s“P
anuh
ot”
“Bin
at”,
can
cer
Ant
ican
cer,
Ant
i bac
teria
lA
lkal
oids
, tan
nins
, st
eroi
ds, c
havi
beto
l, ch
avic
ol
Dw
ived
i and
Tr
ipat
hi17
7
Pipe
r int
erru
ptum
-Su
bane
n: T
halo
n ge
kbek
Leav
esPo
und
leav
es, m
ix w
ith
lime
pow
der a
nd a
pply
on
the
aff
ecte
d ar
ea
ofte
n.
Ring
wor
mEm
ollie
nt, a
nti r
heum
atic
, di
uret
ic, s
timul
ant,
ant
i in
flam
ma-
tory
, ant
i ba
cter
ial,
antif
unga
l
Alk
aloi
dsG
utié
rrez
et
al.17
8
Pepe
rom
ia p
ellu
cida
Ula
sim
ang
bato
Chav
: Alu
mbr
eVi
s: S
inaw
-sin
awTa
usug
: Lan
sang
-la
nsan
g
Leav
esEx
trac
tion
& d
irect
ap
plic
a-tio
nW
ound
dre
ssin
g, h
eada
che,
to
otha
che
Ant
i mic
robi
al, a
ntio
xida
nt,
anti
infla
mm
a-to
ry,
anal
gesi
c
Alk
aloi
ds, fl
avon
oids
, sa
poni
ns,
terp
enoi
ds, s
tero
ids
and
glyc
osid
es
Ragh
aven
dra
&
Pras
hith
179
Ethnobotany, Systematic Review and Field Mapping on Folkloric Medicinal Plants47Po
acea
e
Bam
busa
bam
bos
(L.)
Voss
.Ka
uaya
n-tin
ik/
Spin
y Ba
mbo
oCh
av:K
ania
Leav
esBu
rn t
he le
aves
and
the
as
hes
will
be
appl
ied
on t
he a
ffec
ted
area
as
pou
ltic
e
Scab
ies
Ant
iIn
flam
ma-
tory
, ant
i m
icro
bial
Alk
aloi
ds, s
tero
ids,
ta
nnin
s, g
lyco
side
s,
flavo
noid
s
Thap
a et
al.18
0
Cym
bopo
gon
citr
atus
Lem
on g
rass
Chav
: Tan
glad
Baja
u: S
aiy
Taus
ug: S
aiYa
kan:
Sal
eySu
bane
n: T
henl
ad
Stem
and
le
aves
Dec
octio
nN
ause
a, h
yper
-ten
sion
; sor
e th
roat
Ant
i infl
amm
a-to
ry,
antic
ance
r, an
ti ba
cter
ial,
anal
gesi
c ac
tivity
Esse
ntia
l oil
com
pone
nts
MSU
-IIT
181–
184
Cyno
don
dact
ylon
-
Berm
uda
Who
le
plan
tD
ecoc
tion
Hai
r fal
l, ki
dney
sto
nes
-
Eleu
sine
indi
ca (L
.) G
aert
nPa
ragi
s/G
oose
gr
ass
Bila
-bila
Suba
nen:
Su
lapi
d/Sh
elap
id
Leav
es/
Root
s D
ecoc
tion
Myo
ma,
cys
ts, c
ance
r, fe
ver
Ant
ibio
tic a
nd a
ntic
ance
rSa
poni
ns, c
yano
geni
c gl
ycos
ides
, un
satu
rate
d la
cton
es, g
luco
sino
la
tes
Al-
Zuba
iri e
t al
.185
Impe
rata
cyl
indr
ica
(L.)
Raeu
sch.
