Research Article Compact Wideband Antiparallel Diode

Research ArticleCompact Wideband Antiparallel Diode Frequency TriplersUtilizing Planar Transitions

Wahab Mohyuddin Kang Wook Kim and Hyun Chul Choi

School of Electronics Engineering Kyungpook National University Sankyuk-dong Buk-guDaegu 702-701 Republic of Korea

Correspondence should be addressed to Kang Wook Kim kang kimeeknuackr

Received 9 September 2014 Revised 5 December 2014 Accepted 6 December 2014

Academic Editor Yuan Yao

Copyright copy 2015 Wahab Mohyuddin et al This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons AttributionLicense which permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properlycited

Two designs of frequency triplers which use planar transitions as baluns and an antiparallel diode pair to achieve wide bandwidthare presented The ultrawideband transitions are utilized for input and output impedance matching of the frequency triplers Thedesign process and operation principles are described in this paper The implemented frequency triplers exhibit flat response overwide frequency range of 3 to 9GHzThe proposed Type A frequency tripler shows conversion loss of sim18 dB with above 30 dB evenharmonics suppression With Type B frequency tripler conversion loss of sim17 dB and above 25 dB even harmonic suppression areachieved

1 Introduction

Increase in circuit operation frequency necessitates micro-wave signal sources with good power stability and low phasenoise characteristics Frequency multipliers are often utilizedto obtain stable microwave frequencies by generating har-monics of stable lower frequency sources

Diodes or transistors can easily be implemented to gen-erate a second harmonic component (frequency doubler) byutilizing the nonlinear I-V characteristic [1]However it is rel-atively difficult to design frequency triplers due to insufficientpower to enhance the third harmonic frequency as comparedto the fundamental and second harmonic frequencies

In previous studies triplers using diodes or transistorswith compatible process of monolithic microwave integratedcircuits (MMICs) [2ndash7] were frequently demonstrated Thecommonly used techniques to generate the third harmonicinclude antiparallel diode pair [2 3] and overdriven tran-sistor [4 5] which requires strong filtering process toremove unwanted harmonics Some other techniques suchas waveform shaping techniques [6] subharmonic mixers[7] and left-handed nonlinear transmission lines [8] werealso utilized When it comes to broad bandwidth and stabil-ity however the antiparallel diode (Schottky-barrier diode)

triplers [2 3] particularly passive diode triplers [3] havebeen well known for their integrated characteristics of broadbandwidth as compared with transistor [4 5] and varactortriplers [8]

In this paper two designs of planar wideband antiparalleldiode frequency triplers utilizing ultrawideband transitionsfor phase inversion [9] are presented The transitions whichact as baluns are used as input and output matching struc-tures of the proposed triplers with an antiparallel diodepair (APDP) The block diagram of the proposed frequencytriplers is shown in Figure 1

2 Design of Frequency Triplers

21 Type A Tripler The layout of the proposed tripler of TypeA is shown in Figure 2(a) For input and output matchingof the proposed frequency tripler the planar transitions asshown in Figure 2(b) were implemented following the designguideline by the authorsrsquo group [9] The transitions consistof transitional structures between microstrip line (MSL)and parallel stripline (PSL) and parallel stripline (PSL) andcoplanar waveguide (CPW) The inputoutput transitionsare almost symmetrical except for the phase inversion partsbetween PSL and CPW To maximize frequency bandwidth

Hindawi Publishing CorporationInternational Journal of Antennas and PropagationVolume 2015 Article ID 373179 7 pageshttpdxdoiorg1011552015373179

2 International Journal of Antennas and Propagation

Input transition(matching)

Output transition(matching)

Pin(f0)

Pout(3f0)ic

rarri2

i1rarr

irarr

Figure 1 Block diagram of the proposed frequency triplers

Pin

(f0)

Microstripline

Parallel stripline

Coplanarwaveguide

MSL-to-PSLtransition

PSL-to-CPWtransition

CPW-to-PSLtransition

PSL-to-MSLtransition

(3f0)

Pout

(a)

lpslcpw

A B C D E F G H I J K

A998400 B998400 C998400 D998400 E998400 F998400 G998400 H998400 I998400 J998400 K998400

wg

wps wms

lms

sgap wcpw

(b)

Figure 2 Proposed frequency tripler (Type A) (a) structure (b) transition

Table 1 Dimensions for frequency tripler transitions (unit mil)

119897ms 119897ps 119897cpw 119908ms 119908ps 119908cpw 119908

119892119904gap

50 220 50 18 24 20 20 5

the characteristic impedance at each section of the proposedtransition is sustained at 50Ω The dimensions of the pro-posed transitions are summarized in Table 1

To explain the operation of the proposed Type A triplerit is divided into three parts that is (1) MSL-PSL-CPWtransition (before diodes) (2) antiparallel diode pair (APDP)and (3) CPW-PSL-MSL transition (after diodes)

First a transition from MSL to PSL to CPW (A-A1015840 to F-F1015840) feeds the diodes mounted on the CPW section throughits side conductors while the ground is provided at the centerconductor To have proper ground continuity from parallel

stripline to CPW a via hole is utilized to connect the groundconductor of the parallel stripline with the center strip ofthe CPW (see Figure 2) Figures 3(a) and 3(b) show electricfield distributions of the transition at each cross section InFigure 3(a) it can be observed that there is smooth trans-formation of electric field lines distributions fromMSL (typ-ically vertical) to PSL (typically vertical) and then to CPW(typically horizontal)

Second the diodes are mounted at the CPW section insuch a manner that they act as an antiparallel diode pair(APDP) The diodes are attached to each side conductor ofthe CPW and the center conductor strip of the CPW servesas ground (see Figure 2(a)) The APDP works as to generateonly odd harmonics while suppressing even harmonics Asdescribed in [10 11] the APDP formed by two identicaldiodes results in the creation of two different currents that isloop current (119894119888) and total current (119894) as illustrated in Figure 1

International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 3

Via

A-A998400 B-B998400

C-C998400 D-D998400

E-E998400 F-F998400

1205760

1205760120576r

1205760

1205760

1205760120576r

1205760

1205760

1205760120576r

1205760

1205760

1205760120576r

1205760

1205760

1205760120576r

1205760

1205760

1205760120576r

1205760

(a)

Via

F-F998400 G-G998400

H-H998400 I-I998400

J-J998400 K-K998400

1205760

1205760120576r

1205760

1205760

1205760120576r

1205760

1205760

1205760120576r

1205760

1205760

1205760120576r

1205760

1205760

1205760120576r

1205760

1205760

1205760120576r

1205760

(b)

Via

F-F998400 G-G998400

H-H998400

1205760

1205760120576r

1205760

1205760

1205760120576r

1205760

1205760

1205760120576r

1205760

(c)

Figure 3 Electric field line distributions of the transition (a) MSL-PSL-CPW (Types A and B) (b) CPW-PSL-MSL (Type A) and (c) CPW-MSL (Type B)

This 119894119888 flows inside the loop of the antiparallel diodes andcontains only even harmonics thus ensuring the suppressionof even harmonics whereas the 119894 has only odd harmonics andflows toward the output

Third the output-side transition from CPW to PSL toMSL is utilized The side conductors of the CPW smoothly

transform into the ground plane of the parallel striplineusing two via holes and the center conductor of the CPW isconverted into the top conductor of the parallel stripline witha sustained characteristic impedance of 50Ω The parallelstripline is transformed into microstrip line by changing thewidth of the top conductor and bottom conductor while


Pin(f0) (3f0)



CPW-to-MSLtransition

Microstripline

Parallel stripline

Coplanarwaveguide

Pout

(a)

lps

A998400 B998400 C998400 D998400 E998400 F998400 G998400 H998400

A B C D E F G H

wps

lcpw

wcpw

wg

sgap

lms

wms

(b)

Figure 4 Proposed frequency tripler (Type B) (a) structure (b) transition

(a) (b)

Figure 5 Fabricated wideband frequency tripler (Type A) (a) top view and (b) bottom view The dimension is 540mil times 250mil

smooth electric field transformation is obtained throughoutthe transition as shown in Figure 3(b)