Cogo
n gr
ass
Kugo
nSu
bane
n: G
egi
Root
s D
ecoc
tion
Nos
eble
ed
–
Sacc
haru
m
offic
inar
um L
.Su
garc
ane
Tubo
Suba
nen:
The
buSt
emRo
aste
d an
d ea
ten
Coug
hA
nti i
nflam
ma-
tory
, an
alge
sic,
ant
ihyp
er
glyc
emic
, diu
retic
, and
he
pato
pro
tect
ive
Fatt
y ac
id, a
lcoh
ol,
phyt
oste
rol,
high
er t
erpe
noid
s,
flavo
noid
s,
glyc
osid
es, p
heno
lic
acid
s
Tayl
or18
6
Sacc
hariu
m
viol
acei
um T
ussa
cTu
bo/S
ugar
can
eSu
bane
n: T
hebu
m
enub
oSt
emEa
t th
e st
em/f
ruit
ofte
n.H
epat
itis
Ant
ioxi
dant
act
ivity
, ch
oles
tero
l-lo
wer
ing
prop
ertie
s
Vario
us fa
tty
acid
, al
coho
l, ph
ytos
tero
l, hi
gher
ter
peno
ids,
fla
vono
ids,
-O
- an
d -C
-gly
cosi
des,
ph
enol
ic a
cids
Sing
h et
al.18
7
Zea
may
sM
ais/
Corn
Mai
sFr
uit grai
nsD
irect
Coo
king
Dia
bete
sH
ypo
glyc
emic
, ant
ioxi
dant
Ph
enol
ic c
onte
nt
(TPC
), an
tho
cyan
ins
Fabi
la-G
arca
et
al.18
8
Poly
podi
acea
e
Asp
leni
um s
p.Bi
rd’s
nes
t fe
rnKa
bkab
on
Fron
d ex
trac
tIn
fusi
on/D
ecoc
tion
Labo
r pai
ns, “
bugh
at”
(phy
sica
l rel
apse
)A
ntic
ance
r, an
tioxi
dant
, ant
i m
icro
bial
Flav
onoi
dsJa
rial e
t al
.189
Rubi
acea
e
Coff
ea a
rabi
ca L
.Co
ffee
Kape
Seed
s D
ecoc
tionp
ound
ing
Lung
can
cer
Ant
i mic
robi
al, a
ntio
xida
nt
Chlo
ro-g
enic
aci
d an
d ca
ffei
neU
nive
rsity
of
Phay
ao, P
haya
o,
Thai
land
190
(Con
tinue
d)
Gabrinez Madjos and Piocnacia Ramos 48Ta
ble
1. (
Cont
inue
d)
Fam
ily/
Scie
ntif
ic
nam
e (I
ncl.
Aut
hor)
Com
mon
na
me(
loca
l +
Engl
ish)
Indi
geno
us n
ame
Plan
t pa
rt
used
Mod
e of
pre
para
tion
Folk
lori
c us
e
Lite
ratu
re r
evie
wR
esea
rch
done
by
Ins
titu
tion
(R
efer
ence
s)B
io-a
ctiv
itie
sA
ctiv
e is
olat
es
Mor
inda
citr
ifolia
L.
Apa
tot/
Non
i fru
itBa
jau:
Ban
gkor
oLe
aves
, fr
uit
Dec
octio
nFr
actu
res,
can
cer
–
Psyc
hotr
ia v
elut
ina
Elm
er-
Suba
nen:
Dle
balu
dTr
unk
Root
s
Dec
octio
n (S
crap
e th
e in
ner p
art
and
boil
with
wat
er. D
rink
until
th
e bl
eedi
ng s
tops
.W
ash
a sm
all r
oot a
nd e
at.
Repe
at th
e pr
oced
ure
until
the
blee
ding
sto
ps.
Hem
or-r
hage
Hem
or-r
hage
–
Ruta
ceae
Citr
ofor
tune
lla
mic
roca
rpa
Cala
man
siKa
lam
ansi
Leav
esFr
uits
Dec
octio
nJu
ice
extr
actio
n of
frui
t an
d m
ix w
ith w
arm
w
ater
Dia
bete
sLo
wer
s bl
ood
chol
este
rol,
coug
h
Ant
i mic
robi
al, a
ntio
xida
nt
Flav
onoi
d, v
itam
in C
De
La S
alle
U
nive
rsity
191
Citr
us m
axim
a (B
urm
.) M
err.
Pom
elo
Boon
gon
Leav
es
Dec
octio
n G
as p
ain,
“pa
nuho
t”A
nti-
derm
ato-
phyt
ic a
nd
fung
icid
al a
ctiv
ityEs
sent
ial o
ilsVi
jayl
aksh
mi&
Ra
dha19
2
Citr
us li
mon
(L.)