22 Type B Tripler The proposed tripler design of Type Buses asymmetric baluns As shown in Figures 4(a) and 4(b)the input-side transition is the same as that in the TypeA tripler but the output-side balun (F-F1015840 to H-H1015840) is abroadband CPW-to-MSL transition without parallel striplineportion which results in compact size [9] The critical aspectof this transition is to provide smooth electric field line trans-formation from mostly horizontal (CPW) to mostly vertical(MSL) directions The smooth field transformation betweenCPWandMSL is obtained by balanced shaping of the groundplane structure (G-G1015840) and ground continuity is ensured bytwo via holes positioned at the side conductors of the CPWFigure 3(c) shows the smooth electric field line transforma-tion of this transition The characteristic impedance at eachsection of the transition is again maintained at 50Ω for thebroadband matching

23 Tripler Operation Theoperation of the proposed triplers(Types A and B) is summarized as followsWhen anRF signalis applied to the microstrip line it passes through the parallelstripline and then it is divided into the side conductors of theCPWwith the center ground strip which excites the diodes asan antiparallel diode pair These paired diodes are turned onand off at every half cycle of the signal causing the generationof currents that contains only odd harmonics of the signal

The odd harmonic signals are excited at the center conductorof CPW while transforming the side conductors into theground It is worthwhile to mention that the even harmoniccomponents cannot travel through the center conductor ofthe CPW towards the output port Likewise the odd harmon-ics are unable to travel backwards into the input port becauseof the APDP and proper grounding Hence the tripled signalis guided through the transitions towards the output port

3 Implementation and Measurements

31 Implementation For fabrication of the proposed fre-quency triplers (TypesA andB) theRogers RO4003 substratewith thickness of 8mil and dielectric constant (120576119903) of 338 isusedThe twodiodeswith a series resistance of119877119878 = 4Ω and ajunction capacitance of1198621198950 = 002 pF (MA-COMMA4E1317)are used to make the APDP

Figure 5 shows the top and bottom views of the fabricatedType A frequency tripler The size of the fabricated tripleris 540mil times 250mil Also the top and bottom views of thefabricatedTypeB frequency tripler are shown inFigure 6Thesize of the fabricated Type B tripler is 300mil times 250mil

32 Simulation and Measurements For nonlinear harmonicbalance simulations of the frequency triplers the AWRMicrowave Office circuit simulator was used and for 3D EMsimulations of the planar transitions the CST Microwave


(a) (b)

Figure 6 Fabricated wideband frequency tripler (Type B) (a) top view and (b) bottom view The dimension is 300mil times 250mil

Frequency (GHz)

0

minus2

minus4

minus6

minus8

minus10

minus120 4 8 12 16 20

|S21|

(dB)

Measured |S21|Measured |S11|

Simulated |S21|Simulated |S11|

0

minus10

minus20

minus30

|S11|

(dB)

Figure 7 Simulated andmeasured performance of the Type A tran-sition

Studiowas used EM simulation results of the transitionswereinserted into the nonlinear circuit simulation

The simulated and measured performances of the ultra-wideband transition for Type A are compared in Figure 7It is observed that transition possesses the insertion loss ofaverage 12 dB as well as the return loss of greater than 10 dBover the wide frequency range of near DC to 20GHz AlsoFigure 8 compares the simulated andmeasured performancesof an ultrawideband transition [9] for Type B The transitionpossesses the insertion loss of average 13 dB with the returnloss of greater than 10 dB over the wide frequency range ofnear DC to 20GHz

The performance of the fabricated frequency triplers wasmeasured with the spectrum analyzer and network analyzerThe RF input signal power was +15 dBm Figure 9 shows thesimulated and measured conversion loss of the fabricatedType A tripler Also output powers of the 2nd 3rd and 4thharmonics with respect to the output frequency are plottedIt can be seen that the tripler possesses the flat conversionloss of about 18 dB over the wide range of frequencies from3 to 9GHz A small disagreement between the simulatedand measured conversion loss might have occurred by using

0 4 8 12 16 20Frequency (GHz)

0

minus2

minus4

minus6

minus8

minus10

minus12

|S21|

(dB)

0

minus10

minus20

minus30

|S11|

(dB)



Figure 8 Simulated andmeasured performance of the Type B tran-sition

2 4 6 8 10 12

Con

vers

ion

loss

(dB)

Out

put p

ower

(dBm

)

Frequency (GHz)

3rd harmonic2nd harmonic4th harmonic

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Measured CLSimulated CL

0

minus10

minus20

minus30

minus40

minus50

minus60

Figure 9 Simulated and measured results of conversion loss andmeasured results of output powers with respect to output frequency(Type A tripler)


Table 2 Performance comparison of the frequency triplers

Tripler(Type A)

Tripler(Type B) [8] [12] [13]

Input freq (GHz) 1ndash3 1ndash3 21ndash34 572ndash628 18ndash3Input power (dBm) 15 15 25 5 11Conversion loss (dB) 181ndash194 166ndash183 142ndash213 166ndash185 15119875out3119875out2 (dB) 30 25 8 446 55Size (mm) 1371 times 635 762 times 635 12 times 7 614 times 628 787 times 635Nonlinear device Schottky diode Schottky diode Varactor diode Schottky diode mdash

2 4 6 8 10 12

Con

vers

ion

loss

(dB)

Out

put p

ower

(dBm

)

Frequency (GHz)

0

5

10

15

20

25

300

minus10

minus20

minus30

minus40

minus50

minus60



Figure 10 Simulated and measured results of conversion loss andmeasured results of output powers with respect to output frequency(Type B tripler)

SPICE diode model in the nonlinear circuit simulation andby the process of port insertion in EM simulation in order toattach diodes

It is also noticed that the output powers of evenharmonicsare much lower than that of the third harmonic The thirdharmonic output power is 30 dB higher than the secondharmonic power and 40 dB higher than the fourth harmonicpower This means that the fabricated tripler can excellentlysuppress the even harmonics

The simulated and measured conversion loss of thefabricated Type B tripler are shown in Figure 10 along withthe output powers of the 2nd 3rd and 4th harmonics withrespect to the output frequency It is observed that the triplerpossesses the flat conversion loss of about 172 dB over thewide range of frequencies from3 to 9GHzTheoutput powersof the even harmonic components are again much lower ascompared with the tripled signal power

In order to estimate the influence of a metal structure onthe tripler performance simulations andmeasurements werealso performed with a metal housing (shielding box) If theheight of the shielding box is equal to or greater than 80milfrom each side of transitions the simulated results of planar

transitions did not change appreciably from those in Figures7 and 8 for both Type A and Type B triplersThe performancemeasurements of the proposed triplers with a shielding box of120mil height from each side of the circuit validate the resultsshown in Figures 9 and 10

Finally a performance comparison of the proposed fre-quency triplers with the previously reported results is sum-marized in Table 2 It can be clearly seen that the proposedfrequency triplers show competitive performance with widebandwidth high even harmonic suppression and compactsize

4 Conclusion

Design procedure and operation principles of the two wide-band frequency triplers employing planar transitions arepresented in this paper High even harmonic suppression isachieved due to the use of the ultrawideband transitions andAPDP which helps to keep minimal filtering requirementsDue to wide bandwidth the proposed triplers may findmultiple applications in microwave communication systemswhere wide bandwidth is required

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgment

This research was supported by the National RampD Programthrough the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)funded by the Ministry of Education Science and Technol-ogy (NRF-2012M1A7A1A02034753)

References

[1] H Ogawa and A Minagawa ldquoUniplanar MIC balanced mul-tipliermdasha proposed new structure forMICrsquosrdquo IEEE Transactionson Microwave Theory and Techniques vol 35 no 12 pp 1363ndash1368 1987

[2] D Shim C Mao S Sankaran and K O Kenneth ldquo150 Ghzcomplementary anti-parallel diode frequency tripler in 130 nmCMOSrdquo IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters vol21 no 1 pp 43ndash45 2011


[3] M Hrobak M Sterns M Schramm W Stein and L-PSchmidt ldquoDesign and fabrication of broadband hybrid GaAsschottky diode frequency multipliersrdquo IEEE Transactions onMicrowave Theory and Techniques vol 61 no 12 pp 4442ndash4460 2013