Osb
eck
Lem
onLe
mon
Frui
ts
Infu
sion
, Ext
ract
ion
Canc
er, b
acte
rial i
nfec
tions
, co
ugh
Ant
i oxi
dant
, ant
i mic
robi
alEs
sent
ial o
ils
(lim
onen
e, g
eran
ial,
and
nera
l)
Hoj
jati
&
Barz
egar
193
Citr
us m
icro
carp
a Bu
nge
Cala
man
siKa
lam
ansi
Frui
ts
Juic
e ex
trac
tion
Coug
hA
nti o
xida
nt, a
nti m
icro
bial
Flav
onoi
d, v
itam
in C
De
La S
alle
U
nive
rsity
191
Sapo
tace
ae
Chry
soph
yllu
m
cain
ito L
.St
ar a
pple
Caim
itoLe
aves
D
ecoc
tion
Dia
bete
s, e
xces
sive
ble
edin
g,
LBM
Ant
i oxi
dant
, ant
i infl
amm
a-to
ry, h
ypo
tens
ive,
ant
i m
icro
bial
Poly
phe
nolic
ant
i ox
idan
ts, q
uerc
etin
, m
yric
itrin
Lou
et a
l.194
Syns
epal
um
dulc
ificu
mM
iracl
e fr
uit
Mag
ic fr
uit
Frui
t D
irect
eat
ing
Kidn
ey d
isea
ses
Ant
i oxi
dant
, glu
cosi
dase
in
hibi
tion
Aca
rbos
e, M
FP-S
, M
FP-L
, pol
y sa
ccha
rides
Jian
et
al.19
5
Schi
zaea
ecea
e
Lygo
dium
sp.
–Su
bane
n: N
itoan
m
iha
Root
sW
ash
root
s an
d ea
t re
gula
rly“P
agan
”–
Sela
gine
lla d
elic
atul
a (D
esv.
ex.
Poi
r.)–
Suba
nen:
D
endu
nay
Leav
esH
eat
enou
gh le
aves
unt
il bu
rnt.
App
ly p
owde
r ar
ound
the
wou
nd.
Seve
re w
ound
on
the
brea
st,
shin
gles
–
Sim
arou
bace
ae
Eury
com
a lo
ngifo
lia
Tong
kat
ali/L
ong
jack
Yaka
n: T
ungk
at a
liLe
aves
D
ecoc
tion
Hea
dach
e Er
goge
nic
effe
ct
Alk
aloi
dsU
nive
rsiti
Sai
ns
Mal
aysi
a196
Ethnobotany, Systematic Review and Field Mapping on Folkloric Medicinal Plants49Sm
ilace
ae
Smila
x br
acte
ata
Pres
l.Sa
rsap
arill
a vi
neSu
bane
n: B
anag
Root
sD
ecoc
tion(
Boil
with
en
ough
root
s an
d dr
ink
ofte
n)
“Pag
an”
–
Sola
nace
ae
Caps
icum
ann
uum
L.
Sili
Sili
Frui
tsPo
undi
ngTo
otha
che
Ant
i oxi
dant
, ana
lges
icCa
psai
-cin
, car
ote-
noid
s lu
tein
, as
corb
ic a
cid
Ana
nd a
nd B
ley19
7
Caps
icum
frut
esce
ns
L.Si
li/Re
d pe
pper
Sili
Leav
es
Stea
m
Feve
r A
nalg
esic
, ant
ioxi
dant
Lute
in, a
scor
bic
acid
, cap
saic
in,
caro
teno
ids
Ana
nd a
nd B
ley19
7
Dat
ura
met
el L
.Ka
tsu-
bong
/Tho
rn
appl
e
Suba
nen:
Gin
te-
long
Seed
sH
eat
the
seed
s in
a p
ot
cove
red
with
coc
onut
sh
ell w
ith a
hol
e. S
ip
the
fum
e th
roug
h a
stra
w a
nd s
pit
on a
pa
per a
fter
war
ds
Toot
hach
e-
Lyco
pers
icon
es
cule
ntum
Mill
.Ka
mat
is/T
omat
oKa
mat
isLe
aves
Dire
ct C
hew
ing
Coug
hA
nti o
xida
tive,
ant
i pro
lifer
a-tiv
e, a
ntic
ance
r, an
ti in
flam
ma-
tory
Flav
onoi
dsCh
audh
ary
et
al.19
8
Sola
num
mel
onge
naTa
long
/ N
ight
shad
eCh
av: P
aton
g-pa
tong
Entir
e pl
ant
Infu
sion
Pain
relie
ver,
mus
cle
rela
xer,
coug
hA
nti i
nflam
ma-
tory
, an
tioxi
dant
Alk
aloi
ds, s
olan
ine
Dep
artm
ent
of
Phys
iolo
gy a
nd
Phar
ma-
colo
gy,
Rom
e, I
taly
199
(Di S
otto
et
al.,
2018
)
Sola
num
nig
rum
Blac
k ni
ghts
hade
Taus
ug: A
ntut
u-ng
awW
hole
pl
ant
Infu
sion
of t
he w
hole
yo
ung
plan
tFe
ver
Ant
i oxi
dant
, ant
i infl
amm
a-to
ry, a
ntip
yret
ic a
gent
, an
ti tu
mor
igen
ic
Gly
co-a
lkal
oids
(s
olam
ar g
ine,
so
laso
nine
, so
lani
ne)
Jain
et
al.20
0
Tilia
ceae
Triu
mfe
tta
bart
ram
ia
L.–
Suba
nen:
Dal
upan
gFl
ower
Cr
ushe
d an
d ap
plie
d di
rect
lyFu
runc
le
–
Urt
icac
eae
(3)
Leuc
osyk
e ca
pite
llata
(P
oir)
Wed
d.–
Suba
nen:
G
lom
bila
n/A
laga
siSt
emEa
t a
smal
l por
tion
until
ne
eded
Coug
h–
Pipt
urus
asp
erD
alun
otSu
bane
n: H
anda
la-
may
Leav
esPo
ultic
eA
llerg
y–
(Con
tinue
d)
Gabrinez Madjos and Piocnacia Ramos 50
Tabl
e 1.
(Co
ntin
ued)
Fam
ily/
Scie
ntif
ic
nam
e (I
ncl.
Aut
hor)
Com
mon
na
me(
loca
l +
Engl
ish)
Indi
geno
us n
ame
Plan
t pa
rt
used
Mod
e of
pre
para
tion
Folk
lori
c us
e
Lite
ratu
re r
evie
wR
esea
rch
done
by
Ins
titu
tion
(R
efer
ence
s)B
io-a
ctiv
itie
sA
ctiv
e is
olat
es
Urt
ica
dioi
caSt
ingi
ng n
ettl
eA
linga
tong
Leav
es
and
root
s
Dec
octio
nFo
r som
e ca
ncer
ailm
ents
, “h
ilo”
Ant
i-ox
idan
t, a
nti m
icro
bial
, an
ti in
flam
ma-
tory
, an
tivira
l, an
tiulc
er
Esse
ntia
l am
ino
acid
s, fa
tty
acid
s, c
arot
enes
, te
rpen
oids
, po
ly p
heno
lic
com
poun
ds
Adh
ikar
i et
al.20
1
Verb
enac
eae
Lant
ana
cam
ara
L.Ko
roni
tas/
Stin
k gr
ass
Vis:
War
ak/B
aho-
baho
Suba
nen:
Kan
ding
-ka
ndin
g
Leav
es
Dec
octio
n LB
MA
ntic
ance
rEs
sent
ial o
ilsZa
ndi-
Soha
ni e
t al
.202
Stac
hyta
rphe
ta
jam
aice
nsis
(L.)
Vahl
Kand
ila-
kand
ilaan
/Blu
e po
rter
wee
d
Yaka
n: B
ilu-b
iluSu
bane
n: D
lom
pe-
reng
Leav
es
Dec
octio
n Br
east
cys
t A
nti m
icro
bial
, ant
ifung
al
Verb
as-c
osid
eLi
ew a
nd Y
ong20
3
Vit
acea
e
Tetr
astig
ma
hem
sley
anum
Ayo
/Alu
pida
nSu
bane
n: T
apar
akBa
rk, s
ap
Poun
d, p
oult
ice
Wou
nd
Rheu
ma-
tism
, hep
atiti
s A
lkal
oids
, phy
to
ster
oids
Kr
ishn
a et
al.20
4
Zing
iber
acea
e
Cost
us s
peci
osus
(J.
Koen
ig) S
m.
Spira
l gin
ger
Suba
nen:
Tiw
asi
Leav
esD
ecoc
tion(
Boil
2 gl
asse
s of
leav
es w
ith a
mpl
e w
ater
. Drin
k of
ten.
)
Coug
h, d
iabe
tes
–
Curc
uma
long
a L.