[4] Y Campos-Roca C Schworer A Leuther and M Seelmann-Eggebert ldquoG-band metamorphic HEMT-based frequency mul-tipliersrdquo IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Tech-niques vol 54 no 7 pp 2983ndash2992 2006

[5] J E Johnson G R Branner and J-P Mima ldquoDesign and opti-mization of large conversion gain active microwave frequencytriplersrdquo IEEEMicrowave andWireless Components Letters vol15 no 7 pp 457ndash459 2005

[6] Y Zheng and C E Saavedra ldquoA broadband CMOS frequencytripler using a third-harmonic enhanced techniquerdquo IEEEJournal of Solid-State Circuits vol 42 no 10 pp 2197ndash22032007

[7] B R Jackson F Mazzilli and C E Saavedra ldquoA frequencytripler using a subharmonic mixer and fundamental cancella-tionrdquo IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniquesvol 57 no 5 pp 1083ndash1090 2009

[8] I B Kim K W Kim H Yoo J Park and H Kim ldquoAn effectivethird harmonic generator using a left-handed nonlinear trans-misson linerdquoMicrowave and Optical Technology Letters vol 56no 3 pp 568ndash570 2014

[9] Y-G Kim S-Y Song and K W Kim ldquoA pair of ultra-wide-band planar transitions for phase inversion applicationsrdquo IEEEMicrowave and Wireless Components Letters vol 20 no 9 pp492ndash494 2010

[10] M Cohn J E Degenford and B A Newman ldquoHarmonicmixing with an antiparallel diode pairrdquo IEEE Transactions onMicrowave Theory and Techniques vol 23 no 8 pp 667ndash6731975

[11] M V DMerwe and J B D Swardt ldquoTheDesign and Evaluationof AHarmonicMixer Using An Antiparallel Diode PairrdquoAppli-cationNoteMicrowaveOffice httpwwwawrcorpcomdown-loadfaqenglishappnotesharmonic mixer diode pairaspx

[12] J-K Min H-J Kim Y-H Kim H-S Yu J-C Lee and U-S Hong ldquoDesign of a frequency tripler using a novel band-pass filter for Ku-band applicationrdquo Microwave and OpticalTechnology Letters vol 48 no 9 pp 1770ndash1773 2006

[13] RMK-3-93+ Mini-Circuits httpwwwminicircuitscom

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Control Scienceand Engineering

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Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom

Journal ofEngineeringVolume 2014

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration


Civil EngineeringAdvances in

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The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

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Modelling amp Simulation in EngineeringHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014


Chemical EngineeringInternational Journal of Antennas and

Propagation




Navigation and Observation



DistributedSensor Networks



Input transition(matching)

Output transition(matching)

Pin(f0)

Pout(3f0)ic

rarri2

i1rarr

irarr

Figure 1 Block diagram of the proposed frequency triplers

Pin

(f0)

Microstripline

Parallel stripline

Coplanarwaveguide



CPW-to-PSLtransition

PSL-to-MSLtransition

(3f0)

Pout

(a)

lpslcpw

A B C D E F G H I J K

A998400 B998400 C998400 D998400 E998400 F998400 G998400 H998400 I998400 J998400 K998400

wg

wps wms

lms

sgap wcpw

(b)

Figure 2 Proposed frequency tripler (Type A) (a) structure (b) transition

Table 1 Dimensions for frequency tripler transitions (unit mil)

119897ms 119897ps 119897cpw 119908ms 119908ps 119908cpw 119908

119892119904gap

50 220 50 18 24 20 20 5

the characteristic impedance at each section of the proposedtransition is sustained at 50Ω The dimensions of the pro-posed transitions are summarized in Table 1

To explain the operation of the proposed Type A triplerit is divided into three parts that is (1) MSL-PSL-CPWtransition (before diodes) (2) antiparallel diode pair (APDP)and (3) CPW-PSL-MSL transition (after diodes)