Turm
eric
Dul
awSu
bane
n: D
luya
Them
baga
Rhi-z
omes
D
ecoc
tion
Use
the
infu
sion
as
eyed
rops
Myo
ma,
hep
atiti
s, p
hysi
cal
rela
pse
Sore
eye
s, s
tye
Ant
i-ox
idan
t, a
nti-
ulce
rA
lkal
oids
, ter
peno
ids,
cu
rcum
i-no
ids
Dep
artm
ent
of
Med
icin
e, T
he
Uni
vers
ity o
f A
rizon
a, T
ucso
n,
AZ20
5
Kaem
pfer
ia g
alan
ga
L.G
isol
/Res
urre
c-tio
n lil
ySu
bane
n: G
isol
Rhi-z
omes
Poul
tice
Dee
ply
punc
ture
d–
Zing
eber
offi
cina
le
Rosc
oeG
inge
rLu
y-a
Suba
nen:
Taw
asi
Rhi-z
omes
Dec
octio
nSo
re t
hroa
t, h
eada
ches
, col
ds,
naus
ea, e
mes
isA
nti o
xida
nt, a
nti i
nflam
ma-
tory
, ant
i mic
robi
al,
antic
ance
r, an
tiem
etic
ac
tiviti
es
Phen
olic
com
poun
ds
(gin
gero
ls a
nd
shog
aols
), te
rpen
es,
Mao
et
al.20
6
Ethnobotany, Systematic Review and Field Mapping on Folkloric Medicinal Plants51
is followed by V. negundo (Family Lamiaceae) and P. guajava (Family Mrytaceae). On the other hand, Annona muricata (guyabano) of the Family Annonaceae, is the most frequently utilized plant in treating diabetes, hypertension, and cancer.
The leaf part is the most frequently utilized plant part in a decoction process since they are easily collected and stored.31Leaves are also the sites of production and storehouse of many chemical compounds (tannins, alkaloids and flavonoids) generating important phytochemicals for effective healing ability .39 In terms of the mode of preparation, the decoction is the most common process in preparing herbal medicines. This preparation involves the boiling of the plant materials for an extended period, so the hard material of the plants will soften and release its active components.207
Figures 2 and 3 show the graphical variations among the different ethnolinguistic groups per area in terms of the
species and families of medicinal plants utilized based on ethnobotanical studies and systematic reviews, respectively.
In terms of the ethnobotanical practices, the Visayans of Ipil and Siay, Zamboanga Sibugay, comprised the highest number of utilized medicinal plants (50) from 32 families being. According to De Guzman et al.,31 Visayans are resourceful enough to utilize plants as alternative medicine (commonly called “Binisayang tambal”). B. tambal practice serves as the local primary health care, especially in rural areas and patients claimed that it is effective. In terms of systematic reviews, the Subanens of Lapuyan, Zamboanga del Sur, comprised the highest number of medicinal plant species (89) from 41 families. Bellen,207 in their study wrote that “they regard that the knowledge on the use of plants for medicines are bestowed through a dream and the practice of utilizing these medicinal plants are passed on throughout generations.”
Figure 2 Graphical variations among the different ethnolinguistic groups per area in terms of the species and families of medicinal plants utilized based on ethnobotanical studies.
Figure 3 Graphical variations among the different ethnolinguistic groups per area in terms of the species and families of medicinal plants utilized based on systematic reviews.
Gabrinez Madjos and Piocnacia Ramos 52
Literature reviews from the different published research reveal important bioactivities and bioisolates of the medicinal plants utilized. Among all ethnolinguistic groups, the following 52 medicinal plants need further investigations for their active bioisolates and bioactivities: P. aquatica, O. cochenillifera, T. rumphii, M. citrifolia, kayumanis and kambal-simangko, C. utan, S. trifasciata, Artemisia sp., I. cylindrica, C. philippinse, Ficus sp., F. pumila, M. acuminata bract, S. astylosa bark, F. latifolia, H. rubescens, O. diversifolium, Calamus sp., Radermachera sp., B. cernua, A. rhomboidea, Lilium sp., P. tinctorium, F. heteropoda, M. textilis, M. sapientum, M. sapientum L. var. cinerea, P. velutina, Lycodium sp., S. delicatula, S. bracteata, D. metel, S. tarpheta jamaicensis, C. speciosus, K. galanga, C. elata, A. philippinensis, M. floribunchus, P. ninuri, H. colorata, E. ambionensis, H. vulgaris, Sansevieria spp., P. spicatus, J. podagrica, M. floribunda, D. capitatum, A. ascalohicum, C. dactylon, T. bertramia, and L. capitellata.
While all the ethnolinguistic groups utilized medicinal plants to cure common respiratory diseases to critical diseases, they also have unique traditional practices in treating locally termed conditions. Table 2 shows the variations in terms of the seven locally termed conditions and associated rituals among the different ethnolinguistic groups.
Among the locally termed diseases of the different ethnolinguistic groups, “bughat” occupies the topmost (9), followed by “pasmo” (6), and “panuhot” (5). The Subanens of Margostubig exhibits the highest of these locally termed diseases, five of which are: bughat, kabag, panuhot, pasmo, and piang that lack scientific support yet. Many locals believe in these even today. In the preceding discussions, these are described based on literature reviews:
BUGHAT (PHYSICAL RELAPSE)
This condition is usually experienced by women who perform heavy physical activity post pregnancy. The woman suffering
from physical relapse feels weak, very tired, and sometimes has flu-like symptoms. According to Millondaga,208 “bughat” is often perceived as a natural reaction of women to pregnancy and childbirth in some rural areas of the Philippines. However, the word "relapse," refers to the state of deterioration of health after recovery.31
BUTOD SA TIYAN (GAS PAIN DUE TO ABDOMINAL DISTENTION)
Symptoms include bloating and irritable bowel syndrome. The pathophysiology of bloating and abdominal distention is complicated and incompletely understood.209On the other hand, butod sa tiyan caused by “impasto” (indigestion) may lead to infantile colic. According to Sung,210infantile colic refers to excessive crying of unknown causes in infants.
KABUHI
This is an indescribable feeling in the epigastric region of the abdomen. The symptoms include rapid palpitation that causes dizziness and cold sweats. The remedy according to folkloric treatment, is to apply pressure at the point of origin. There are many other treatments from different regions of the Philippines, but historically they just apply pressure on the gastric area and wrap the waist with a piece of cloth, making it like a belt.
HILO
The Visayans of Dapitan and Subanen believed in “hilo.” According to Elago et al.,23 some folks died or were sick because of saled (hilo). Feelings of physical malaise, indescribable overfatigue, with untreated cough are often experienced by folks diagnosed with hilo. Saled or poison is a practice to make someone ill or die. This is still in practice, by the all the folks. In an interview with a “timuay,” the transmission of “hilo” can either be accidental or intentional.
Table 2 Variations in terms of locally termed diseases and associated rituals among the different ethnolinguistic groups. [AQ2]
Locally termed diseases
Total per locally- termed disease
Ethnolinguistic groups
1 2* 3 4 5 6 7 8* 9 10 11* 12# 13# 14# 15#
1. Bughat 9 √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
2. Butod sa tiyan 2 √ √
3. Kabuhi 1 √
4. Hilo 2 √ √
5. Panuhot 5 √ √ √ √ √
6. Pasmo 6 √ √ √ √ √ √
7. Piang 2 √ √
Total per tribe 3 1 3 2 1 1 – 3 – 5 3 – 1 1 3
Legend: 1 – Chavacanos of ZC 8 – Visayans of Ipil & Siay, Zambo. Sibugay 2 – Bajaus of ZC 9 – Subanens of Titay & Diplahan, Zambo. Sibugay 3 – Visayans of Dapitan City 10 – Subanens of Margosatubig, Zambo. Sur 4 – Visayans of Dipolog City 11 – Subanons of Sibuco, Zamboanga del Norte 5 – Tausugs of Isabela City, Basilan 12 – Subanens of Dumingag, ZDS39
6 – Yakans of Isabela City, Basilan 13 – Subanens of Lapuyan, Zambo. Sur 40
7 – Sama of Isabela City, Basilan 14 – Traditional practitioners of RM41
15 – Tribal healers of Pagadian City, ZDS30
* With unique traditional ritual related to folkloric medicinal use. # Based on systematic reviews. √ Observed in the tribe
Ethnobotany, Systematic Review and Field Mapping on Folkloric Medicinal Plants53
Accidental is through food while intentional is done by an expert “manghiloay.”
They conspire because they are jealous of somebody’s growth, or do not want others to be ahead of them in terms of wealth, wisdom, or even in physical appearance. Saled is also a way of defending oneself from enemies or possible allies and is not advisable as it is dangerous.
Figure 4 shows the medicinal plant used to fight against “hilo” and the “lana” made by a “balian” (traditional healer).
The medicinal plant known as “gua” is used by the Subanon to fight hilo. Their root parts are directly chewed as medicine. The individual attacked by a “manghiloay,” will feel the following symptoms: sore throat, cough, muscle pain, vomiting, fatigue, fever, and the indescribable feeling of malaise. Chewing this medicinal root will counteract the effect of hilo. If the individual feels a bitter taste, this confirms the attack by hilo and vice versa.
In a similar manner, the “lana”, made by a balian can cure “hilo” and is considered as a “sulukupan” (multi-purpose medicinal plant). This comprises the roots of 3 medicinal plants that are under molecular analyses for their identification. This root mixture is infused with coconut oil and applied on the head or any areas that need treatment or a teaspoonful of it can also be orally taken. The folks caution that a not properly stored mixture can be ineffective.