First a transition from MSL to PSL to CPW (A-A1015840 to F-F1015840) feeds the diodes mounted on the CPW section throughits side conductors while the ground is provided at the centerconductor To have proper ground continuity from parallel

stripline to CPW a via hole is utilized to connect the groundconductor of the parallel stripline with the center strip ofthe CPW (see Figure 2) Figures 3(a) and 3(b) show electricfield distributions of the transition at each cross section InFigure 3(a) it can be observed that there is smooth trans-formation of electric field lines distributions fromMSL (typ-ically vertical) to PSL (typically vertical) and then to CPW(typically horizontal)

Second the diodes are mounted at the CPW section insuch a manner that they act as an antiparallel diode pair(APDP) The diodes are attached to each side conductor ofthe CPW and the center conductor strip of the CPW servesas ground (see Figure 2(a)) The APDP works as to generateonly odd harmonics while suppressing even harmonics Asdescribed in [10 11] the APDP formed by two identicaldiodes results in the creation of two different currents that isloop current (119894119888) and total current (119894) as illustrated in Figure 1


Via

A-A998400 B-B998400

C-C998400 D-D998400

E-E998400 F-F998400

1205760

1205760120576r

1205760

1205760

1205760120576r

1205760

1205760

1205760120576r

1205760

1205760

1205760120576r

1205760

1205760

1205760120576r

1205760

1205760

1205760120576r

1205760

(a)

Via

F-F998400 G-G998400

H-H998400 I-I998400

J-J998400 K-K998400

1205760

1205760120576r

1205760

1205760

1205760120576r

1205760

1205760

1205760120576r

1205760

1205760

1205760120576r

1205760

1205760

1205760120576r

1205760

1205760

1205760120576r

1205760

(b)

Via

F-F998400 G-G998400

H-H998400

1205760

1205760120576r

1205760

1205760

1205760120576r

1205760

1205760

1205760120576r

1205760

(c)






Pin(f0) (3f0)




Microstripline

Parallel stripline

Coplanarwaveguide

Pout

(a)

lps

A998400 B998400 C998400 D998400 E998400 F998400 G998400 H998400

A B C D E F G H

wps

lcpw

wcpw

wg

sgap

lms

wms

(b)


(a) (b)











(a) (b)


Frequency (GHz)

0

minus2

minus4

minus6

minus8

minus10

minus120 4 8 12 16 20

|S21|

(dB)



0

minus10

minus20

minus30

|S11|

(dB)






0

minus2

minus4

minus6

minus8

minus10

minus12

|S21|

(dB)

0

minus10

minus20

minus30

|S11|

(dB)




2 4 6 8 10 12

Con

vers

ion

loss

(dB)

Out

put p

ower

(dBm

)

Frequency (GHz)


0

5

10

15

20

25

30


0

minus10

minus20

minus30

minus40

minus50

minus60




Tripler(Type A)



2 4 6 8 10 12

Con

vers

ion

loss

(dB)

Out

put p

ower

(dBm

)

Frequency (GHz)

0

5

10

15

20

25

300

minus10

minus20

minus30

minus40

minus50

minus60










4 Conclusion




Acknowledgment


References

















RoboticsJournal of





Journal of



RotatingMachinery





VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2014


SensorsJournal of





Propagation










Via

A-A998400 B-B998400

C-C998400 D-D998400

E-E998400 F-F998400

1205760

1205760120576r

1205760

1205760

1205760120576r

1205760

1205760

1205760120576r

1205760

1205760

1205760120576r

1205760

1205760

1205760120576r

1205760

1205760

1205760120576r

1205760

(a)

Via

F-F998400 G-G998400

H-H998400 I-I998400

J-J998400 K-K998400

1205760

1205760120576r

1205760

1205760

1205760120576r

1205760

1205760

1205760120576r

1205760

1205760

1205760120576r

1205760

1205760

1205760120576r

1205760

1205760

1205760120576r

1205760

(b)

Via

F-F998400 G-G998400

H-H998400

1205760

1205760120576r

1205760

1205760

1205760120576r

1205760

1205760

1205760120576r

1205760

(c)






Pin(f0) (3f0)




Microstripline

Parallel stripline

Coplanarwaveguide

Pout

(a)

lps

A998400 B998400 C998400 D998400 E998400 F998400 G998400 H998400

A B C D E F G H

wps

lcpw

wcpw

wg

sgap

lms

wms

(b)


(a) (b)











(a) (b)


Frequency (GHz)

0

minus2

minus4

minus6

minus8

minus10

minus120 4 8 12 16 20

|S21|

(dB)



0

minus10

minus20

minus30

|S11|

(dB)






0

minus2

minus4

minus6

minus8

minus10

minus12

|S21|

(dB)

0

minus10

minus20

minus30

|S11|

(dB)




2 4 6 8 10 12

Con

vers

ion

loss

(dB)

Out

put p

ower

(dBm

)

Frequency (GHz)


0

5

10

15

20

25

30


0

minus10

minus20

minus30

minus40

minus50

minus60




Tripler(Type A)



2 4 6 8 10 12

Con

vers

ion

loss

(dB)

Out

put p

ower

(dBm

)

Frequency (GHz)

0

5

10

15

20

25

300

minus10

minus20

minus30

minus40

minus50

minus60










4 Conclusion




Acknowledgment


References

















RoboticsJournal of





Journal of



RotatingMachinery





VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2014


SensorsJournal of





Propagation










Pin(f0) (3f0)




Microstripline

Parallel stripline

Coplanarwaveguide

Pout

(a)

lps

A998400 B998400 C998400 D998400 E998400 F998400 G998400 H998400

A B C D E F G H

wps

lcpw

wcpw

wg

sgap

lms

wms

(b)


(a) (b)











(a) (b)


Frequency (GHz)

0

minus2

minus4

minus6

minus8

minus10

minus120 4 8 12 16 20

|S21|

(dB)



0

minus10

minus20

minus30

|S11|

(dB)






0

minus2

minus4

minus6

minus8

minus10

minus12

|S21|

(dB)

0

minus10

minus20

minus30

|S11|

(dB)




2 4 6 8 10 12

Con

vers

ion

loss

(dB)

Out

put p

ower

(dBm

)

Frequency (GHz)


0

5

10

15

20

25

30


0

minus10

minus20

minus30

minus40

minus50

minus60




Tripler(Type A)



2 4 6 8 10 12

Con

vers

ion

loss

(dB)

Out

put p

ower

(dBm

)

Frequency (GHz)

0

5

10

15

20

25

300

minus10

minus20

minus30

minus40

minus50

minus60










4 Conclusion




Acknowledgment


References

















RoboticsJournal of





Journal of



RotatingMachinery





VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2014


SensorsJournal of





Propagation










(a) (b)


Frequency (GHz)

0

minus2

minus4

minus6

minus8

minus10

minus120 4 8 12 16 20

|S21|

(dB)



0

minus10

minus20

minus30

|S11|

(dB)






0

minus2

minus4

minus6

minus8

minus10

minus12

|S21|

(dB)

0

minus10

minus20

minus30

|S11|

(dB)




2 4 6 8 10 12

Con

vers

ion

loss

(dB)

Out

put p

ower

(dBm

)

Frequency (GHz)


0

5

10

15

20

25

30


0

minus10

minus20

minus30

minus40

minus50

minus60




Tripler(Type A)



2 4 6 8 10 12

Con

vers

ion

loss

(dB)

Out

put p

ower

(dBm

)

Frequency (GHz)

0

5

10

15

20

25

300

minus10

minus20

minus30

minus40

minus50

minus60










4 Conclusion




Acknowledgment


References

















RoboticsJournal of





Journal of



RotatingMachinery





VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2014


SensorsJournal of





Propagation











Tripler(Type A)



2 4 6 8 10 12

Con

vers

ion

loss

(dB)

Out

put p

ower

(dBm

)

Frequency (GHz)

0

5

10

15

20

25

300

minus10

minus20

minus30

minus40

minus50

minus60










4 Conclusion




Acknowledgment


References

















RoboticsJournal of





Journal of



RotatingMachinery





VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2014


SensorsJournal of





Propagation























RoboticsJournal of





Journal of



RotatingMachinery





VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2014


SensorsJournal of





Propagation











RoboticsJournal of





Journal of



RotatingMachinery





VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2014


SensorsJournal of





Propagation









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