PANUHOT
“Panuhot” is another illness reported by the Visayans, which occurs when wind enters the body’s nerves and tissues, causing pain and swelling in areas where they have consolidated.211
PASMO
“Pasmo” occurs when a person is over working beyond his physical capacities without adequate rest. The symptoms are body malaise, muscle jerking, and spasms evident on the extremities, accompanied by headache and dizziness.212
PIANG
“Piang” is a sprain or dislocation of nerves or tissues, affecting any part of the body brought about by a fall or mishandling of the child. 211 These result in cough mainly when they affect the chest, back, or underarm.
The folk etiology also reports that, cold wind can enter the “piang” site causing the cough termed “gipanuhot ang piang.”
211 Only a manghihilot (masseur) can treat this condition; midwives or physicians are not capable of managing “piang.” “Piang” as a significant cause of cough is widespread in many areas of the Philippines.213
All the locally termed diseases among different ethnic groups are diagnosed based on their local traditional healers, which can be influenced by the individual’s health-seeking behavior and the healer choices. Table 3 shows the factors influencing the health-seeking behavior of the key informants to ethnobotanical practices.
The outcomes of Table 3 show that all the respondents (100 %) revealed that the effectiveness of the treatment based on their personal experiences influenced their health-seeking behavior to ethnobotanical practices. Effectiveness refers to the extent to which specific treatments can relieve or cure certain ailments. This is followed by the availability/accessibility of the medicinal plants within the locality (94.85%). This is attested by the defined field sampling conducted. A fact sheet of the WHO (dated December 2015) stated that one of the topmost reasons why 80% of the population in some Asian and African countries depends on traditional medicine is because of the easy availability of medicinal plants and geographical constraints versus health care facilities.
Some folkloric groups perform rituals before the use of the medicinal plant for enhanced effective disease treatment. According to them a ritual is a communicative means for uniting spiritual and material, scientific and special, daily expectations, past and present, and other principle structures contributing to the development of an individual’s life.214 Only few studies are reported with rituals because of the challenges encountered to sustain these practices.215The present study has documented the rituals performed by the three ethnolinguistic tribes (the Subanon of Zamboanga del Norte, Bajau of Zamboanga City, and Visayan of Ipil, Zamboanga Sibugay) with photo and video evidences.
Subanon (same with Subanen but different pronunciation) is one of the tribal groups in Mindanao, the Philippines, which performs various rituals,218 their traditional folkloric healing knowledge in the Zamboanga Peninsula area is minimal. The challenges encountered to sustain these practices include the barrier in transmitting this tradition to the next generation. The link https://youtu.be/WO2OQ62tGIw documents the video performed by the “balian” of Subanon in Sibuco, Zamboanga del Norte, with medicinal plant usage. Imbing220mentioned
Table 3 Factors influencing the health-seeking behavior of the key informants to ethnobotanical practices (N=330).
Factors Total Percentage (%)
Effectiveness of treatment based on personal experience
330 100
Testimony from other users (pass on) 228 69.09
Availability/accessibility 313 94.85
Affordability 36 10.91
Nil side effects 18 5.45
Figure 4 (a) Medicinal plant (gua) used to fight against hilo. (b)The lana made by a balian (traditional healer).
Gabrinez Madjos and Piocnacia Ramos 54
this ritual as “Gbeklug Mangenawa” which is performed for healing of the ill.
Informed consent was obtained from the “Timuay” or tribal chieftain to document it, and was approved by the “Gulang gokum” (highest among chieftain among the seven rivers based on political subdivision/eldest timuay). The NCIP was also informed before publishing the evidence. Figure 5 shows the rituals performed by a balian of Subanon in Sibuco, Zamboanga del Norte, while Table 4 summarizes the materials used in the traditional healing ritual of the Subanon of Sibuco and its symbolism.
Balians are the only ones who can perform the tribal ritual. They are also believed to be the one who can see and communicate with supernatural entities or creatures, both good and evil.29 The ritual is usally performed on a full moon day because it enhances their abilities to see and communicate with the supernatural entities.
In the study of Mabini et al.215 the “balian” usually uses the eggs in identifying the disease by performing “Tigi-tigi” in treating or healing such diseases. In this process, the egg are placed for few minutes on the particular r part of the person’s body that has the illness, ache, or discomfort. The white egg is a primary ingredient in performing different rituals since it is believed to attract spirits.
In the Subanen tribe of Lapuyan, Zamboanga del Sur, some medicinal plants such as E. indica (paragis), Lygodium sp., and S. bracteata (banag) are used for “pagan” meaning folkloric use. This is a religious belief that in the goddesses of the sea/god of the land.
Unique to the Visayans is the practice of “toob” especially during fever which utilizes smoke from certain medicinal plants and that are inhaled by the patient in a closed compartment .31 In the study of Bucol,216 “toob” is practiced by folk healers or herbolarios in Siquijor Island in Central Philippines for curing toothache. Mansueto et al.,212 showed that the management of certain diseases through “toob.” Here a heated pot was placed under the chair and the person sits down covered with blanket including the head. Later, the pot would be slowly opened. The person uncovers his/her head from time to time during the treatment process. However, the practice of “toob” in treating diseases are not yet scientifically explored.31 Figure 6 shows the ritual done by a Visayan herbolario (faith healer).
Figure 7 shows the materials used during the healing ritual with medicinal plants among the Bajaus of Ayuda Bajau Village, Maasin, Zamboanga City. Here, medicinal plants with liniment are applied to a patient’s body. On the other hand, the use of kamangyan (incense) and a musical instrument made of goat’s skin were utilized by the Bajaus during the healing ritual.
In summary, ethnolinguistic groups of the country play an essential role because they possess broad knowledge of their localities.217Exploring and documenting their knowledge and practices on ethnobotany may enlighten other people about their way of life and their customary beliefs or culture on
Table 4 Materials used in the traditional healing ritual of the Subanon of Sibuco and its symbolism.
Material(native term) English term Symbolism
Itlog bisaya Native white egg To attract spirits and serves as viand for the spirits. They are placed on top of a large leaf.
Bugas Rice This serves as the food to the spirits/gods/goddesses; A fistful of it is also placed on top of the leaf with the native egg.
Kamangyan Incense Used to call the attention of the spirits and transmit their messages to them; are lighted during the actual offering of prayers.
Sinsilyo Coins To return the favor asked, it should be hard as old coins; A cupful of coins is placed below the leaf as seen in Figure 5.
Tabako Tobacco To attract mercy and to strengthen the effect of herbal practice; they are placed on the sides of the rice and native egg.
Sulunsang (kahoy na ibugsok sa silangan)
- – To provide a venue for praying which should be facing in the East direction (sun rises). In their tradition and belief, this direction is the creator. It is made up of 4 poles strategically placed.
Kilala plant – To recognize good spirits; a type of plant with leaves (Fig. 5 right image).
Puti nga tela White cloth To attract good spirits as they only recognize cleanliness.
Figure 5 Rituals performed by a “balian” of Subanon in Sibuco, Zamboanga del Norte.
Ethnobotany, Systematic Review and Field Mapping on Folkloric Medicinal Plants55
folkloric medicinal plants. As supported by Elmedulan Jr.,218 providing a platform to convey the information to the next ethnic generation is a way to preserve the culture. Further, the preservation of intangible cultural heritage provides a tribe with a sense of identity and continuity and promotes respect for cultural diversity.
Documentation of this traditional knowledge and practices will provide a framework for future drug discovery; opportunities for community biodiversity management; and promotes cultural preservation. Further, the process of identifying and appraising all published reviews allows researchers to describe the quality of the evidence-based practices, summarize and compare the strength of the conclusion.219
CONCLUSIONA total of 208 medicinal plant species belonging to 74 families were utilized by the ethnolinguistic groups, of which18 species belonged to Family Fabaceae. The Visayan tribe of Ipil and Siay, Zamboanga Sibugay, had the highest number of medicinal plants utilized based on ethnobotanical studies. While the Subanens of Lapuyan, Zamboanga del Sur recorded the more medicinal plants based on systematic reviews.
Almost all ethnic tribes utilized one or more of the 10 DOH-approved medicinal plants, with B. balsamifera (sambong) as the most frequently utilized herbal plant (100%) in treating common diseases such as cough and colds. Leaves are the topmost utilized plant parts through the process of decoction. Physical relapse (bughat) is the commonly cited illness among the locally termed diseases of the different ethnolinguistic groups. Having documented some tribal rituals related to ethnobotanical practices preserves intangible cultural heritage. Field samplings attested the availability of medicinal plants as the second topmost health-seeking behavior of the key informants to ethnobotanical practices.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe researchers are grateful for the funding assistance of Western Mindanao State University through the Research Development and Evaluation Center (RDEC) under the office of the Vice President for RESEL (Research, Extension Services and External Linkages). The authors also extend their gratitude to the National Research Council of the Philippines for the publication fee assistance through its Research Dissemination in Local and International Platforms (RDLIP) program.
FUNDINGThis research was supported by the Research Development and Evaluation Center of the Western Mindanao State University, Zamboanga City, Mindanao, Philippines.
CONFLICT OF INTERESTThe authors declared no potential conflicts of interest.
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